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1
Ramadani, Naser. "Arsimi fetar te shqiptarët në shkollat shtetërore të Maqedonisë." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 2 (March 21, 2022): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2015.2.2.41.
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The best way to enhance its conscience for a society is through proper education. Education can be achieved in different ways, however most effective and successful it can be accomplished when being done systematically for instance at schools, universities, institutes etc. Thorough education must include all educative components such as: intellectual, spiritual, moral, civil, physic and esthetic education. Looking at state school curriculums we can easily understand that the fulfillment of all those components leaves a lot to desire. That makes the inclusion of religious education in school curriculums a necessity. The political system of Republic of Macedonia underwent changes in 2010/2011. These changes came after countless applications made by Islamic Community addressed to the Ministry of Education. At that time, “Religious teaching” was incorporated within education curriculums at the state schools as a free choice for pupils. Constitution Court however reversed its decision and the following year this subject was named “Religious Ethics”. The application of religious subject inclusion at school curriculums was based on many surveys with pupils, parents and teachers. These surveys continued years after this subject first became part of school curriculums in order to see its impact and its necessity. Results were staggering in terms of importance of this subject on broader education of pupils. Nevertheless, this subject faces challenges of different nature. Most important of all is the hurdles of incorporating this subject forward by different political and laic circles alike. Another concern is pedagogical and didactic-methodical preparations of teachers who will lecture this subject as well as preparation of text books according to contemporary standards adapter to psycho- physical abilities of pupils. Incorporation of religious education in state schools continues to be an important priority for all Islamic Communities and different institutions throughout Albanian community on Balkan Peninsula.
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Lee, Vincent, Marijan Herak, Davorka Herak, and Mihailo Trifunac. "Uniform hazard spectra in western Balkan Peninsula." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 55 (December 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.08.001.
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Kostovski, Dragan. "Sufism and the Contemporary Macedonian Society." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 20 (July 31, 2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n20p185.
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Macedonian society was traditionally an area where Sufi movements were practicing their religious activities. As a result, it is a specific cultural area that has its influence in creating Sufism as a dominant religion within Ottoman Empire. Minding that historical circumstances, and also considering the area placed at the center of Balkan Peninsula, it has the qualities of multicultural characteristics that originates from centuries back due to the history of the area. In September 2017, a survey was conducted with the main goal of detecting and realizing the possible integrative traits and positive multicultural dimension of Sufism.
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Tosevski, Dusica Lecic, Saveta Draganic Gajic, and Milica Pejovic Milovancevic. "Mental healthcare in Serbia." International Psychiatry 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000941.
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Serbia is located on the Balkan peninsula, which served for centuries as a vulnerable crossroads between the East and the West. At the beginning of the 1990s, some of the republics of the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia, were involved in disastrous civil conflicts. In 2006 Serbia became a sovereign republic. At the 2002 census, its population was 7 498 000.
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Tanovski, Vladimir, Bratislav Matović, Lazar Kesić, and Dejan Stojanović. "A review of the influence of climate change on coniferous forests in the Balkan peninsula." Topola, no. 210 (2022): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/topola2210041t.
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Evidence of climate change and global warming is becoming more visible; it is an ongoing process that is likely to become increasingly influential in the near future, not only at the global level but also at the local and regional levels. The fact that climate change affects the development of all forest communities and forest tree species, accordingly, has resulted in the increasing awareness in society towards this phenomenon. Having this in mind, the main aim of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between climate change and coniferous forests in the Balkan Peninsula, as well as to review the management strategies that may contribute to forest adaptation to climate change, with a special emphasis on the conservation of forest genetic resources. Hence, we have analyzed 202 papers regarding climate change and its effects on coniferous forests in the Balkan region, as well as papers dealing with adaptive forest management and forest genetic resources conservation. We concluded that climate change will likely represent one of the major challenges for coniferous forests on the Balkan peninsula in the future, imposing a need for the application of different management strategies to address these challenges and to facilitate adaptation of forests to the altered environmental conditions.
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Meurs, Wim van. "Adam Fagan, Europe’s Balkan Dilemma. Paths to Civil Society or State- Building?" Comparative Southeast European Studies 61, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2013-610314.
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Orlić, Dejan. "Adam Fagan, Europe’s Balkan Dilemma: Paths to Civil Society or State- Building?" Comparative Southeast European Studies 58, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2010-580313.
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Fotev, Georgy. "Dissent and Civil Society in the Balkans." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 18, no. 1 (2006): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2006181/25.
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The code name "Balkanization" has many aspects, but in all cases it is quite negative. Belated modernization in the region--the transition from traditional to modem society--has been subject to a constellation of contradictory factors externally dependent on the Great Powers' clashing geopolitical interests. Following World War II, this region, except for Greece and Turkey, became part of the Soviet Empire and the communist project. Totalitarian states are in radical opposition to civil society, and this incompatibility is evident even in the comparatively mild case of Tito's Yugoslavia. The implosion of communist totalitarianism represents a unique precondition for post-communist development, especially for the Balkans. One of the main tasks is the building and consolidation of civil societies, which involves surmounting various degrees of ethnic autism, suspicion, and hostility between neighboring countries. Paradoxically, former Yugoslavia of all countries went from implosion of the totalitarian system to an explosion of typical Balkanization. However, this does not apply to other Balkans countries and the reguion as a whole. The opening of Balkan societies to one another, and especially to Europe and the democratic world, is closely linked with the constmction of open societies, a process that is perhaps irreversible.
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Daeyop Cho. "Outlooks on a Civil Society-Initiated Unification of the Korean Peninsula." Korea Journal 51, no. 2 (July 2011): 70–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25024/kj.2011.51.2.70.
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Novikova, Oksana. "Education as a factor of national identity formation in multi-ethnic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina." KANT 36, no. 3 (September 2020): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-36.62.
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The evolution of relations between the state and society is a problem that has both scientific and historical and political relevance. The latter increases during the period of socio-cultural and socio-economic transformations. The territory of the former Yugoslavia at the beginning of the XXI century remains one of the most complex ethnopolitical constructs of the Balkan Peninsula. The global European space is faced in this region with fundamental differences in religious, ethnic and political views on the design of state entities. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, this process is complicated by the very specifics of the country's development: society is divided according to the ethnic, linguistic and religious affiliation of the people living in the country, and political and cultural relations between the main administrative parts are extremely weak.
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Lis, Tomasz Jacek. "Bośniaccy Rusini na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w świetle pracy Josyfa Grodśkiego Położenie Rusinów w Bośni." Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe 14 (December 1, 2022): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/kpk.14.2022.14.04.
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YOSYF GRODSKY AND BOSNIANS’ RUTHENIAN IN PERIOD 1878-1918 The article presents the person of Yosyf Grodsky, the greek-catholik clerk from Lviv, which was moved to Bosnia in 1907-1908. He was Methropolite Andrey Sheptytsky’s friend. He send Yosyf Grodsky to Bosnia because Sheptytsky wanted to know the lives of Ruthenian farmers who came from villages in Bosnia. Also he wanted popularize topic of Ruthenian colonisation in Bosnia and Hercegovina. In 1909 Grodsky published book Positon of the Ruthenian from Bosnia. The article presentes some information about this book, and I would like to show more details about Ruthenian society in this part of Balkan Peninsula in the Austro-Hungarian period.
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Kaloeva, E. B. "Power and civil society in the Western Balkans, their role in foreign policy through the eyes of balkan and foreign researchers." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 2 (2022): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.02.04.
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The article attempts to show the role of official authorities and civil society on the thorny path that the countries of the Western Balkans have to overcome towards mutual undestanding. Unfortunately, some tensions still persist in relations between the countries of the region, and from time to time some hotheads propose new projects for revising borders, which can lead to the resumption of armed conflicts. Such a development can be ruled out not only by the actions of sober-minded politicians, but also by civil society, which played an important role in restoring peaceful order of life after the end of the bloody Balkan conflict of the 1990 s. After all, the main cause of conflicts in the Balkans lies not in the desire to protect ethnic, cultural and religious differences between the Balkan peoples, but in the way their political and cultural elites understand national identity and use it to achieve their political goals. The article also analyzes the activities of some non-governmental organizations that emerged in the Western Balkans in the early 2000 s and still enjoying international prestige and continue their work, despite the not entirely favorable situation in the position of civil society in those countries where trends of authoritarianism and national populism are strong. Particular attention is paid to the issue of geopolitics in the Western Balkans during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Vulic, M., and D. Blagojevic. "Recent vertical crustal movements of a part of the Balkan Peninsula derived from levelling data." Survey Review 40, no. 309 (July 2008): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003962608x291022.
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Drobarov, Romeo, Biljana Popovska, and Igor Gelev. "Impact of COVID - 19 on sustainability of civil society organizations in the Western Balkan Region." Bezbednost, Beograd 63, no. 3 (2021): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2103057d.
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Authors of the study have tried to outline the impact of COVID 19 over the civil society sector in the Republic of North Macedonia. In this complex situation of a global pandemic they have focused on the allocation of funds. In addition, the cooperation between government institutions and citizens' associations in carrying out activities to deal with pandemic has also been examined. Content analyses have been applied to examine the regulations in which participation of the citizens' associations in the context of the pandemic is determined. In addition, comparative methods have also been applied to determine the degree of NGOs involvement in the use of budget and other donated funds. Finally, qualitative methods are also used to evaluate whether these funds have been the right choice of the associations in context of their sustainability to create opportunities to carry on with activities. When reviewing the whole paper, an impression is created that more comprehensive research with a larger number of respondents / NGOs is needed. Thus, through a case study answers will be provided to the issue of whether these NGOs are really non-profit or not. Also, whether in a certain period they fulfill certain government goals or other interests while profiting directly or indirectly on different bases. Finally, the authors in specific conclusions and recommendations determine a possible course of further action in terms of more transparent, more efficient and more comprehensive work of the NGOs.
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Kuzmin, Petr V., and Larisa G. Khalanskaya. "Development of civil society in the Republic of Crimea after its reconnection with Russia." Izvestia of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Sociology. Politology 21, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2021-21-3-316-323.
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The processes of development of civil society in Crimea after the entry of the peninsula into the Russian Federation in March 2014 are analyzed. The authors conclude that in recent years it has developed and passed from inertia to a state of civic activity. However, an integral system of civil structures has not yet been formed.
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Papazovska, Aleksandra. "New perspectives of the tumuli burials during the Iron Age in the Republic of Macedonia." Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja, no. 47 (January 6, 2022): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/godisnjak.cbi.anubih-47.105.
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The Early Iron Age in R. Macedonia (10th to the beginning of the 8th century BC) was a period of unclear and undefined cultural values for these communities which were influenced by the new waves of the Transitional period. Yet, besides these influences, local communities also developed their own specific and characteristic appearances in the material culture. There is the obvious influence of the local Bronze Age culture, mixed with the northern elements of Hallstatt cultures from the western Balkan regions. Some of these elements existed for only a short time during the Transitional period and disappeared leaving no trace of their further development. The elements that were accepted were adapted to the local tastes (and needs) of the Iron Age communities, thus becoming incorporated into and recognizable parts of the local Iron Age culture. All of these elements present specific manifestations of the Early Iron Age culture in R. Macedonia, bringing it closer to the northern and north-western Iron Age cultures in the Balkan Peninsula. One of the most specific cultural phenomena of the Early Iron Age is the burial under tumuli. This was a new burial practice derived from the new way of life and new social relations in society. In this way, these burials, known as clan tumuli, played a major role in the appearance and the development of the Early Iron Age in Macedonia.
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Selmani, Bashkim, and Bekim Maksuti. "The Challenges in Dealing with Organized Crime and its Consequences in Modern Societies in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia – the Balkan Peninsula." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v5i1.p161-166.
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The profound changes within the Albanian society, including Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia, before and after they proclaimed independence (in exception of Albania), with the establishment of the parliamentary system resulted in mass spread social negative consequences such as crime, drugs, prostitution, child beggars on the street etc. As a result of these occurred circumstances emerged a substantial need for changes within the legal system in order to meet and achieve the European standards or behaviors and the need for adoption of many laws imported from abroad, but without actually reading the factual situation of the psycho-economic position of the citizens and the consequences of the peoples’ occupations without proper compensation, as a remedy for the victims of war or peace in these countries. The sad truth is that the perpetrators not only weren’t sanctioned, but these regions remained an untouched haven for further development of criminal activities, be it from the public state officials through property privatization or in the private field. The organized crime groups, almost in all cases, are perceived by the human mind as “Mafia” and it is a fact that this cannot be denied easily. The widely spread term “Mafia” is mostly known around the world to define criminal organizations.The Balkan Peninsula is highly involved in these illegal groups of organized crime whose practice of criminal activities is largely extended through the Balkan countries such as Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, etc. Many factors contributed to these strategic countries to be part of these types of activities. In general, some of the countries have been affected more specifically, but in all of the abovementioned countries organized crime has affected all areas of life, leaving a black mark in the history of these states.
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Poshka, Agim. "Language and Hate Speech Aspects in the Public Sphere Case Study: Republic of Macedonia." SEEU Review 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2018-0009.
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Abstract The issue of hate speech is widely present in the Balkan Peninsula and although it has a serious impact in inter-ethnic and inter-religious relations, it has never been addressed properly by the academia or the judicial systems. This paper aims to outline the main principles that define hate speech from the linguistic and legal perspective. Throughout the paper several international cases of hate speech are cited along with the measures that western European countries take in order to minimize the level of stereotypes and public discrimination. In the second part, the paper brings examples from degrading hate speech cases coming from public figures in Macedonia. In addition, a few comparative cases from the international practice have been cited in order to perceive if an egalitarian society is possible in Macedonia from the aspect of language usage without the hatred constituents by aiming to develop an acceptable public discourse for all.
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Kim, Dong Jin. "Building Relationships Across the Boundaries: The Peacebuilding Role of Civil Society in the Korean Peninsula." International Peacekeeping 24, no. 4 (April 18, 2017): 515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2017.1314762.
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Stankovic, Stevan. "Jovan Cvijic in the books of the Serbian Geographical Society." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 102, no. 1 (2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd2201001s.
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Among our scientists, Jovan Cvijic (Loznica, October 12, 1865 - Belgrade, January 16, 1927) stands out by the number, scope, types and content of scientific and professional papers, printed in several languages, in Serbia and abroad. According to a number of indicators, in the scientific and journalistic sphere, until today his work has remained difficult to surpass. He is often and gladly quoted not only in the works of contemporary geographers, but also geologists, historians, ethnologists, urban planners, economists, demographers, sociologists and ecologists. Most of his work is published during his lifetime, but due to its importance, lessons and messages, part of his scientific work, is published post-humously even today. The most important are the Collected Works of Jovan Cvijic, which were published in 14 books from 1987 to 1996 by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Newspaper-Publishing Working Organization ?Literary Gazette? (Knjizevne novine) and the Institute for Textbooks and Teaching Aids, all from Belgrade. On this occasion, we present the work of Jovan Cvijic published on the pages of the magazine of the Serbian Geographical Society (Glasnik, Posebna izdanja, Atlas, Zemlja i ljudi, Globus). We especially pay attention on the Bulletin (Glasnik), the oldest geographical periodical in Serbia and on the Balkan Peninsula, which was founded by Jovan Cvijic and his associates, and whose content he unreservedly devoted to the last days of his life. Cvijic presented himself to readers through scientific papers, small prologues, reviews of foreign and domestic geographical, ethnographic and geological literature, notes and obituaries.
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Schluter, Michael, and Jeremy Ive. "A Relational Approach to Peacebuilding in the Korean Peninsula." International Bulletin of Mission Research 42, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396939318757672.
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For North and South Korea to come together in partnership or as one nation will require a shared vision acceptable to both societies. Prioritizing harmony and proximity in personal and organizational relationships across society and the economy can provide a framework that is in keeping with Korea’s social traditions, as well as with biblical social design. A “Track Two” process for building consensus based on a relational framework through a program of consultations contributed to ending apartheid in South Africa and ending civil war in Sudan. Such an approach could now be applied in the Korean Peninsula.
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Polenakovic, Momir, and Goce Spasovski. "Ideas and Spirit of the Balkan Cities Association of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation and Artificial Organs (BANTAO) Connect Nephrologists from the Balkan Cities – From the Foundation to the 15th BANTAO Congress." PRILOZI 40, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prilozi-2020-0001.
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Abstract The Balkan Cities Association of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation and Artificial Organs (BANTAO) was established in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia on October 9, 1993 during the First Congress of the Macedonian Society of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation and Artificial Organs (MSNDTAO). The idea of the founders was that such Society would have a clear impact on several aspects of practice and research in nephrology and artificial organs in the Balkans, firstly, by increasing its international visibility and potential collaborative work, and recognition by international organizations. Secondly, such a society would facilitate the exchange of experience and knowledge between experts in our area. In addition, it would be a very positive symbolic act showing that collaborative work for the betterment of life is possible and desirable in our area and that coming together will bear better fruits at the human and cultural levels. It will also send a very clear signal to the outside world that the Balkans can be a place of collaboration and mutual understanding. Several international bodies such as the International Society of Artificial Organs and the International Faculty of Artificial Organs have signaled their interest in and support for the creation of such a society. Despite the turbulent times in the Balkan Peninsula, the First BANTAO Congress was held in Varna from September 22 to 24, 1995, which was an impressive event. F. Valderrabano, Chairman of the EDTA–ERA registry reported on that event with a lot of sympathy in the paper entitled “Nephrologists of the Balkan countries meet across political frontiers and war fronts – an example to politicians. The foundation of and the Second Congress of BANTAO were also well accepted by the colleagues nephrologists from Russia. The Second Congress was held on September 6-10, 1997 in Struga, the Third BANTAO Congress was held on September 18-20, 1998 in Belgrade, the Fourth Congress of BANTAO was held in Izmir on November 14-16, 1999, the Fifth Congress of BANTAO was held in Thessaloniki on September 30 – October 3, 2001, the 6th BANTAO Congress was held in Varna, on October 6-9, 2003, the 7th BANTAO Congress was held in Ohrid, on September 8-11, 2005, the 8th BANTAO Congress was held in Belgrade, on September 16-19, 2007, the 9th BANTAO Congress was held in Antalya, November 18-22, 2009, the 10th BANTAO Congress was held in Chalkidiki, October 13-15, 2011, the 11th BANTAO Congress was held from 26 to 29 September 2013 in Timisoara on the 20th Anniversary of the foundation of BANTAO, the 12th BANTAO Congress was held on October 15-18, 2015 in Opatija, the 13th BANTAO Congress was held on 4-8 October, 2017 in Sarajevo, the 14th BANTAO Congress was held on September 20-23, 2018, in Budva and the 15th BANTAO Congress was held in Skopje, 26-29 September 2019. Another milestone in the life of BANTAO was the appearance of the BANTAO journal in 2003, which has been published biannually since then. In the past 17 years there have been 33 editions of the journal and seven supplements reporting BANTAO congresses. The editors of the journal past and present are: 2003–2005 (Dimitar Nenov); 2005–2009 (Ali Basci); 2009–(Goce Spasovski). Up to date, more than 400 papers have been published. The BANTAO journal is registered on EBSCO, DOAJ, SCOPUS, and has become a strong ‘glue’ among nephrologists from the Balkan cities. The BANTAO congresses and the BANTAO journal have succeeded in elevating nephrology knowledge and thus increased the standards of nephrology patient care throughout the Balkans. Standing above the divisive forces of politics, language and war, BANTAO gives a living example that collaboration and humility are feasible in times of maddening destruction, and are transformative.
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ZAHARIA, Juliana. "Corruption as Legacy on Occurrence Undermining Human Rights - An Exploratory Research on the Third Sector Response in Albania within Western Balkan Context." Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala 79 (December 15, 2022): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/rcis.79.6.
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Literature view to corruption as a form of abuse with power and procedures guided research design, and construction of the variables throughout comparative analysis of data, with purpose to introduce through this study a new perspective on the distinct role that the structures of the third sector play in opposing corruption in society. Data collection through quantitative and qualitative methods engaged 406 respondents (n = 406) representing 372 civil society organizations, associations, foundations and social enterprises. Considering Albania as the country in Western Balkan with an widespread corruption exposed from anti-corruption organizations and groups, conducting the study through an one-single nation setting provide a representative background to empirically based scientific conclusions on consequence of corruption to human rights and opportunities, as an underestimated consequence from the perspective of the social sciences.
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Pllana Breznica, Albulena, Fisnike Pllana, and Zana Pllana. "Overview of the Usage of Some Turkicisms from Albanian Language Students at the University of Prizren “Ukshin Hoti” in Prizren." European Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls-2019.v5i2-200.
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The Albanian language, as well as the other Balkan languages, have received a large number of Turkish language elements, first of them being the acceptance of Turkish words. These words, respectively the Turkicisms, have penetrated in almost all spheres in the fields of social life. In Albanian, there are many words in these social spheres: religious spheres, administrative spheres, military spheres, crafts, construction, home environment, names etc. The historical and linguistic conditions of the borrowing of Turkicisms are known. Albanians and Turks (Ottomans) got into contact in the wars and battles between them, as well as during the reign of the Turkish Empire in the Balkan Peninsula, and in the Albanian territories as well. Turkicisms began to enter the Albanian language from the time the Turks deployed military officers and clerks in several Albanian cities. The ruling period of the foreign invaders and the typology of the communicating languages had a huge influence on linguistic borrowings. The Albanian language is typologically quite remote from Turkish and has therefore assumed relatively few Turkicisms compared to the long period of Turkish rule in the Albanian area. For this purpose, this research and analysis method has been used: A survey was carried out with 60 students of the Department of Albanian Language and Literature at the University of Prizren "Ukshin Hoti" in Prizren, with first year students of the second semester and with second year students of the second semester. In the analysis of the tests, graphical presentations of the use of some Turkish words (Turkicisms) have been created, which are used by students in conversations with each other, in the family and in society, in the city and around Prizren.
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Sharan, O. V. "National and international political mechanisms of suppression of separatism in the Balkan states." Науково-теоретичний альманах "Грані" 22, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/17199.
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The article firstly identifies and reveales the essence of national and international political mechanisms of suppression of separatism that have been applied in the Balkan states, in particular, in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The national mechanisms of suppression of separatism include legal, financial, administrative, information mechanisms, and among the international political mechanisms are international legal mechanisms, the mechanism of recognition or non-recognition of the independence of new states, international financial and economic instruments. The study showed the dynamics of the most important events that took place in the Balkans after the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in particular during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991-1995, the Bosnian War in 1992–1995, and during Kosovo’s struggle for independence from Serbia. The revival of separatist movements in the Balkan Peninsula began as a result of the overthrow of the communist regimes and the strengthening of centrifugal tendencies in Central and Eastern Europe in the 90’s of the twentieth century. The interethnic distrust and constant tension became one of the reasons for the beginning of the civil wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina after the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Moreover, the article characterized the concept of «Great Albania», which involves the reunification of all the territories where the Albanian ethnic group lives. Several regions of Macedonia, Montenegro, the Epirus region in Greece and Kosovo should be part of the «Greater Albania». Furthermore, the study considers the experience of suppression of separatism of Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the possibility of its use in Ukraine and other countries where separatist tendencies dominate, in order to avoid human victims, preserve territorial integrity and inviolability of borders. Consequently, separatism is a dangerous phenomenon that contains an enormous threat to the national security and territorial integrity, since it is related to the change of borders of the existing states and creation of the new countries on the political map of the world.
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Tzifakis, Nikolaos, and Asteris Huliaras. "Hegemonic Relationships: Donor Countries and NGOs in Western Balkan Post-Conflict Reconstruction." Southeastern Europe 37, no. 3 (2013): 312–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03703004.
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The impact of Non-Governmental Organizations’ reconstruction activities in Bosnia and Kosovo was largely determined by the nature and content of two dominant relationships. The first is the donor countries-International NGO (INGO) relationship. To grasp the importance of this relationship, it suffices to mention that, at the global level, donors give around five times more funds to INGOs (and more precisely to their own national NGOs) than to Local NGOs (LNGOs). The second is the International NGO-LNGO relationship. With respect to the first relationship, donor countries had a clear hegemonic position vis-à-vis INGOs. In turn, INGOs developed a hegemonic position towards LNGOs. These hegemonic relationships undermined the quality and effectiveness of aid disbursed and failed to promote the development of an open and democratic civil society. More interestingly, although most donors and INGOs got involved in the post-conflict reconstruction of both countries, very weak learning processes seem to have operated in the region. A comparative examination of the two reconstruction efforts reveals that the manifestation of many inefficiencies and failures was indeed even more acute in Kosovo than in Bosnia.
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Nesti, Arnaldo. "Introduction: le catholicisme espagnol dix ans après la mort de Franco." Social Compass 33, no. 4 (November 1986): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003776868603300401.
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In this introduction, A. Nesti lays out the principle characte ristics of the nature and dialectic of contemporary Spanish Catho licism: the dependence of Spain on foreign investments, the role of the monarchy at the time of the change in regime, the forma tion of a political class for whom the anti-Franco struggle was unknown, the impulse in favour of change within the boundaries of civil society and the Church, and the europeanization of the Iberian peninsula.
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Feldman, David. "European Human Rights and Constitution-building in a Post-conflict Society: the Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 7 (2005): 101–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802730747.
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The constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (henceforth ‘BiH’) was born out of conflict. The country, like much of the Balkan region, had been subject to waves of invasion, nationalist tension and foreign domination for many centuries. The Ottoman Empire, with a complex system of public and private law influenced by Islamic law, had been followed by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, overlaying the legal system with the tradition of the Code Civil. Before the Ottoman period the Slav population had divided between adherents to the Church of Rome and followers of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Under the Ottomans a group of Slavs had converted to Islam, further fracturing the religious coherence of the region. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the pan-Slavist movement had sought to establish a Serb national homeland for its people. When Princip assassinated the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo in 1914, the aim was to establish a Serb state free of imperial domination.
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Feldman, David. "European Human Rights and Constitution-building in a Post-conflict Society: the Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 7 (2005): 101–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000004523.
Full textAbstract:
The constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (henceforth ‘BiH’) was born out of conflict. The country, like much of the Balkan region, had been subject to waves of invasion, nationalist tension and foreign domination for many centuries. The Ottoman Empire, with a complex system of public and private law influenced by Islamic law, had been followed by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, overlaying the legal system with the tradition of the Code Civil. Before the Ottoman period the Slav population had divided between adherents to the Church of Rome and followers of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Under the Ottomans a group of Slavs had converted to Islam, further fracturing the religious coherence of the region. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the pan-Slavist movement had sought to establish a Serb national homeland for its people. When Princip assassinated the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo in 1914, the aim was to establish a Serb state free of imperial domination.
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Dyrstad, Karin. "Fagan, A., Europe’s Balkan Dilemma: Paths to Civil Society or State-Building? London: 2010: I.B. Taurus. ISBN 978-1-84511-460-2." Southeastern Europe 36, no. 2 (2012): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633312x642095.
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HEINEMAN, Noelle, and Ioannis NOMIKOS. "COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE BALKANS AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE METHODS OF TRANSNATIONAL GROUPS." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERINCE "STRATEGIESXXI" 18, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2971-8813-22-17.
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In the post-Cold War era, new challenges emerged that have threatened regional and global security. Before the turn of the 21st century, the world was primarily dominated by states, but now, non-state actors are of critical importance in national and international security in today's globalizing and multipolar world. Of these non-state actors, transnational organized crime networks and groups have become a key security threat in the national, regional, and global environment. Transnational organized crime groups threaten to destabilize basic societal, economic, and political institutions and values. While all nations face the threat of transnational organized crime groups, those post-war and post-conflict nations in transition are especially fragile to the effects that transnational organized crime groups can have on a nation's government, economy, and society. The Balkan region has all been plagued by conflict and instability since the civil wars of the 1990s. Today, the Balkan and Eastern Mediterranean region has reemerged with strategic importance as the instability of nations in these regions are particularly susceptible to external malign influence by state and non-state actors. Concerns regarding the rise of transnational organized crime and its relationship with religious extremist groups have caused the international community to refocus on the Balkan and Eastern Mediterranean regions. Increasingly, transnational organized crime groups along with international terrorist groups are beginning to share organizational and operational features. Additionally, when it becomes advantageous, these groups will partner with each other. Transnational organized crime networks and groups have grown in both size and sophistication, and many major groups behave and assume the structure of secret organizations. Powerful transnational organized crime groups have developed in accordance with the structures of their host countries, which is why it is these groups flourish in those countries with more fragile political institutions. The ways in which transnational organized crime groups think and operate have made them successful. These groups take their illicit business ventures seriously, and understanding what these groups do, how they operate, and who they work with is critical in defeating them. By examining effective counterintelligence methods, this paper will focus on the strategic importance of transnational organized crime in the Balkan and Eastern Mediterranean region, with a particular focus on Albania.
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Slavov, Atanas. "Democratic Consolidation in Southeast Europe – A Step Forward?" Southeastern Europe 39, no. 3 (December 16, 2015): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03903004.
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Strengthening the rule of law and consolidating democracy is still a challenge facing countries in Southeastern Europe (see). Despite the prospective for eu accession for the Western Balkan states and full eu membership for others, issues regarding the quality of democratic institutions and the efficiency of legal procedures are still at stake. There are multiple factors that contribute to the weakened state of constitutional democracy in see countries while also blocking their political and social development. This article offers a sober view on the democratic consolidation process, emphasizing that a decline from democratic politics may happen at any moment. For one, defective democracies in Southeastern Europe are exposed to nationalism and populism, suffering from weak institutional performance and a burdensome communist legacy. Furthermore, negative stereotypes and practices of exercising political power in see countries hamper the development of the rule of law, efficient democratic systems, and accountable governments. Corruption and clientelism likewise seem embedded in the social structures. Thus, in the absence or inefficiency of the rule of law, the political situation in see countries is often described in terms of a ‘state capture’, not democratic consolidation. However, according to a mid-term perspective, positive change is still possible, but it requires active civil society participation as well as eu institutional commitment to the rule of law and democracy building in the region. In some cases, moreover, coordinated endeavors between active civil society groups and eu institutions could exercise effective pressure on the national political elites to introduce necessary institutional reforms.
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Czornik, Katarzyna. "Intensyfikacja autorytaryzmu wojskowego w Egipcie w okresie prezydentury gen. Abd al-Fattaha as-Sisiego." Studia Polityczne 50, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/stp.2022.50.3.03.
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The army was the most significant beneficiary of the Arab Spring in Egypt. Hosni Mubarak was replaced by a more powerful dictator, General Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi. Under the rule of General as-Sisi and his army, there is no place for dialogue between the ruling elite and society, or for democratisation and building a civil society. President General as-Sisi won the elections but has no legitimacy to rule. The short- and medium-term perspective of changes looks very unfavourable. The remilitarisation of Egypt and military electoral authoritarianism will continue. Adherents of General as-Sisi argue that his authoritarian rule is necessary to stabilise the situation in the country and prevent jihad attacks on the Sinai Peninsula. Opposition groups are encouraged to endorse the president through large-scale projects such as the New Administrative Capital, which sets out to testify that Egypt is rising to the rank of a regional power under the rule of President as-Sisi.
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Uzunaslan, Abdurrahman. "The Honouring of the Legio Chief Physician L. Hortensius Paulinus." Belleten 80, no. 289 (December 1, 2016): 719–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.719.
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An inscription dated to the beginning of the 3rd century AD, and found within the city limits of Antiocheia in 2011, honors the legion Chief Physician L. Hortensius Paulinus, who is believed to have settled in the city following his retirement. According to this inscription, L. Hortensius Paulinus assumed highly important public offices and duties in the city. This person had also served in the legio IV Flavia Felix and Legio II Italica, although the legion with which he first arrived to the East, as well as his exact assignment within these two legions, remain unclear. Possible reasons for his presence in the East might have been the exacerbation of the war between the Roman and Parthia Empires towards the end of the 2nd century AD, or the civil war between Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger since most of the legions from the Danube Basin and the Balkan Peninsula had sided with Septimius Severus during this civil war, including legio IV Flavia Felix and the Legio II Italica. The chronological order and content of the inscription suggest that L. Hortensius Paulinus had most likely traveled to the East with the legio II Italica due to the civil war; if this was indeed the case, L. Hortensius Paulinus must have arrived to the East in 193/4 AD at the earliest. The fact that the legio II Italica created by Marcus Aurelius was entirely constituted of solders from Northern Italy is strong evidence that L. Hortensius Paulinus and his family were native to this region. Another interesting aspect concerning this document is the fact that it is the first inscription found within Antiocheia mentioning the legions IV Flavia Felix and II Italica. Therefore, this new inscription not only demonstrates the presence of officials belonging to these legions in Antiocheia, but also clarifies a disputed and unclear aspect of the inscription regarding C. Flavonius Paullinus Lollianus published by Byrne-Labarre in 2006. Finally, the new inscriptions found within the city suggest that members of the legio II Italica who participated in civil wars or the Parthian campaign in the East might have settled in Antiocheia at the end of their military service.
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Copic, Sanja, and Bejan Saciri. "Attitudes of professionals in Serbia on gender equality and gender-based violence: The research results." Temida 23, no. 2 (2020): 169–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem2002169c.
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In 2019 the Victimology Society of Serbia conducted the survey aimed at assessing the attitudes of professionals who work in state institutions, independent state agencies and civil society organizations in Serbia about gender equality and genderbased violence, and collecting data on their experiences and challenges in dealing with gender-based violence victims, especially Roma women and women in rural areas. The survey was a part of the broader project aimed to contribute to policy and practice changes to ensure the recognition of harmful gender stereotypes and gender discrimination and to ensure suppression and timely response in cases of gender- based violence. It was a part of the program ?Ending Violence against Women in the Western Balkan countries and Turkey: Implementing Norms, Changing Minds?, implemented by the UN Women and funded by the European Commission. The survey was conducted on a sample of 199 respondents from the police, courts, prosecutors? offices, social welfare centres, independent institutions and civil society organizations, in 21 local communities in Serbia. The survey findings suggested that in general practitioners involved in the survey do not have negative attitudes towards gender equality and gender-based violence. However, when looking at some individual statements on the scales of attitudes on gender equality and gender-based violence, as well as answers to additional questions regarding the role of women and men at home, one can still conclude that traditional (gender) stereotypes are present in respondents of both sexes. The survey results also revealed a lack of knowledge about gender-based violence, which can result in the victim not being recognized, blaming the victim, failing to provide necessary assistance, support and protection, leading to re-victimization and secondary victimization. On average, male respondents have more conservative attitudes towards gender equality and gender-based violence than women. Older respondents, and consequently respondents with longer working experience, have more negative attitudes towards gender equality and gender-based violence than younger respondents. Respondents working in the judiciary, police and prosecution have more negative attitudes towards gender equality and gender-based violence than respondents from independent state bodies, centres for social work and civil society organizations. Attitudes on gender equality proved to be a strong predictor of attitudes about different forms of gender-based violence. Therefore, it is necessary to work further on raising awareness and strengthening capacities of practitioners in state institutions and civil society organizations on issues related to gender equality and gender-based violence, as well as on raising public awareness, including (potential) victims of gender inequality and gender-based violence, so that citizens can recognize their own or victimization of others and seek help and protect their rights.
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Kolontari, Attila. "Prince D. P. Golitsyn-Muravline in Emigration in Hungary (1919—1928)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022268-3.
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The present essay analyses the period of Prince Golitsyn-Muravline’s life spent in emigration on the basis of unpublished archival documents and the articles of Hungarian newspapers of that time. Golitsyn-Muravline was a famous representative of the right-wing monarchist movement in Russia before the World War I, he was elected a chairman of the Council of the Russian Assembly. Golitsyn-Muravline’s family left Russia during the Civil War and after a short-time of roaming in the Balkan countries they found a home in Baron Rezső Biedermann’s estate in the southern part of Hungary. The article examines details of Golitsyn-Muravline’s political and social activity in emigration, the evolution of his view on the question of monarchism and succession to the throne. The article also touches on such aspects as how the Hungarian society met Prince Golitsyn, his wide connections with the representatives of the Hungarian aristocracy and the political elite. At the end of the article a short overview is given of the fate of his family members, who stayed in Hungary after Golitsyn-Muravline’s death in 1928.
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Pokharel, Badri Prasad, and Paras Adhikari. "Quakerism: A Quest for Peace in the Road from Elephant Pass." Tribhuvan University Journal 32, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v32i1.24788.
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The 20th century ended very cruelly in different parts of the world with huge mass of massacres, blood shedding and terrorism which subsequently deteriorate human mind and people who were destined to live in terror, skepticism, and ultimately lack of belief not only in others but in self too. The intensive integration of sustainable peace has been preoccupied, but pragmatically such words remain in rhetoric. Quakerism with the inception of Quakers, a group of friends aligned with positive thinking for the conflict hit society, has embarked the contemporary war ridden society for human betterments, equality, progress and ultimately belief along with the inclination of happy and prosperous meme. Nihal de Silva, a Sri Lankan novelist best known for writing about the civil war that panicked the land for more than three decades has been remembered for bringing the trauma and anticipation of pacification in his works. His best and ever known novel The Road from Elephant Pass is analyzed and interpreted as a commencement of human betterment and sustainable peace in the long war ridden peninsula.
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Marinov, Miroslav, Denitsa Teofanova, Dimitar Gadjev, Georgi Radoslavov, and Peter Hristov. "Mitochondrial diversity of Bulgarian native dogs suggests dual phylogenetic origin." PeerJ 6 (June 27, 2018): e5060. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5060.
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The dog has been the first domesticated animal to have a central role in human society from ancient times to present day. Although there have been numerous investigations of dog phylogeny and origin, genetic data of dogs in the region of the Balkan Peninsula (South-Eastern Europe) are still scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to perform phylogenetic analysis of three native Bulgarian dog breeds. A total of 130 samples were analyzed at HVR1 (hypervariable region, D-loop region). The samples were taken from two hunting dog breeds (Bulgarian Hound Dog: Barak,n = 34; Bulgarian Scenthound Dog: Gonche,n = 45) as well as from a Bulgarian Shepherd Dog (n = 51). The first two breeds are reared in a flat region of the country (the Northern part of Bulgaria, the Danubian Plain), while the last breed is a typical representative of the mountainous part of the country. The results have shown the presence of almost all main clades—A, B, C and D—in the three dog breeds taken together, except clades E and F, as expected. With regard to haplogroups distribution, there are clear differences among investigated breeds. While hunting breeds exhibit a prevalence of clade C, the mountainous Shepherd dog shows presence of the D2 haplogroup but absence of the C clade. In conclusion, the present study has been the first to investigate the mitochondrial DNA diversity of native dog breeds in Bulgaria. The results have revealed a clear difference of haplogroups dissemination in native hunting and shepherd dogs, which suggests a dual independent phylogenetic origin, without hybridization events between these dogs.
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Edge, Billy L., Lesley Ewing, Robert G. Dean, James M. Kaihatu, Margery F. Overton, Spencer M. Rogers, and Paul A. Work. "IMMEDIATE IMPACTS OF HURRICANE IKE ON THE TEXAS COAST." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (February 2, 2011): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.14.
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Hurricane Ike was a large storm as it crossed the Gulf of Mexico. When it entered into Texas it caused a storm surge of up to 4 m and substantial waves with high winds represented by a Category 2 hurricane. The storm caused extensive flooding and erosion which led to significant property damage on Boliver Peninsula and on Galveston Island. COPRI (Coasts, Oceans, Ports and Rivers Institute) of the ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) sponsored a team of engineers and scientists to observe the coast and collect perishable data approximately one month after the storm. One of the main conclusions from the inspection of buildings was that elevation was a key determinant for survival. Members of the team returned for another visit approximately one year later to observe how the recovery had progressed. Those observations show some redevelopment but also some serious flaws in the coastal management implementation.
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Patlakas, Platon, Christos Stathopoulos, Helena Flocas, Nikolaos S. Bartsotas, and George Kallos. "Precipitation Climatology for the Arid Region of the Arabian Peninsula—Variability, Trends and Extremes." Climate 9, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9070103.
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The Arabian Peninsula is a region characterized by diverse climatic conditions due to its location and geomorphological characteristics. Its precipitation patterns are characterized by very low annual amounts with great seasonal and spatial variability. Moreover, extreme events often lead to flooding and pose threat to human life and activities. Towards a better understanding of the spatiotemporal features of precipitation in the region, a thirty-year (1986-2015) climatic analysis has been prepared with the aid of the state-of-the-art numerical modeling system RAMS/ICLAMS. Its two-way interactive nesting capabilities, explicit cloud microphysical schemes with seven categories of hydrometeors and the ability to handle dust aerosols as predictive quantities are significant advantages over an area where dust is a dominant factor. An extended evaluation based on in situ measurements and satellite records revealed a good model behavior. The analysis was performed in three main components; the mean climatic characteristics, the rainfall trends and the extreme cases. The extremes are analyzed under the principles of the extreme value theory, focusing not only on the duration but also on the intensity of the events. The annual and monthly rainfall patterns are investigated and discussed. The spatial distribution of the precipitation trends revealed insignificant percentage differences in the examined period. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the eastern part and the top half of the western Arabian Peninsula presented the lowest risk associated with extreme events. Apart from the pure scientific interest, the present study provides useful information for different sectors of society and economy, such as civil protection, constructions and reinsurance.
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Perković, Ana Ješe. "The European Union and the Democratization Process of the Western Balkans." Southeastern Europe 38, no. 1 (April 10, 2014): 112–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03801005.
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This paper considers democratization process in the Western Balkans and the influence of the European Union on this process. After the fall of communism European Union has been deeply involved in the transformation of the post-communist societies in the Eastern Europe. The lack of democratic tradition, complexity of democratic process, weak institutions and weak civil society have been among the main obstacles for quick transition. Yet many authors have argued that the EU membership has been one of the most important foreign policy goals of the post-socialist governments and a foreign policy tool of European Union. The EU has been using a leverage of prospect of EU membership and EU conditionality for implementing certain policies, hence trying to encourage the democratization process. This paper compares a democratization process in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) with one in the Western Balkans, and looks at EU conditionality and its impact on the democratization process of the Western Balkan states. We argue that the prospect of EU membership has influenced democratization in the Western Balkans to some extent, but the implementation of reforms has been superficial in some policy areas due to ostensible compliance with EU rules of the political elites.
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Kobelinsky, Carolina. "Who Cares About Ouacil? The Postmortem Itinerary of a Young Border Crosser." American Behavioral Scientist 64, no. 4 (October 18, 2019): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764219882993.
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On a sunny Tuesday afternoon in May 2015, two young women walking by a lighthouse in Melilla, a Spanish enclave on the northern shores of Morocco’s Mediterranean coast, found the lifeless body of a young man. As the police quickly soon confirmed, the boy had died while trying to jump on a ferry that would take him “to the real Europe” (i.e., the Iberian Peninsula). Using ethnography, this article aims at mapping the afterlives of this dead young man, in their multiple dimensions. It traces the body’s trajectory through the judicial system and bureaucratic registration; it investigates attempts made by various agencies at identifying the corpse and carrying it to its final destination; finally, it analyzes the efforts made to pay him tribute. By tracing the dead boy’s itinerary, this article sheds light on the conflictual interactions between different actors (state and municipal institutions, civil society groups, and migrants themselves) involved in the treatment of deaths at the borders.
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Kalitanyi, Vivence, and Dick Jacobus (Kobus) Visser. "Social values as determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Cape Town – South Africa." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 3 (September 6, 2016): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(3-1).2016.05.
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An empirical study was conducted in Cape Town – South Africa – to determine whether social values (family, parents’ work and education) have an impact on entrepreneurship students in the universities of Cape Town, University of Stellenbosch, and University of the Western Cape, as well as Cape Peninsula University of Technology. The paper reviewed the literature about the role social values plays in the people’s lives. Respondents were the entrepreneurship university students. Data were collected in classrooms, and, in most cases, with the facilitation of both the lecturer and the researcher. Bivariate and multivariate tests of statistical significance were conducted, while Cronbach’s Alpha was used to measure the reliability of the research tool. Findings suggest that social values of the university students have an impact on their entrepreneurial intentions. The paper ends with recommendations to universities, entrepreneurship lecturers, parents, government and businesses, as well as civil society organizations. Keywords: social values, entrepreneurship intentions, university students, Cape Town. JEL Classification: Y4
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Ilic, Jovan. "The Serbs in Croatia before and after the break-up of Yugoslavia." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 120 (2006): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0620253i.
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The Serbs are first mentioned in the west part of the Balkan peninsula in 822. They populated the regions east of the river Cetina, mountain Pljesevica and the area between the rivers Una and Kupa. It means that the significant part of the present Republic of Croatia had been populated by the Serbs since the settlement of the Slavs. The main regions mostly populated by the Serbs were north-west Dalmatia, the larger part of Lika and Kordun, Banija, west Slavonia and smaller sections in east Slavonia, west Srem and Baranya. Social-political circumstances for the life of the Serbs in Croatia were mostly very unfavorable. Extremely unfavourable circumstances were during World War II in The Independent State of Croatia, when the Croatian ustasha fighters carried out an extensive, systematic, comprehensive and bestial genocide, that is ethnocide over the Serbs. The second genocide, that is ethnocide over the Serbs in Croatia was carried out in the civil ethnic-religious war 1991-1995, specially in 1995. In these years, the nationalist- chauvinist, antiserbian movement and war suddenly flared up in Croatia. The Serbs living there were forced to defend, so on December 19 1991 they proclaimed The Republic of Srpska Krajina. However, the Croatian armed forces were military stronger. The Serbs were defeated and punished by the total destruction of their property and mass expulsion. In that cruel civil-ethnic war, about 276.000 Serbs were expelled from Croatia, several thousand of them were killed. About 40.000 Serbian houses were destroyed and 380 Serbian villages were burnt. Hundreds of Serbian-Orthodox religious edifices were burnt or destroyed. The value of the destroyed or plundered Serbian property in Croatia was estimated at about 30 billion euros. According to the official Croatian data, in the last several years about 60.000 Serbs-refugees returned from Serbia to their native land, mostly older persons or those who returned to sell their property and leave Croatia again. About 40.000 of them went to live abroad. However, the Serbs-returnees still live in very difficult conditions, discriminated in all segments of life primarily when it comes to employment.
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Akyüz, Yahya. "Educational transformations in the process of transition from the Ottoman period to the republic." Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 09–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14527/c1s2m2.
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It is important to study and find out the transformations in education during the transition from the last periods of the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic. Education was not only contributing to the still lifestyle of the Ottoman society until the end of the 18th century, but it was also affected by that lifestyle. The most common educational institutes of the period were elementary schools and madrassas. In Ottomans, the function of education as a transformer of the society was preceded by the education itself being transformed. In this process, the military and political events had been influential. To this end, starting with 1776, first the military schools were started to be opened. Until the period which commenced with the proclamation of the Tanzimat in 1839, the view in the Ottoman society toward the child, youngster and their education had a feature of being religious and traditional. For example, in Sultan Mahmut the Second's edict which made elementary education mandatory, the reason to make elementary education mandatory was cited as children's need to first learn their religion. In the Tanzimat (Reformation) period which started in 1839, the views that see the families' and the state's educational duties as only religious and traditional started to weaken, and these duties were started to be considered from the aspect of their responsibility toward children and the society. This development was rooted on several statesmen's, authors' and educationists' self-criticism and recognition of societies' lack of knowledge and having stayed backward, and seeing this traditional view of education as a primary reason for the state's decline. From the political aspect, in this period, the ideal of being "Ottoman" was attempted to be infused in children and youngsters of the day. This was to be achieved in schools. Namık Kemal's following thoughts in this topic are of utmost importance: "If children from various races and ethnicities are educated together in schools, in time, the desired fusion of peoples in the nation can be achieved. This may be resembled to the impossibility of separating out trees whose saplings have grown together embracing each other..." A very important transformation toward children and teenagers in the pre-republic period was seen in the second Mesrutiyet period which started in 1908. The central aspect of this transformation, which was especially caused by defeat in the Balkan Wars in 1912-1913, was: The defeat of the Ottomans against smaller Balkan countries was attributed to the prevalent ignorance in the Ottoman society and the high value placed at being civil servants for the state. According to the intellectuals who violently criticized the society as well as themselves, education should stop pursuing the goal of developing civil servants; it should instead focus on science, art, technology, trade ... and produce specialists and entrepreneurs who can be successful in these areas. However, as a result of wars and social tragedies in this period new regulations in education could not be realized. Despite this, the second Mesrutiyet period, due to various ideological discussions and arguments became a laboratory for the Republic era. Since the Ottomans, some state administrators have been very influential in transformations in education as well as transformations in society through education. The foremost of these is Atatürk. Having spent his entire educational life in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, he keenly observed the educational roots of the collapse of the Ottoman state. Atatürk attributed this collapse primarily to the education system which trained non-nationalistic, passive individuals, and that which did not aim to develop knowledge and behaviors necessary for life. He desired the Republic to have a completely different system of education and he gave the responsibility of upbringing virtuous, hardworking, active, nationalistic generations to the teachers. He wanted education to be national as well as scientific. With the Unification of Education Law in 1924, revolution of the alphabet in 1928, and revolutions of mixed education and women's rights in those years, very significant transformations transpired in both educational and social life. Atatürk also set a goal for all of us to advance our nation to a level above the western civilization.
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Barash, Raisa E. "National Consciousness of the Russia’s Citizens after the 2014’th." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 6, no. 4 (2018): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2018.6.4.6079.
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The author applies to the data of sociological research in order to explore the dynamics of the judgments of the Russia’s citizens about the basic foundations of civil identity. The author concludes that the events of the post-Soviet history could not provide the Russian society with new reasons for unification into a political nation. However, as the sociological data demonstrates, the request for the basis either for the national solidarity or for collective pride is obvious. Such a request forces citizens to look for examples of solidarity in the relatively distant past. First of all, they look for the solidarity’s examples in the Soviet historical heritage. The events of the Soviet history are the key markers of national pride and the basic foundations of the Russia’s civil nation. The re-unification of Russia with Crimea in 2014 coincided with the request of the Russian society to search for the glorious reasons for collective pride. So the author notes that many Russia’s citizens perceive Crimean Peninsula as "a place of memory" (the category that was offered by Pierre Nora). The history of the region, primarily in its interpretation that one could find in the official Russian discourse, is inextricably associated with the history of the Russian state. On the other hand, Crimea by itself symbolizes the Soviet past, and many citizens of Russia conceive its accession as a vague prototype of the return of the USSR. So the mass jubilation over the annexation of Crimea, that one could see in Russia, comes not from the mass revanchist sentiments of citizens, but from their desire to "link" symbolically the Russia’s present with the glorious Soviet past.
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Garrigus, John. "Blue and Brown: Contraband Indigo and the Rise of a Free Colored Planter Class in French Saint-Domingue." Americas 50, no. 2 (October 1993): 233–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007140.
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In 1791 the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue became the site of the only successful slave uprising in the history of the New World. As the French Revolution reshaped the political and social institutions of the mother country, Saint-Domingue's free people of color, led by an indigo planter from the island's southern peninsula, began a campaign for civil reform that helped destabilize colonial slave society. Despite their pivotal role in what would become the Haitian Revolution, relatively little is known about this important population. Widely acknowledged to be the largest and wealthiest group of its kind in the New World, this class comprised a remarkable 47 percent of the colony's free inhabitants in 1788. While elsewhere in the eighteenth-century Caribbean free coloreds tended to be urban based, most of Saint-Domingue's gens de couleur dwelt in the countryside and a number were successful planters. By 1790 members of this class owned enough slaves and plantations that they were said to possess one-third of the colony.
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Ghasemi, Hadi, Phil Cummins, Graeme Weatherill, Chris McKee, Martyn Hazelwood, and Trevor Allen. "Seismotectonic model and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Papua New Guinea." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 15 (October 9, 2020): 6571–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00966-1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Papua New Guinea (PNG) lies in a belt of intense tectonic activity that experiences high levels of seismicity. Although this seismicity poses significant risks to society, the Building Code of PNG and its underpinning seismic loading requirements have not been revised since 1982. This study aims to partially address this gap by updating the seismic zoning map on which the earthquake loading component of the building code is based. We performed a new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for PNG using the OpenQuake software developed by the Global Earthquake Model Foundation (Pagani et al. in Seism Res Lett 85(3):692–702, 2014). Among other enhancements, for the first time together with background sources, individual fault sources are implemented to represent active major and microplate boundaries in the region to better constrain the earthquake-rate and seismic-source models. The seismic-source model also models intraslab, Wadati–Benioff zone seismicity in a more realistic way using a continuous slab volume to constrain the finite ruptures of such events. The results suggest a high level of hazard in the coastal areas of the Huon Peninsula and the New Britain–Bougainville region, and a relatively low level of hazard in the southwestern part of mainland PNG. In comparison with the seismic zonation map in the current design standard, it can be noted that the spatial distribution of seismic hazard used for building design does not match the bedrock hazard distribution of this study. In particular, the high seismic hazard of the Huon Peninsula in the revised assessment is not captured in the current building code of PNG.
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Cassamagnaghi, Silvia. "Foster Parents' Plan: The "invention" of child sponsorship and the launch of its activities in Italy." ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA, no. 299 (October 2022): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/icyearbook2021-oa005.
Full textAbstract:
Foster Parents' Plan (FPP) was established in 1937 to support child victims of the Spanish Civil War. The initial idea came from an English war correspondent who wanted to create "personal ties" between refugee and orphaned children and their benefactors, thus creating one of the very first "child sponsorship" experiments. The "adoptive parents" financially supported the children and maintained contact with them throughout the letter exchange. With the outbreak of the Second World War, FPP extended its aid to children from other countries as well; by the end of the conflict, it was looking after thousands of young Europeans in situations of poverty and hardship. The organisation did not arrive in Italy until 1947, and its first activities were aimed at children who had been admitted to institutions or who had suffered serious physical impairments due to the war. To successfully deal with the most urgent cases and have a direct connection to Italian society, FPP initially sought the support of institutions already active in the peninsula. However, starting from the early 1950s, it began to operate with greater autonomy thanks also to its proven organisational skills.
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Ifendi, Mahfud. "PENDIDIKAN ISLAM RASULULLAH SAW PERIODE MADINAH: STRATEGI, MATERI DAN LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN." Al-Rabwah 15, no. 01 (June 21, 2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55799/jalr.v15i01.71.
Full textAbstract:
What Rasulullah SAW did during the Medina period was a continuous effort from what he had previously taught while still in Mecca. However, all the policies and strategies carried out by the Prophet in Medina are a development and a step forward to form a civil society that is faithful, polite, clever, tolerant, upholds differences, and has extensive knowledge. Through a qualitative descriptive approach, this article describes the strategy, materials and educational institutions of the Prophet in the Medina period through scientific articles and reference books.
Building mosques, resolving conflicts and establishing the state of Medina were the strategies carried out by the Prophet Muhammad in Medina to build a new civilization and power under the banner of Islam. And by being taught some educational material in the form of monotheism, al-Qur'an, economics, social, politics, and brotherhood. And the emergence of several Islamic educational institutions in the form of mosques, suffah and kuttab, have become evidence that what the Prophet Muhammad did was an effort to make humans more civilized and knowledgeable compared to previous times, when Islam had not yet arrived in the Arabian peninsula.