Journal articles on the topic 'Civilians in war – Fiction'
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1
Kucała, Bożena. "Carnage, medicine and "The Woman Question" : representations of the Crimean war in neo-Victorian fiction." Brno studies in English, no. 1 (2022): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/bse2022-1-10.
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The aim of this article is to analyse and compare representations of the Crimean war in three neo-Victorian novels, Beryl Bainbridge's Master Georgie (1998), Julia Gregson's The Water Horse (2004) and Katharine McMahon's The Rose of Sebastopol (2007), with reference to the commonly established view of this historical event. The novels foreground the experience of civilians who found themselves on the periphery of the battlefields, caring for the casualties of the war. As the course of history and private lives intersect, the main characters undergo a personal transformation; for the female protagonists, the experience leads to liberation from conventional gender roles. It is argued that by focusing on civilians rather than soldiers the novels offer a new perspective on the war; nonetheless, they uphold its overwhelmingly negative image in British collective memory.
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Paulouskaya, Hanna. "«Я з вогненнай вёскі» как книга о травматическом опыте жертв Второй мировой войны." Новая русистика, no. 1 (2023): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/nr2023-1-2.
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The article is devoted to the non-fiction book Out of the Fire. The authors had an extraordinary task to record the memory of civilians about the Second World War in Belarus. The methods of work of the authors with the respondents (search for witnesses, ways to establish contact, important points of interviewing witnesses) are analyzed. At the beginning of the article, the difficulties that the authors encountered in the process of working with people who survived mass executions are described. The style of the work is considered, attention is paid to journalistic and documentary elements. The structure of the book and the ways of its organization are also studied. The article explores how the experience of war victims and the concept of a fiery village are reflected in the work. A significant part of the article is devoted to the psychological reactions of civilians who survived extreme events in terms of cruelty. Out of the Fire is a topical and remarkable book about the suffering of civilians in war with a strong anti-war message. The experience of the authors in collecting materials, methods of working with respondents can be useful to modern documentary authors.
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Siham Hattab Hamdan, Dr. "kamaugawar and the creation of a dystopian reality: A study in hassan Blasim's "Crossword" and Ambrose Bierce's "Chi." لارك 3, no. 42 (June 30, 2021): 1206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/lark.vol3.iss42.1947.
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The study shows how war can create a dystopian reality worse than the reality depicted in the dystopian stories. War creates a circular or enclosed world that has no exit where people cannot see the end of the tunnel. The study discusses two short stories, one is for the Iraqi writer Hassan Blasim entitled "Crosswords" and the other for the American writer Ambrose Bierce entitled "Chickamauga". These two short stories fit one of the categories of dystopian fiction where the society witnesses the effects of war and civilians and soldiers become the victims. Though the two stories do not adhere to the futuristic perspective of dystopian fiction, they could express the thought of their writers' that what is going on in the society though it is real but it is at the same time, dystopian.
Key Words: Dystopia, War, Defamiliarization, Hassan Blasim, Ambrose Bierce.
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Mahini, Ramtin Noor-Tehrani (Noor), Erin Barth, and Jed Morrow. "Tim O’Brien’s “Bad” Vietnam War: The Things They Carried & Its Historical Perspective." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0810.05.
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Tim O’Brien was sent to Vietnam as a foot soldier in 1969, during the later part of the Vietnam War that can be called the “bad” or unwinnable war. Based on his experience, O'Brien's writing about the Vietnam War in his award-winning fiction novels is always "bad," meaning that the war was terrible for American grunts like himself, his fellow soldiers, and Vietnamese civilians, with practically no good or inspiring stories. Nevertheless, O’Brien touches upon almost all problems of American soldiers in the Vietnam War, but not many peer-reviewed authors or online literary analysis websites could identify or discuss them all. The purpose of this article is to discuss the war details in O’Brien’s The Things They Carried and its historical perspective, so that young middle and high school readers can understand the meaning behind Tim O'Brien's writing about the Vietnam War. The goal is to summarize the entire big picture of the Vietnam War and to help students determine whether American soldiers’ actions, as described by Tim O’Brien, were morally right or wrong and were legal or forbidden according to the US law of war. The war-related issues that O’Brien mentioned in this novel are: boredom and meaningless death, abusive violence toward Vietnamese noncombatants, drug use, in-fighting, thefts within barracks, grief, rage, self-mutilation, mutilation of enemy corpses, and senseless animal and civilian killings.
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Sagan, Scott D., and Benjamin A. Valentino. "Weighing Lives in War: How National Identity Influences American Public Opinion about Foreign Civilian and Compatriot Fatalities." Journal of Global Security Studies 5, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz047.
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Abstract This article explores how the American public weighs tradeoffs between foreign and compatriot fatalities during war. This focus provides an important window into the meaning and significance of citizenship and national identity and, in turn, the most fateful consequences of inclusion and exclusion in the international context. To examine these attitudes, we conducted an original survey experiment asking subjects to consider a fictional US military operation in Afghanistan. We find that: (1) Americans are significantly more willing to accept the collateral deaths of foreign civilians as compared to American civilians in operations aiming to destroy important military targets; (2) Americans are less willing to risk the lives of American soldiers to minimize collateral harm to foreign civilians as compared to American civilians; (3) Americans who express relatively more favorable views of the United States compared to other nations are more willing to accept foreign collateral deaths in US military operations; and (4) Americans are more willing to accept Afghan civilian collateral deaths than those of citizens from a neutral state, such as India. Many Americans recognize that placing a much higher value on compatriot lives over foreign lives is morally problematic, but choose to do so anyway.
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Novak, K. V. "THE IMAGE OF THE CIVIL WAR IN “TALES OF SOLDIERS AND CIVILIANS” BY AMBROSE BIERCE." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 31, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2021-31-2-405-410.
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The article deals with the image of the Civil War in war stories by Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914?). The specifics of the war's representation in writer's literary works are analyzed, the features of man at war are revealed. The particularity of the artistic world of stories by A. Bierce is recognized. The research is carried out on the material of the collection of short stories “Tales of Soldiers and Civilians” (1891): “Killed at Resaca” (1887), “A Son of the Gods” (1888), “One of the Missing” (1888), “A Tough Tussle”, (1888), “A Horseman in the Sky” (1889), “Chickamauga” (1889), “The Affair at Coulter's Notch” (1889), “The Coup de Grâce”, (1889), “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” (1890), “Parker Adderson, Philosopher” (1891). The analysis is provided in the context of American Civil War literature of 1880s and 1890s and by taking into account writer's biography, a conclusion about the genre features of his literary works is also presented. The scientific novelty of the work is a complex analysis of early creativity of A. Bierce in the context of American military fiction.
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Mahini, Ramtin Noor-Tehrani (Noor), Erin Barth, and Jed Morrow. "Tim O’Brien’s “Bad” Vietnam War: Going after Cacciato & Its Historical Perspective." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0811.03.
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Being the only Vietnam War author on the English curriculum for American middle and high schools, Tim O’Brien skillfully mixes his real wartime experience with fiction in his various bestsellers and awarded novels. All O'Brien's Vietnam War stories are always "bad," meaning that the war contains mostly sad and horrific experience for American soldiers and Vietnamese civilians. A closer look at O’Brien’s war stories reveals that he indeed touches upon almost all issues the American GIs encountered during this war; nevertheless, not all online literary analysis websites and peer-reviewed authors can identify or call them all out. To assist middle and high school readers in understanding the meaning behind Tim O’Brien’s Vietnam War stories, the war details in Going After Cacciato and its historical perspective are discussed in this article. The war-related issues that O’Brien touched upon in this novel are: lack of purpose, the lower standards of the American troops (McNamara’s morons), desertion, lack of courage, friendly fire, fragging their own officers, and contemptuous attitude toward the Vietnamese, the very people they came to help and protect.
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Bilsing, Tracy. "“Mais vous savez, c'est un peu degoutant, ça”: Katherine Mansfield, Food, and the Indiscretions of the Great War." Gastronomica 15, no. 4 (2015): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2015.15.4.50.
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The short fiction of modernist author Katherine Mansfield, in particular her work written during World War I, provides a distinctive glimpse into the civilian culture of war. Mansfield uses food imagery in her writing to accentuate a shifting sensibility and profoundly emotional response to her own experience of the war. Embedded throughout her letters, notebooks, and short fiction written during and soon after the Great War, are references to food, especially to meat. Mansfield's food imagery and her artistic manipulation of the act of consuming food politicizes her work and compels a reconsideration of several pieces of short fiction which engage the event of war.
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Shahid, Hamas. "Tracing Death as a Political Instrument: A Study of Osama Alomar’s Selected Collections of Flash Fiction." NUML journal of critical inquiry 21, no. II (December 31, 2023): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/numljci.v21iii.262.
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This research article analyzes two collections of flash fiction including Fullblood Arabian (2014) and The Teeth of the Comb and Other Stories (2017) written by Osama Alomar, a Syrian refugee author. Guided by the theoretical framework of necropolitics as proposed by Achille Mbembe, this article investigates the constant presence of death and its multifaceted role in the wake of the Syrian civil war as portrayed in Alomar’s selected collections of flash fiction. The article attempts to study how death becomes an instrument in the civil war, widely used, manipulated, and exploited by various actors during the conflict-ridden period, each employing it differently. Although the selected collections of flash fiction demonstrate that death takes on many forms and performs multiple functions in the backdrop of the Syrian civil war, this research article narrows its scope to the analysis of how death is used as a political pawn and a political statement. At the outset of this research, it is postulated that the ruling Syrian regime transforms death and its fear into an instrument to intimidate and subdue Syrian civilian characters, thereby downplaying death as merely a political pawn. On the contrary, death also emerges as a political statement of the Syrian civilian characters as they begin to embrace death as a form of political activism to bring about social and political change in Syria. Invoking Catherine Belsey’s textual analysis method, some flash fiction stories from the selected collections are analyzed to study how the ruling Syrian regime and civilian characters reconfigure death in the wake of the Syrian civil war.
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Łyjak, Konrad. "History, Culture and Memory in the Novel "Grunowen oder Das vergangene Leben" by Arno Surminsk." Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 48, no. 1 (April 12, 2024): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2024.48.1.31-41.
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Arno Surminski is a writer who was born in the former German province of East Prussia. His life and tough experiences at the end of World War II had an enormous influence on his literature. The novels of Surminski are not only full of references to his biography, but they are also the author’s commentary to lots on many other topics, e.g. the evacuation of East Prussia due to fear of the Red Army, the forced displacement of German civilians, the deportation to Siberia or mass rapes committed by the Soviet Army. The aim of the article is to analyse the novel Grunowen oder Das vergangene Leben by Arno Surminski not only as a literary fiction in the form of a travel novel, but most of all as Surminski’s contribution to the discussion about the history and culture of East Prussia.
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Hadikusumo, Raden Daffa Akbar, and Alfi Syahriyani. "War on Terror’s Impact on the Middle East Civilians in Coldplay’s Orphans Song Lyrics." Insaniyat : Journal of Islam and Humanities 8, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/insaniyat.v8i1.32511.
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This article examines the war on terror’s impact in the Middle East civilians on the lyrical content of Coldplay's song "Orphans." The song lyrics feature a fictional narrative about a girl and her father who died due to bomb attacks on their hometown. Utilizing Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis approach, which involves social cognition, social context analysis, and textual analysis, it is deduced that the bombings depicted in the lyrics refer to the bombings in Damascus. This immediately relates to the Global War on Terror and how prejudice against Muslims and the Middle East, even its civilians, overlooks the negative impact that these people suffer. However, social cognition and context analysis help in discovering that Coldplay, a popular Western act composed of white men, did not remain silent about the suffering Muslims and Middle Easterners faced when most Westerners did. Instead, they voiced their perspective on the issue through fictional lyrics that favor Muslims and the Middle East in the ensuing conflict as part of their hope for people to unite regardless of their background and identity.
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Gelfant, Blanche H. "Beauty and Nightmare in Vietnam War Fiction." Prospects 30 (October 2005): 751–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300002258.
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“Hue is the most beautiful city in the world,” a Vietnamese woman tells Marine Lieutenant Kramer, a central character in Robert Roth's Vietnam War novel,Sand in the Wind. Published in 1973, five years after the sweeping Tet Offensive had reduced Hue to rubble,Sand in the Windset the city within a complex meditation upon beauty and its relation to human desire, history, the vagaries of chance, ephemerality of happiness, and ineluctability of loss. Though ambitious in intent,Sand in the Windhas not been widely acclaimed. Except for John Hellmann's close reading, it has usually been referred to passingly or overlooked. Thomas Myers dismissed it as a “sterile mural,” a static work fixed upon a wall. I prefer to think of it as “walking point” — an action Myers ascribed to Vietnam War fiction he endorsed for “cutting trails” (227). Like the pointman of a patrol who clears a path for others to follow, the Vietnam War novel, Myers argued, opened a way into tangled historic territory — the territory of war now inhabited by literature. I propose to enter this forbidding area throughSand in the Wind, for I believe that like the novels Myers lauded it too secures a way, a unique way, of engaging safely with the Vietnam War and the losses it entailed.The lives of an estimated 5,713 soldiers, American and Vietnamese, were lost in the battle at Hue, as were almost 3,000 civilian lives. That the “longest and bloodiest” battle of the Offensive took place in Hue during the festive days of Tet was particularly shocking, for Hue was commonly considered an open city, and Tet, the lunar New Year, a time of peace and renewal. Traditionally, Tet Nguyen Dan ushered in the new year with three days of festivity, days of respite during which communal bonds were strengthened. Family members and their relatives renewed the bond of blood by gathering together for an exchange of gifts and good wishes; ancestral bonds were renewed by visits to family graves. Rice farmers plowing their paddies renewed the bond between man and nature.
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Khadeeja Mushtaq and Muhammad Safeer Awan. "Trauma and War: The Psychological Implications for Survivor-victims in Iraqi Fiction." Panacea Journal of Linguistics & Literature 2, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.59075/pjll.v2i2.306.
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War-time literature about Iraq reflects the terror and the trauma that the civilian population in Iraq have had to live with in recent years. As conflicts and wars overtook the country in a rapid fashion and the state’s hold weakened, the country plunged into total chaos. The infrastructure crumpled, the economy collapsed, and multiple rebel groups surfaced halting peace process in the country. The present paper examines the fictional text, The Sirens of Baghdad, to understand the civilian psychological trauma resulting from repeated wars on Iraqi soil. The gruesome deaths and uncertainty about country’s future have contributed to an overall feeling of dejection and apathy among the civilian population. This research paper concludes that the psychological trauma of the civilian population belies simple categorization like PTSD, and there is a need to determine the true scale of psychological damage suffered over years of exposure to terror.
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Skinner, Paul. "Beautiful Birds and Hun Planes: Ford Madox Ford in the Early Age of Flight." Humanities 13, no. 3 (May 14, 2024): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h13030076.
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Reactions to the Wright brothers’ achievement of the first sustained, controlled powered flight in December 1903 ranged from complete indifference to voluble celebration and evolved into convictions that ranged from a belief that war would be rendered impossible to confident predictions of invasion and widespread destruction. The policies and perceptions of institutions, governments and individuals were subject to constant revision and often abrupt reversal. When war came, the aeroplane, which began as an instrument of reconnaissance, rapidly became one more hazard among many for those at the front and a further point of division between combatants and civilians, for whom airships and air raids tended to loom larger. The first dynamic phase in the story of the aeroplane overlaps with the major early modernist period. This essay seeks to map, within that wider context, the experiences and responses of Ford Madox Ford. He began, like many others, with images of beauty and the natural world in that early stage when a functioning range of descriptive or comparative terms had yet to emerge. He encountered them next in the theatre of war during his service in France. His ambivalence towards aeroplanes was both similar to and different from his earlier responses to trains, cars and telephones. Their relative rarity, as well as their both physical and metaphorical distance, and Ford’s own apparent immunity to the glamour and dynamism of aviation enabled him to view them retrospectively and employ them in anecdote, autobiography and fiction as both threat and saviour.
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Mackay, Marina. "“Is Your Journey Really Necessary?”: Going Nowhere in Late Modernist London." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 5 (October 2009): 1600–1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.5.1600.
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This essay discusses civilian relations to space in the Second World War, focusing on late modernist fiction about wartime London. In novels by Elizabeth Bowen, Henry Green, Patrick Hamilton, and James Hanley, the modernist city has ceased to be the site of expansive, cosmopolitan opportunity it was for writers of the 1920s: permitting civilian death on a massive scale, the city is newly imagined as an anteroom to a brutal common death. Enforced immobility and coerced collectivity find expression in a recursive, subjectivist form that mimics the claustrophobic entrapments these novels describe. A pervasive sense that the mere existence of other people jeopardized one's own points to the limits of familiar stories about civilian solidarity in wartime.
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Almasoudi, Ruwaida. "Posttraumatic Memories and Feelings of Guilt in Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried." Al-Adab Journal, no. 145 (June 14, 2023): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i145.3921.
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Writing has long been related to communicating emotional experiences. One of these experiences is war, and the Vietnam War was a long brutal struggle divided into two periods. The first is called the good Vietnam War, covering the years from 1964 to 1968. The second spanned from 1968 to 1972, known as the bad Vietnam War, through which fighting turned into guerilla war. Battles of the second phase were characterized by savage killings of soldiers and mass murder of unarmed civilian Vietnamese. This bad war inspired many literary narratives in drama, fiction, and poetry. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried is considered one of the most read and vivid works about this struggle. The text reflects combatants’ engagements in foreign lands and their inability to adjust to the trauma after the war is over. The paper investigates the situations of various characters in the novel and how their experiences were influential in preventing them from normally continuing with their lives. Post-traumatic memories and permanent feelings of guilt and confusion are the main obstacles veterans face preempting them from indulging once again in society.
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Bhutia, Dechen Dolkar, and Namrata Chaturvedi. "Soldier Saints, Missionaries and the Mountains." International Journal of Asian Christianity 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-06010004.
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Abstract This paper intends to contextualise the life of Christianity in British India through the developments in military theology in the late eighteenth and through the nineteenth century that put forth the image of the ‘soldier saint’- a true Christian soldier, British in blood and in faith. This discourse intensified after the military turned civilian Indian rebellion of 1857 which was immediately coloured in Christian vs heathen terms, and following which, the spiritual needs of Christian soldiers came into focus with the East India Company. The deaths, rituals and continued traditions of burial of the Christian soldiers, officers, and civilians have been marked through some prominent cemeteries and war memorials in India. While studies of these sites of memory have focused on the graves, tombs, and memorials in parts of north, west and south India, the frontier region of northeast India has remained outside the focus of most studies. This paper has chosen the eastern Himalayan territories comprising Sikkim and Kalimpong that fall on or near the Silk route to bring attention to the history of territorial aggression and the resulting material memory of lesser-known cemeteries and memorials Further. This paper analyses lesser discussed fiction to bring into focus the region’s human geography. This paper recognises the need to study inter-religious relations through materiality and afterlives of Christianity in India that was shaped to a large extent by the soldiers-both British and native, and the chaplains, gravediggers, priests and nurses and caregivers whose lives are recorded in the memory of death. By doing so, this study hopes to bring new dimensions to the study of Christianity in India with the inclusion of the materiality of religion, the postcolonial gothic imaginary and military theology.
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Maysoon Shehadah, Sunil Sagar,. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Yellow Birds: A Case-Study in the Light of Psychoanalytical Theories." Psychology and Education Journal 57, no. 9 (March 31, 2021): 6662–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.3639.
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This study is a case study of post-traumatic stress disorder, caused by war. It digs into the unconscious area of the soldiers’ minds and gives the findings according to psychoanalytical Theories. Though this study tackles characters in a novel which might be considered as fictional, these characters are sketched from real life as the soldier is an old veteran who has been fighting in the Iraqi war. The author, Kevin Powers depicts not only his sufferings in and after war, but he sheds light on the sufferings of his colleagues. The hero is diagnosed with PTSD upon his arrival to his homeland. The story is that of the soldier who has witnessed the horrors of wars and suffers terribly from it; he is the one who has felt the agony of grief and loss after witnessing the death and suicide of his friends due to melancholy. The psychoanalytical theories help elaborate on post-traumatic symptoms he suffers from. The protagonist is the mouthpiece of the writer who realizes the catastrophic aftermaths of war on both soldiers and civilians, psychologically speaking. The novel reveals the humanitarian side of the soldier who is forced to kill and make the audience sympathize with him.
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Shixian, LIU. "Transnational Trauma and Politics in Phil Klay’s Post-9/11 War Novel Redeployment." Asia-Pacific Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53789/j.1653-0465.2023.0302.005.
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Phil Klay’s short story collection Redeployment is considered a quintessential literary text for the U. S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and won the 2014 National Book Award for fiction. This study argues that it gestures beyond the narrow American war frame to show both the physical and cultural trauma of nonwhite Other in wars during the post- 9/11 era; meanwhile, Klay subverts and deconstructs the myth of trauma hero, truly representing soldiers’ anxiety and trauma about their relationships with enemies, wars, and national power. In Klay’s view, the disillusionment of the American myth of “city upon a hill” projects intense political crises and social contradictions, including the civilian-military divide, racial conflicts, and the loss of national faith and security. And America’s way of democracy reconstruction in the Middle East is colored by ethnocentrism and cultural imperialism, thus further questioning the rationality and justice of the U. S. global counter-terrorism strategies.
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Mombell, Nicole. "Teaching Representations of Resistance and Repression in Popular Spanish Film." Image and Storytelling: New Approaches to Hispanic Cinema and Literature 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/peripherica.1.2.8.
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This essay presents a brief analysis of three popular Spanish films released between 2001 and 2012 that are set in the immediate post Civil War period and first decades of the Franco dictatorship. Specifically, it considers three films which aim to reconstruct and represent the experience of the men, women, and children who fought Francoism or who endured repression after the end of the Spanish Civil War: Silencio roto (Armendáriz 2001), El laberinto del fauno (Del Toro 2004), and 30 años de oscuridad (Martín 2012). This essay explores the way in which tropes of politics, history, resistance, and repression are represented in each film, and how filmmakers using popular cinematic forms have appropriated the Spanish Civil War and Franco period settings to comment on contemporary political and social issues in Spain. Most of the recent Spanish cinematic productions (fictional and documentary) that depict the Spanish Civil War and Franco period have focused on the moral vindication of the vanquished. The three films considered here aim to reconstruct the particular experience or memories of the Spanish maquis and topos, and the civilians who supported them in their struggles. Each of the films discussed has sought to play a role in the recasting of collective identity in Spain, and affords important insights into the social processes and experiences of the time in which they were created. In a world where the visual immediacy of cinematic images increasingly works to displace traditional historiography, these representations have become ever more important and merit discussion. This essay takes into account that these cinematic representations are subjective and mediated depictions of events, participants, and circumstances of the Civil War and Franco period, and suggests pedagogical approaches to discussing each film in order to enable students (and other viewers) to grasp how to distinguish between history and the historicizing effect of its representations.
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Zehnder, Madeline. ""Adapted to the Soldier's Pocket": Military Discipline, Religious Publishing, and the Power of Print Format during the US Civil War." Book History 27, no. 1 (March 2024): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bh.2024.a929574.
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Abstract: In this article, I consider the surge of pocket-sized books produced for use by Union soldiers during the US Civil War, investigating how publisher choices about print format intersected with military and civilian attempts to manage the health, conduct, and efficiency of soldiers at scale. As objects believed to exert intimate influence over readers' mental and physical habits, books designed for the pocket promised both to aid and to undermine the production of orderly military bodies in nineteenth-century America. Even as reformers and military officials feared the influence of pornography and fiction published in small, concealable formats, religious organizations including the American Tract Society proposed that pocket-sized books could enhance efforts to discipline soldiers' minds and bodies for military success, including by habituating soldiers to hold books instead of playing cards. Meanwhile, the 1863 entry of Black soldiers into the Union Army, which I consider later in this article, prompted variations on these practices that highlight the racialized nature of Civil War-era approaches to soldier discipline. If wartime responses to pocket-sized books show that print formats may accumulate cultural meaning, such responses also demonstrate how works for the soldier's pocket activated nineteenth-century fantasies of individual optimization and population-level control.
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Kupchyn, Artem, Viktor Dykhanovskyi, and Yevhen Kolotukhin. "The war of the future as a strategic guideline for the forming the critical technologies list." Journal of Scientific Papers "Social development and Security" 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33445/sds.2020.10.1.2.
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Predicting scientific and technological development and, as a result, developing a list of critical technologies in advanced countries is quite common and systematic.
Ukraine, however, forms such a list exclusively for the defense sphere. Highlighting the most promising technological directions that can be implemented in the field of weapons and military equipment requires a clear understanding of the key principles for the operation of new and advanced weapons, as well as the relevance and priority of the development of certain civilian technological areas, which may eventually move into the military.
This paper provides a forecast of the development of the security situation in the world as of 2045. It identifies likely leaders who will spend more than twice as much on their defense, with only two advanced countries that are likely to be at the highest level of military power. It also noted a possible decline in Russiaʼs military capabilities, but an armed threat remains.
The origin of a new sphere of military presence is described – cyberspace, which necessarily entails a change in the forms of future wars. It is also noted that the rapid development of certain technologies, which is currently undergoing scientific and technological development, can lead to catastrophic consequences for all humanity.
Some of the achievements and main principles of the Fifth and Sixth Technological Units, which will inevitably be applied in the development of the latest weapons, are outlined.
Possible directions of modernization of certain available types of weapons are described, as well as key indications of future military conflicts and prospective weapons. In addition, the article provides some data that is drawn from science fiction, but it is quite likely to be used in the creation of promising weapons complexes based on the latest physical principles of action.
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Vrančić, Frano. "Le catholique Bernanos face à la guerre civile espagnole." Studia Romanistica 20, no. 2 (November 2020): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/sr.2020.20.0013.
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This paper analyses the political‑religious reflection developed by the great French novelist Georges Bernanos (1888-1948) during his Majorcan stay in the course of the Spanish Civil War. Indeed, it was in Palma de Mallorca, where this writer stayed from 1934 to 1937 to escape the anger of his Parisian creditors, that he wrote most of his masterpiece The Diary of a Country Priest as well as A New History of Mouchette. Fundamentally Catholic and monarchist, at the very beginning of the Francoist military uprising against the Popular Front in the summer of 1936, Bernanos became enthusiastic about the “glorioso Movimiento”. This is due not only to his son Yves, who actively participated in the rebellion, but also and above all to his virulent anticommunism and his youth’s fascination for the ideas of Hello and Maurras. However, after seeing the atrocities committed against the civilian population by the partisans of Franco, as a good Catholic, Bernanos raises his voice and denounces the blessing of Francoist war crimes by part of the Spanish clergy in his famous non‑fiction book The Great Cemeteries Under the Moon (1938). Contrary to what one might believe, this explosive essay is not a leftist manifesto, since Bernanos does not justify the crimes committed by the socialists and communists who came to Spain so as to fight against Franco and his Italian and German allies, but a warning addressed to the French political elites, especially to his old friends of the conservative Action Française, against the fascist temptation. Finally, this striking work is still relevant in a Europe whose political classes sometimes tend to minimize the destructive effects of the three deadly ideologies of the past century for electoral purposes, which exacerbates memory wars and thus damages the living‑together.
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Bochkovskaya, Anna V. "Balbir Madhopuri. Ātaṅk aur jātivādī ḍaṅk / Terror and Casteism Sting (Сhapters from Chāṅgiā rukh / Against the Night)." Oriental Courier, no. 1 (2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310021384-0.
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The commented translation of a chapter from the Chāṅgiā rukh (Against the Night) autobiography (2002) by Balbir Madhopuri, a renowned Indian writer, poet, translator, journalist, and social activist, brings forward episodes from the life of Dalit inhabitants of a Punjab village in the 1960–1970s (Pic. 1, 2, 3). Following the school of hard knocks of his childhood in the chamar quarter of Madhopur, a village in Jalandhar district, Balbir Madhopuri managed to receive a good education and take to literature. He has authored 14 books including three volumes of poetry, translated 36 pieces of world literary classics into Punjabi, his mother language, and edited 44 books in Punjabi. In 2014, he was awarded the Translation Prize from India’s Sahitya Academy for his contribution to the development and promotion of Punjabi. His new fiction novel Miṭṭī bol paī (Earth Has Spoken, 2020) focuses on the struggle of downtrodden Punjabis for their human rights and the ad-dharam movement in the North of India in the 1920–1940s. This novel brought him a prestigious international award for excellence in Punjabi fiction, the Dhahan Prize, in 2021. Narrating his autobiography, Balbir Madhopuri shares memories, thoughts, and emotions from childhood and youth days that determined his motivations to struggle against poverty, deprivation, and injustice. The first of the two translated chapters, Dillī ke lie ravāngī (Departure for Delhi [Madhopuri, 2010], describes the atmosphere of the 1980s — the times of an undeclared terrorist war in Punjab when Sikh secessionists struggled for establishing an independent Khalistan state in India. Looting, raping, killing, setting off bombs in buses and trains, and taking civilian hostages became a sad reality that forced many Punjabis to leave their homes forever. In the final chapter of the book, Kirāyedārī kī lānat (Being a Tenant), Balbir Madhopuri reflects on the issues of social oppression and caste inequality that remain in the contemporary society and tells readers about the most difficult initial period of his life in India’s cosmopolitan capital.
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Dominiak, Wojciech. "SUMMER OF DEAD DREAMS – 1945 PRUDNIK COUNTY IN THE AWARENESS OF ITS INHABITANTS. THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE PRUDNIK COUNTY MUSEUM." Muzealnictwo 58, no. 1 (July 17, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1816.
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Some years have already passed since the book Summer of dead dreams by Harry Thürk (2015) was published. Some inhabitants of Prudnik County have treated the German perception as presented in its pages and interwoven in the historicists’ motifs, as a non-fiction and as a reliable source. This is why it has become essential to take some steps to present this multithreaded post-war event more honestly. One of the museums’ functions is their multi-dimensional educational activity, achieved through exhibitions and publications. Consequently, the Prudnik County Museum in Prudnik town has undertaken the task of showing the chequered history of this region from 1945 to 1947 by: a) preparing and elaborating a permanent exhibition entitled “Seen through a net curtain. The multiculturality of Upper Silesia based on Prudnik County”; b) publishing a book of the same title which brings closer the intangible heritage of Prudnik county, seen in its traditions and folk rituals of various social and cultural groups which together form its current “ethnos”; c) publishing a collection of eyewitness accounts by people who remember the years 1945–1947. The issue of changing borders and resettlements still evokes emotions for both the Polish and German communities. Although, the Polish and German tragedy of the civilian population had different origins, the tragedy itself was the same: extermination, forcing people to abandon their homes, going into the unknown, exile, illnesses and death are the common denominators of those sad events at the end of WWII. The museum’s role is to familiarise the public with a very frequently difficult and tragic history which would be free of stereotypes and subjectivity.
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Stanton, Jessica A. "Rebel Groups, International Humanitarian Law, and Civil War Outcomes in the Post-Cold War Era." International Organization 74, no. 3 (2020): 523–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818320000090.
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AbstractDo rebel group violations of international humanitarian law during civil war—in particular, attacks on noncombatant civilians—affect conflict outcomes? I argue that in the post-Cold War era, rebel groups that do not target civilians have used the framework of international humanitarian law to appeal for diplomatic support from Western governments and intergovernmental organizations. However, rebel group appeals for international diplomatic support are most likely to be effective when the rebel group can contrast its own restraint toward civilians with the government's abuses. Rebel groups that do not target civilians in the face of government abuses, therefore, are likely to be able to translate increased international diplomatic support into more favorable conflict outcomes. Using original cross-national data on rebel group violence against civilians in all civil wars from 1989 to 2010, I show that rebel groups that exercise restraint toward civilians in the face of government violence are more likely to secure favorable conflict outcomes. I also probe the causal mechanism linking rebel group behavior to conflict outcomes, showing that when a rebel group exercises restraint toward civilians and the government commits atrocities, Western governments and intergovernmental organizations are more likely to take coercive diplomatic action against the government. The evidence shows that rebel groups can translate this increased diplomatic support into favorable political outcomes.
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Stice, Elizabeth. "Contrast and contact: civilians in French trench newspapers of the Great War*." French History 34, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crz109.
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Abstract This article looks at representations of civilians in French trench newspapers of the Great War to examine soldiers’ discourses about the wartime relationship between soldiers and civilians. Trench newspapers demonstrate that contrasting experiences of the war created tension and soldiers were sometimes frustrated by civilians. However, poilus also longed for contact with civilians and communication with them helped to sustain their resolve. While some earlier scholarship has suggested that Great War soldiers were considerably alienated from civilians, these sources, alongside newer scholarship, suggest that there was more than animosity and alienation between soldiers and civilians, at least in the French case. Trench newspapers also suggest the importance of intended audience in considering war-related narratives and suggest distinctions about the relationship between soldiers and civilians in the French case.
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Roberts, A. "THE CIVILIAN IN MODERN WAR." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 12 (December 2009): 13–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135909000026.
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AbstractThere is a widespread view that civilians are worse off in today' wars than ever before. Civilians are often deliberately targeted by belligerents or are victims of ‘collateral damage’. They form the majority of victims of landmines. They are used as human shields. They are displaced from their homes, even from their country. They are affected, often more than soldiers, by the pestilence, famine and displacement that wars bring in their wake. They are often particularly vulnerable in the types of war that are most prevalent in the world today – including civil wars and asymmetric conflicts. Children are forced to become soldiers. How can it be that the lot of civilians in war remains so dire, when so much attention has been paid to the protection of civilians in war – not just in international treaties, but in the work of international organizations and also that of numerous humanitarian bodies?
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The Lancet. "The war on Syrian civilians." Lancet 383, no. 9915 (February 2014): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60134-3.
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Clark, John R. "Civilians in a War Zone." Air Medical Journal 35, no. 5 (September 2016): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2016.07.005.
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Kaplan, Oliver. "Protecting civilians in civil war." Journal of Peace Research 50, no. 3 (May 2013): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343313477884.
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Can local organizations give civilians the capacity to protect themselves from civil war violence? Civilians have traditionally been considered powerless when facing armed groups but new research suggests organized communities may promote security through nonviolent strategies such as resolving disputes between neighbors and managing relations with macro-armed actors. This article analyzes whether and how these ‘mechanisms’ designed to retain community autonomy functioned in the community-case of the Peasant Worker Association of the Carare River (ATCC) in Colombia. The Carare civilians developed a local institutional process to investigate threats against suspected armed group collaborators to clarify the ‘fog of war’ and reform civilian preferences to participate in the conflict. This process is evaluated in reference to existing hypotheses about violence in civil wars such as the balance of territorial control using qualitative evidence from original field research. A unique within-case database created through focus group sessions with community ‘conciliators’ is used to analyze not only acts of violence, but also threats that were defused. Despite the prevalence of conditions that would predict persistent violence against civilians, the local institution itself proved to be a critical factor for both explaining and limiting levels of violence. The results suggest civilian choices and their consequences did not merely result from the capabilities or choices of armed actors.
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Leaning, Jennifer, and Michael Lappi. "Fighting a war, sparing civilians." Lancet 378, no. 9794 (September 2011): 857–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61311-1.
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Alexander, Amanda. "The “Good War”: Preparations for a War against Civilians." Law, Culture and the Humanities 15, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1743872116651224.
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This article argues that the narratives told about the Great War helped to establish the bombardment of civilians during World War II as an ethical, military and legal possibility. It shows that the literary representation of the Great War was antagonistic towards civilians, suggesting that a fairer war would affect the entire nation. Military strategists accepted this premise and planned for a future war that would be directed against civilian populations. International lawyers also adopted this narrative and, constrained by it and their disciplinary conventions, found it hard to posit any strong legal or ethical objections to aerial bombardment.
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Becker, Annette. "The Great War: World war, total war." International Review of the Red Cross 97, no. 900 (December 2015): 1029–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383116000382.
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AbstractThe Great War was globalized and totalized1 by the inclusion of colonial and newly independent people from all over the world and of civilians, old people, women and children. The European war became a laboratory for all the suffering of the century, from the extermination of the Armenians to the refugee crisis, the internments, and the unending modernization of warfare.
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Peleg, K. "(A43) Are Injuries due to Terrorism and War Similar? A Comparison of Civilians and Soldiers." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11000550.
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ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare injuries and hospital utilization and outcomes from terror and war for civilians and soldiers.BackgroundInjuries from terrorism and war are not necessarily comparable, especially among civilians and soldiers. For example, civilians have less direct exposure to conflict and are unprepared for injury, whereas soldiers are psychologically and physically prepared for combat on battlefields that often are far from trauma centers. Evidence-based studies distinguishing and characterizing differences in injuries according to conflict type and population group are lacking.MethodsA retrospective study was performed using hospitalization data from the Israel National Trauma Registry (10/2000–12/2006).ResultsTerrorism and war accounted for trauma hospitalizations among 1,784 civilians and 802 soldiers. Most civilians (93%) were injured in terrorism and transferred to trauma centers by land, whereas soldiers were transferred by land and air. Critical injuries and injuries to multiple body regions were more likely due to terrorism than war. Soldiers tended to present with less severe injuries from war than from terrorism. Rates of first admission to orthopedic surgery were greater for all casualties with the exception of civilians injured in terrorism who were equally likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit. In-hospital mortality was higher among terrorism (7%) than war (2%) casualties, and particularly among civilians.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that substantial differences exist in injury characteristics and hospital resources required to treat civilians and soldiers injured in terrorism and war.
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Bulutgil, H. Zeynep. "Prewar Domestic Conditions and Civilians in War." Journal of Global Security Studies 5, no. 3 (September 14, 2019): 528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz039.
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Abstract In the past fifteen years, the study of civilians in war (i.e., violence against civilians as well as civilian strategies for survival during wars) has emerged as a research agenda separate from the study of the causes of wars. Up to now, this research agenda has largely been dominated by studies that emphasize the military balance of power or the nature of material resources available to the fighting parties. The books under review in this article push the literature on civilians in war significantly forward by focusing on prewar social, political, and institutional factors. Based on the findings of the books, this review essay identifies three such factors. First, the organizational skills that civilian leaders develop in the prewar period shape resistance against military actors during wars. Second, political party affiliation, revealed through prewar elections, influences the patterns of violence against civilians during wars. Finally, the dominant state ideology that precedes wars can impact both civilian victimization and the extent to which civilians can evade such violence. The article both assesses the books’ contributions and offers ways in which these contributions can be refined by future research.
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Krueger, James S., and Francisco I. Pedraza. "Missing Voices." Armed Forces & Society 38, no. 3 (December 19, 2011): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x11428786.
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Public opinion studies on war attitudes say little about civilians who are related to military service members. The authors argue that military “service-connected” individuals are missing voices in the research that examines public support for war. Using over 50,000 observations from the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, the authors estimate attitudes toward the war in Iraq, the war in Afghanistan, and the use of US military troops in general. The authors find that service-connected civilians express greater support for war and the use of troops than civilians without such a connection. This study discusses the implications of these findings for theoretical advancements in the literature addressing war attitudes and the conceptualization of the “civil–military gap.”
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Cohen, Eliot A., Mark Grimsley, and Clifford Rogers. "Civilians in the Path of War." Foreign Affairs 81, no. 5 (2002): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033297.
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Levy, Barry S., and Victor W. Sidel. "Protecting non-combatant civilians during war." Medicine, Conflict and Survival 31, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2015.1057794.
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Doucet, Ian. "The cowards’ war: Landmines and civilians." Medicine and War 9, no. 4 (October 1993): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07488009308409122.
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Klapouschak, D. "Regarding the international legal protection of the civilian population during an armed conflict." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 77 (July 13, 2023): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.77.2.50.
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The article analyzes the international regulation of civilian protection during armed conflicts in the light of a large -scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. The main international acts for the protection of civilians during the war are defined, first of all, the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War.
Attention is focused on identifying certain categories of persons who are definitely protected by international law.
The article substantiates the need to take precautionary measures to protect civilians, namely checking the objects of attacking them in civilian population, using methods of attack that minimize the risk of accidental losses among civilians, abolition Ecttes, a warning about the possibility of attacks that can harm civilian population, if possible.
It is established that women and children are categories that need special protection. The main provisions for the protection of these categories of civilians are defined. The author draws attention to the practice of the European Court of Human Rights concerning the protection of civilians during the war or other armed conflicts. At the same time, the author emphasizes the importance of compliance of court decisions in cases of armed conflicts with the approaches developed in international humanitarian law to ensure adequate protection of human rights.
It is concluded that the protection of civilians in the conditions of armed conflict is a task not only of each of the states, but also should be regulated at the international level, which causes the development of new ways of protection. The position on the need for compliance with the court's decisions on the protection of civilians during the war is substantiated by the principles of international humanitarian law, as well as the creation of more effective mechanisms for the protection of civilians during the war.
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Singh, Aditya Pratap, and Siddharth Mishra. "Explosive Remnants of War: A War after the War?" Christ University Law Journal 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.3.1.
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Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) pose significant
humanitarian problems to the civilians as well as to the
governments in post conflict situations. People continue
to be at risk even after the war due to the presence of
ERW. The issue of ERW has in fact shifted the focus of the
international community from the immediate impacts of
the weapons to their long term effects. In response to this,
states concluded a landmark agreement, Protocol V to the
UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in
2003 (CCW). This Protocol aims at providing a proper
mechanism to deal with ERW threat. Meanwhile, with the
beginning of the new century and the emergence of newly
sophisticated weapons the debate over the ERW got
shifted to one of the most menacing category of weapons
called cluster munitions. Again, responding to the
problem, the state parties adopted the Convention of
Cluster Munitions 2003 which bans the use and
development of these deadly weapons. Both these
instruments suffer from certain inherent limitations.
Despite these limitations they still serve as the last resort
for the civilians as well as for the governments of the war
torn communities in dealing with the catastrophic effects
of ERW.
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Mikowski, Sylvie. "Contemporary War Fiction." Études irlandaises 24, no. 2 (1999): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/irlan.1999.1511.
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PaviČiĆ, Jurica. "Croatian War Fiction." Helsinki Monitor 5, no. 3 (1994): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181494x00596.
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Saint-Amour, P. K. "War, Optics, Fiction." Novel: A Forum on Fiction 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-2009-068.
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Watkins, Hanne M., and Simon M. Laham. "The principle of discrimination: Investigating perceptions of soldiers." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23, no. 1 (October 23, 2018): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430218796277.
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The principle of discrimination states that soldiers are legitimate targets of violence in war, whereas civilians are not. Is this prescriptive rule reflected in the descriptive judgments of laypeople? In two studies ( Ns = 300, 229), U.S. Mechanical Turk workers were asked to evaluate the character traits of either a soldier or a civilian. Participants also made moral judgments about scenarios in which the target individual (soldier or civilian) killed or was killed by the enemy in war. Soldiers were consistently viewed as more dangerous and more courageous than civilians (Study 1). Participants also viewed killing by (and of) soldiers as more permissible than killing by (and of) civilians, in line with the principle of discrimination (Study 1). Altering the war context to involve a clearly just and unjust side (in Study 2) did not appear to moderate the principle of discrimination in moral judgment, although soldiers and civilians on the just side were evaluated more positively overall. However, the soldiers on the unjust side of the war were not attributed greater courage than were civilians on the unjust side. Theoretical and practical implications of these descriptive findings are discussed.
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Ni, Tianyu. "The Resolution of Disputes Concerning the Protection of Civilians in Areas of Engagement in Armed Conflict: Based on the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 40, no. 1 (March 5, 2024): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/40/20240707.
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Nowadays, with frequent local wars, the forms and means of armed conflicts are changing. So, when it comes to protecting civilians in war zones, there are often difficulties. These difficulties are caused by a variety of factors, which have often been seen in local wars in recent decades. On the question of who should bear the responsibility for protecting civilians and to what extent, people from different positions often have different answers. This article seeks to build on the Geneva Additional Protocol I to explain why warring parties should follow the principles of distinction and proportionality in conflict and how they can protect the fundamental rights of civilians. Through case analysis and legal analysis, this paper focuses on the changes in the forms and modes of war in recent decades and summarizes the main difficulties in protecting civilians in war zones in today's international environment. At the same time, by interpreting the provisions of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, this paper draws a conclusion that the application of international law norms to implement the principle of distinction and proportionality in armed conflict can protect the basic rights of civilians in war zones in various ways.
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Friesendorf, Cornelius, and Thomas Müller. "Human costs of the Afghanistan war." Journal of Regional Security 8, no. 2 (2013): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11643/issn.2217-995x132ppf34.
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The war in Afghanistan has been the longest war in United States history. This article argues that from the beginning of the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in late 2001, the US conduct of the war posed great dangers for Afghan civilians. It distinguishes between three phases, each of which held distinct risks for civilians. The first phase, from late 2001 to 2009, was marked by the fight against al Qaeda and insurgent forces; the second phase, from 2009- 2010, by counterinsurgency; and the third phase by the transition of security responsibilities from NATO to Afghan security forces. While risk transfer clearly marked the first and third phases, civilians also suffered during the second phase, when the US put a primacy on civilian protection. We argue that neglecting civilian protection has not only been morally problematic but also risks undermining the Western goal of ensuring that Afghanistan will no longer pose a threat to international security.
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Schaefer, Timo. "Soldiers and Civilians." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 29, no. 1 (2013): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2013.29.1.149.
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This article examines the history of warfare in the largely indigenous Mixteca region in Oaxaca during the Mexican War of Independence. Paying special attention to the relation between royalist and insurgent armies and native Mixtecans, the article argues that in the years 1814 and 1815, warfare became a pervasive fact for people. Unlike people in other regions of Mexico, however, Mixtecans showed relatively little interest in the war’s political and ideological stakes. Their engagement with modern Mexico’s foundational war took place largely on the level of military violence. Este artículo analiza la historia de la guerra en la región primordialmente indígena de Oaxaca durante independencia de México. Prestando especial atención a las relaciones entre los ejércitos realista e insurgente y los mixtecos nativos, el artículo sostiene que en los años 1814 y 1815 la guerra se convirtió en un hecho generalizado para el pueblo. A diferencia de muchas otras regiones de México, empero, la Mixteca mostró relativamente poco interés en los intereses políticos e ideológicos de la guerra. Su involucramiento en la guerra fundacional del México moderno ocurrió en gran medida en el nivel de la violencia militar.
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Schwarz, Elke. "Technology and moral vacuums in just war theorising." Journal of International Political Theory 14, no. 3 (January 6, 2018): 280–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755088217750689.
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Our contemporary condition is deeply infused with scientific-technological rationales. These influence and shape our ethical reasoning on war, including the moral status of civilians and the moral choices available to us. In this article, I discuss how technology shapes and directs the moral choices available to us by setting parameters for moral deliberation. I argue that technology has moral significance for just war thinking, yet this is often overlooked in attempts to assess who is liable to harm in war and to what extent. This omission produces an undue deference to technological authority, reducing combatants, civilians and scenarios to data points. If we are to develop a maximally restrictive framework for harming civilians in war, which in my view should be a goal of just war thinking, then it is imperative that the scientific-technological dimension of contemporary war is given due attention.