Academic literature on the topic 'Civilization, Modern – 19th century – Egypt'
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Journal articles on the topic "Civilization, Modern – 19th century – Egypt"
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Turekulova, Zh E., and M. U. Zhumabekov. "History and development trends of Egyptian cities in the 19th century." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-131-2-77-84.
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Egypt has always attracted the attention of researchers as one of the oldest centers of civilization; many historical, geographical, cultural and religious studies have been devoted to its study. Taking into account the fact that the Arab Republic of Egypt occupies a leading position in the modern Arab East, more attention in historical and cultural studies is paid to the problems of the formation of Egypt, the history of its political, socioeconomic, cultural, literary and religious movements of modern and modern times. However, the processes of urbanization in Egypt today are on the periphery of sociocultural research, they are not given due attention. The beginning of the 19th century and the reforms of Muhammad Ali, as well as the construction of the Suez Canal, can be considered a conventional starting point for urbanization. The scientific article shows a direct relationship between the construction of the Suez Canal and the processes of Europeanization of the country launched by Muhammad Ali and his successors. The creation of large European cities, the impetus for the development of which was given by the construction of the Suez Canal, was subjected to a detailed analysis.
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Chiglintsev, E. A., N. A. Shadrina, and G. Yu Artyukh. "“Napoleonic Egyptology”: The Progression of Views Held by Europe about Egyptian Culture during the Early 19th Century." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 164, no. 3 (2022): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2022.3.161-171.
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This article discusses how the views about the heritage of Egyptian culture were shaped in the minds of the European participants of Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign. The origins of European Egyptology are considered. The extensive contribution of the Arab-Islamic culture of Egypt, which retained both the archaic traces of ancient Egypt and the traditions of Hellenistic and Christian Egypt, into this process is analyzed. The term “Napoleonic Egyptology” is introduced. We defined it as a system of authentic written and visual sources that had a major influence on the initial perception of the ancient Egyptian culture and became the basis of subsequent Egyptological studies carried out by special institutions and destined to help Europeans to have a better understanding of the value of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Of particular interest is how the cultural layers of Egyptian culture of that time either stood out or merged in the image of the East that was developed by the Europeans who took part in the Egyptian campaign. It is emphasized that scholars who accompanied Napoleon’s troops had no idea of any connection between the ancient (Egyptian) and modern (Islamic) components of the regional culture. This hypothesis is substantiated by the structure of the book “Description of Egypt” with its separate volumes devoted to Egyptian antiquities and the Islamic Egypt. In this work, the images of ancient Egypt and modern East are parallel. The idea largely underpinned the evolution of European studies of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
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Stefan, Dr Sc Georgescu, and Dr Sc Munteanu Marilena. "Middle East: New Balkans of the World?" ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.147.
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Middle East is a region whose geopolitical dynamics has many analogies with the role of the Balkans in the first half of the 19th century and up to the 3rd decade of the 20th century, namely a "Powder keg of Europe", defined in the same period as the "Eastern Issue".Moreover, Middle East is a region located at the junction of three continents: Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean Africa, and along with ancient Egypt is the cradle of Western civilization, providing for it political, economic, religious, scientific, military, intellectual and institutional models.Four millennia of civilization before Christian era did not pass without leaving a trace.Trade, currency, law, diplomacy, technology applied to works in time of war or peace, the profit based economy and the bureaucratized economy, popular and absolutist government, nationalist and universal spirit, tolerance and fanaticism – all these are not inventions of the modern world, but have their origins and methods of implementation, often even sophisticated methods, in this region.
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Mennatallah Hamdy, Mennatallah Hamdy, and Doha Ibrahim. "Preservation Laws: Saving Modern Egyptian Architectural Integrity." Resourceedings 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i2.605.
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Egyptian cities have witnessed a variety of impeccable architecture throughout centuries of civilization, which enriched the Egyptian society. Constantly rising to the discussion is a question of what constitutes value to architecture of different times. It is important to regard heritage conservation as a synthetic, complex topic that is open for interpretations and judgment. While some antiquities are protected by law, it is apparent how modern heritage is a matter of ambiguity when it comes to preservation and conservation efforts. Until the mid-19th century, architectural heritage was primarily concerned with the preservation of monumental architecture. Theorists like John Ruskin and Le-Duc were largely exploring the authentic expression of materials in architecture, establishing the foundation, that Cesare Brandi would later build on, that conservation authenticity is not limited to age, rather includes material, style and structure.It is appropriate to regard heritage buildings as capital assets, with a potential to raise fluxes of services over time. However, not only Cairo, but Egypt has been losing much of its valuable modern heritage; thus its identity in the process.This paper focuses on Egypt's modernist architecture, discussing the rise of modernism and its introduction to the Egyptian cultural scene while reflecting on the current cultural detachment from such heritage and the current tendency towards. It, also, explores the rise of Egyptian modernism as a national style that reflects social and economic prosperity, in contrast to its rise in the west primarily advocating minimalism, functionalism and social equality.In comparing Egyptian laws to international charters on heritage preservation; in particular modern heritage, case studies are used to explore the consequences. The research concludes by suggesting measures and acts that can, directly and indirectly, affect the decision-making process, as well as support efforts of preservation of Egypt's modern heritage.
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Dyatlov, A. Yu, E. V. Oshovskaya, and V. A. Sidorov. "Mathematical reconstruction of the rise of the Alexander Column." Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic), no. 4 (April 22, 2021): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2104-07.
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The history of the engineering profession includes many events and achievements that raise doubts about their reality in modern people. These are the pyramids of Mexico and Egypt, megalithic structures in Peru, the Baalbek temple, etc. Aqueducts and viaducts, highways and bridges, fortifications and ships, the Greek fire and the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople — all this gives an idea of the capabilities and skills of ancient engineers. The questions of who and how built these objects and why modern technologies cannot repeat it will always excite the inquisitive mind of the researcher. The admiration of many architectural structures of the 18th-19th centuries raises the question of how this was possible to be done at that time, in the absence of knowledge about the power of steam and electricity. The objects built after the middle of the 19th century do not cause such questions — there were already many lifting mechanisms, photography documented the construction process, and the dug Suez Canal testified to the increased capabilities of mankind and strengthened engineering skills. No one doubts that the Eiffel Tower was built without the use of helicopters and the achievements of an antediluvian civilization. However, in relation to the unique creation of O. Montferrand — the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg, there is a clear distrust in the reality of the achieved result: the column that is more than 27 meters high, more than 3 meters in diameter and weighs more than 600 tons stands vertically on the end surface without additional supporting structures. This article, presented in three reports, is devoted to the attempt to mathematically justify the possibility of what was achieved at the level of knowledge, skills, mechanisms and technologies of the beginning of the 19th century. The first report is devoted to the formulation of the initial data for each stage of production, transportation and installation of the Alexander Column from the standpoint of the possibility of performing rigging work. The basis for the answers is an album of illustrations of the rise of the Alexander Column, made by the great architect O. Montferrand, who is also reproached for the lack of engineering training.
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Eid, Salah. "Moving Curve of Civilization." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 5 (June 2, 2021): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.10140.
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One glance to the map of the Earth shows us that the main centers and sub centers of civilization are distributed on the surface of the Earth according to a very accurate geometrical system: the main ones are located on a strait line from Egypt to Greece to western Europe. From Egypt in the ancient times , and from Western Europe in modern times a curve extends to the right and left on which the sub centers are located, this curve moved completely from its northern position in ancient times to its southern position in modern times where one thousand years separates the two ancient and modern stages of civilization, this period had been filled by Greeks and Arabs through which we are going to tell the story of this moving curve between its two ancient and modern positions. Briefly seven hundreds of years had been filled by Greeks : one century in Athena, six centuries in Alexandria of Egypt,( where the curve returned to its southern position), and three centuries by Arabs in Bagdad in Iraq before the third stage of modern civilization began its role in its main center , western Europe.
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Song, Zihao. "Between the Past and Future. Antwerp Zoo and the 19th Century Belgium." Technium Social Sciences Journal 37 (November 9, 2022): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v37i1.7614.
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Antwerp zoo was established in 1843 under the management of the Zoological Society of Antwerp. As one of the oldest zoos in Belgium and Europe, the establishment, operation and development of Antwerp Zoo are closely related to Belgian society in the 19th century. At the same time, it also reflects the self-awareness of the newly independent Belgians in the face of industrial civilization and exotic nature. This article discusses how the Antwerp Zoo as a public place embodies 19th century Belgian colonial and imperial ideas from perspectives of function, architecture, visitors and animals and the cultural meaning of modern zoos in European continent. Modern European zoos represented by Antwerp zoo are social and educational places dominated by the middle class in the 19th century, and also reflect people’s thought about the relationship between human and nature.
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van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 3 (July 15, 2010): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000486.
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Research on the Copts of Egypt has developed especially rapidly in new directions during the past twenty years. Having started as a corollary of Egyptology, it is advancing from the study of the early Christian centuries to include medieval, early modern, and contemporary Coptic Studies. Concurrently, Coptic issues are being inserted into studies of Egypt in general. Publications on the 19th century mostly ignored Copts, but they were given stereotypical cameo appearances in the prolific research on the profound transformations in 20th-century Egyptian society.
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Cheta, Omar Youssef. "A PREHISTORY OF THE MODERN LEGAL PROFESSION IN EGYPT, 1840S–1870S." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 4 (November 2018): 649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000855.
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AbstractThis article examines the emergence of a new corps of legal practitioners in Egypt during the 1860s and early 1870s. The proceedings of hundreds of merchant court cases in mid-19th-century Cairo are replete with references to deputies and agents (wukalā; sing.wakīl) who represented merchant-litigants in a wide range of commercial disputes. Examining how these historical actors understood Egyptian, Ottoman, and French laws, and how they strategically deployed their knowledge in the merchant courts, this article revises the commonly accepted historical account of the founding of the legal profession in Egypt. Specifically, it argues that norms of legal practice hitherto linked to the establishment of the Mixed Courts in 1876 were already being formed and refined within the realm of commercial law as part of a more comprehensive program of legal reforms underway during the middle decades of the 19th century. In uncovering this genealogy of practice, the article reevaluates the extent to which the khedival state shared a legal culture with the Ottoman center, and, simultaneously, created the space for a new form of legal representation that became ubiquitous under British, and, subsequently, postcolonial rule.
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GÖKGÖZ, Turgay. "LITERATURE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN BEYRUT IN THE 19TH CENTURY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.23.
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Throughout history, Beirut has been the habitat of different religions and nations. The people of various nations are made up of Christians and Muslims. Today, it is seen that languages such as Arabic, French and English are among the most spoken languages in Lebanon, where Beirut is located. Looking at Beirut in the 19th century, it was seen that colonial powers such as Britain and France were a conflict area, and at the same time it was one of the centers of Arab nationalism thought against the Ottoman Empire. During the occupation of Mehmet Ali Pasha, missionary schools were allowed to open, as well as cities such as Zahle, Damascus and Aleppo, Jesuit schools were opened in Beirut. With the opening of American Protestant schools, the influence of the relevant schools in the emergence and development of the idea of Arab nationalism is inevitable. Especially in Beirut, it would be appropriate to state that the aim of using languages such as French and English instead of Arabic education in missionary schools is to instill Western culture and to attract students to Christianity. The students of the Syrian Protestant College, who constituted the original of the American University of Beirut, worked against the Ottoman Empire within the society they established and aimed to establish an independent secular Arab state. Beirut comes to the fore especially in areas such as poetry and theater before the “Nahda” movement that started in Egypt during the reign of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. The advances that paved the way for the development of modern literature in Beirut before Egypt will find a place in the field of literature later. In this study, it is aimed to present information on literary and cultural activities that took place in Beirut and emphasize the importance of Beirut in modern Arabic literature in the 19th century.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Civilization, Modern – 19th century – Egypt"
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Bonny, Yves. "L'individualisme, de la modernité à la post-modernité : contribution à une théorie de l'intersubjectivité." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74291.
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This work attempts to examine the relevance of the conceptual opposition between modernity and postmodernity on the basis of a typological analysis of the modes of subjectivity and intersubjectivity which are implicated in the integration and the reproduction of a given form of society. We first show that traditional societies rest on concrete and particular modes of personal identity and of mutual recognition, which are integrated together within a common culture, whereas modern societies rest on an abstraction and universalization of forms societally legitimized of subjective identity and of intersubjective recognition. These we propose to designate by the concept of individualism. After presenting the main stages in the construction of modern individualism, we attempt to illuminate some of the implications, but also some of the aporias, that the modern conception of subjectivity and intersubjectivity presents. In the final part of this work, we seek to establish the validity of the notion of postmodernity to define contemporary society. We try to show that the universalist type of individualism, which characterizes modern society and provides its identity, gradually gives way to a "singularist" type of individualism. This latter form of individualism attests to a crisis of personal identity and is associated with the progressive dissolution of any collective identity, that is, of any a a priori intersubjectivity.
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Boauod, Marai. "The Making of Modern Egypt: the Egyptian Ulama as Custodians of Change and Guardians of Muslim Culture." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3102.
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Scholarship on the modern history of the Middle East has undergone profound revision in the previous three decades or so. Many earlier perceptions, largely based on modernization theory, have been either contested or modified. However, the perception of the Egyptian ulama (the traditionally-educated, religious Muslim scholars) in academic scholarship remains largely affected by the legacy of hypotheses of the modernization theory. Old assumptions that the Egyptian ulama were submissive to political power and passive players incapable of accommodating, let alone of fathoming, conditions of the modern world, and who chose or were forced to retreat from this world, losing much, if not all, of their relevance and significance, still infuse the scholarly literature.
Making use of materials obtained from the Egyptian National Archives, this study offers an examination of modern legal reform in Egypt from the nineteenth century through the first part of the twentieth century with the ulama and their legal institutions in mind. As the findings of this study effectively illustrate, the Egyptian ulama were by no means submissive. Rather, they were patient. Far from being passive agents of the past, the Egyptian ulama were active participants who played a critical role in the building of modern Egypt. The ulama had at their disposal sustained social and moral influence, a long-standing position as community leaders, a reputation as defenders and representatives of Islam, the power to validate or invalidate the political establishment by means of public and doctrinal legitimization, and the final authority over laws of family and personal status. Through these strengths, the ulama were able to influence the direction of change and to impact its scope and nature during transitional period that witnessed the making and remaking of modern Egypt.
Considering the nature of changes that they allowed to be introduced to the shari-based justice system and the ones they resisted, as well as their stance regarding social matters, the Egyptian ulama comprehended and recognized modernity as useful. Advanced techniques had to be embraced to strengthen state institutions. However, the ulama thwarted massive and sudden adoption of modernity's cultural elements, so that Egypt would not become a chaotic country and go astray. On the weight of their position as the ultimate authority over family law, the Egyptian ulama blocked rapid social change imposed from the top. Alterations to family law and the social structure were undertaken gradually and with a great deal of delicacy. Therefore, the long-standing social order was not suddenly destroyed and replaced with a new one. Instead, changes to the long-standing social structure were allowed to evolve slowly, while the core was largely preserved.
The ulama's far-reaching plan, which was realized in the long run, was to maintain Islam's position in modern Egypt as a guide and as the main source of legitimacy. As will be shown in this study, the history of the Egyptian ulama reveals not passivity, detachment, or submission but careful, and deliberate action.
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Rhodes, Anthony. "Jacob Burckhardt: History and the Greeks in the Modern Context." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/279.
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In the following study I reappraise the nineteenth century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897). Burckhardt is traditionally known for having served as the elder colleague and one-time muse of Friedrich Nietzsche at the University of Basel and so his ideas are often considered, by comparison, outmoded or inapposite to contemporary currents of thought. My research explodes this conception by abandoning the presumption that Burckhardt was in some sense "out of touch" with modernity. By following and significantly expanding upon the ideas of historians such as Allan Megill, Lionel Gossman, Hayden White, Joseph Mali, John Hinde and Richard Sigurdson, among others, I am able to portray Burckhardt as conversely inaugurating a historiography laden with elements of insightful social criticism. Such criticisms are in fact bolstered by virtue of their counter-modern characteristic. Burckhardt reveals in this way a perspicacity that both anticipates Nietzsche's own critique of modernity and in large part moves well beyond him. Much of this analysis is devised through a genealogical approach to Burckhardt which places him squarely within a cohesive branch of post-Kantian thought that I have called heterodox post-Kantianism. My study revaluates Burckhardt through the alembic of a "discursive" post-Kantian turn which reinvests many of his outré ideas, including his radical appropriation of historical representation, his non-teleological historiography, his various pessimistic inclinations, and additionally, his non-empirical, "aesthetic" study of history, or "mythistory," with a newfound philosophical germaneness. While I survey the majority of Burckhardt's output in the course of my work, I invest a specific focus in his largely unappreciated Greek lectures (given in 1869 but only published in English in full at the end of the twentieth century). Burckhardt's "dark" portrayal of the Greeks serves to not only upset traditional conceptions of antiquity but also the manner in which self-conception is informed through historical inquiry. Burckhardt returns us then to an altogether repressed antiquity: to a hidden, yet internal "dream of a shadow." My analysis culminates with an attempt to reassess the place of Burckhardt's ideas for modernity and to correspondingly reexamine Nietzsche. In particular, I highlight the disparity between Nietzsche's and Burckhardt's reception of the "problem of power," including the latter's reluctance - which was attended by ominous and highly prescient predictions of future large-scale wars and the steady "massification" of western society - to accept Nietzsche's acclamation of a final "will to power." Burckhardt teaches us the value of history as an active counterforce to dominant modern reality-formations and in doing so, his work rehabilitates the relevance of history for a world which, as Burckhardt once noted, suffers today from a superfluity of present-mindedness.
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Kuntz, Cécile. "Alexandrie, au fil des plans : études sur la cartographie d'Alexandrie : milieu du XIXe siècle - milieu du XXe siècle." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2112.
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La cartographie d’Alexandrie constitue une source documentaire inestimable et incontournable pour l’étude de l’histoire de la ville. La présente recherche cartographique propose à partir d’un ensemble de 122 plans, issus d’un corpus de près de 700 plans, d’étudier l’histoire des représentations d’Alexandrie du milieu du XIXe siècle au milieu du XXe siècle, selon quatre perspectives : les plans publiés dans les annuaires et les guides, la production cartographique de la famille Nicohosoff, les plans d’assurance ainsi que la réorganisation de la ville pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. La cartographie a été associée à d’autres sources historiques, telles que les mémoires et les relations de voyage, les gravures, les photographies, dont les photographies aériennes, la presse, les guides et les annuaires, ainsi qu’à des archives familiales et à une importante prospection sur le terrain.Une contextualisation des plans, par l’identification ou la vérification de l’auteur, de la date, et le cas échéant de l’ouvrage source, ainsi qu’une comparaison des plans entre eux permet de mieux appréhender ces documents et de les utiliser d’une manière plus adaptée. Une attention toute particulière est portée aux auteurs. Il s’agit ainsi de lier l’histoire des hommes à l’histoire de la ville. D’autres thèmes ont été également abordés tels que ceux des copies incessantes, avec l’identification d’un certain nombre de ces sources, de la concurrence, du droit de propriété et des différents acteurs de la cartographieThe cartography of Alexandria represents an invaluable and essential documentary source for the study of the town’s history. The present research is based upon an ensemble of 122 maps chosen from a corpus of almost 700 and intends to study the history of representations of Alexandria from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th century from four perspectives: maps published in almanacs and guidebooks; the cartographic production of the Nicohosoff family; insurance plans; and those developed in relation to the redevelopment of the town during the First World War. The cartography has been associated with other historical sources, such as memoires and travelogues, engravings and photography, including aerial photography, the press, guidebooks and almanacs, as well as family archives and wide-scale investigation on the ground.Setting the maps in context, though identifying or verifying the author, the date and, if not, the source work, alongside comparisons between maps will allow for a better understanding of the documents and manner of their most appropriate use. Particular attention is paid to the authors in order to link the history of men with the history of the town. Other themes are also tackled, such as that of the incessant copying, with the identification of a certain number of these sources, the competition involved, proprietary rights and the different actors within the cartography
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Salter, Mark B. "On barbarians : the discourse of ’civilization’ in international theory." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10090.
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Unsatisfied with critical responses to Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations?" this
dissertation attempts to trace two central elements of his argument. First, "On
Barbarians" traces the evolution of the civilized/ barbarian dichotomy from its origins in
the nineteenth century to its recent incarnations in International Relations theory. The
relevance of Europe's imperial heritage is emphasized, along with certain thematic
threads in popular discourse: demography, surveillance, and the distinction between
popular and elite culture. The ubiquitous self/other dichotomy, which is central to
political identity, has been understood in European imperial discourse to mean European
civilization and barbaric others. This rhetoric remains powerful, even in current IR
discourse. By reinscribing this civilized/barbarian dichotomy, Huntington in effect uses
International Relations theory as a form of identity politics. Second, this dissertation
analyzes the presence of culture and identity in the discipline of International Relations
theory. Despite specific empirical considerations, Huntington's underlying interest in
culture and identity is well-founded, which this dissertation attempts to demonstrate using
material from the history of International Relations, post-colonial, and critical theorists.
In sum, "On Barbarians" illustrates the critical benefit of studying culture and identity to
LR through a critical examination of the civilized/barbarian discourse.
Books on the topic "Civilization, Modern – 19th century – Egypt"
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1900. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996.
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Dulken, Stephen Van. Inventing the 19th century: The great age of Victorian inventions. London: The British Library, 2001.
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Paul, Johnson. The birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-30. London: Phoenix, 1992.
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Paul, Johnson. The birth of the modern: World society, 1815-1830. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991.
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Eureka!: The surprising stories behind the ideas that shaped the world. New York, N.Y: Penguin Group, 2010.
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Modernism as a philosophical problem: On the dissatisfactions of European high culture. Cambridge, Mass., USA: B. Blackwell, 1991.
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Modernism as a philosophical problem: On the dissatisfactions of European high culture. 2nd ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 1999.
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Johnson, Paul. The birth of the modern: World society1815-1830. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991.
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Paul, Johnson. The birth of the modern: World society, 1815-1830. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991.
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Elleman, Bruce A. Modern China: Continuity and change, 1644 to the present. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Civilization, Modern – 19th century – Egypt"
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Bagarić, Marina. "Egypt as Imaged by 19th-and 20th-Century Zagreb:." In Egypt in Croatia: Croatian Fascination with Ancient Egypt from Antiquity to Modern Times, 249–60. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvsn3p50.27.
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"Chapter 2. REFORM AND REBELLION: The Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Qajar Iran in the 19th Century." In A History of the Modern Middle East, 59–106. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780804798754-007.
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"Chapter 3. SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS: Workers and Nationalists in Egypt, Mount Lebanon, and the Ottoman Empire in the 19th Century." In A History of the Modern Middle East, 107–54. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780804798754-008.
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Głowa, Anna, and Joanna Sławińska. "The Collection of Late Antique Textiles from Egypt Acquired in 1893 by the Archaeological Cabinet of the Jagiellonian University in the Context of the Early Interest in “Coptic” Weaving." In Collecting Antiquities from the Middle Ages to the End of the Nineteenth Century: Proceedings of the International Conference Held on March 25-26, 2021 at the Wrocław University Institute of Art History, 287–309. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381385862.13.
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Since 1883, when Theodor Graf (1840–1903) exhibited in Vienna a collection of Late Antique textiles from Egypt, a new trend in collecting antiquities was born. In the next decades, thousands of such textiles got to museums and private collections throughout the world. Some treated them as curiosities, others as examples of ancient craft to serve educational purposes, still others valued them as objects that enriched the knowledge of the daily life and culture in the centuries of the transformation of the ancient civilization. One of the oldest collections of this kind in Poland is an assembly of 52 textiles acquired in 1893 by professor Józef Łepkowski (1826–1894) for the Archaeological Cabinet of the Jagiellonian University (currently the Jagiellonian University Museum). The paper presents the Archaeological Cabinet’s collection of textiles on a broader background of the 19th-century interest in this specific kind of objects.
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Dilger, John A., Carlos B. Mantilla, and Douglas R. Bacon. "Regional Anesthesia: Past, Present, and Future." In Mayo Clinic Atlas of Regional Anesthesia and Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blockade, 3–18. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199743032.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 provides a brief outline of the history of regional anesthesia, from ancient Egypt to its modern origins in the late 19th century. Nerve localization techniques are also reviewed, covering the progression from the paresthesia technique to peripheral nerve stimulation to ultrasound guidance. The importance and implications of peripheral nerve blockade are covered as well.
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"Western Aesthetics." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 1–25. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1702-4.ch001.
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This chapter studies the development and basic ideas of Western aesthetic thoughts by reviewing the aesthetic history of ancient Greece and the Middle Ages and by investigating the modern and contemporary aesthetics. It initially discusses the dominant classical Greek aesthetics, the medieval aesthetics, the 19th century aesthetics, and finally the modern aesthetics. The chapter finds that while the history of aesthetics is marked by countless schools of thoughts, only a few people of rare talent have made significant contribution to the entire human civilization through their aesthetic theories and ideas.
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Targowski, Andrew. "Theory of Critical Total History of Civilization." In Information Technology and Societal Development, 154–82. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-004-2.ch008.
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The purpose of this chapter is to define information- based tools for the study of the human story in order to “informate” traditional historic findings. By “informate” one may understand a gain of additional information above that found by traditional processing of historical information, by applying modern cybernetic techniques that allow for the modeling and understanding of complexity. After literature, history is the most universal discipline of knowledge, passionately held (in their own particular versions) by millions of people on Earth. History makes us curious, perhaps because in it resides the puzzle of human existence, its successes and failures. We want to know the past because we want to learn “lessons of history” (Howard, 1991). Hence, history is popular and rich in its public role and its scientific methods are even the subject of philosophical debates. It is still debated, as Hegel (1956) stated, whether history is not chance but is rather a rational process operating according to laws of evolution and embodying the spirit of freedom. The 19th century’s positivism stipulated two roles for historians: to be disinterested observers and to find, in the records of the past, laws of human behavior. The 20th century’s tremendous progress in research and technology has influenced historians to consider history as a pure science with the emphasis on large-scale forces or structures instead of individuals (Breisach, 1983). As we move into the 21st century, new trends in the evolution of civilization, informatization and globalization, guide our awareness. These trends emphasize the application of information engineering skills and offer an expanded picture of human undertakings. The emerging world’s history of civilization in the making is no longer “sequential” and “slow” but now “instant” and “fast.” To understand such a dynamic civilization and take a pro-active role in it, one must develop new skills and new approaches to its study. Perhaps one should take examples from other sciences, for example, physics and chemistry, where modeling is applied in order to discover some common observations, rules, and laws. Of course, models do not completely reflect reality, but they are useful tools in grasping its essence and suggesting further investigations and quests for truth.
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Radušić, Edin. "Da li su bosanski muslimani Turci? Percepcija bosanskohercegovačkih muslimana 19. stoljeća u britanskom novinskom diskursu." In Kulturno-historijski tokovi u Bosni 15-19. stoljeća, 269–98. Univerzitet u Sarajevu - Orijentalni institut, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48116/zb.khb22.269.
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ARE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS TURKS? PERCEPTIONS OF 19TH CENTURY BOSNIAN MUSLIMS IN BRITISH NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE The paper analyzes the perception of Bosnian Muslims’ origin and dominant identity (as well as belonging) in the newspapers that shaped public discourse in Great Britain in the 19th century, especially in its second half. The focus is on the perception of the identity of Muslims in Ottoman Bosnia in relation to “all Turks” (as well as ethnic Turks), on the one hand, and with regard to the Christian population of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the other. In this regard, it was questioned whether Bosnian Muslims were presented as a monolithic social group, the ruling caste – according to the stereotypical model of social structures in European Turkey that all Turks were spahis, agas, and beys while peasants/tenants were only Christians – or was Bosnian Muslim community represented as a structured community made up of both upper and lower socio-economic strata. An attempt was also made to answer the question, as far as possible, of how the British newspaper discourse portrayed the attitude of Bosnian Muslims towards the modern values of 19th-century European humanism (respect for life, freedom, equality). A possible narrative of non-acceptance of these values by Bosnian Muslims would put that population group on the negative side of the insurmountable dividing line between civilization and barbarism. Indirectly, the article also offers an answer to whether humanism in 19th-century Britain reached a universal level or remained limited to only those that the British considered their own to some extent (Christians of European Turkey). Keywords:Bosnia and Herzegovina, Muslims, Christians, Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, British press
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Diaz-Andreu, Margarita. "Biblical Archaeology." In A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217175.003.0013.
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The increase of interest that the study of ancient monuments had raised, mainly from the eighteenth century, attracted many individuals to the classical lands. There, as explained in the last chapter, a search for the roots of Western civilization and of the flourishing nineteenth-century empires took place. In addition, however, in some of those countries—mainly in Egypt and Mesopotamia—this concern would not be the only one which boosted scholars’ interests. These lands had witnessed some of the accounts related in the Christian Holy Book, the Bible, and therefore the search for classical antiquity came together with—and was sometimes overshadowed by—research on the biblical past. Work focused first on Egypt, then on Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and parts of Iran), and then moved to other areas: Palestine, and to a certain degree Lebanon and Turkey. After the first travellers who managed to overcome the difficulties of access imposed by the Ottoman Empire, there followed diplomats in the area working for the various imperial countries as well as more specialized explorers, including geographers and antiquarians. Later on, especially in Palestine, many of those who looked for ancient remains were in one way or another connected with religious institutions. Therefore, imperialism will not be the only factor to consider in the development of archaeology in the area described in this chapter, for religion also had an essential role. As explained in the following pages, these were overlapping, complementary forces. The influence of religion on the archaeology of the biblical lands can be seen both in the religious beliefs of those who undertook it, as well as, more importantly, in how it had an effect on research. The aim of most of the archaeologists working in the biblical land—especially in the core area of Palestine and Lebanon—was to illustrate, confirm, or challenge the biblical account, and they were not interested in any period dated either before or after the events related in the Holy Book. Thus, an interest in the Islamic archaeology of the area would only appear at the end of the period dealt with in this book (Ettinghausen 1951; Vernoit 1997: 4–5), and pre-biblical archaeology would develop later.
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Fant, Clyde E., and Mitchell G. Reddish. "The Hittites: Hattusa and Yazïlïkaya." In A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195139174.003.0034.
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In many ways the ancient Hittite sites of Hattusa and Yazïlïkaya are among the most distinctive sites related to the Bible in the entire Mediterranean region. Unlike the majority of ancient cities of the Bible in both Turkey and Greece, these sites are not related to the Apostle Paul and the New Testament. In fact, they are only marginally related to the Old Testament. Nevertheless, the identification of this city in 1906 by the German archaeologist Hugo Winckler created a sensation in archaeological and biblical studies. Since 1986 the site of Hattusa has been included on the World Heritage List of UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). Prior to the 19th century, the Hittites were entirely unknown to the world except for their mention in the Bible. The biblical references to such a powerful kingdom, for which no other evidence existed, were met by skepticism and even outright disbelief. Scholars did not believe that so dominant an empire could disappear without a trace. Following the discovery in 1799 of the Rosetta Stone in Egypt by Napoleon’s soldiers, however, which unlocked the key to reading hieroglyphics, reference to the Hittites was also discovered in Egyptian sources. Most notable among these citations are references to a great battle between the Egyptians, led by Ramses II (likely the pharaoh of the Exodus tradition), and the Hittites at Kadesh (Syria). Also mentioned was a subsequent treaty, a nonaggression pact, wherein both nations pledged mutual support and agreed to establish Syria as the southern boundary of the Hittites’ power and the northern boundary of the Egyptians’ power. Modern discovery of the Hittites began in 1834, when Charles Texier located the ruins of the capital city of the Hittites, Hattusa, which he believed to be a city of the Medes. Correct identification of the city was not made until 1906, when the discovery of 2,500 fragments of cuneiform tablets allowed Hugo Winckler to recognize that the extensive ruins were in fact the Hittite capital city. Since that time excavations by the German Archaeological Institute and others have continued.