Relevant bibliographies by topics / Civil society – Balkan Peninsula

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Civil society – Balkan Peninsula'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Civil society – Balkan Peninsula"

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Ramadani, Naser. "Arsimi fetar te shqiptarët në shkollat shtetërore të Maqedonisë." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 2 (March 21, 2022): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2015.2.2.41.

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The best way to enhance its conscience for a society is through proper education. Education can be achieved in different ways, however most effective and successful it can be accomplished when being done systematically for instance at schools, universities, institutes etc. Thorough education must include all educative components such as: intellectual, spiritual, moral, civil, physic and esthetic education. Looking at state school curriculums we can easily understand that the fulfillment of all those components leaves a lot to desire. That makes the inclusion of religious education in school curriculums a necessity. The political system of Republic of Macedonia underwent changes in 2010/2011. These changes came after countless applications made by Islamic Community addressed to the Ministry of Education. At that time, “Religious teaching” was incorporated within education curriculums at the state schools as a free choice for pupils. Constitution Court however reversed its decision and the following year this subject was named “Religious Ethics”. The application of religious subject inclusion at school curriculums was based on many surveys with pupils, parents and teachers. These surveys continued years after this subject first became part of school curriculums in order to see its impact and its necessity. Results were staggering in terms of importance of this subject on broader education of pupils. Nevertheless, this subject faces challenges of different nature. Most important of all is the hurdles of incorporating this subject forward by different political and laic circles alike. Another concern is pedagogical and didactic-methodical preparations of teachers who will lecture this subject as well as preparation of text books according to contemporary standards adapter to psycho- physical abilities of pupils. Incorporation of religious education in state schools continues to be an important priority for all Islamic Communities and different institutions throughout Albanian community on Balkan Peninsula.
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Lee, Vincent, Marijan Herak, Davorka Herak, and Mihailo Trifunac. "Uniform hazard spectra in western Balkan Peninsula." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 55 (December 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.08.001.

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Kostovski, Dragan. "Sufism and the Contemporary Macedonian Society." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 20 (July 31, 2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n20p185.

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Macedonian society was traditionally an area where Sufi movements were practicing their religious activities. As a result, it is a specific cultural area that has its influence in creating Sufism as a dominant religion within Ottoman Empire. Minding that historical circumstances, and also considering the area placed at the center of Balkan Peninsula, it has the qualities of multicultural characteristics that originates from centuries back due to the history of the area. In September 2017, a survey was conducted with the main goal of detecting and realizing the possible integrative traits and positive multicultural dimension of Sufism.
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Tosevski, Dusica Lecic, Saveta Draganic Gajic, and Milica Pejovic Milovancevic. "Mental healthcare in Serbia." International Psychiatry 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000941.

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Serbia is located on the Balkan peninsula, which served for centuries as a vulnerable crossroads between the East and the West. At the beginning of the 1990s, some of the republics of the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia, were involved in disastrous civil conflicts. In 2006 Serbia became a sovereign republic. At the 2002 census, its population was 7 498 000.
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Tanovski, Vladimir, Bratislav Matović, Lazar Kesić, and Dejan Stojanović. "A review of the influence of climate change on coniferous forests in the Balkan peninsula." Topola, no. 210 (2022): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/topola2210041t.

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Evidence of climate change and global warming is becoming more visible; it is an ongoing process that is likely to become increasingly influential in the near future, not only at the global level but also at the local and regional levels. The fact that climate change affects the development of all forest communities and forest tree species, accordingly, has resulted in the increasing awareness in society towards this phenomenon. Having this in mind, the main aim of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between climate change and coniferous forests in the Balkan Peninsula, as well as to review the management strategies that may contribute to forest adaptation to climate change, with a special emphasis on the conservation of forest genetic resources. Hence, we have analyzed 202 papers regarding climate change and its effects on coniferous forests in the Balkan region, as well as papers dealing with adaptive forest management and forest genetic resources conservation. We concluded that climate change will likely represent one of the major challenges for coniferous forests on the Balkan peninsula in the future, imposing a need for the application of different management strategies to address these challenges and to facilitate adaptation of forests to the altered environmental conditions.
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Meurs, Wim van. "Adam Fagan, Europe’s Balkan Dilemma. Paths to Civil Society or State- Building?" Comparative Southeast European Studies 61, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2013-610314.

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Orlić, Dejan. "Adam Fagan, Europe’s Balkan Dilemma: Paths to Civil Society or State- Building?" Comparative Southeast European Studies 58, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2010-580313.

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Fotev, Georgy. "Dissent and Civil Society in the Balkans." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 18, no. 1 (2006): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2006181/25.

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The code name "Balkanization" has many aspects, but in all cases it is quite negative. Belated modernization in the region--the transition from traditional to modem society--has been subject to a constellation of contradictory factors externally dependent on the Great Powers' clashing geopolitical interests. Following World War II, this region, except for Greece and Turkey, became part of the Soviet Empire and the communist project. Totalitarian states are in radical opposition to civil society, and this incompatibility is evident even in the comparatively mild case of Tito's Yugoslavia. The implosion of communist totalitarianism represents a unique precondition for post-communist development, especially for the Balkans. One of the main tasks is the building and consolidation of civil societies, which involves surmounting various degrees of ethnic autism, suspicion, and hostility between neighboring countries. Paradoxically, former Yugoslavia of all countries went from implosion of the totalitarian system to an explosion of typical Balkanization. However, this does not apply to other Balkans countries and the reguion as a whole. The opening of Balkan societies to one another, and especially to Europe and the democratic world, is closely linked with the constmction of open societies, a process that is perhaps irreversible.
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Daeyop Cho. "Outlooks on a Civil Society-Initiated Unification of the Korean Peninsula." Korea Journal 51, no. 2 (July 2011): 70–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25024/kj.2011.51.2.70.

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Novikova, Oksana. "Education as a factor of national identity formation in multi-ethnic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina." KANT 36, no. 3 (September 2020): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-36.62.

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The evolution of relations between the state and society is a problem that has both scientific and historical and political relevance. The latter increases during the period of socio-cultural and socio-economic transformations. The territory of the former Yugoslavia at the beginning of the XXI century remains one of the most complex ethnopolitical constructs of the Balkan Peninsula. The global European space is faced in this region with fundamental differences in religious, ethnic and political views on the design of state entities. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, this process is complicated by the very specifics of the country's development: society is divided according to the ethnic, linguistic and religious affiliation of the people living in the country, and political and cultural relations between the main administrative parts are extremely weak.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Civil society – Balkan Peninsula"

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ELBASANI, Arolda. "The impact of EU conditionality upon democratisation : comparing electoral competition and civil service reforms in post-communist Albania." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10435.

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Defence date: 30 November 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Philippe Schmitter (EUI); Prof. Làszlò Bruszt (EUI); Dr. Antoaneta Dimitrova (Leiden University); Prof. Shinasi Rama (New York University)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This dissertation explores how and to what extent EU conditionality can foster democratisation in a highly problematic case such as post-communist Albania. In order to examining the phenomena of democratisation in operational detail, the thesis delves into the sub-systemic level of democratisation focusing on two partial regimes - electoral regime and civil service system. The analysis follows on the rational choice premise that the domestic actors’ strategies of compliance depend on the structure of external incentives i.e. rewards and threats, that appeal to their interest. Our account on the impact of EU conditionality upon democratisation assumes that the likelihood of compliance depends on 1) the size of the rewards attached to conditionality; 2) the size of adoption costs; 3) the clarity of prescriptions and 4) credibility of reinforcement. The first part consists of developing a conceptual framework for assessing and explaining the impact of EU enlargement conditionality over democratisation processes. The second part explores the case of Albanian democratisation and the specific challenge it poses to the working of EU conditionality. The third part analyses the association between EU conditionality and reform seeking to identify whether the fortification of the EU conditionality coincides with a pattern-breaking change in each of the partial regimes of our choice. The thesis concludes that the EU was more successful to foster reforms in the area of electoral competition than public administration and civil service system. The EU seemed to push forward reforms by articulating clear prescriptions regarding the electoral competition; and advancing contractual relations with the country in function of electoral performance.
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CHIODI, Luisa. "Transnational Policies of Emancipation or Colonization? Civil society promotion in post-communist Albania." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7036.

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Defence date: 3 April 2007
Examining board: Prof. Donatella della Porta, EUI/Supervisor ; Prof. Philippe Schmitter, EUI ; Prof. Stefano Bianchini, Università di Bologna ; Prof. Helena Flam, Universität Leipzig
The thesis discusses whether the western aid policy of Civil Society Promotion (CSP) in postcommunist Albania constituted a policy of colonization with its direct penetration of the local public sphere or one of emancipation that pluralized the local and the international public spheres and created opportunities of transnational redistribution. It confronts the academic analysis of CSP with the debates emerged in the Albanian public sphere and looks at the reasons why the three different strands of denunciation of CSP as colonization identified (the problem of control, that of the technocracy and finally at the heuristic value of western categories) do not reflect the reception of the policy in the Albanian public sphere. The dissertation reconstructs the different phases of CSP’s policy making in Albania and discusses why, after the initial welcoming of the policy, its outcomes in terms of growth of local NGOs have been widely considered unsatisfactory. What emerged from my inquiry was that the main criticism towards CSP that was raised in the Albanian public sphere was that its real beneficiaries turned out to be local NGO representatives themselves while society at large did not really benefit from the foreign support in the field due to its standardized way of dealing with the recipient’s context. The thesis discusses the reformulation of the western policy making by local NGOs in connection to the post-communist troubled transformation. It confronts the different critiques to CSP with the efforts done by Albanian NGO to emerge and be recognized as civil society experts, civic innovators, and cultural mediators. The work concludes that CSP faces a circular problem: it requires a functioning local public sphere to be critically appropriated by the recipient public sphere but when it is mostly needed it is unlikely to work.
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Books on the topic "Civil society – Balkan Peninsula"

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Zivilgesellschaft im östlichen und südöstlichen Europa in Geschichte und Gegenwart. München: Oldenbourg, 2011.

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Beyond the Mountains of the Damned: The war inside Kosovo. New York: New York University Press, 2002.

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Todorov, Nikolaĭ. Society, the city and industry in the Balkans, 15th-19th centuries. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain: Ashgate, 1998.

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Norris, H. T. Islam in the Balkans: Religion and society between Europe and the Arab world. Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press, 1993.

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Allin, Dana H. NATO's Balkan interventions. London: Oxford University Press for The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2002.

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Pantev, Plamen. Strengthening of the Balkan civil society, the role of the NGO's in international negotiations. Sofii͡a︡: Institute for security and international studies, 1997.

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Simon, Winchester. The Fracture Zone. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.

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Politics in the semi-periphery: Early parliamentarism and late industrialization in the Balkans and Latin America. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.

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Balkan babel: Politics, culture, and religion in Yugoslavia. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.

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Politics in the semi-periphery: Early parliamentarism and late industrialisation in the Balkans and South America. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Civil society – Balkan Peninsula"

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Župarić-Iljić, Drago, and Marko Valenta. "Opportunistic Humanitarianism and Securitization Discomfort Along the Balkan Corridor: The Croatian Experience." In Refugee Protection and Civil Society in Europe, 129–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92741-1_5.

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Belli, Burak, and Turgay Kerem Koramaz. "Transformation of Urban Space by Smart Technologies." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 82–113. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3856-2.ch005.

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This chapter evaluates the Istanbul Historical Peninsula, which has been the historical, cultural, and financial core of the city, in its quest for becoming smart(er) with reference to the five principles that are put forth by Mitchell, in his 1999 book e-topia. The chapter aims to define the role of ICTs in urban planning and management of Istanbul Historical Peninsula by depicting its fields of use in redesigning the societal, financial, and cultural aspects of urban life in the area. Additionally, the transformative feature of these technologies, used in urban planning, conservation, and heritage management, will be validated whether they serve for a vision and a strategic framework of transitioning the community into an information society.
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Vidačak, Igor. "Challenges of Developing Open Policymaking in the Western Balkans." In Challenges and Barriers to the European Union Expansion to the Balkan Region, 297–313. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9055-3.ch016.

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The level of openness of policymaking has gradually become an important indicator of the progress of public administration reform in countries aspiring for EU membership. Based on lessons learned from previous enlargement rounds, the EU has gradually reformed its pre-accession assistance strategy by putting more emphasis on building capacities of government bodies for implementing more open and inclusive styles of democratic governance. Nevertheless, the countries of the region are still facing substantial challenges in this area. This chapter seeks to identify main factors that affect the quality of openness of Western Balkans' governments with particular emphasis on their ability to ensure adequate access to information, transparent and predictable decision-making, and timely public participation as key components of a wider concept of government openness. It is claimed that the specific design of the EU accession negotiations favours and often legitimizes the dominance of executive while at the same time weakening the position of legislative bodies and civil society actors.
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Leontyeva, Anna A. "The Jewish population of Sofia in the 18th century according to the documents of the kadi’s court." In Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries), 25–34. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.02.

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The Jewish were one of the most numerous ethnic groups among the urban population of the Ottoman Empire’s Balkan provinces, and the Jewish community in Bulgaria is one of the oldest in Europe. In the Ottoman state, the co-existence of different religious representatives as determined by the millet system, which was adopted by the Ottoman Turks from other Muslim states and developed at the initial stage of the Empire's existence. It assumed a certain autonomy for religious communities. The Jewish community had its own religious court, beit-din, with the help of which civil cases were resolved. The Jewish Religious Court forbade representatives of the Jewish community from appealing to the Sharia courts on issues within its competence. However, if the parties to a legal dispute were a zimmi (i.e. non-Muslims) and a Muslim, then the dispute should have been unconditionally considered in a Sharia court with the application of the norms of Islamic law. An analysis of the kadi court’s documents related to the cases of representatives of other confessions makes it possible to draw some conclusions about their occupations and the degree of integration into the urban society of Sofia. So, we can refute the thesis about the semi-autonomous existence of Jewish quarters in Balkan cities – we can talk about the erosion of the ethnic isolation of the places of residence of Jews in Sofia, and their active settlement, first of all, traditionally Christian quarters. An analysis of the source allows us to conclude that Jews actively interacted with representatives of other religions, participating in transactions for the sale of property with Muslims, while often it was not so much about the sale of residential buildings but about investing capital. A large number of shop sales deals testifies to the fact that members of the Jewish community had an active business life.
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Duic, Dunja. "Effects of a Soft Law: An Overview of the Implementation of the UNSCR 1325 in the EU and the Western Balkans." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - E: Human and Societal Dynamics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nhsdp210047.

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As the variegation of soft law increases, so we witness a growing number of soft law instruments – resolutions, guidelines, recommendations and the like – being adopted and implemented. The idea behind soft law is to assist governance through flexible problem solving, considering that soft law instruments produce legal and practical effects that are beyond judicial control. These pages focus on the effects of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (SCR 1325) that is considered a UN soft law instrument given that it was not adopted under the Security Council’s Chapter VII mandate and the Security Council has no enforcement power thereover. In a narrower sense, this paper examines the implementation of Resolution 1325 in the EU and select Western Balkan countries. Specifically, the paper offers a contrasting of the particular National Action Plans for its implementation in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the EU’s Strategic Approach to the EU implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 on women, peace and security. The comparison of objectives, fundamental terms and civil society involvement will serve as a platform for drawing conclusions on the relevance and the effects of Resolution 1325 in the said countries and the EU.
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Greble, Emily. "“Back to Islam!”." In Muslims and the Making of Modern Europe, 213–30. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538807.003.0009.

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In April 1941, the Axis powers attacked, occupied, and dismembered Yugoslavia. A multi-sided civil conflict broke out within the international war. Balkan Muslims fought on many different sides: as Ustashas, members of the Croatian army (domobrani), two different Waffen SS units, the Wehrmacht, and various Italian divisions; they also fought against the Axis as members of communist resistance armies (Partisans), national resistance armies (Chetniks and Ballists), and different Muslim militias and bandit groups. Muslims were both perpetrators and victims in regional campaigns of mass violence and genocide. This chapter traces Muslim responses to these complex wartime dynamics. It reveals how some Muslims hoped that Hitler’s New European order would undo decades of European policy that had subverted Islamic legal autonomy and Muslims’ confessional rights under the guise of bureaucratic and legal reform. Armed with languages of political Islam and the tools of revivalist mass movements, some Muslims fought to enshrine Islamic law in domestic codes and use wartime conditions to re-Islamicize society. Other Muslims became attracted to promises of brotherhood and liberation espoused by socialist resistance movements, seeing socialism as the best path forward for Muslim equality in Europe. The war created both hardship and opportunity.
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Conference papers on the topic "Civil society – Balkan Peninsula"

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Alcik, H., G. Tanircan, A. Korkmaz, O. Cirag, and E. Ozdemir. "Strong Motion Network in the Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey." In 8th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201414138.

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Chapanov, Ya, M. Atanasova, and N. Nikolova. "Solar Influence on Decadal Climate Cycles over Balkan Peninsula." In 8th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201414194.

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Levashov, S., N. Yakymchuk, I. Korchagin, V. Solovyov, and Yu Pyschaniy. "Geoelectric Investigations Of Crustal Inhomogeneities At The Antarctic Peninsula Area." In 4th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.26.p8-01.

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Altan, Z., N. Ocakoglu, D. Dusunur-Dogan, and D. Yagcı. "The Investigation of Geothermal Potential of Gülbahçe Bay(Karaburun Peninsula) by Single Channel Seismic Reflection Dat." In 7th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131735.

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Dragomirov, D., L. Dimova, and R. Raykova. "Parameters Related to Earthquake-early-warning System for Some Seismically Active Areas in the Balkan Peninsula Region." In 11th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202149bgs67.

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Guri, S., and M. Guri. "The Geological-Geophysical Interpretation of the Albania Onshore Quaternary Loose Deposits on the Benefit of Civil Constructions." In 5th Congress of Balkan Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.126.6281.

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Levashov, S. P., N. A. Yakymchuk, I. N. Korchagin, and Yu M. Pyschaniy. "Express-Technology Of Geoelectric And Seismic-Acoustic Investigations In Ecology, Geophysics And Civil Engineering." In 4th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.26.p7-03.

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Saragiotis, C., R. LeBras, P. Mialle, and P. Nielsen. "Civil and scientific applications using data from the International Monitoring System of the CTBTO." In 10th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902669.

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Zyrichidou, I., M. E. Koukouli, D. S. Balis, E. Katragkou, A. Poupkou, I. Kioutsioukis, K. Markakis, et al. "Comparison of Satellite NO[sub 2] Observations with High Resolution Model Simulations over the Balkan Peninsula." In ORGANIZED BY THE HELLENIC PHYSICAL SOCIETY WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS OF GREEK UNIVERSITIES: 7th International Conference of the Balkan Physical Union. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3322525.

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Khropov, A. "EARLY STAGES OF TOPOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE TERRITORIES OF CRIMEA AND THE BLACK SEA COAST OF THE CAUCASUS (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)." In Man and Nature: Priorities of Modern Research in the Area of Interaction of Nature and Society. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2610.s-n_history_2021_44/240-247.

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Proper topographic study of Crimea started not earlier than in the late 18th century when, after the incorporation of the peninsula into the Russian Empire, first rather detailed maps of this area were compiled by both military and civil agencies. Crucial breakthrough in topographic knowledge on Crimea occured from 1886 to 1911 as a result of its 1:21 000 survey representing relief features with contours. In comparison with other northern Black Sea regions, topographic studies of today’s Krasnodar Krai coastal areas started significantly later. The first review topographic maps of the area were compiled in the 1830s, but their quality remained unsatisfactory for a long time because of survey difficulties in the mountains and under conditions of the Caucasian War 1817–1864. «Map of the Caucasus with adjacent parts of Turkey and Persia» on 58 sheets at a scale of 1:210 000 definitely belongs to distinguished fundamental cartographical works of the 19th–20th centuries. Its compilation began in 1866 and continued over several decades. Its revised sheets continue to be issued up to 1941. In the Caucasus, the period of instrumental surveys representing relief features with contours started in the 1880s. These surveys were performed at a scale of 1:42 000.
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Reports on the topic "Civil society – Balkan Peninsula"

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Haider, Huma. Scalability of Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Interventions: Moving Toward Wider Socio-political Change. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.080.

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Literature focusing on the aftermath of conflict in the Western Balkans, notes that many people remain focused on stereotypes and prejudices between different ethnic groups stoking fear of a return to conflict. This rapid review examines evidence focussing on various interventions that seek to promote inter-group relations that are greatly elusive in the political realm in the Western Balkan. Socio-political change requires a growing critical mass that sees the merit in progressive and conciliatory ethnic politics and is capable of side-lining divisive ethno-nationalist forces. This review provides an evidence synthesis of pathways through which micro-level, civil-society-based interventions can produce ‘ripple effects’ in society and scale up to affect larger geographic areas and macro-level socio-political outcomes. These interventions help in the provision of alternative platforms for dealing with divisive nationalism in post-conflict societies. There is need to ensure that the different players participating in reconciliation activities are able to scale up and attain broader reach to ensure efficacy and hence enabling them to become ‘multiplier of peace.’ One such way is by providing tools for activism. The involvement of key people and institutions, who are respected and play an important role in the everyday life of communities and participants is an important factor in the design and success of reconciliation initiatives. These include the youth, objective media, and journalists. The transformation of conflict identities through reconciliation-related activities is theorised as leading to the creation of peace constituencies that support non-violent approaches to conflict resolution and sustainable peace The success of reconciliation interventions largely depends on whether it contributes to redefining otherwise antagonistic identities and hostile relationships within a community or society.
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