Journal articles on the topic 'Civilization, Modern – 19th century – Egypt'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Civilization, Modern – 19th century – Egypt.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Civilization, Modern – 19th century – Egypt.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Turekulova, Zh E., and M. U. Zhumabekov. "History and development trends of Egyptian cities in the 19th century." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-131-2-77-84.
Full textAbstract:
Egypt has always attracted the attention of researchers as one of the oldest centers of civilization; many historical, geographical, cultural and religious studies have been devoted to its study. Taking into account the fact that the Arab Republic of Egypt occupies a leading position in the modern Arab East, more attention in historical and cultural studies is paid to the problems of the formation of Egypt, the history of its political, socioeconomic, cultural, literary and religious movements of modern and modern times. However, the processes of urbanization in Egypt today are on the periphery of sociocultural research, they are not given due attention. The beginning of the 19th century and the reforms of Muhammad Ali, as well as the construction of the Suez Canal, can be considered a conventional starting point for urbanization. The scientific article shows a direct relationship between the construction of the Suez Canal and the processes of Europeanization of the country launched by Muhammad Ali and his successors. The creation of large European cities, the impetus for the development of which was given by the construction of the Suez Canal, was subjected to a detailed analysis.
2
Chiglintsev, E. A., N. A. Shadrina, and G. Yu Artyukh. "“Napoleonic Egyptology”: The Progression of Views Held by Europe about Egyptian Culture during the Early 19th Century." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 164, no. 3 (2022): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2022.3.161-171.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses how the views about the heritage of Egyptian culture were shaped in the minds of the European participants of Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign. The origins of European Egyptology are considered. The extensive contribution of the Arab-Islamic culture of Egypt, which retained both the archaic traces of ancient Egypt and the traditions of Hellenistic and Christian Egypt, into this process is analyzed. The term “Napoleonic Egyptology” is introduced. We defined it as a system of authentic written and visual sources that had a major influence on the initial perception of the ancient Egyptian culture and became the basis of subsequent Egyptological studies carried out by special institutions and destined to help Europeans to have a better understanding of the value of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Of particular interest is how the cultural layers of Egyptian culture of that time either stood out or merged in the image of the East that was developed by the Europeans who took part in the Egyptian campaign. It is emphasized that scholars who accompanied Napoleon’s troops had no idea of any connection between the ancient (Egyptian) and modern (Islamic) components of the regional culture. This hypothesis is substantiated by the structure of the book “Description of Egypt” with its separate volumes devoted to Egyptian antiquities and the Islamic Egypt. In this work, the images of ancient Egypt and modern East are parallel. The idea largely underpinned the evolution of European studies of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
3
Stefan, Dr Sc Georgescu, and Dr Sc Munteanu Marilena. "Middle East: New Balkans of the World?" ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.147.
Full textAbstract:
Middle East is a region whose geopolitical dynamics has many analogies with the role of the Balkans in the first half of the 19th century and up to the 3rd decade of the 20th century, namely a "Powder keg of Europe", defined in the same period as the "Eastern Issue".Moreover, Middle East is a region located at the junction of three continents: Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean Africa, and along with ancient Egypt is the cradle of Western civilization, providing for it political, economic, religious, scientific, military, intellectual and institutional models.Four millennia of civilization before Christian era did not pass without leaving a trace.Trade, currency, law, diplomacy, technology applied to works in time of war or peace, the profit based economy and the bureaucratized economy, popular and absolutist government, nationalist and universal spirit, tolerance and fanaticism – all these are not inventions of the modern world, but have their origins and methods of implementation, often even sophisticated methods, in this region.
4
Mennatallah Hamdy, Mennatallah Hamdy, and Doha Ibrahim. "Preservation Laws: Saving Modern Egyptian Architectural Integrity." Resourceedings 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i2.605.
Full textAbstract:
Egyptian cities have witnessed a variety of impeccable architecture throughout centuries of civilization, which enriched the Egyptian society. Constantly rising to the discussion is a question of what constitutes value to architecture of different times. It is important to regard heritage conservation as a synthetic, complex topic that is open for interpretations and judgment. While some antiquities are protected by law, it is apparent how modern heritage is a matter of ambiguity when it comes to preservation and conservation efforts. Until the mid-19th century, architectural heritage was primarily concerned with the preservation of monumental architecture. Theorists like John Ruskin and Le-Duc were largely exploring the authentic expression of materials in architecture, establishing the foundation, that Cesare Brandi would later build on, that conservation authenticity is not limited to age, rather includes material, style and structure.It is appropriate to regard heritage buildings as capital assets, with a potential to raise fluxes of services over time. However, not only Cairo, but Egypt has been losing much of its valuable modern heritage; thus its identity in the process.This paper focuses on Egypt's modernist architecture, discussing the rise of modernism and its introduction to the Egyptian cultural scene while reflecting on the current cultural detachment from such heritage and the current tendency towards. It, also, explores the rise of Egyptian modernism as a national style that reflects social and economic prosperity, in contrast to its rise in the west primarily advocating minimalism, functionalism and social equality.In comparing Egyptian laws to international charters on heritage preservation; in particular modern heritage, case studies are used to explore the consequences. The research concludes by suggesting measures and acts that can, directly and indirectly, affect the decision-making process, as well as support efforts of preservation of Egypt's modern heritage.
5
Dyatlov, A. Yu, E. V. Oshovskaya, and V. A. Sidorov. "Mathematical reconstruction of the rise of the Alexander Column." Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic), no. 4 (April 22, 2021): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2104-07.
Full textAbstract:
The history of the engineering profession includes many events and achievements that raise doubts about their reality in modern people. These are the pyramids of Mexico and Egypt, megalithic structures in Peru, the Baalbek temple, etc. Aqueducts and viaducts, highways and bridges, fortifications and ships, the Greek fire and the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople — all this gives an idea of the capabilities and skills of ancient engineers. The questions of who and how built these objects and why modern technologies cannot repeat it will always excite the inquisitive mind of the researcher. The admiration of many architectural structures of the 18th-19th centuries raises the question of how this was possible to be done at that time, in the absence of knowledge about the power of steam and electricity. The objects built after the middle of the 19th century do not cause such questions — there were already many lifting mechanisms, photography documented the construction process, and the dug Suez Canal testified to the increased capabilities of mankind and strengthened engineering skills. No one doubts that the Eiffel Tower was built without the use of helicopters and the achievements of an antediluvian civilization. However, in relation to the unique creation of O. Montferrand — the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg, there is a clear distrust in the reality of the achieved result: the column that is more than 27 meters high, more than 3 meters in diameter and weighs more than 600 tons stands vertically on the end surface without additional supporting structures. This article, presented in three reports, is devoted to the attempt to mathematically justify the possibility of what was achieved at the level of knowledge, skills, mechanisms and technologies of the beginning of the 19th century. The first report is devoted to the formulation of the initial data for each stage of production, transportation and installation of the Alexander Column from the standpoint of the possibility of performing rigging work. The basis for the answers is an album of illustrations of the rise of the Alexander Column, made by the great architect O. Montferrand, who is also reproached for the lack of engineering training.
6
Eid, Salah. "Moving Curve of Civilization." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 5 (June 2, 2021): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.10140.
Full textAbstract:
One glance to the map of the Earth shows us that the main centers and sub centers of civilization are distributed on the surface of the Earth according to a very accurate geometrical system: the main ones are located on a strait line from Egypt to Greece to western Europe. From Egypt in the ancient times , and from Western Europe in modern times a curve extends to the right and left on which the sub centers are located, this curve moved completely from its northern position in ancient times to its southern position in modern times where one thousand years separates the two ancient and modern stages of civilization, this period had been filled by Greeks and Arabs through which we are going to tell the story of this moving curve between its two ancient and modern positions. Briefly seven hundreds of years had been filled by Greeks : one century in Athena, six centuries in Alexandria of Egypt,( where the curve returned to its southern position), and three centuries by Arabs in Bagdad in Iraq before the third stage of modern civilization began its role in its main center , western Europe.
7
Song, Zihao. "Between the Past and Future. Antwerp Zoo and the 19th Century Belgium." Technium Social Sciences Journal 37 (November 9, 2022): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v37i1.7614.
Full textAbstract:
Antwerp zoo was established in 1843 under the management of the Zoological Society of Antwerp. As one of the oldest zoos in Belgium and Europe, the establishment, operation and development of Antwerp Zoo are closely related to Belgian society in the 19th century. At the same time, it also reflects the self-awareness of the newly independent Belgians in the face of industrial civilization and exotic nature. This article discusses how the Antwerp Zoo as a public place embodies 19th century Belgian colonial and imperial ideas from perspectives of function, architecture, visitors and animals and the cultural meaning of modern zoos in European continent. Modern European zoos represented by Antwerp zoo are social and educational places dominated by the middle class in the 19th century, and also reflect people’s thought about the relationship between human and nature.
8
van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 3 (July 15, 2010): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000486.
Full textAbstract:
Research on the Copts of Egypt has developed especially rapidly in new directions during the past twenty years. Having started as a corollary of Egyptology, it is advancing from the study of the early Christian centuries to include medieval, early modern, and contemporary Coptic Studies. Concurrently, Coptic issues are being inserted into studies of Egypt in general. Publications on the 19th century mostly ignored Copts, but they were given stereotypical cameo appearances in the prolific research on the profound transformations in 20th-century Egyptian society.
9
Cheta, Omar Youssef. "A PREHISTORY OF THE MODERN LEGAL PROFESSION IN EGYPT, 1840S–1870S." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 4 (November 2018): 649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000855.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article examines the emergence of a new corps of legal practitioners in Egypt during the 1860s and early 1870s. The proceedings of hundreds of merchant court cases in mid-19th-century Cairo are replete with references to deputies and agents (wukalā; sing.wakīl) who represented merchant-litigants in a wide range of commercial disputes. Examining how these historical actors understood Egyptian, Ottoman, and French laws, and how they strategically deployed their knowledge in the merchant courts, this article revises the commonly accepted historical account of the founding of the legal profession in Egypt. Specifically, it argues that norms of legal practice hitherto linked to the establishment of the Mixed Courts in 1876 were already being formed and refined within the realm of commercial law as part of a more comprehensive program of legal reforms underway during the middle decades of the 19th century. In uncovering this genealogy of practice, the article reevaluates the extent to which the khedival state shared a legal culture with the Ottoman center, and, simultaneously, created the space for a new form of legal representation that became ubiquitous under British, and, subsequently, postcolonial rule.
10
GÖKGÖZ, Turgay. "LITERATURE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN BEYRUT IN THE 19TH CENTURY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.23.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout history, Beirut has been the habitat of different religions and nations. The people of various nations are made up of Christians and Muslims. Today, it is seen that languages such as Arabic, French and English are among the most spoken languages in Lebanon, where Beirut is located. Looking at Beirut in the 19th century, it was seen that colonial powers such as Britain and France were a conflict area, and at the same time it was one of the centers of Arab nationalism thought against the Ottoman Empire. During the occupation of Mehmet Ali Pasha, missionary schools were allowed to open, as well as cities such as Zahle, Damascus and Aleppo, Jesuit schools were opened in Beirut. With the opening of American Protestant schools, the influence of the relevant schools in the emergence and development of the idea of Arab nationalism is inevitable. Especially in Beirut, it would be appropriate to state that the aim of using languages such as French and English instead of Arabic education in missionary schools is to instill Western culture and to attract students to Christianity. The students of the Syrian Protestant College, who constituted the original of the American University of Beirut, worked against the Ottoman Empire within the society they established and aimed to establish an independent secular Arab state. Beirut comes to the fore especially in areas such as poetry and theater before the “Nahda” movement that started in Egypt during the reign of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. The advances that paved the way for the development of modern literature in Beirut before Egypt will find a place in the field of literature later. In this study, it is aimed to present information on literary and cultural activities that took place in Beirut and emphasize the importance of Beirut in modern Arabic literature in the 19th century.
11
GÖKGÖZ, Turgay. "LITERATURE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN BEYRUT IN THE 19TH CENTURY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.23.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout history, Beirut has been the habitat of different religions and nations. The people of various nations are made up of Christians and Muslims. Today, it is seen that languages such as Arabic, French and English are among the most spoken languages in Lebanon, where Beirut is located. Looking at Beirut in the 19th century, it was seen that colonial powers such as Britain and France were a conflict area, and at the same time it was one of the centers of Arab nationalism thought against the Ottoman Empire. During the occupation of Mehmet Ali Pasha, missionary schools were allowed to open, as well as cities such as Zahle, Damascus and Aleppo, Jesuit schools were opened in Beirut. With the opening of American Protestant schools, the influence of the relevant schools in the emergence and development of the idea of Arab nationalism is inevitable. Especially in Beirut, it would be appropriate to state that the aim of using languages such as French and English instead of Arabic education in missionary schools is to instill Western culture and to attract students to Christianity. The students of the Syrian Protestant College, who constituted the original of the American University of Beirut, worked against the Ottoman Empire within the society they established and aimed to establish an independent secular Arab state. Beirut comes to the fore especially in areas such as poetry and theater before the “Nahda” movement that started in Egypt during the reign of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. The advances that paved the way for the development of modern literature in Beirut before Egypt will find a place in the field of literature later. In this study, it is aimed to present information on literary and cultural activities that took place in Beirut and emphasize the importance of Beirut in modern Arabic literature in the 19th century.
12
Mohamed, Eman Taha. "Islamic Education And Modernity In The Middle East: Egypt Case Study." International Journal of Science and Society 1, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v1i2.12.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses Islamic education and modernity in the Middle East. Modern culture began to be known in Egypt since the emergence of Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century in this country. However, at the time of Muhammad Ali, the transition from traditional education to modern education began. Furthermore, during the Ismail Pasya era, due to the reorganization of culture, traditional education began to compete with advanced secular education.
13
Thompson, Jason. "Edward William Lane's “Description of Egypt”." International Journal of Middle East Studies 28, no. 4 (November 1996): 565–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800063832.
Full textAbstract:
Few Western students of the Arab world are as well known as the 19th-century British scholar Edward William Lane (1801–76). During his long career, Lane produced a number of highly influential works: An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (1836), a translation of The Thousand and One Nights (1839–41), Selections from the Ḳur-án (1843), and the Arabic–English Lexicon (1863–93). The Arabic–English Lexicon remains a pre-eminent work of its kind, and Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians is still a basic text for both Arab and Western students. Through his published work, Lane contributed substantially to the prevailing Western picture of the Arab world.
14
Haiguan, Gan. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE MODERN MYTHS OF PETERSBURG IN THE 19TH CENTURY RUSSIAN LITERATURE." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 1 (2017): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2017_3_1_5_15.
Full textAbstract:
Myth creation is an integral element of human consciousness. All the images related to Petersburg, due to its unique role in the process of Russian modernization and forming cultural heritage, have been mythologized in the folk literature. Based on the folk literature of Petersburg and the special situation of Russian modernization and with the combination of historism and mythicism, Russian writers, with their unique mythological thinking and awareness, created the modern myths of Petersburg, that have the same images and consistent thinking. The modern myths of Petersburg in the 19th-century Russian literature are rooted in Russian history and social reality and truly reflect all kinds of conflicts in the development of modernization of the Russian society. The myths interpret the problems of modern civilization and unfold the unchanging factors in the empirical world and historical development.
15
NURISMAN, Nurisman, and Iqbal Haraka MAHENDRA. "Dynamic Community And Modern Islamic Applications: The Study Of Muhammad Abduh's Epistemology." International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science 3, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v3i3.269.
Full textAbstract:
Since entering the era of decline, Muslims no longer produce outstanding achievements in the field of science. Western scholars then developed science with the materials developed from the work of Muslim scholars. Of course, there are weaknesses inherent in Western civilization. However, they creatively produce new things to be studied. In the 19th century, scientific optimism was partly due to the emergence of the theory of Darwin (Charles Darwin), Herbert Spencer (Social Darwinism), before Agust Comte, and so on. Abduh himself met Herbert Spencer in England. The findings of Western intellectuals became the subject of discussion by Muhammad Abduh. Islam is not against science. This is what Muhammad Abduh often said. The Islamic thought reform movement is a challenging study and continues to be explored. One fundamental challenge faced by Muslim thinkers in the 19th century was the decline of Islam. This demands to be solved and found a solution. How did Islamic reformers respond to the challenges of the tough times? Good because, factually, Muslims are in a lagging position. Also, many Muslim countries are under the occupation of the West.
16
Wongsurawat, Wasana. "Contending for a Claim on Civilization: The Sino-Siamese Struggle to Control Overseas Chinese Education in Siam." Journal of Chinese Overseas 4, no. 2 (2008): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325408788691264.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn the mid-19th to early 20th century, the ancient ethnocentric concept of Chinese Civilization was challenged by European — and Japanese — imperialist conquests. The West, in particular, came with the mission of bringing enlightenment; “civilization” seemed no longer seated in the Middle Kingdom for “all under heaven” to come and admire. Even the Chinese were leaving China in great numbers to seek wealth in foreign lands and Chinese rulers felt the need to reestablish the confidence of their people — at home and in faraway lands — in the worthiness of Chinese Civilization. This is a study of the conflict between the KMT and Siamese governments over the development and control of Chinese education in Siam during the early 20th century. It will investigate how Chinese nationalism, as manifested in the KMT policy toward overseas Chinese education, infringed upon Siam's sovereignty, and how Siam, through its own desperate attempt to avoid being colonized by the Europeans, was making its own claim on Civilization through the establishment of a modern educational system for its own citizens and the overseas Chinese minority.
17
Kim, Jeoung-Myoung. "The Study of Ancient Egypt by Muslim Scholars in the Middle Ages and Its Influence on the Study of Egypt in Modern Europe." Institute of Middle Eastern Affairs 21, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 199–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.52891/jmea.2022.21.1.199.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to examine how the study of ancient Egypt conducted in the medieval Islamic world influenced the development of modern Egyptology in Europe after the 15th century. Medieval Muslim scholars such as Ibn Waḥshiyya made the most remarkable achievements in the study of Egyptian hieroglyphs. They found that the ancient Egyptian language was closely related to the Coptic language, and that some of the Egyptian hieroglyphs had phonetic values. And the writings of Muslim scholars were introduced to Europe by Athanasius Kircher in the 17th century and Joseph von Hammer in the 19th century. And it is believed that the ideas of Muslim scholars provided a very important clue to Champollion in the process of deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs in 1822.
18
حسين, السوداني. "التجديد في الدراسات اللغويّة العربيّة في القرن التاسع عشر." Al Abhath 68, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589997x-06801005.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to study the emergence of tajdīd (modernization, renewal) in Arabic linguistics. The research focuses on the time period between the late 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a time that corresponds to the popularization of evolution studies in Europe in the sciences generally, and particularly in linguistics. I examine the features of the linguistics scene in the 19th century, looking for possible characteristics of a tajdīd movement on both the technical-theoretical and the practical-procedural levels. Indeed, the 19th century witnessed a period of openness to Western influence, a multi-faceted intellectual movement that has come to be known as the Nahḍa. During this time, tajdīd manifested itself explicitly in the methodology of Arabic linguistics, sometimes declaring its points of reference openly, while at other times keeping them implicit in a deliberately unspoken reliance on modern theoretical backgrounds. I find that the linguistic issue represents an important component in 19th century Arab thought on three levels: the first being the level of culture and civilization, the second education and methodology, and the third technical form and research.
19
حسين, السوداني. "التجديد في الدراسات اللغويّة العربيّة في القرن التاسع عشر." Al Abhath 68, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18115586-00680104.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to study the emergence of tajdīd (modernization, renewal) in Arabic linguistics. The research focuses on the time period between the late 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a time that corresponds to the popularization of evolution studies in Europe in the sciences generally, and particularly in linguistics. I examine the features of the linguistics scene in the 19th century, looking for possible characteristics of a tajdīd movement on both the technical-theoretical and the practical-procedural levels. Indeed, the 19th century witnessed a period of openness to Western influence, a multi-faceted intellectual movement that has come to be known as the Nahḍa. During this time, tajdīd manifested itself explicitly in the methodology of Arabic linguistics, sometimes declaring its points of reference openly, while at other times keeping them implicit in a deliberately unspoken reliance on modern theoretical backgrounds. I find that the linguistic issue represents an important component in 19th century Arab thought on three levels: the first being the level of culture and civilization, the second education and methodology, and the third technical form and research.
20
Abdurahman, Dudung, and Kholili Badriza. "Sufism, Orthodoxy, and Nationalism in Modern Islamic Civilization in North Africa from The 19th- 20th Century." Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/skijic.v4i2.1995.
Full textAbstract:
The phenomenon of Sufism in the tariqa movements played a significant role in Islamic reform and the growth of nationalism in North Africa from the 19th to 20th centuries. This phenomenon which started as a neo-Sufism for Islamic reform, gradually turned into a nationalist movement. Therefore, Sufism is assumed to be a part of Islam that occupies the basic component of national identity and is a symbol of the struggle for independence of Muslim countries in North Africa. This study aims to discuss "the role and influence of Sufism for the revival of Islam, resistance to Western colonialism, the role of Islamic reform, and the process of nationalism and independence of Muslim countries in North Africa." These problems are analyzed based on historical, social, and political approaches related to issues of modern civilization in the Islamic world. This research concludes that, firstly the Sufism movement in the modern period in North Africa is developed in tariqa schools located in Idrisiyah, Sanusiyah, Khatmiyah, Tijaniyah, Qadiriyah, and Sammaniyah. Furthermore, the Sufism movement always shows the intertwined elements of teachings and rituals as well as the influences of social and political developments. Secondly, the teachings of the tariqa are able to increase religious awareness by fulfilling spirituality and improving people's morality, thereby developing, modifying, and actualizing leadership associated with Sufis. Thirdly, Sufism shows a very significant social force regarding the growth of nationalism in North Africa, which is used as the basis for their participation in the socio-political field, with various forms of protest or resistance. In collaboration with religious and community leaders, the leadership of the Sufis has also succeeded in bringing about the independence of national countries such as Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan since the mid-20th century. During that time, many Sufists occupied important positions in government.
21
Layish, Aharon. "Islamic Law in the Modern World." Islamic Law and Society 21, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 276–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00213p04.
Full textAbstract:
The essay provides a general account of some of the main changes that Islamic law has undergone since the late 19th century: the transformation of Islamic law from a jurists’ law to a statutory law; the displacement of the ʿulamāʾ as the exclusive interpreters of Islamic law; and the secularization and nationalization of Islamic law through the judicial practice of the Constitutional Court and civil courts in Egypt. Other issues include the impact of the West on Islamic law; the reduction of Islamic law in Turkey to the sta-tus of custom; the collapse of traditional family law and the waqf institution; the Isla-mization of custom in tribal societies; and the application of Islamic law in a non-Muslim state. In the conclusion, I assess the chances of reinstating Islamic law and Islamizing the statutory legal corpus based on the experience of Iran, the Sudan and Egypt.
22
Koryś, Piotr. "Złote łany, ziemniaczane pola i zagony buraków. Roślinny krajobraz polskiej wsi w perspektywie historii gospodarczej." Przegląd Humanistyczny 62, no. 1 (460) (July 11, 2018): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1841.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the role of plants in Poland’s economic development over the last 500 years. The author presents the role of five plants in the history of Poland’s development: cereals (wheat and rye), potatoes, sugar beet and rape. The specificity of the economic development of modern Europe has made Poland one of Europe’s granaries and an important exporter of cereals. This shaped the civilization of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and contributed to its fall due to institutional specificity. In the 19th century, potatoes played an important role in the population development of Polish lands, as they helped feed the rapidly growing population. The spread of sugar beet cultivation created the conditions for the development of modern sugar industry in the second half of the 19th century. It became one of the first modern branches of the food industry in Poland and contributed to the modernization of the village. Quite recently, oilseed rape was to become a plant that would bring back the times of agricultural sheikhs – no longer the nobility would trade in cereals on the European markets, but entrepreneurs producing a vegetable substitute for diesel oil.
23
Brundage, Mathew. "Somewhere Between Civilization and Savagery." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 23, no. 3 (October 27, 2016): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02303007.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the language in mid-19th Century accounts emphasizing Chinese cultural “stagnation” in the face of growing American influence in East Asia to investigate the emergence of a belief in the rising position of the United States on the world stage. This construction played off of critical observations that attempted to explain how the China trade was strong enough to be of u.s. national interest, while at the same time clarifying how the Chinese were weak enough to succumb to foreign influence. As such, Americans attempted to diagnose and cure the ills of stagnation through intervention. From religious conversion, to economic expansion, to cultural influence, Americans proposed a litany of solutions to China’s problems. A common theme within these larger tropes focused on the unique role that Chinese women played in American hopes for enacting change in China. In defining Chinese stagnation, Americans betrayed their own perspectives on the role of women in society and attempted to influence Chinese women to adopt that idealized model as the means by which the United States could profit from elevating China into the ranks of modern civilized nations.
24
HERRERA, LINDA. "WALTER ARMBRUST, Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt, Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, vol. 102 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Pp. 286. $64.95 cloth, $20.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 3 (August 2001): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801253069.
Full textAbstract:
“Modernization,” or processes of modern socio-political development, and identity formation have been among the most recurrent and pertinent themes of scholarly studies undertaken on 19th- and 20th-century Egypt. Works on intellectual thought; economic, political, and social history; folk culture; and gender implicitly and explicitly grapple with the issue of the country's transition to, maintenance of, struggle with, or rejection of modernity. Modernization has often been understood through a hegemonic nationalist discourse—that is, through governmental rhetoric, the writings of establishment intellectuals, and uncritical examinations of state institutions. Alternative and counter-hegemonic manifestations and representations of modernity have been largely overlooked, which makes Walter Armbrust's anthropological inquiry into Egyptian mass culture an absolutely vital contribution to the study of modern Egypt.
25
Breger, Claudia. "Gods, German Scholars, and the Gift of Greece." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 7-8 (December 2006): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069886.
Full textAbstract:
This article argues that the abundance of Greek figures and scenarios in Kittler’s recent work points to a shift in his oeuvre, which, however, does not represent a radical break with his ‘hardware studies’. At the turn of the 21st century, Kittler champions an emphatic notion of culture as a necessary supplement to science and technology. This conceptual marriage mediates grand historical narratives of cultural identity. Specifically, Kittler’s texts provide us with narratives of Greek origin which serve to re-capture collective identities in the age of globalization. On the explicit level, this identity is predominantly European, but the search has national components as well. With his turn to culture, the organizing trope of 19th-century German nationalism, Kittler has also embraced the legacy of German philhellenism, which articulated national identities through the theme of ‘elective affinity’. Kittler’s Greece occupies the very structural place it had in 19th-century German philhellenism: It stands in for both the foundation of European civilization and its virtual better self, a realm of sensual culture untainted by modern capitalism and Empire. Most of the figures inhabiting this realm are familiar from 19th-century discourse as well, but these discursive loops are fueled by contemporary feedback. Kittler’s Greek narratives have developed out of postwar academic discourses and connect to other post-unification Greek fantasies.
26
Mukhametshin, Azat, Svetlana Grakhova, Irina Zakharova, Nina Belyaeva, and Karina Okisheva. "Historical insight on provincial merchants of the late 19th century." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 07019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128407019.
Full textAbstract:
The authors of the article believe that it is important to study the deep essence of the writer’s works in order to understand the period of time that he depicts. D.I. Stakheyev contributed to the development of the genres of sketch and short story as he discussed new subjects and ideas through studying the life of the Russian province. In addition, the value of his works is that they touch upon a wide range of universal problems that are of great importance in our time. The article gives a broader idea of “small” forms of literary works in Russia in the mid-19th century. The interpretation of the images of the provincial merchants created by Stakheyev, the Russian writer of the second half of the 19 century, is of scientific interest to us. To understand the nature of provincial merchants Stakheyev goes his own way: he shows the essence of the merchant class through the problems of fathers and children, of crime and punishment, and of the “golden calf” influence on everyday life. The provincial town, marketplace, forest trade are elements depicting a long-established patriarchal world that is far from civilization and not affected by European style of life. The article was written to be used in the educational process. Studying the works of D.I. Stakheev within the framework of additional education, teachers and students of a modern school can discover pages of Russian literature, that were unknown for them, realize the moral problems that were faced by the previous generations.
27
Yoo-seung Jang. "Identity Transformation of the Literti in 19th century -Life of O Sanggyu and his recognition of modern civilization-." Journal of Korean Classical Literature ll, no. 41 (June 2012): 447–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17838/korcla.2012..41.013.
Full text
28
HUANG, Donglan. "The Concept of “Asia” in the Context of Modern China." Cultura 16, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul022019.0002.
Full textAbstract:
As a part of the geographical knowledge introduced by Matteo Ricci from the West into China at the beginning of the 17th century, the concept of “Asia” had undergone a cool reception for over three hundred years and did not become a common idea of world geography until the early 20th century when it was publicized by textbooks and other mass media. As the author points out, Asia is not merely a geographical concept, but also refers to history, culture, and politics. Although early Western missionaries and Chinese scholar-officials like Wei Yuan endowed Asia with a positive meaning as the origin of world civilization, from the mid-19th century on, Chinese intellectuals, out of a sense of crisis caused by the European invasion of Asia, tended to describe Asia as a backward continent subjugated by the white people. In the 1910s, against the background of Japan’s annexation of Korea, Asia was divided into two opposing parts, “the country invading other countries” (Japan) and “the countries being invaded by other countries” (India, Korea, and China). Along with the occupation of other Asian countries by Japan in the name of “the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere” in the 1930s and 1940s, the concept of Asia also lost its charm among Chinese nationals.
29
Xekalaki, Georgia. "On Borders and Expansion: Egyptian Imperialism in the Levant during the Ramesside Period." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): 3938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040216.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to define the way Egyptians perceived the boundaries of their land and reassesses the impact of Egyptian colonialism during the Ramesside period (c. 1292–1069 BCE). During this era, expansive wars, diplomatic action and land administration/governance reforms led Egypt to control a large part of modern Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria. To refer to this period, historians often use the terms Egyptian “empire” and Egyptian “imperialism”, extending terminology coined in the 19th century to describe modern cases of political dominance to Late Bronze Age Egypt. Furthermore, traditional scholarship also presents Egypt’s borders in such a way that Egypt appears as a solid territory with fixed borders, despite evidence pointing to a different model of geographical division. Seeking to explore whether the use of modern terms on ancient Egypt may be an anachronism, this paper reviews the scholarship on (a) Egyptian records documenting conquests and (b) contextual archaeological evidence from the southern Near East itself. This review highlights differences between modern and ancient conceptions of land domination. Finally, Egyptian border-related terms are used in a strictly local symbolic cultural context but not in the one of international diplomacy. As for Egypt’s boundary, it was mostly formed as a buffer zone rather than a borderline.
30
Aksoy, Berrín. "Translation Activities in the Ottoman Empire." Meta 50, no. 3 (November 2, 2005): 949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011606ar.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the Ottomans, translation activities took place without much significance until the 18th century. Due to the dominance of religion and the closed society structure, mostly texts on Islamic civilization and arts from Arabic and Persian were translated in the form of commentaries, explanations and footnotes. The only contribution of translation then may be said to be the promotion of written Ottoman Turkish which was used in Anatolia as well as among the Court circles. With the beginning of Westernization efforts in the 18th and largely in the 19th centuries, translation activities gained momentum and proliferated in kind and quantity. A large amount of books from the West and the East in the fields of science, literature, arts, social sciences, etc. were translated during that time. Although these activities were disorganized and inconsistent, they still helped the development of similar sciences and Modern Turkish Literature which was to reach its peak in the Modern Turkish Republic established in the 20 th century.
31
Brett, Michael. "The Realm of the Imām the Faṭīmids in the tenth century." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 59, no. 3 (October 1996): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00030585.
Full textAbstract:
Despite their period from the tenth to the twelfth century, at the height of the Middle Ages; despite their position in Egypt, at the centre of the civilization of the Near and Middle East; and despite their prominence as the third Caliphate of Islam, the Fāṭimids lack a satisfactory modern history of their dynasty. This is partly because of the length of their life, which covers the histories of so many hundreds of years; partly because of the span of their empire from North Africa to Egypt and Syria, stretching across the histories of so many regions; and finally because, at the level of Islam itself, their empire was divided between their dawla or state and their daՙwa or doctrine. The doctrine, which focused on the Fāṭimid Imām as the quṭb or pole of faith, gave the dynasty its peculiar strength and endurance. The failure of that doctrine to supersede the Islam of the schools, however, left the Fāṭimids increasingly isolated and ultimately vulnerable. Standing outside the mainstream of Islamic tradition, the dynasty's own version of its history was disregarded. Instead, its components passed out of their original context to be incorporated into the regional or universal histories of subsequent authors. Maqrīzī was alone in compiling his Ittiՙāẓ al-ḥunafā' as a history of the dynasty in Egypt, introduced by a miscellany of information on its origins and previous career.
32
Sosin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. "Population of the Yakut Region in the First Third of the XIX Century as a Subject of Historical and Demographic Research in the Post-Soviet Period." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2020.12.20.
Full textAbstract:
The paper is focused on the reviewing historical aspects of demographic changes in the Yakutsk region in the first third of the XIX century in the con-text of the analysis of population size. Based on the generalization of the available information collected by modern scientists in the course of research work, the idea of the social structure of the indigenous and migratory strata of the population of Yakutia in the first third of the 19th century is given. It is con-cluded that its numerical strength cannot be called stable. This is due to the pronounced influence of the socio-economic conditions of the region, the spread of the benefits of civilization on the life of nomadic peoples, military operations, the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the region, etc. The insufficient study of migration processes in the terri-tory of the Yakutsk region by scientists of the post-Soviet period is emphasized. The historiographic description of the structure of the population of Yakutia in the first third of the 19th century by mod-ern historians is reduced mainly to the presentation of data on its general composition, while age, gen-der, class and confessional differentiation of the inhabitants of the region is of interest.
33
Salman, Dr Zainab Abdulkadhim. "Re-visiting the Arab Cultural Renaissance: Al-Nahda and the Reception of European Literature." Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences 60, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v60i2.1595.
Full textAbstract:
Al-Nahda – the Renaissance corresponds to the advent of “modern civilization” (al-tamaddun al-ḥadîṯ) in Egypt and the East through contacts with the West. The Renaissance is opposed to the Middle Ages (al-qurûn al-wusṭâ), times of darkness. It is intended, more than a renewal of old models, a revolution of knowledge and thought. It is born of more or less violent contacts with the outside. Just as the Renaissance of the East is fertilized by the Western contributions so the European Renaissance which preceded it is largely attributed to the philosophical and scientific mediation of the Arabs of Andalusia. My research is a re-consideration of al-Nahda, highlighting the development of contemporary Arabic literature as a result of the late-19th – early 20th cultural rebirth of the Arab world, with a special stress on the French-Egyptian cultural transfer and the importance of translation.
34
Foda, Omar. "Anna and Ahmad." Social Sciences and Missions 28, no. 1-2 (2015): 116–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-02801015.
Full textAbstract:
This study looks to explain, using archival material from the Presbyterian Historical Society and the Egyptian National Archives, the fascinating presence of a temperance movement in late 19th and early 20th century Egypt, a Muslim-majority country. It looks at how the Egyptian temperance movement grew out of two separate traditions, Anglo-American and Islamic temperance. These traditions were divided by demographics and ideology, but came to be united in their goals, structures, and efficaciousness. Although both failed to enact meaningful legislation, they are excellent examples of the interaction between Anglo-American evangelicalism and the modern Muslim missionary movement.
35
Reimer, Michael J. "Contradiction and Consciousness in ʿAli Mubarak's Description of al-Azhar." International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 1 (February 1997): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800064151.
Full textAbstract:
Of the many talented men who entered government service in Egypt in the 19th century, none equaled in sheer energy and productivity ʿAli Mubarak Pasha (1823/4–1893). Engineer, officer, administrator, educator, and author, he was the outstanding Egyptian of his generation and the first native Muslim to head a government department in modern times. Yet his most enduring legacy are his writings, in particular his famous Khitat. A twenty-volume topographical encyclopedia published in the 1880s, the Khitat of ʿAli Mubarak is a landmark of Arabic prose and probably constitutes the greatest existing historical record of Egyptian society.
36
Fahmy, Ziad. "MEDIA-CAPITALISM: COLLOQUIAL MASS CULTURE AND NATIONALISM IN EGYPT, 1908–18." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 103a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809990833.
Full textAbstract:
In Egypt, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, older, fragmented, and more localized forms of identity were rapidly replaced with new alternative concepts of community, which for the first time had the capacity to collectively encompass the majority of Egyptians. This article is about the growth of Egyptian national identity from 1908 until 1918. It highlights the importance of previously neglected colloquial Egyptian sources—especially recorded music and vaudeville—in examining modern Egyptian history. Through the lens of colloquial mass culture, the study traces the development of collective Egyptian identity during the first quarter of the 20th century. This article also engages with some of the theories of nationalism and tests their applicability to Egypt. Finally, it introduces the concept of “media-capitalism” in an effort to expand the historical analysis of nationalism beyond print.
37
Al-Kassimi, Khaled. "De-Historicizing (Mainstream) Ottoman Historiography on Tanzimat and Tahdith: Jus Gentium and Pax Britannica Violate Osmanli Sovereignty in Arabia." Histories 1, no. 4 (September 28, 2021): 218–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories1040020.
Full textAbstract:
The (secular-humanist) philosophical theology governing (positivist) disciplines such as International Law and International Relations precludes a priori any communicative examination of how the exclusion of Arab-Ottoman jurisprudence is necessary for the ontological coherence of jurisprudent concepts such as society and sovereignty, together with teleological narratives constellating the “Age of Reason” such as modernity and civilization. The exercise of sovereignty by the British Crown—in 19th and 20th century Arabia—consisted of (positivist) legal doctrines comprising “scientific processes” denying Ottoman legal sovereignty, thereby proceeding to “order” societies situated in Dar al-Islam and “detach” Ottoman-Arab subjects from their Ummah. This “rational exercise” of power by the British Crown—mythologizing an unbridgeable epistemological gap between a Latin-European subject as civic and an objectified Ottoman-Arab as despotic—legalized (regulatory) measures referencing ethno/sect-centric paradigms which not only “deported” Ottoman-Arab ijtihad (Eng. legal reasoning and exegetic hermeneutics) from the realm of “international law”, but also rationalized geographic demarcations and demographic alterations across Ottoman-Arab vilayets. Both inter-related disciplines, therefore, affirm an “exclusionary self-image” when dealing with “foreign epistemologies” by transforming “cultural difference” into “legal difference”, thus suing that it is in the protection of jus gentium that “recognized sovereigns” exercise redeeming measures on “Turks”, “Moors”, or “Arabs”. It is precisely the knowledge lost ensuing from such irreflexive “positivist image” that this legal-historical research seeks to deconstruct by moving beyond a myopic analysis claiming Ottoman-Arab ‘Umran (Eng. civilization) as homme malade (i.e., sick man); or that the Caliphate attempted but failed to become reasonable during the 18th and 19th century because it adhered to Arab-Islamic philosophical theology. Therefore, this research commits to deconstructing “mainstream” Ottoman historiography claiming that tanzimat (Eng. reorganization) and tahdith (Eng. modernization) were simply “degenerative periods” affirming the temporal “backwardness” of Ottoman civilization and/or the innate incapacity of its epistemology in furnishing a (modern) civil society.
38
Sawaie, Mohammed. "RIFA⊂A RAFI⊂ AL-TAHTAWI AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE LEXICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN LITERARY ARABIC." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 3 (August 2000): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021152.
Full textAbstract:
In the 19th century, Europe had a tangible impact on the Arab East. During this period, Arabic-speaking regions were brought into intimate contact with the West, both through military intrusion (e.g., the French in 1798–1801 and the British in Egypt in 1882), and institutional penetration (e.g., the founding of Western-style schools and higher-education institutions in the Levant in the 1800s by Christian missionaries such as the Syrian Protestant College in 1866, now the American University of Beirut, and [the Jesuit] St. Joseph University, also in Beirut, in 1874). This overpowering European encroachment on the Arab East in the 19th century resulted in cultural and linguistic identity crises. Muhammad ⊂Ali, who ruled Egypt from 1805 until 1848, dispatched groups of students to Western countries such as Italy, Austria, and France to study at their universities and technical institutions. At home, he established schools with Western-language instruction, and sponsored translations of scientific works initially into Turkish, and later into Arabic, from Italian and French, thus making available new disciplines such as various branches of engineering, military science, and agriculture. In 1822, he established a printing press in the Bulaq section of Cairo.1 From then on, Arabicized versions of European terms such as “theater” (tiy―atru), “journal” (jurn―al), “the post” (al-busta), and “politics” (al-bulit―iq―a) signaled the arrival of Western institutions and technology in Arabic-speaking regions, and such terms were adopted by writers in their writings. The cultural, political, military, and technological challenges that resulted from the European contact with the Arab East, and the institutional changes that accompanied them, proved to be a crucial turning point in the development of the Arabic language, particularly its lexicon. However, interest in language matters was central to the Arab renaissance (Nahda) of the 19th century. Arab writers; intellectuals; and translators such Rifa⊂a Rafi⊂ al-Tahtawi (1801/2–73), (Ahmad) Faris al-Shidyaq (1801/04?–87), Nasif al-Yaziji (1800–71), and Butrus al-Bustani (1819–83), among others, debated Arabic linguistic issues in terms of their own literary and linguistic heritage. These and other authors discussed the “internal” needs of Arabic, not only issues of translating the culture of the Western societies. They wrote grammars and compiled other literary textbooks to facilitate the teaching of Arabic and to overcome difficulties of learning the language associated with older, traditional ways of language teaching and to raise awareness of the literary tradition of Arabs. These intellectuals also engaged in the preparation of glossaries and dictionaries appropriate to the needs of their societies.2
39
Sabrin, Mohammed. "The Effects of Centralization of Islamic Higher Education in Egypt: From the Medieval to the Modern." Social and Education History 7, no. 2 (June 23, 2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/hse.2018.3347.
Full textAbstract:
This study compared how, over time, the centralization of Islamic Higher Education affected educational quality, probity of school management and general levels of and appreciation for knowledge. This research involved comparing characteristics of Egyptian Islamic Higher Education at three pivotal points in time: the early medieval period (623-1300s C.E.); the 15th century; and the period of British and French colonization (the 19th and 20th centuries). The logic behind choosing these particular time periods for comparison was that they represented times of significant centralization/decentralization of Egyptian Islamic Higher Education. Upon analysis of the effects of centralization and de-centralization, it has been found that the centralization of Islamic Higher Education in Egypt has had negative effects. It was found that, over time, the centralization of Islamic Higher Education played a central role in decreasing educational quality, increasing corruption, and decreasing general levels of and appreciation for Islamic knowledge.
40
Goncharov, E. Yu, and S. E. Malykh. "ISLAMIC COINS FROM EASTERN GIZA (EGYPT)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-57-62.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on the attribution of one gold and two copper coins discovered by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Giza. Coins come from mixed fillings of the burial shafts of the Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs of the second half of the 3rd millennium B.C. According to the archaeological context, the coins belong to the stages of the destruction of ancient burials that took place during the Middle Ages and Modern times. One of the coins is a Mamluk fals dating back to the first half of the 14th century A.D., the other two belong to the 1830s — the Ottoman period in Egypt, and are attributed as gold a buchuk hayriye and its copper imitation. Coins are rare for the ancient necropolis and are mainly limited to specimens of the 19th–20th centuries. In general, taking into account the numerous finds of other objects — fragments of ceramic, porcelain and glass utensils, metal ware, glass and copper decorations, we can talk about the dynamic nature of human activity in the ancient Egyptian cemetery in the 2nd millennium A.D. Egyptians and European travelers used the ancient rock-cut tombs as permanent habitats or temporary sites, leaving material traces of their stay.
41
Gorbach, Frida. "From the Uterus to the Brain: Images of Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Mexico." Feminist Review 79, no. 1 (March 2005): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400201.
Full textAbstract:
Scientific interest in hysteria began in Mexico at the end of the 19th-century, as the medical profession expanded. The Mexican doctors studied madness, drawing on what was confidently regarded as a firm basis of epistemological knowledge. Using modern physiology they entered a discussion that had begun some time before in Europe. Encountering hysteria, an illness presumed to be caused by ‘over-civilization’, they searched for a universal definition. The doctors tried to impose a unifying concept onto the diverse symptoms of hysteria, and, although imitating European ideas, the discourse became distinctive in its attempts to relate hysteria to science and modernity so that all three would make sense. My interest in this article is the feminine; not a reconstruction of the relationship that medicine established between hysteria and the feminine, but a search for a space within the discourse that deconstructs identity and stereotypes. The feminine appears when the coherence of medical discourse is ruptured and when, to explain the illness, the doctors stop attempting to define it. This eventually occurs when the medical discourse considers the subject as unidentifiable and deceptive.
42
Pisano, Raffaele. "SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND CIVILIZATION IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 55, no. 1 (July 10, 2013): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.55.04.
Full textAbstract:
What about science, society and education in the history? In the 19th century Europe the figure of the scientific engineer is emerging. In Paris the Grandes Écoles were founded, where the most distinguished mathematicians of the time taught to students and drew up treaties. and Joseph–Louis Lagrange (1736–1813) and Gaspard Monge (1746–1818) were among the first professors of mathematics at École Polytechnique (1794), a military school for the training of engineers. In 1794 the École Normal of Paris was also born, in 1808, the École normale supérieure Paris was founded, a school that had as its goal the training of teachers of both science and humanities. On this model, with a Napoleonic decree of 1813, it was established the first foundation of the Scuola Normale in Pisa. The attention of the French mathematicians toward applications was therefore, at least in part, due to the need of educational institutions to train technicians for the new state. Such an attitude is not found in Germany, the country that in the nineteenth century was with France at the forefront of European mathematics. On the one hand, great importance was attributed to purely theoretical disciplines, such as number theory and abstract algebra, on the other hand the natural philosophy aim to frame in the same theory at all the physical disciplines. In Germany a great engineering school eventually developed which become dominant in Europe. But interaction between scientists and engineers has existed since ancient times: e.g., for the study of prototypes and machines for the society. Questions might be: when, why and how the tension between mathematics, physics, astronomy, gave rise to a new scientific discipline, the modern engineering? What is the conceptual bridge between sciences researches and the organization of technological researches in the development of the industry?
43
Irving-Stonebraker, Sarah. "From Eden to savagery and civilization: British colonialism and humanity in the development of natural history, ca. 1600–1840." History of the Human Sciences 32, no. 4 (July 23, 2019): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119848623.
Full textAbstract:
This article is concerned with the relationship between British colonization and the intellectual underpinnings of natural history writing between the 17th and the early 19th centuries. During this period, I argue, a significant discursive shift reframed both natural history and the concept of humanity. In the early modern period, compiling natural histories was often conceived as an endeavour to understand God’s creation. Many of the natural historians involved in the early Royal Society of London were driven by a theological conviction that the New World contained the natural knowledge once possessed by Adam, but lost in the Fall from Eden. By the early 19th century, however, this theological framework for natural history had been superseded by an avowedly progressive vision of the relationship between humanity and nature. No longer ontologically distinct from the rest of creation, the human became a subject of natural history writing in a new way. Encounters between colonizers and colonized thus became a touchstone for tensions between divine and natural historical knowledge. The resolution of these tensions lay in the emergence of a concept of savagery that imbibed both a rational account of historical progress towards civilization and a religious conviction that savage humanity needed rescue from its animal nature.
44
Geropeppa, Maria, Dimitris Altis, Nikos Dedes, and Marianna Karamanou. "The first women physicians in the history of modern Greek medicine." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.17.1.3.
Full textAbstract:
In an era when medicine in Greece was dominated by men, at the end of the 19th and during the first decades of 20th century, two women, Maria Kalapothakes [in Greek: Μαρία Καλαποθάκη] (1859-1941) and Angélique Panayotatou [in Greek: Αγγελική Παναγιωτάτου] (1878-1954), managed to stand out and contribute to the evolution of medicine. Maria Kalapothakes received medical education in Paris and then she returned to Greece. Not only did she contribute to several fields of medicine, but also exercised charity and even undertook the task of treating war victims on many occasions. Angélique Panayotatou studied medicine at the University of Athens and then moved to Alexandria in Egypt, where she specialized in tropical medicine and also engaged in literature. Panayotatou became the first female professor of the Medical School of Athens and the first female member of the Academy of Athens. In recognition for their contributions, Kalapothakes and Panayotatou received medals and honors for both their scientific work and social engagement.
45
Stagl, Jakob Fortunat. "ZMYŚLONE A RZECZYWISTE KODYFIKACJE. O KONKURENCJI KOMENTARZA I PODRĘCZNIKA W CYWILISTYCE LATYNOAMERYKAŃSKIEJ." Studia Iuridica, no. 87 (October 12, 2021): 446–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-87.22.
Full textAbstract:
With the “glosa” on the Siete Partidas (13th century) by G. López (16th century), Latin America possesses an excellent example of a commentary on a civil law code, actually one of the greatest of the civil law tradition. Yet, the Latin American countries did not develop, as a rule, a proper culture of commentaries, albeit they gave themselves civil codes around the middle of the 19th century. The most important of these codifications, the Chilean civil code by Andrés Bello, is even a conscious continuation of the tradition enshrined in the Siete Partidas. In most countries, authors prefer instead to write textbooks. This choice seems to be explained by the fact that this literary form gives them more freedom to distance themselves from their civil codes, which are considered rather historical monuments than living legal texts. Commentaries appear only where the civil lawyers deal with a modern codification which is the case in Argentina and Brazil.
46
Schielke, Samuli. "Hegemonic Encounters: Criticism of Saints-Day Festivals and the Formation of Modern Islam in Late 19th and Early 20th-Century Egypt." Die Welt des Islams 47, no. 3 (2007): 319–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006007783237446.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn late 19th century, Islamic saints-day festivals (mawlids) became the subject of strong criticism. A festive tradition that until then had been central to the religious and communal life of Egypt was now increasingly criticised for being backward and un-Islamic. Mawlids, popular festivals that combine the atmosphere of a fair with the ecstatic spirituality of Sufism, were not only problematic for the new models of nation and religion, criticising them was also functional for the demarcation of these. Constructs of this type are characteristic for the project of modernity that is defined through binary distinctions, with labels such as 'backwardness' and 'un-Islamic innovations' serving as distinctive markers of modernity and authenticity. This development was not a consequent continuation of an earlier Islamic tradition, nor was it a simple takeover of European colonial concepts and disciplining practices. It was the product of a creative and selective synthesis of the two, producing novel interpretations of both Islam and modernity that, in the course of the 20 th century, have managed to gain a hegemonic position in much of the Middle East. This emergence of Islamic reformism and modernism from a synthesis with colonial discourses compels us to rethink a currently popular endeavour in Islamic studies: the study of Islam as a discursive tradition.
47
Ibragimov, Ibragim Eminovich, and Andrey Aleksandrovich Kudelin. "Models of Egypt’s self-identifi cation in the interwar period (1919-1939)." RUDN Journal of World History 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2018-10-4-355-370.
Full textAbstract:
In the article, the authors consider the models of self-identification typical for the public thought of Egypt of the interwar period. In the fi rst half of XX century Egypt entered an important period of its history. As one of the fi rst formally independent Arab States, Egypt continued to struggle for full sovereignty from the United Kingdom while seeking to establish itself as a regional leader. In this regard, the leading thinkers of Egypt tried to determine the place of their country in the world and fi nd the most acceptable ideology for it, which could also rally other Arab, Muslim, Asian and African countries around Egypt. The article touched upon four concepts that were developed during the interwar period and infl uenced the further development of public thought in Egypt. Some thinkers have tried to develop a model of secular pan-Arabism based on the ideas of al-Kawakibi and al-Husri. For these authors, Egypt was an integral part of the Arab world and the core of its possible unifi cation. The second concept was related to pan-Islamism: developing the ideas of al-Afghani, the ideologues of this direction interpreted Egypt primarily as a Muslim country and part of the Dar al-Islam . For example, “Muslim Brotherhood” belonged to this group. The third concept is associated with the comprehension of the identity of Egypt through the idea of “pharaonism” and “ tamsir ” modern Egyptians declared heirs of the ancient Egyptian civilization. The fourth concept, conventionally named Eastern Idea or Easternism , was founded on the opposition of all the countries of the East to Western countries. Each of the areas of identity of Egypt - pan-Arab, pan-Islamic, Egyptian (“pharaonism”) and Easternism - made a contribution to the development of the identity of Egyptian society in the interwar period, and somehow infl uenced on the history of Egypt in the second half of the XX century.
48
Papashvili, G. Z., O. Yu Kurnykin, and M. N. Tazhiyeva. "British Influence as a Factor of Forming the Modern Identity of Hong Kong." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 6(116) (December 18, 2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)6-07.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the process of forming the modern identity of Hong Kong and proves underlying role of the British influence in this process. It is pointed out that the process goes back to the 19th century, when well-off Chinese started to move to the British Hong Kong in trying to find more comfortable conditions for life and business and reaches its pinnacle in 1970-1980, when Hong Kong not only becomes economically developed but transforms into a factor of cultural influence in the region mainly due to the promotion of its original (civilization-state) pop-culture. It’s stated that Hongkongers use cultural and semiotic resources to emphasize specificity of their cultural code. And particularly these kinds of resources played the biggest role in this process. Authors conclude that the British influence was one of the structural factors which determined the nature and contents of Hong Kong’s identity. At the same time, they note that the process of its forming is based on evolved for centuries Chinese national tradition which contains self-preserving mechanisms which make it possible for Hongkongers to interpret external cultural drawings in a unique way.
49
Ian Baldwin, M. A. "How the Telegraph and the Telephone Formed a Worldwide Wired Electromagnetic Environment." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.91.11570.
Full textAbstract:
The principle of electromagnetic induction was independently discovered by Michael Faraday (England) and Joseph Henry (USA) in 1831–32. The momentous discovery gave birth to numerous inventions that made civilization “modern,” beginning with the telegraph. First the telegraph and then the telephone required the installation of millions of miles of electric wire to cross continents and oceans in order to function as a global telecommunications system. These wires created a wholly new, anthropogenic electromagnetic environment, whose frequencies were orders of magnitude greater than those occurring naturally. Its effects on human beings, particularly inside cities, and the biosphere generally were unknown. Even now, more than a century later, the medical and environmental effects of this worldwide wired infrastructure are at best but partially understood. The telecommunications revolutions of the mid- and late 19th century were eagerly anticipated and implemented swiftly on an unprecedented scale, creating the technological basis for worldwide instantaneous communication. This paper describes the key discoveries that created the scientific and technical breakthroughs that allowed the first telecommunications revolutions to take place.
50
Hamzawy, Hamed Hassan. "Abdalla Al-Nadeem, Pioneer of Patriotism and Civilization in the Modern Egyptian Thought." RUDN Journal of Philosophy 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2021-25-2-213-223.
Full textAbstract:
Abdullah Al-Nadim (1842-1896) is one of the most important intellectual and political figures in modern Egyptian history. He played a major role in all significant stages of the Egypt nineteenth century. He was called "the orator of the revolution." He left his mark on various aspects of Arab social, political, and cultural life and awareness. So now it is very important to study and analyze his intellectual legacy, especially in contemporary circumstances, in which we see the rise of the new barbarism of various primitive religious Salafism. Abdullah Al-Nadim was one of the fine examples of the free intellectual. He committed to issues of society, national Idea, freedom, and progress. This study aims to trace the emergence and development of political, social, and literary ideas of Abdullah Al-Nadim. In their outcome, these ideas were the outcome of the Egyptian social, political, and national struggle against Ottoman despotism and its ruined remnants in the historical existence at that time. In his research and positions, critical and satirical ideas, precise clarity, depth, and loyalty to the truth and the nation's supreme interests are united. His creativity was a model for critical vision and mockery of the remnants of a collapsing world. He sought in all his works for alternatives to development and social progress, calling for modern civilization and freedom. His defense of women, their rights, and freedom was among the most dramatic at that time. Abdullah Al-Nadim sacrificed himself for these endeavors and goals. But at the same time, he revealed the possibility of synthesizing the poetic spirit and truth in theoretical and practical creativity. They are the issues and aspects that form the focus of this research.