Journal articles on the topic 'Civilian missions'
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1
Yanet, Aishatu Morido. "Civilian Dimensions of Peace Support Operations in Africa." Journal of International Peacekeeping 25, no. 3 (October 25, 2022): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-25030001.
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Abstract Civilian dimensions complement the Military and Police components of Peace Support Operations (pso s) in contemporary peace missions. This article will focus on enhancing civilian capacities to enable them play their roles in mandate implementation. To properly interrogate this phenomenon, the concept of civilian dimensions in pso will be clearly defined in the light of rationale for participation. Furthermore, existing mechanisms in the UN, AU and ecowas will be utilised to underscore the significance of civilians owing to the changing dynamics of the conflict and security environment. The structures of two missions, African-led International Support to Mali (afisma) and African Mission in Somalia (amisom) will be used to highlight the achievements and existing gaps, in civilian dimensions in Africa. The final section addresses the challenges militating against the development of civilian dimensions and its future in Africa.
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Mukherjee, Anit. "“Every death matters?”: Combat casualties, role conception, and civilian control." European Journal of International Security 7, no. 1 (November 23, 2021): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eis.2021.28.
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AbstractHow do combat missions, defined as an armed confrontation that causes casualties, shape civil-military relations and military’s role conception? This article argues that militaries that incur combat casualties gain a stronger hand in the civil-military equilibrium. This is because casualties affect domestic political opinion and give prominence to the views expressed by military officials. Civilians are then more deferential to professional military advice. In turn, the military obtains considerable operational freedom, and can pick and choose missions which they find desirable. Second, the military’s role conception – an important determinant of military missions, is shaped most prominently by its combat experience. Militaries sustaining casualties obtain leverage vis-à-vis civilians and based on their institutional preference, they either prioritise or avoid non-traditional missions. While making these arguments, this article examines combat casualties, role conception, and civilian control in India. These concepts as a whole and, the Indian case study especially are surprisingly understudied considering it is among the few non-Western democracies with firm civilian control, a record of overseas intervention operations and a military with varying roles and missions. Analysing India’s experience therefore adds to the literature and illuminates the mechanism through which casualties affect civil-military relations.
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Kirschner, Shanna, and Adam Miller. "Does Peacekeeping Really Bring Peace? Peacekeepers and Combatant-perpetrated Sexual Violence in Civil Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 9 (February 18, 2019): 2043–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719831069.
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Peacekeeping mitigates killing, but nonlethal violence also influences both positive peace and stability. We evaluate peacekeepers’ effect on one such type of abuse, sexual violence. We posit that peacekeepers raise the cost of abuses and foster institutional and cultural changes that curb violence. We find that missions both reduce the chance of any violence and limit its prevalence; larger deployments and multidimensional missions are more effective. Governments curtail violence more quickly than rebels do in response to military contingents; rebels are especially responsive when missions include large civilian components. These findings contribute to our understanding of peacekeeping in three primary ways: we expand the evaluation of peacekeeping to consider nonlethal violence; we draw attention to mission size, capacity to use force, and civilian-led programming as determinants of effectiveness; and we demonstrate how addressing nonlethal violence requires similar tools as lethal violence but is further enhanced by specific civilian-led initiatives.
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Oxha, Shpendim, and Dashmir Nasufi. "THE EU ESDP MISSIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS." Knowledge International Journal 30, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij30061503o.
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What today increasingly tends to be characterized as the growing unity and identity of the continent of Europe is a consequence of developments and events at the end of the twentieth century. Until then, for Europe (and for today’s EU member states) more distinctions, antagonisms and different interests were characteristic than the common objectives or the common spirit of a common security policy and co-operation. The ESDP is a unique EU project that belongs to the second pillar of the EU, and aims, based on military and civil capabilities, to manage the various crises in the region and beyond and to have a diplomatic role in managing the economic, political and military crises. In the Western Balkans, the ESDP was politically and militarily engaged. In this context, the ESDP mission would be seen as a positive mission. Until today, six missions of the European security and defense policy in Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo have been made, of which one military and two civilians. Operation Concordia in Macedonia was undoubtedly the first NATO military mission under the EU/ESDP leadership in the framework of the “Berlin Plus” Agreement. Mission “Proxima” as a continuation of the mission “Concordia” was a civilian mission within the Macedonian police to support this and focus on the fight against organized crime. Mission “Proxima” continued to focus on the gradual stabilization of the country. In Bosnia and Hercegovina, under the EU-ESDP umbrella were two missions, a military one under the name “EUDOR -Althea” and one police mission under the name EUPM. Both the police and military missions were succeeding NATO missions. This agreement and the story of ESDP were the results of the BERLIN plus agreement. Finally, the EU-ESDP is represented with a mission in Kosovo as an agreement between UNMIK-NATO-EU/ESDP. The EULEX mission (deployment) is a civilian mission whose main purpose is to assist and support Kosovo's authorities in rule of law, especially in the police, judiciary and customs field. This is a technical mission that will monitor, instruct and advise while retaining a limited number of executive powers. EULEX acts in a general framework of United Resolution 1244 and has a unified chain of command in Brussels.
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Pion-Berlin, David. "A Tale of Two Missions." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16631084.
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Latin American scholars often maintain that militaries should be kept out of internal security operations. Soldiers, they claim, are ill suited for these assignments, inevitably placing innocent civilians in harm’s way. This study instead argues that not all counternarcotic missions are the same. When a specific operation coincides with a military’s capabilities and proclivities, it can be conducted effectively and humanely. When there is a disconnect between the operation and the institution, there is a greater chance for mission failure and civilian casualties. Those differences are revealed in a comparative case study of the Mexican military’s crime patrols versus its targeted operations against cartel kingpins. It finds that while there are justifiable doubts about transforming soldiers into cops, it is also the case that soldiers can conduct themselves professionally and with restraint when they are tasked with assignments that conform more closely to their skills sets.
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Malešič, Marjan. "Civilian Crisis Management in the EU – Structural and Functional Aspects." Journal of International Peacekeeping 15, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2011): 152–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187541110x540526.
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This article offers a general overview of civilian crisis management in the EU, its mechanisms and instruments, the nature of civil-military cooperation (coordination), and an overview of civilian crisis management missions. Particular attention will be paid to the EULEX Mission in Kosovo as a case-study of how participating civilian experts judge both the mission itself and the mission preparations (i.e. selection and training of personnel, mission strategy, mission related activities, the problems identified etc.). The article will argue that seemingly trivial operational details, such as personnel selection, the quality of pre-deployment training and advance preparation are important factors which, if not properly coordinated, could jeopardise EU goals in the field of crisis management. The author also presumes that unregulated civil-military cooperation and coordination can lead to the failure of crisis management operations.
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Törö, Csaba. "Blueprints and Modalities of Status Arrangements for CSDP Operations and Missions." European Foreign Affairs Review 25, Issue 2 (August 1, 2020): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2020022.
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Status agreements for EU crisis management operations and missions represent a necessary legal aspect of their consensual conduct and completion. The adopted Status of Forces (SOFA) and Status of Mission (SOMA) Model Agreements for military and civilian deployments respectively have been implemented regularly in Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) undertakings for the presence and transit of EU-led multinational contingents and assets on land or at sea. Variations and repetition in the application of the ready standard frameworks dominate the spectrum of evolved practice, but casual and adaptive solutions have also indicated the occasional need for specific modalities of status arrangements for CSDP operations and missions. These include the extension of existing SOFA arrangements of an EU member, a UN peacekeeping mission or North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to an EU-led successive, supplementary or reinforcing multinational engagement in the same theatre of operation. With respect to non-standard arrangements for certain civilian CSDP crisis management deployments, their status came to be defined as activities of diplomatic missions due to the particular nature and context of EU undertakings in Bosnia, in Congo or in Kosovo. The available blueprints and tested modalities of status arrangements offer a comprehensive set of examples for the choice of adequate solutions for any future CSDP operation or mission. CSDP, crisis management operation, crisis management mission, status of forces, status of mission, Model Agreement, EU forces, EULEX Kosovo
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Wojnicz, Luiza. "Indicators for measuring Europeanisation ad extra in the EU civilian mission in Bosnia and Hercegovina from 2003-2012." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 19, no. 4 (December 2021): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2021.4.5.
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This paper presents a quantitative and qualitative measurement of the components of Europeanisation ad extra in the EU civilian mission in Bosnia and Hercegovina from 2003-2012. The study aims to show that Europeanisation ad extra affects third countries to a certain extent and it is thus a form of exporting the European organisational, normative, and axiological model. The exploration relates to a completed civil mission. For the needs of this study, the Author generated two basic indicators; one quantitative and one qualitative, and used them as tools for synthesising and categorising the studied area, based on the assumption that, in this way, it will be possible to measure the intensity of the Europeanisation process in the external trajectory (ad extra). The analysis of the quantitative and qualitative indices shows the number of activities in the area of security carried out in the framework of the civilian missions in question. As evidenced by these indicators, the export of European norms, values, solutions, and practices is more likely to succeed for the Balkans than for other continents where EU civilian missions are deployed. Measurement of the Europeanisation ad extra, taking the example of Bosnia and Hercegovina, proves that in its expeditionary policy, the European Union has a significant impact on third countries through transferring European standards in various areas of security such as social or axiological.
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Murdie, Amanda. "R2P, Human Rights, and the Perils of a Bad Human Rights Intervention." Global Responsibility to Protect 9, no. 3 (August 6, 2017): 267–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00903004.
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This article evaluates the effects certain interventions, namely various types of third party peacekeeping missions, have had on the future human rights practices of countries experiencing civil conflict. I argue that peacekeeping with (a) an un mandate or (b) a strong civilian or humanitarian focus are the only types of missions that should cause gains in human rights performance; these missions are aligned with R2P goals. Using a cross-national sample of countries experiencing civil conflict from 1960 to 2013, I find much evidence that R2P-aligned peacekeeping missions can be a positive force for future human rights performance within countries that have experienced civil conflict, even after we account for the factors that led to the mission in the first place. Advocacy efforts in support of R2P must be careful to call for only interventions with un support and/or clear humanitarian objectives.
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Krzysztof, Goniewicz, Goniewicz Mariusz, and Dorota Lasota. "Armed Forces Operation in the Scope of the Civilian Health Protection during Peacekeeping and Stabilization Missions: A Short Review." Safety & Defense 4 (October 5, 2018): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/sd.9.
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Nowadays, the diversity of armed conflicts determines the participants of international relations to undertake various actions in the scope of civilian health protection. It should be noted that tasks resulting from civilian protection are fulfilled in numerous manners, depending on the situation of the armed conflict. The article presents actions undertaken by the armed forces in the scope of the civilian health protection during peacekeeping and stabilization missions. There are also presented engagement of Polish armed forces in Afghanistan and their actions to improve the civilian population.
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Goldenberg, Irina, Manon Andres, Johan Österberg, Sylvia James-Yates, Eva Johansson, and Sean Pearce. "Integrated defence workforces: Challenges and enablers of military–civilian personnel collaboration." Journal of Military Studies 8, no. 2019 (December 31, 2019): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jms-2019-0004.
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Abstract Defence organisations are unique in that they comprise integrated military and civilian personnel working in partnership with each other (e.g., in headquarters, on bases, on missions, in academic settings). Many defence civilians are supervised by military supervisors and managers, while others are themselves responsible for managing military personnel. At the same time, despite often high levels of partnership and integration, military and civilian personnel are governed by very different personnel management systems, and have distinct cultures. These factors can affect the nature and quality of the collaboration and influence personnel outcomes and organisational effectiveness. Indeed, defence organisations are increasingly recognizing the importance of optimizing integration between their military and civilian workforces, with many adopting organisational terms implying that the military and civilian workforces form a cohesive whole: the Defence Team (Canada), the Whole Force Concept (United Kingdom), One Defence Team (Sweden), and Total Defence Workforce (New Zealand). This paper presents results from the Military–Civilian Personnel Survey (MCPS), which was administered in 11 nations as part of a NATO Research Task Group on the topic of military-civilian personnel collaboration and integration (NATO STO HFM RTG-226). This survey was the first systematic examination of large samples of military and civilian respondents, and the first to examine military–civilian relations from the perspective of both military and civilian personnel. The results presented here are based on three open-ended questions included in the survey, which asked respondents to identify 1) the most important factors for establishing and maintaining positive military-civilian personnel work culture and relations, 2) the challenges of working in a military-civilian environment, and 3) the main advantages of working in a military-civilian environment. Results of 5 nations, including Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (n =1,513 military respondents and n = 2,099 defence civilians) are presented. Results indicate that mixed military-civilian work environments present both unique challenges and advantages, and identified the factors considered to be important for enhancing integration and collaboration between military and civilian personnel. Given that many cross-national patterns emerged, these findings provide useful insights for enhancing military and civilian personnel integration and collaboration across nations. *Adapted from the material first reported in Goldenberg, I. & Febbraro, A.R. (2018; in publication). Civilian and Military Personnel Integration and Collaboration in Defence Organizations. NATO Science and Technology Organization Technical Report - STO-TR-HFM-226. DOI 10.14339/STO-TR-HFM-226. ISBN: ISBN 978-92-837-2092-8.
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Lipka, Mirosław. "Civilian CSPD Missions as European Union's Response to International Crises: Selected Aspects of Crisis Management." Security Dimensions 36, no. 36 (July 19, 2021): 64–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0487.
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This article provides an overview of EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions’ crisis management achievements and challenges since 2003, in connection with the European External Action Service (EEAS), the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC) Directorate, and their respective roles. The analysis describes and evaluates the changes in the overall political and security context and the EU’s approach, suggesting some of the consequences in the launch and implementation of civilian CSDP Missions. The article also discusses the evolution of the EU’s integrated approach to external conflict and crises, and its cooperation with other security actors. The concluding remarks compare achievements and shortcomings of ongoing missions against their mandates and objectives, outlining some selected EU initiatives which aim at improving the EU’s performance in crisis management situations.
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Sošić, Marko. "Montenegrin civilian capacities for peace operations: Will without means?" Journal of Regional Security 9, no. 2 (2014): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11643/issn.2217-995x142pps43.
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The question that this paper sets outs to answer is whether Montenegro is prepared for participation in peace support operations with civilian capacities. Montenegro currently participates in four peace support missions under UN, NATO and EU auspices, almost exclusively with armed troops. The police is starting to deploy its officers to missions, while the civil protection units have not yet been formed and the representatives of other institutions have so far not participated in any missions. The key finding of this paper is that Montenegro is at the very start of developing its policy in the area of civilian participation in the peace support missions. Political will to engage in developing CIVCAP exists. However, it does not seem to stem from an inherent need of the country or to be a choice made on the basis of evaluation of hitherto policy in this area. Montenegro has started to conduct activities aimed at establishing CIVCAP exclusively as one of the specifically outlined steps in the NATO integration process. The incentive to pursue this goal is not yet strong and the process of developing CIVCAP has not yet been institutionalized. The legal framework, though regulating the military participation in relatively elaborate detail, does not deal with civilian capacities at all. The concept of CIVCAP suitable for Montenegro is still being debated in the administration with no clear idea on what direction to take and very little knowledge about the comparative experiences in this regard. The process is quite challenging for a small state with limited capacities and strong donor support for initial steps is crucial for its success.
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Daniel, D. C. F., and Tromila Wheatb. "Transregional Military Dimensions of Civilian Protection: A Two-Part Problem with a Two-Part Solution." Journal of International Peacekeeping 15, no. 3-4 (March 25, 2011): 316–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187541111x572700.
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The utilization of peacekeepers to protect civilians confronting devastation remains an issue of considerable debate about whether sufficient capacity exists to take on the task. This paper examines the difficulties of providing resources both for quick response civilian protection against ongoing devastation and follow-on longer-term activities that can help guarantee against a resurgence of violence. Research drawing on the CPASS database of worldwide peacekeeping operations reveals two clusters of troop contributing countries: a UN set and a cross-cutting “Western” agendas group. The fist cluster has demonstrated a willingness to deploy to long-term multidimensional peacekeeping missions that can help dampen the prospects of resurgence, and the second group (plus one important idiosyncratic actor) has demonstrated a willingness to take on usually shorter but more dangerous peace enforcement missions. For the foreseeable future, the most promising prospect for the protection of civilians involves the two clusters operating either in parallel or in sequence. While this division of labor may not be the most efficient way of doing business in an ideal world, it is the best we can expect for the world in which we live.
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Wojnicz, Luiza. "Definition and Typology of European Union Missions." Reality of Politics 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201911.
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In view of the contemporary challenges and threats, European Union’s efforts in the area of civil and military capacity building are extremely important. As an international organization having a high impact on third countries, the European Union plays a key role in conflict prevention and crisis response. In external governance EU has two sectoral policies at its disposal: the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP). The CFSP is responsible for resolving conflicts and fostering international understanding using diplomacy and giving respect for international rules. The CSDP is responsible for carrying out civilian and military missions as well as for diffusing rules, which affect, in various respects, the improvement of security management in third countries through their incorporation. By adopting today’s global approach, both military and civilian, to crisis management and continuing to strengthen its capacity for action and analytical tools, the European Union is becoming a major security vector at international level, and its Common Security and Defense Policy expeditionary missions are the tangible proof.
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Kopczewski, Marian, and Jacek Narloch. "Peace missions as an element of international security." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 196, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2535.
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Peace missions in the modern world are inextricably linked to the political and social processes taking place in specific regions of the globe. When looking closer to the more than fifty-year history of international peacekeeping operations, it should be noted that as time passes, they undergo constant transformations. Their types, goals, and ways of implementation are changing. That is because the environment in which such operations are carried out is changing. They are also transforming the goals and priorities of local and international communities. Permanent modification is also subject to threats in the modern world. Peace missions are conducted under ever-changing social, economic, and political conditions. They must be flexible so that they can adapt to new challenges. Success is never guaranteed because the tasks related to maintaining peace are carried out in challenging conditions. The success of the peace mission depends on many factors, such as the composition of the peacekeeping mission (military personnel, police, civilian employees), logistical support, entrusted tasks and the environment in which the peace mission operates.
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D'Almeida, Irina Bratosin, Rebekka Haffner, and Corinna Hörst. "Women in the CSDP: Strengthening the EU's Effectiveness as an International Player." European View 16, no. 2 (December 2017): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-017-0467-1.
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Security and defence cooperation in the EU is being upgraded, and therefore the importance of the civilian missions and military operations launched in the framework of the Union's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) is likely to increase. This article argues that much can be gained by improving the gender balance in CSDP missions and operations. The participation of female personnel in crisis management has a positive effect on operational effectiveness and contributes to the acceptance of the mission by the local population. Moreover, women deployed abroad play an important role in overcoming gender stereotypes and demonstrating the EU's commitment to gender equality. This article explores the reasons for the low number of women in CSDP missions and operations. It suggests ways to improve the gender balance at the national and EU levels, which would increase the EU's chances of resolving foreign affairs issues abroad.
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ZAJC, SREČKO. "VLOGA CIVILNIH STROKOVNJAKOV V MEDNARODNIH OPERACIJAH IN NA MISIJAH SLOVENSKE IZKUŠNJE V PRT – ISAF AFGANISTAN." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2012/ ISSUE 14/4 (October 30, 2012): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.14.4.4.
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Zapletenost, večplastnost in številni interesi v sodobnih konfliktih zahtevajo ustrezna orodja, ki morajo biti uporabljena pravočasno, sorazmerno in učinkovito. Področje civilno-vojaškega sodelovanja, pogosto poimenovano s kratico CIMIC1, je vse po- membnejši nabor razpoložljivih orodij. Poseben izziv predstavlja vključevanje civilnih oseb v vojaške enote, v slovenskem primeru civilnih funkcionalnih strokov- njakov, ki so po svojem statusu civilne osebe, vendar so v času delovanja v okolju mednarodne operacije in misije podrejeni vojaškemu poveljniku pristojne vojaške enote. Ali njihova civilna izvedenska poročila lahko pomagajo tudi pri izpolnjeva- nju misije vojaške komponente pri reševanju konflikta ali so morda tujek in ovira v pristopu, ki ga uporabljajo nacionalne vojske? Ali civiliziranje vojaške komponente nekega mednarodnega posega pospeši proces stabilizacije in vodi v hitrejšo obnovo institucij pravne države? Premislek je izziv vojaški in civilni strani, da stopita iz svojih okvirov. Članek ni študija fenomena PRT, saj bi to zahtevalo drugačen pristop. Complex and multifaceted nature, as well as numerous interests in modern conflicts require the use of appropriate tools in a timely, proportional and effective manner. The area of civil-military cooperation, often referred to as CIMIC2, represents an increasingly important range of available tools. A specific challenge lies in the inte- gration of civilians into military units. In the case of Slovenia, they are referred to as civil functional specialists, civilians by status, but during their deployment in an international operation or mission, subordinated to a military commander in charge of a competent military unit. Can their civilian expert reports help in a military component’s mission accomplishment and the resolution of the conflict or are they maybe a foreign object and an obstacle in the approach used by foreign nation’s armed forces? Does the introduction of civilians into a military component accele- rate the stabilisation process and lead to a quicker reconstruction of rule of law in- stitutions? This consideration challenges both, military and civilian parties to think outside the box. However, the article is not a study of the PRT phenomenon, since this would require a different approach.
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McQueen, K. A. Kelly, Frederick M. Burkle, Eaman T. Al-Gobory, and Christopher C. Anderson. "Maintaining Baseline, Corrective Surgical Care during Asymmetrical Warfare: A Case Study of a Humanitarian Mission in the Safe Zone of a Neighboring Country." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 1 (February 2007): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00004258.
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AbstractThe current insurgency warfare in Iraq is of an unconventional or asymmetrical nature. The deteriorating security has resulted in problems recovering and maintaining essential health services. Before the 2003 war, Iraq was considered a developed country with the capacity to routinely perform baseline medical and surgical care. These procedures now are performed irregularly, if at all. Due to the unconventional warfare, traditional Military Medical Civilian Assistance Programs (MEDCAPs) and civilian humanitarian missions, which routinely are mobilized post-conflict, are unable to function. In December 2005, an international medical mission conducted by the Operation Smile International Chapter in neighboring Jordan employed civilian physicians and nurses to provide surgery and post-operative care for Iraqi children with newly diagnosed cleft lip and palates and the complications that had occurred from previous surgical repair. Seventy-one children, their families, and a team of Iraqi physicians were safely transported to Jordan and returned to Iraq across the Iraqi western province war zone. Although complications may occur during transport, treatment within a safe zone is a solution for providing services in an insecure environment.
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Ciobanu, D., G. Kemper, D. Ilie, D. Răducanu, and O. L. Balotă. "USING THE OPEN SKIES MULTI SENSOR SYSTEM FOR MILITARY OBSERVATION MISSIONS AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2022 (May 30, 2022): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2022-301-2022.
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Abstract. In this paper we aim to show the workflow and the technical systems used for Open Skies missions as well as the use of this Multi Sensor System for civil applications. While missions conducted and analyzed under the force of Open Skies Treaty is a technical and administrative one, the very complex sensor system enables various civil missions for a wide range of tasks. Especially the combination with LiDAR gives new opportunities. We describe typical Open Skies work steps besides civil tasks that need as calibration, accuracy estimations and adjusted workflows especially with the LiDAR data and different camera setups.
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Duursma, Allard. "Obstruction and intimidation of peacekeepers: How armed actors undermine civilian protection efforts." Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 2 (October 19, 2018): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343318800522.
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While recent research focuses on why conflict parties attack peacekeepers, little attention has been given to other types of resistance against peacekeeping missions, such as intimidation and obstruction. It is argued in this article that one reason why peacekeepers are obstructed and intimidated is that armed actors that target civilians want to maintain the operational space to carry out attacks against civilians and want to prevent peacekeepers from monitoring human rights violations. A spatially and temporally disaggregated analysis on resistance against peacekeepers in Darfur between January 2008 and April 2009 indeed suggests that the intimidation and obstruction of peacekeepers is more likely to take place in areas with higher levels of violence against civilians. The findings hold when taking into account the non-random occurrence of violence against civilians through matching the data. Finally, anecdotal evidence from other sites of armed conflict than Darfur suggests that resistance against peacekeepers in these cases is also likely to be related to the targeting of civilians. This suggest that in order to be effective in protecting civilians, peace missions should not only be robust as highlighted in previous research, but peace missions should also develop an effective strategy to deal with armed groups that try to prevent peacekeepers from fulfilling their mandate.
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Tudose, Dragoș C., and Daniel Nică. "Air MEDEVAC in case of multiple casualties -The experience of civilian-military cooperation in RoAF." Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 119, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2016.119.2.5.
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Introduction: Starting September 2010 in Romania was created the Military Emergency Medical Service (SMMU) by the Ministry of National Defense, which has as main mission to provide first aid and save the lives of military personnel during military operations using special equipped MEDEAVC aircraft. Nationwide exist the national emergency system which operates thru 112- SMURD acting in support of the civilian population. In case of accidents with multiple victims the experience has shown the need for collaboration between the two systems, in order to save lives. In the last 5 years there has been an increasing Airlift missions (MEDEVAC) with multiple victims executed by joint civil-military medical teams using military aircraft. Material and methods. This paper provides a review of the most important aspects of particularities, advantages and disadvantages of this type of medical transport using the MEDEVAC missions based study carried out by the Air Force in recent years. Results and conclusions. Performing these tasks presents challenges to mission planning, use of medical equipment and procedures, command-control system, exercise programs jointly joint medical teams and, of course, managing a large number of patients in flight. The large number of patients transported safely and in the shortest time, regardless of weather conditions recommends this type of medical intervention. Given the Romanian military presence in various theaters and that NATO strategic medical evacuation is a national responsibility, the capacity of air transport in case multiple casualties is a priority.
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ISHIZUKA, KATSUMI. "Japan and UN Peace Operations." Japanese Journal of Political Science 5, no. 1 (May 2004): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109904001355.
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Japan created ‘the PKO Law’ in 1992 to provide a legal framework for international peacekeeping activities, following its financial involvement in the Gulf War of 1991. This paper argues that the PKO Law imposed certain restrictions which complicated the missions of the Japanese Self Defence Forces (SDF) and civilian personnel in operational fields. Post 11 September (2001), the Japanese government created a new legal framework for counter-terrorism and dispatched its SDF personnel to the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) and the United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET).
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Carnegie, Allison, and Christoph Mikulaschek. "The Promise of Peacekeeping: Protecting Civilians in Civil Wars." International Organization 74, no. 4 (2020): 810–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818320000442.
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AbstractDo peacekeepers protect civilians in civil conflict? Securing civilian safety is a key objective of contemporary peacekeeping missions, yet whether these efforts actually make a difference on the ground is widely debated in large part because of intractable endogeneity concerns and selection bias. To overcome these issues, we use an instrumental variables design, leveraging exogenous variation in the rotation of African members of the United Nations Security Council and looking at its effects on African civil wars. We show that states that wield more power send more peacekeepers to their preferred locations, and that these peacekeepers in turn help to protect civilians. We thus demonstrate the robustness of many existing results to a plausible identification strategy and present a method that can also be applied to other diverse settings in international relations.
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Bove, Vincenzo, and Andrea Ruggeri. "Kinds of Blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection." British Journal of Political Science 46, no. 3 (June 2, 2015): 681–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000034.
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For a given number of troops in a peace operation, is it advisable to have soldiers from a single country, or should the UN recruit peacekeepers from a variety of donor countries? Since 1990, the number of contributors to peace operations has grown threefold, and most operations have carried the mandate to protect civilians. This article explores the effect of diversity in the composition of a mission, measured by fractionalization and polarization indices, on its performance in protecting civilians in Africa in the period 1991–2008. It finds that mission diversity decreases the level of violence against civilians, a result that holds when geographic and linguistic distances between countries are considered.
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Dijkstra, Hylke, Petar Petrov, and Ewa Mahr. "Learning to deploy civilian capabilities: How the United Nations, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and European Union have changed their crisis management institutions." Cooperation and Conflict 54, no. 4 (January 28, 2019): 524–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836718823814.
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International organizations continuously deploy civilian capabilities as part of their peacekeeping and crisis management operations. This presents them with significant challenges. Not only are civilian deployments rapidly increasing in quantity, but civilian missions are also very diverse in nature. This article analyses how international organizations have learned to deploy their civilian capabilities to deal with a growing number and fast evolving types of operations. Whereas the previous literature has addressed this question for individual international organizations, this article uniquely compares developments in the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU) and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), three of the largest civilian actors. Drawing on the concept of organizational learning, it shows that all three organizations have made significant changes over the last decade in their civilian capabilities. The extent of these changes, however, varies across these organizations. The article highlights that the EU, despite its more homogeneous and wealthier membership, has not been able to better learn to deploy its civilian capabilities than the UN or OSCE. We show that the ability of these organizations to learn is, instead, highly dependent on institutional factors.
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Schmitz, Hans-Christian, Matthias Deneckere, Tommaso De Zan, and Wolfgang Gräther. "Situational Awareness, Information Exchange and Operational Control for Civilian EU Missions." European Journal for Security Research 4, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41125-018-00038-1.
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Molnár, Anna, Lili Takács, and Anna Urbanovics. "Strategic communication of EU CSDP missions – measuring the EU's external legitimacy." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 15, no. 3 (June 3, 2021): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-11-2020-0314.
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Purpose The European Union’s (EU’s) Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) has gained increasing attention as the EU faces new threats and challenges from its surroundings. As part of its CSDP, the EU currently runs six military operations and 11 civilian missions. This paper aims to analyze the EU’s social media use of four CSDP missions and operations running in two regions: in the Mediterranean and in the Western Balkans. Design/methodology/approach The paper has a mixed-methods research design. A computer-assisted content analysis was conducted to extract data on the Twitter communication of the chosen missions, followed by a quantitative analysis on which elements of the EU’s strategic communication can be identified. The timeframe for investigation was set up between 1 January 2019 and 31 August 2020. Findings Patterns of communication cannot be recognized either based on regional or on the civilian-military division. The strong connectivity with the accounts of other European actors and/or institutions is striking. This study finds that the concept of local ownership can be observed only at European level, local populations of the host countries are usually not targeted. Even though several elements of the EU’s strategic communication are recurrent on the missions’ official Twitter account, Twitter communication seems to be an intra-European communication tool. Originality/value The research revealed the main features of the Twitter communication of four CSDP missions. Due to the software-assisted methodology, measuring influence score was made possible, a feature that was still missing from academic literature regarding this specific area, the EU’s CSDP.
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Prisacariu, Vasile, Mircea Boscoianu, Ionică Cîrciu, and Ramona Lile. "Aspects Regarding the Performances of Small Swept Flying Wings Mini UAV-s in Aggressive Maneuvers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 811 (November 2015): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.811.157.
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The UAS are largely used both in civilian and operational theatre missions. The current paper shows an examples for the turning and the spiral as simple maneuvers are also relevant to the development of new tactical capabilities of small UAS through improving the performance itself.
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Gazit, Nir. "Military (Non-)Policing in the Occupied Territories." Israel Studies Review 35, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2020.350206.
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Since 1967, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) have been engaged in various military missions in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, including occasional high-intensity fighting and counter-insurgency, as well as civilian duties, such as administration and policing. While existing literature emphasizes the organizational and professional burden this combination of duties places on the military, the actual forces that shape soldiers’ policing practices in the field remain largely unexamined. The present article offers a micro-sociological examination of the patterns of military policing implemented by Israeli soldiers in the West Bank. It explores the social and political forces that shape soldiers’ ‘logics of action’ and demonstrates the reciprocal relations between the IDF’s disparate modes of policing of Jewish settlers and Palestinians. Three clusters of factors shape these interrelations: the relationships between soldiers and settlers, the blurring between ‘security’ and ‘civilian’ missions, and situational variables. The research for this article was conducted between 2004 and 2018.
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Osiak, Beata. "Biological Security of Polish Military Contingents Outside the Country." Safety & Defense 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/sd.58.
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Polish soldiers have been participating in peacekeeping and stabilization missions around the world for several decades under the auspices of the UN, OSCE, NATO and the EU. They were first sent to Korea in 1953 to oversee a ceasefire between the North and South Koreas. Since then, nearly 70,000 Polish troops have taken part in 58 peace and humanitarian multinational missions on different continents (SKMP ONZ, 2019), which required from them great skills to cooperate with soldiers from other countries, to overcome cultural barriers, as well as adaptation to difficult, often completely different than in Europe, climatic conditions, and to create a system of safeguards and procedures against dangerous tropical diseases. Due to these reasons, biological safety, i.e., medical, sanitary-hygienic, and anti-epidemic security of the contingent, plays a significant role in every mission because it allows the soldiers and civilian personnel stay healthy in an unfavorable and different climate and environmental conditions.
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Adams, Ian T., and Sharon H. Mastracci. "Contrasting emotional labor and burnout in civilian and sworn law enforcement personnel." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 2 (March 8, 2020): 314–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2019-0094.
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PurposeThis study introduces emotional labor into an analysis of multiple dimensions of burnout in sworn and civilian employees across three law enforcement agencies.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from a survey of law enforcement employees in a metropolitan police department, a full-service sheriff's department, and a state corrections agency located in the western United States (n = 1,921), we test the explanatory power of an emotional labor-based model of burnout.FindingsResults partially confirm the lone prior study to examine civilian and sworn personnel. Sworn and civilian employees experience variant levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, though the underlying emotional labor correlates are significantly related to burnout for both groups. Further, we extend prior results by capturing multiple facets of burnout as well as contributing an emotional labor explanation for burnout, while controlling for individual demographic characteristics and agency type.Research limitations/implicationsLaw enforcement agencies rely upon non-sworn employees to support their missions. The experience of non-sworn law enforcement personnel is under-researched in both the emotional labor and law enforcement organizational literature. Burnout is a phenomenon that has high costs for both employees and organizations, particularly in the law enforcement context. Investigating the emotional labor experience of employees is critical for practitioners who are tasked with effectively managing both groups.Originality/valueOne previous study has investigated the emotional labor of civilians in law enforcement and used community-level predictions for burnout. This study builds on those findings by capturing two facets of burnout rather than the lone gauge of burnout used in the previous study. Furthermore, we use an emotional labor model to investigate emotional exhaustion and depersonalization reported by sworn and civilian personnel.
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Rivard Piché, Gaëlle. "Challenges and prospects for interoperability in UN peace operations: A look at Haiti." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 73, no. 2 (June 2018): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702018786990.
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Interoperability is central to UN peace operations. These operations are civilian-led enterprises that pursue complex objectives, which often can only be achieved through the close collaboration of civilian, police, and military actors. As a result, coordination and interoperability between civilian and uniformed personnel in peace operations is not only desirable but often necessary to the success of these missions. Yet, interoperability is not a given. Peace operations face important challenges that can undermine the ability of their different components to work effectively together towards common objectives. Based on observations made during field research in Haiti and time spent at the UN headquarters in New York City, this essay discusses the challenges faced by peace operations in regard to interoperability, factors that facilitate interoperability, and implications for Canada’s announced return to peacekeeping.
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Guénot, P., S. Leigh-Smith, N. Granger-Veyron, C. Carfantan, and E. Dulaurent. "The involvement of the French military medical service in helicopter rescue missions for Emergency Medical Aid at Sea: the current situation and prospects for the future." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 105, no. 2 (2019): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-105-95.
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AbstractFrench military Search and Rescue (SAR) is primarily for the recovery of downed aircrew in an operational environment but has traditionally also played an important civilian role. Military doctors and nurses with competence in this area frequently form part of civilian teams, their experience being transferable between operational and civilian spheres. A recent re-organisation of French Medical Aid at Sea (MAS) has seen greater involvement of civilian medical services in this sector with consequent potential for negative impact on future military involvement.The French Military Medical Service / Service de Santé des Armées (SSA) 2020 plan provides opportunities for mutually advantageous, deeper engagement and joint working between the SSA and the French National Health Service / Service Public de Santé (SPS).This article describes the current structure for MAS and the involvement of SSA therein before considering some of the challenges and potential solutions with respect to deeper civilian-military engagement in this domain in future.
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ZAJĄCZKOWSKI, Kamil. "CSDP MISSIONS AND OPERATIONS AS INSTRUMENTS OF EU CRISIS MANAGEMENT - THEIR ESSENCE, ROLE AND DETERMINANTS." On-line Journal Modelling the New Europe, no. 34 (December 13, 2020): 4–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/ojmne.2020.34.01.
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The aim of this article is to highlight the essence, the meaning and the role of EU civilian missions and military operations conducted under the umbrella of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The first two parts constitute an introduction which presents the institutional framework, scope and mandate of EU missions/operations as well as their nature. The subsequent parts constitute an attempt to answer the question of what distinguishes EU missions/operations and what their specificity is. In this context, the CSDP crisis management model is presented along with the significance of operations in building the EU's international identity and in strengthening the political dimension of European integration, especially in relation to security and defence policy. The main weaknesses and shortcomings of CSDP missions/operations have also been characterized. Thusly, eleven such weaknesses have been identified which, to a large extent, determine the shape, scope and nature of CSDP missions and operations carried out by the European Union
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Beard, Jack M. "Law and War in the Virtual Era." American Journal of International Law 103, no. 3 (July 2009): 409–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000019928.
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Since the first attempts by states to use law to regulate armed conflict, legal constraints have often failed to protect civilians from the adverse effects of war. Advances in military technology have usually not improved this situation and have instead made law even more distant and less relevant to the suffering of civilians in wartime. The massive, indiscriminate incendiary bombing campaigns against major urban areas in World War II spoke volumes about the irrelevance of fundamental legal principles and rules designed to protect civilian populations in wartime. Law and lawyers were in fact far removed, physically and operationally, from the cockpits of the United States bombers flying over Tokyo, whose aircrews were focused on surviving their missions. They struggled with limited information about their assigned targets and conducted their operations with rudimentary preflight instructions that directed them, for example, to avoid destroying the palace of the Japanese emperor but left them free to submerge entire residential areas of the city in a sea of flames.
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Csóka, Attila. "CBRN Decontamination Tasks Supporting Rescue and Extraction Missions in CBRN Environment." Hadmérnök 15, no. 2 (2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32567/hm.2020.2.3.
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“Search and Extraction” is a NATO capability requirement without definition. The study shows the civilian search and rescue team requirements based on the Guidelines of the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group. A new definition is proposed: “Rescue and Extraction”. In the main part of the study the problems of CBRN decontamination of vehicles, equipment and personnel during a Rescue and Extraction task are discussed.
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KAYA, Ferat. "EU’s Civilian Power Preference in the International System." International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research 8, no. 2 (August 14, 2021): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/ijospervol8iss2pp255-272.
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The EU, which aims at economic integration in Europe with a neo-functionalist approach and then moves towards political unity, did not focus on the foreign policy dimension. Duchene, who made a conceptual classification of the EU's effectiveness in the international arena in the 1970s, defined the EU as "civilian power". The EU, combined the common foreign and security policies in the Maastricht Treaty’s second column, aimed to be univocal and more effective in the international system. The EU, preferring positive conditionally with diplomatic and economic assistance, aimed to be an effective actor in the international system. Although the EU has recently mentioned its name with military missions, it has preferred positive sanctions with economic aid, incentives and privileged trade agreements. This study concludes that the EU, which reinforces and actively uses civilian power instead of military preferences, is a civilian power.
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FURLAN, BRANIMIR. "NEUČINKOVITOST VOJSKE KOT POKAZATELJ NEUSTREZNOSTI CIVILNEGA NADZORA (2)." NOVA NEVOJAŠKA TVEGANJA/ NEW NON-MILITARY RISKS, VOLUME 2015/ ISSUE 17/3 (September 9, 2015): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179//bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.17.3.1.
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Prispevek je nadaljevanje analize o vzročno-posledični povezavi med civilnim nadzorom in učinkovitostjo vojske. V prvem delu je bil predstavljen teoretično- metodološki okvir analize, v tem delu pa avtor predstavlja rezultate raziskave o stanju civilno-vojaških odnosov v Republiki Sloveniji ter vplivih civilnega nadzora na učinkovitost Slovenske vojske. Raziskava je pokazala, da se v Sloveniji uveljavlja praksa civilnega nadzora nad oboroženimi silami po vzoru drugih demokratičnih držav, vendar problematika prve generacije civilno-vojaških odnosov še ni končana. Uveljavljanje nadzora v praksi zagotavlja podrejenost vojske civilnim oblastem, pri čemer mehanizmi nadzora ne krepijo sposobnosti Slovenske vojske, da učinkovito izpolni svoje poslanstvo. Posledično lahko povzročijo nezadovoljstvo vojske ali izgubo kredibilnosti v javnosti. This article is a continuation of the analysis of cause-effect relations between civilian control and military effectiveness. The first part presented the theoretical and methodological framework, while in the second part, the author presents the results of the study of civil-military relations in the Republic of Slovenia, focusing on the impact of civilian control on the effectiveness of the Slovenian Armed Forces. The study showed that the practice of civilian control over the armed forces in Slovenia follows the example of those in other democratic states. However, the issue of the first-generation civil-military relations has not yet been completed. The enforcement of civilian control in practice provides for a complete subordination of the military to civilian authorities; however, it does not contribute to the ability of the military to effectively execute its missions. Rather, civilian control can cause military dissatisfaction and reluctance, as well as loss of credibility with the society.
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CHATTERJEE, Amit. "Contemporary Urban Missions and Reflecting Reality in Deprivation of Civil Areas in Indian Cantonments – A Pragmatic View." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jssp.2021.2.01.
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The contemporary urban schemes were launched around five years ago by the National Government to create more inclusive cities and offer a decent quality of life to urban residents. But in reality, the civilian areas of Cantonments are grossly overlooked from the benefits of such welfare schemes. There are 52 notified civil areas in Indian Cantonments with a population of 2.08 million, according to the 2011 census. The Cantonment Act, 2006 (by repealing the Cantonment Act, 1924) empowered Cantonment Boards to act as ‘deemed to be a municipality ’to receive grants and implement government welfare schemes, including the provision of 24 types of infrastructure and services to its residents. The present research reviews the provisions and coverage of contemporary urban missions, including Smart Cities, and highlights civilian areas of the cantonments as deprived urban areas. Besides the non-implementation of contemporary urban welfare schemes, issues like the age-old colonial infrastructure, revenue crunch through taxes and non-taxes, absence of development plan, lack of inter-jurisdictional coordination etc., need to be addressed. The present research will act as an input for policymakers to understand the problems of civilian areas, nature, and extent of welfare scheme implementation, and also suggest the necessary changes required at the policy level.
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Bruneau, Thomas C. "Civilians and the Military in Latin America: The Absence of Incentives." Latin American Politics and Society 55, no. 04 (2013): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00216.x.
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Abstract This article argues that civil-military relations should be conceptualized not only in terms of democratic civilian control but also for effectiveness in implementing a spectrum of roles and missions. It also argues that achieving effectiveness requires institutional development as a necessary but not sufficient condition. Currently in Latin America, the focus in civil-military relations remains exclusively on civilian control. While there is a growing awareness of the need for analysis beyond asserting control over the armed forces, so far nobody has proposed or adopted a broader analytical framework. This article proposes such a framework, and employs it to analyze differences among four major South American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. The explanation for the differences identified by use of the framework is found in the incentives of civilian elites in Chile and Colombia, who have recognized serious threats to national security and defense.
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Neto, Octavio Amorim. "The Impact of Civilians on Defense Policy in New Democracies: The Case of Brazil." Latin American Politics and Society 61, no. 03 (May 30, 2019): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2019.3.
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ABSTRACTThis article argues that growing civilian direction of the defense sector should generate three consequences: greater interoperability of the armed forces, a stronger emphasis on operations outside the national territory (here called externalism), and better defense-diplomacy coordination. An original investigation of the makeup of the drafting committees of three of Brazil’s national security strategy documents since the mid-1990s shows that varying rates of civilian participation in defense policymaking generate an impact on defense policy directives commensurate with theoretical expectations. Defense policy implementation, however, has found varying degrees of success. Using new and systematic quantitative data, this study demonstrates that interoperability has made progress, defense-diplomacy coordination is at an intermediate stage, and externalism, albeit not a failure, is still far from a success. Externalism’s performance is a consequence of rising crime, deficient police forces, the pragmatism of civilian elites, and public support for law-and-order military missions.
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Moore, Anna. "CSDP Police Missions: Comparing Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches." European Foreign Affairs Review 19, Issue 2 (May 1, 2014): 283–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2014014.
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Insufficient rule of law is a major cause of instability in Europe's near abroad. Europe, home to some of the world's best national police forces, should be an effective advisor on police reform in the continent's periphery and beyond. The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) police missions to date, however, have produced underwhelming results. These missions have largely followed a 'top-down' approach, co-locating senior EU police officials with their counterparts at national institutions. In contrast to current EU policy, the literature on police reform in post-conflict societies argues for a 'bottom-up' approach, in which trainers and advisors co-locate at regional and local levels and foster trust-building and civilian oversight. While the EU may find bottom-up missions difficult to conduct, such missions would better contribute to lasting security sector reform in host countries than top-down operations. Revising unsuccessful policies and achieving demonstrable results is especially important in the context of mounting doubt over the value of CSDP.
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Henry, Sadie M., and Mark M. Stanfield. "U.S. Navy Aeromedical Missions from 2016–2019 with a Focus on En Route Care Provider Type." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 92, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5852.2021.
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BACKGROUND: En route care (ERC) is a military aeromedical mission designed to transport a patient to a higher level of care. With the exception of one manual, there are no other formal Navy ERC guidelines, leaving the service to provide such missions ad hoc. Based on the authors’ review of available literature, it seems no prior research has been done on Navy rescue swimmers performing ERC, though many search and rescue (SAR) missions take place without designated medical personnel. This study specifically examines the type of provider involved in Navy ERC missions and the types of cases involved with the purpose of influencing Navy policy.METHODS: A cross-sectional study examining 829 air evacuations performed by Navy SAR flight crews from 2016 to 2019 was analyzed.RESULTS: Of 829 cases reviewed, patients were more likely to be active-duty personnel (51%) than civilian (47%), and there were 2.5 times more male than female patients. There were more trauma (54%) than medical (43%) patients, with Basic Life Support (BLS) level care (60%) delivered twice as often as Advanced Life Support (ALS) (28%). Search and Rescue Medical Technicians (SMTs) and rescue swimmers provided 83% of ERC, with rescue swimmers supporting 33% of all ERC missions alone.DISCUSSION: The results of this study are in contrast to previous ERC studies, in which rescue swimmer-only transports were excluded from the data. The results raise the question, do rescue swimmers need to be trained to a higher level of care?Henry SM, Stanfield MM. U.S. Navy aeromedical missions from 2016–2019 with a focus on en route care provider type. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(11):873–879.
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Nonis, Bernat-Noël Tiffon. "Criminal personality in a trained elite military and assassination." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 3555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n2-190.
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This article aims to explain the base personality traits in a case of murder perpetrated by a subject who developed professional activities in the elite military field (he was a sniper specialized in special missions abroad), what repercussions or juridical-legal consequences it entailed for the crime of murder (a civilian) that he perpetrated, and the sentence issued for that purpose.
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Lampton, D. R., and J. B. Parsons. "The Fully Immersive Team Training (FITT) Research System: Design and Implementation." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 10, no. 2 (April 2001): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474601750216768.
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This paper describes the design and implementation of the Fully Immersive Team Training (FITT) research system. FITT was developed to support research on the use of distributed virtual environments (VEs) for team training. A generic search mission was created and modeled after decision-making and procedural tasks used by military and civilian small teams in conducting missions in emergency situations. The hardware and software functional requirements for the development of FITT were defined by the characteristics of the mission environment to be simulated, the team members' actions and interactions necessary to complete the mission, and instructional features and interventions relevant to training research. These requirements included locomotion, object manipulation and aiming, communication among participants, design of avatars for participants and computer-generated forces, data capture and playback, and a host of networking issues. A brief description of the first experiment conducted with FITT is presented as an example of how the system will be used in VE training research.
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Balsi, M., S. Prem, K. Williame, D. Teboul, L. Délétraz, and P. I. Hebrard Capdeville. "ESTABLISHING NEW FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF REMOTELY-PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FOR CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 4, 2019): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-197-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Skyopener is a project funded by the EU through the European GNSS Agency (GSA) in the framework of the Horizon 2020 program. Skyopener’s goal is contributing to the roadmap for the integration of civil Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) into nonsegregated airspace, by providing and testing enabling technologies, in particular with reference to European initiative U-Space, aimed at establishing regulations and infrastructure for integration of unmanned aviation into shared airspace. The main outcomes of the project include: implementing and testing a reliable and secure redundant air-ground communication link, based on satellite and 3G/4G networks; integrating the mission management system and ground station with a UTM (Unmanned aerial system Traffic Management) client, and experimenting UTM services being deployed by one of the partners; demonstrating technical and economic feasibility of long- range missions beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) by executing corridor mapping on a high-voltage powerline, and airport area surveys (e-TOD: electronic-Terrain Obstacle Database).</p>
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Krajnc, Zoltán. "The Near and More Distant Future Environment of Air Defence Missions." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2015.2.10.
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The author presents in this study the near and more distant future environment of air defence missions. He tries to find adequate answers to three questions in order to avoid prospective developments causing disadvantages for air defence experts and troops realising air defence. These are proliferation, the quick development of air warfare vehicles, and the widening airspace threats represented by civilian vehicles. In brief, air defence as defence activity is always at a disadvantage against the threats arriving from the air, but we must do our best to compensate.
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Ciccozzi, Federico, Davide Di Ruscio, Ivano Malavolta, and Patrizio Pelliccione. "Adopting MDE for Specifying and Executing Civilian Missions of Mobile Multi-Robot Systems." IEEE Access 4 (2016): 6451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2613642.
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Spernbauer, Martina. "EULEX Kosovo: The Difficult Deployment and Challenging Implementation of the Most Comprehensive Civilian EU Operation to Date." German Law Journal 11, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2010): 769–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018836.
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While the European Union (EU) has been finding itself increasingly involved in providing security in its “near abroad,” the proposal of a “Stabilisation and Association Process for Countries of South-Eastern Europe” has marked the commencement of a nearly all-encompassing commitment to progress in the countries of the Western Balkans. In this context, Kosovo—for which the European perspective of the Western Balkans has been declared open—provides a text book example covering all aspects of external assistance as well as security and defense policies. Among the latter, the European Union Rule of Law Mission in the territory of Kosovo (EULEX Kosovo) is indeed characterized by a number of extraordinary factors and circumstances. It is not only EULEX Kosovo's unparalleled European and local staff size or its partly executive mandate that set this EU mission apart from other civilian missions of the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) which have thus far been deployed to the Western Balkans. Unsurprisingly, the complexity of the mission has generated difficulty in comprehending its deployment, mandate and implementation. Yet, against the backdrop of the 2003 Security Strategy which makes the credibility of the EU's foreign policy dependent on its achievements in the Balkans, a clear understanding of EULEX Kosovo appears paramount.