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Journal articles on the topic 'Civil service reform – Albania'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Poni, Merita. "Social Policy Reform in Albania Stuck in Transition." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 67, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2022-0004.

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Abstract This article provides an analysis of social policy regarding social protection of vulnerable groups in Albania, by screening whether the welfare state has responded to the varying needs of socially excluded citizens. The scope is to explore how the consecutive reforms of social policy have addressed the social effects of poverty and social exclusion. The analysis delves into the welfare policy official documents to discover how the vulnerable groups needs are addressed and what is the impact of policymakers, service providers, and service users on social policy shape. Social policy reforms developed after the totalitarian regime and have promoted familialism and gender regime, which have reinforced gender stereotypes of women as primary caregivers and have denied them equal access and full participation in the free labour market. During the transition period, the reforms faced conceptual barriers delaying their application. The minimalist approach of social policy offered insufficient protection to vulnerable citizens from the adversities of life. Social care services for children, elderly and people with disabilities suffer from a persistent lack of funding. The social welfare is offered through few social services provided from civil society. Due to the lack of social care services, the users of the welfare state lack the substantial means for inclusion. The welfare state policies need a reformation to offer decent economic aid and social care services.

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2

Ibrahimi, Behije, and Alba Dumi. "ECONOMICAL REFORMS IN ALBANIA, WITH EU RECCOMENDATION." Knowledge International Journal 31, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3101157i.

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The efficient use of human resources in the public administration, is an important element of the reforms expressed in the concept of “ performance” which means that the administration must go under a system of evaluation of the performance and the reforms do affect the factors that are related to the employees performance. The enforcement of the performance of the government, the improvement of the product, the quality, efficiency and effectively of the public organs, and their programmers, it’s important for us all, as having public services but also as tax p “ Whole”, 1989. It’s important to ensure some terms of the performance evaluation in the context of the reform.Albania is moderately prepared in the reform of its public administration. Efforts continued, resulting in some progress in the efficiency and transparency of public services delivery, training of civil servants, more transparent recruitment procedures, and the overall strengthening of merit-based civil service procedures. Consolidation of these achievements should advance further, to ensure a more efficient, depoliticized, and professional public administration. Albania's judicial system has some level of preparation.The implementation of comprehensive and thorough justice reform has continued, resulting in good progress overall. The reevaluation of all judges and prosecutors (vetting process) has started and is delivering first tangible results. This process has cross-party support, is carried out by an independent authority, is subject to international monitoring and its compatibility with the European Convention on Human Rights has been confirmed by the Venice Commission. Under the aegis of the European Commission, an International Monitoring Operation has been deployed to oversee the process throughout its implementation. Source: 2018 Report on Albania, Brussels 2018

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3

Kume, Andon, and Olta Qejvani. "PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RECRUITMENT IN ALBANIA IN THE VIEW OF EU STANDARDS." Revue Européenne du Droit Social 53, no. 4 (September 12, 2021): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53373/reds.2021.53.4.037.

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European integration is a very important process in Albania being accompanied with many requests that asks for implementing the right answers. One of these requests, in order to reach out the European values, is the fair recruitment in public administration Even though, the profile of employees in public administration is strongly related to the inside power of government and national framework, the public administration performance as a whole is a key dimension of being dressed with EU standards. The public administration reform, which started in 2013 is still a prolong process, which keeps improving also the recruitment in public administration. Basically, the most crucial changes are referred to civil service system. This paper aims to: analyze some issues of the approximation level of Albanian legislation towards recruitment according to EU standards; presenting some alternatives on how this process can be improved by strengthening institutional cooperation; giving some practical issues for recruitment in local governance, too.

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4

Dragusha, Dr Sc Blerta, and Dr Sc Elez Osmani. "The effects of fiscal decentralization in Albania." ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i1.160.

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“Basically decentralization is a democratic reform which seeks to transfer the political, administrative, financial and planning authority from central to local government. It seeks to develop civic participation, empowerment of local people in decision making process and to promote accountability and reliability: To achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the collection and management of resources and service delivery”1The interest and curiosity of knowing how our country is doing in this process, still unfinished, served as a motivation forme to treat this topic: fiscal decentralization as a process of giving 'power' to local governments, not only in terms of rights deriving from this process but also on the responsibilities that come with it.Which are the stages before and after decentralization, and how has it affected the process in several key indicators? Is decentralization a good process only, or can any of its effects be seen as an disadvantage?

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5

Civici, Andi, and Klodjan Skenderaj. "Criminal Prosecution (Punishment), a Cause for Terminating Employment Relationships in the Civil Service, under Albanian Legislation." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2019-0038.

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Abstract The regulation of legal relations in the civil service has undergone a radical reform in recent years. Legislative acts regulating the working relationships of civil servants and strict rules regarding the purity and integrity of the civil servant figure have been adopted, the lack of which results in the interruption of relations in the civil service. In 2015, the law on the integrity of persons elected, appointed or exercising public functions entered into force, the purpose of which is to guarantee public confidence in the functioning of the institutions, by preventing the election or appointment, or leaving the public function of such persons who have been convicted or to whom security measures have been taken or have been convicted by a non-final decision for committing crimes under this law. Based on the provisions of this law and the provisions of the law on the status of a civil servant, when public institutions find that a person is convicted, or to whom a security measure is taken, decides to terminate relations in the civil service. This paper will analyze the cases of termination of employment relations in the civil service due to criminal punishment, the types of criminal punishment which constitute a cause for dismissal, the application of conditions and criteria and the way public institutions interpret the legal acts in force, with the aim of addressing the problems of law enforcement in practice and giving concrete recommendations on issues to be ascertained.

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6

Gossett, Charles W. "Civil Service Reform." Review of Public Personnel Administration 22, no. 2 (June 2002): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x0202200202.

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7

Battaglio, R. Paul, and Stephen E. Condrey. "Civil Service Reform." Review of Public Personnel Administration 26, no. 2 (June 2006): 118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x06287200.

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8

Ujhelyi, Gergely. "Civil service reform." Journal of Public Economics 118 (October 2014): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.06.009.

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9

Parapatits, Felicitas. "Albania: Reform of Consumer Protection Law." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 1 (February 1, 2010): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010009.

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Abstract: The Republic of Albania ranks as a potential candidate country of the European Union. In order to become a candidate country, Albania agreed to ensure that its existing laws and future legislation shall be gradually made compatible with the acquis communautaire. In 2008, the Albanian legislator made an attempt to fulfil this obligation in the field of consumer law replacing the old Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 2003 by the new CPA 2008, which aims at a full implementation of the European directives on consumer protection law. The CPA 2008 constitutes a great improvement to the legal situation in Albania and marks an important step towards European Union accession. Nevertheless, the CPA 2008 did not implement all the directives to a full extent. Moreover, the relationship between the specific provisions on consumer protection in the CPA 2008 and the more general provisions on contract law in the Albanian Civil Code is not clear. This article first provides an outline of the past developments and recent regulations on consumer protection law in Albania and then illustrates the need of further harmonization between the CPA and the Albanian Civil Code. Résumé: L’Albanie est un potentiel pays candidat à l’Union européenne. Afin de devenir un pays candidat, l’Albanie a accepté de rendre sa législation, présente et future, compatible avec l’acquis communautaire. En 2008, le législateur albanais tenta de remplir cette obligation en matière de protection des consommateurs, en remplaçant l’ancienne loi sur la protection des consommateurs (datant de 2003) par une nouvelle législation visant à transposer complètement les directives européennes sur la protection des consommateurs. La loi sur la protection des consommateurs de 2008 est un pas important en direction d’une adhésion à l’Union européenne. Néanmoins, elle n’a pas transposé l’ensemble des directives dans toute leur étendue. Cet article donne dans un premier temps un aperçu des développements passés et des réglementations récentes en matière de protection des consommateurs en Albanie. Il démontre ensuite le besoin d’une plus grande harmonisation entre la loi sur la protection des consommateurs de 2008 et le Code civil albanais.

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10

Bowman, James S., and Jonathan P. West. "Civil Service Reform Today." Review of Public Personnel Administration 26, no. 2 (June 2006): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x06287872.

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11

Nam Koong, Keun. "Civil Service Reform in Participatory Government: Civil Service System in Transition." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 22, no. 1 (August 31, 2007): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps22102.

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This paper analyzes the recent reform initiatives of the civil service system in Korea. The modern civil service system was founded during the Park Jung-Hee Administration. The major characteristics of the system can be summarized as a merit-based, rank-oriented, closed career, and centralized managemetn system. The Korean civil service system was instrumental during the period of government-led growth. However, the 1997 financial crisis and the ensuring economic recession instigated the Korean government reform program, including civil service reform. As the package of civil service reform policies has been formulated and implemented during the Kim Dae-Jung and Roh Moo-Hyun administrations, the Korean civil service system is experiencing a paradigm shift from a rank-oriented, closed career, seniority-based, and centralized management system to a job-oriented, open-career, performance-based, and decentralized system. This article outlines three factors explaining the transformation. For Korean civil service reform to be successful, implementation is required for a certain period of time. The article discusses several tasks that are necessary for fully achieving the reform goals of the participatory government.

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12

Burns, John P. "Civil Service Reform in China." OECD Journal on Budgeting 7, no. 1 (May 22, 2007): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/budget-v7-art3-en.

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13

Massey, Andrew. "Civil Service reform and accountability." Public Policy and Administration 10, no. 1 (March 1995): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095207679501000103.

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14

Rao, V. Bhaskara, and P. Narasimha Rao. "Civil Service Reform in India." Indian Journal of Public Administration 53, no. 3 (July 2007): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120070314.

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15

McGill, Ronald. "Civil service reform in Tanzania." International Journal of Public Sector Management 12, no. 5 (September 1999): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513559910300163.

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16

Bogdanor, Vernon. "Civil Service Reform: A Critique." Political Quarterly 72, no. 3 (July 2001): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.00388.

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17

Nigro, Lloyd G., and J. Edward Kellough. "Civil Service Reform in Georgia." Review of Public Personnel Administration 20, no. 4 (October 2000): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x0002000405.

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18

Sims, Ronald R. "Civil Service Reform in Action." Review of Public Personnel Administration 29, no. 4 (June 24, 2009): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x09338507.

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19

Jing, Yijia, and Qianwei Zhu. "Civil Service Reform in China." Review of Public Personnel Administration 32, no. 2 (March 28, 2012): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x12438243.

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20

Burns, John P. "Civil service reform in China." Asian Journal of Political Science 2, no. 2 (December 1994): 44–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02185379408434044.

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21

SHIMADA-Logie, Hiroko. "The Japanese Civil Service." Halduskultuur 21, no. 2 (December 24, 2021): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32994/hk.v21i2.278.

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This essay, based on a public lecture, deals with the last Civil Service (CS) Reform in Japan, which had been attempted since the 1990s and was completed in 2014. Bureaucrats enjoyed a “summer” where they actively were engaged in policy-making. But a series of policy failures and scandals revealed in the 1990s were attributed to their excessive autonomy, and centralized personnel control by the prime minister was introduced. However, discourse analysis of the Diet (Parliament) during the period of Reform indicates that there was neither a shared understanding of the meaning of CS impartiality, nor of the values to be borne by the CS. The driving force of the Reform was mainly people’s fury. It therefore resulted in relegating bureaucrats to being “lackeys” of the prime minister, ignoring their self-respect. This has given rise to various undesirable consequences. Will the CS see another “spring” in Japan?

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22

Guga, Elona. "Local government modernization in Albania." International Journal of Public Sector Management 31, no. 4 (May 14, 2018): 466–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-01-2017-0018.

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Purpose An attempt will be made to shed light on the course and pattern of the decentralization process by analyzing the historical development of local government and the territorial-administrative reform of 2015-2020 in Albania and the factors that have been shaping it. The scope is to understand the impact of the reform elements on the subnational governments and in general their overall impact on the government. The purpose of this paper is to fill the gap in the existing literature for Albania and at offering some insights on the administrative-territorial reform. Furthermore, it will contribute to the current debate on fiscal decentralization in South Eastern European (SEE) countries and the public management model implemented after the last reforms. Design/methodology/approach The first section analyzes the historical development of local government reforms from the 1990s to today and will help to identify if there is instrumentalism advocacy. The second section explains the determinants of the local government’s fiscal autonomy in Albania of the period from 2003 to 2016. Three indicators are used as proxies for fiscal decentralization: the proportion of subnational expenditure over national expenditure, of total subnational revenues over total revenues of central government and the indicator of own subnational revenues over total revenues of the central government. The data from the budget and the revised budgets are then compared. Findings Despite Albania’s commitment to decentralize its government functions, there is still work to do. The territorial and administrative reform has not generated the expected results. Almost 90 percent of the revenues still come from the central government’s unconditional transfers. Therefore, the Albanian Government should build capacities and skills, and train the employees of each level of government that currently benefit from international assistance. Research limitations/implications The analysis represents a single case study on the territorial-administrative reform in Albania. Its implementation started in 2015 and it is probably too early to discuss outcomes. However, it might be useful to analyze the first results after a two-and-a-half-year period of implementation of reforms. Despite contributing to the existing gap in the literature, additional research will be necessary to better understand the decentralization process not only in Albania, but in all SEE countries. Practical implications It is necessary to first understand the lack of initial output, as well as the various challenges faced, in order to take the corrective measures on time. Originality/value This paper discusses in detail the reform adopted and the progress made by the Albanian local government units. The reform attempts to develop better relationships between the central and local governments and hence improve their service delivery, transparency and accountability. This paper is the first one that is attempting to analyze the initial output of the territorial-administrative reform of 2015-2020.

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23

Peters, B. Guy, and Donald J. Savoie. "Civil Service Reform: Misdiagnosing the Patient." Public Administration Review 54, no. 5 (September 1994): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/976426.

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24

Smith, James. "Civil Service Reform: a Scottish Perspective." Scottish Affairs 20 (First Serie, no. 1 (August 1997): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.1997.0036.

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25

Grünberg, Nis. "Wang Xiaoqi, China's Civil Service Reform." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 31, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v31i2.4336.

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26

Burns, John P. "Civil Service Reform in Contemporary China." Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 18 (July 1987): 47–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2158583.

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27

Shihata, Ibrahim F. I. "Civil Service Reform in Developing Countries." Indian Journal of Public Administration 44, no. 3 (July 1998): 732–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119980346.

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28

McGill, Ronald. "Civil service reform in developing countries." International Journal of Public Sector Management 10, no. 4 (July 1997): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513559710180529.

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29

Liou, Kuotsai Tom, Lan Xue, and Keyong Dong. "China’s Administration and Civil Service Reform." Review of Public Personnel Administration 32, no. 2 (April 2012): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x12438241.

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30

Wu, Alfred M. "Book review: China’s Civil Service Reform." China Information 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x12472012b.

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31

LEWIS, LEIGH. "Civil Service Reform-Trust on Trial." Political Quarterly 85, no. 1 (January 2014): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923x.2014.12065.x.

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32

Ngeow, Chow Bing. "Xiaoqi Wang, China’s Civil Service Reform." Journal of Chinese Political Science 20, no. 3 (August 21, 2015): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11366-015-9368-9.

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33

McCourt, Willy. "Political Commitment to Reform: Civil Service Reform in Swaziland." World Development 31, no. 6 (June 2003): 1015–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(03)00044-5.

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34

Karini, Artan. "Aid-Supported Public Service Reform and Capacity Development in Post-Communist Albania." International Journal of Public Administration 36, no. 7 (June 2013): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2013.772634.

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35

Nugraha, Boya, Klejda Tani, and Christoph Gutenbrunner. "Rehabilitation Service Assessment and Workforce Capacity Building in Albania—A Civil Society Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 7300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197300.

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Background: Rehabilitation is an important health strategy. Due to the lack of rehabilitation professionals (e.g., no physical and rehabilitation medicine, occupational therapist, and others) and lack of rehabilitation services (e.g., no multi-profession rehabilitation services in hospital, no post-acute rehabilitation services, no community-based rehabilitation services), the need to strengthen rehabilitation in Albania was pronounced. Therefore, this project aimed at rehabilitation service assessment and workforce capacity building in Albania. Methods: The World Health Organization’s Template for Rehabilitation Information Collection was used to collect available data related to rehabilitation services. Additionally, two site visits to different rehabilitation centers including interviews with relevant stakeholders were performed. A stakeholders’ workshop to prioritize recommendations was also performed before finalizing the report. Results: In Albania, rehabilitation service delivery, rehabilitation workforces, and financing in rehabilitation need to be strengthened. Conclusions: The project achieved the intended objectives. Additionally progress has been occurring in the development and implementation of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine specialization at the University of Medicine, Tirana.

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36

Liou, Koutsai Tom. "Issues and Lessons of Chinese Civil Service Reform." Public Personnel Management 26, no. 4 (December 1997): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609702600407.

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This study examines the experience of China's civil service reform during its economic development years. The study focuses on major issues that are related to the reform, including: the reform background and motives, the reform process, reform characteristics and major challenges. Based on the analysis of the Chinese reform experience, the study further discusses some lessons that may contribute to the knowledge of civil service reform.

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37

Gusarov, Serhii. "Certain Aspects of State Service Reform." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 27, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.27(1).2020.14-25.

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The study of the issues of civil service reform in Ukraine in the current conditions of development of Ukrainian society and the state is an extremely relevant subject and requires appropriate research. The author aims to analyse the most resonant reform measures in the civil service, which were recently initiated by the government and received mixed reviews, in particular, the announced redundancy in the staff of civil servants and the introduction of a contract form of civil service, as well as to offer scientifically sound proposals for improvement of appropriate measures. In the work with the use of general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge (dialectical, Aristotelian, comparative law, system analysis) the legal bases and scientific sources on redundancy of staff and contractual form of employment are considered; the provisions of the national labor legislation were compared with the provisions of the national legislation on the civil service, which provide for the rules of staffing cuts among civil servants, including guarantees of their rights upon dismissal on appropriate grounds; the provisions of the national legislation concerning the rules of application of contracts upon appointing civil servants are investigated. The conclusion is made: 1) on the need for appropriate revision of the Law of Ukraine "On Civil Service"; 2) on the expediency of creating new productive jobs in various sectors of the national economy, where redundant civil servants will be sent after retraining; 3) that any reforms of society and public administration must be carried out subsequent to an in-depth study of public opinion, analysis of possible negative consequences, development and implementation of compensatory mechanisms. It is emphasized that it is mandatory to involve scientists, experts-practitioners, employers, and representatives of public, in particular trade unions, in the process of developing reforms in civil service.

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38

Thomas, Peter. "Building transformative capability through civil service reform." Administration 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2020-0025.

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Abstract This article explores the importance of capability building to the success of public service reforms. It draws on the neglected literature on capability to explore how capability is a product (or not) of the interaction between the skills, experience and methods of an individual – and the culture, structures, processes of the organisation they work in. The analysis identifies four key features of successful capability-building reforms in the UK, which are also found in the early successes of the Goal Programme for Public Service Reform and Innovation: an iterative and permissive approach to project identification and scoping; projects on high-priority, cross-cutting outcomes that demand new ways of working; projects that are connected with conducive elements of the organisational and leadership context; projects that are designed to create or adapt ‘enabling routines’ which civil servants ‘learn by doing’. Such reforms have acted as capability factories. And as the early adopters of new routines rise through the organisation and take on new roles, they become advocates and teachers of the routines and practice they have acquired. This is how organisations learn and build the capability they need to succeed.

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39

Khurshid, Anjum. "Public Policy, Training, and Civil Service Reform." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (December 1, 2006): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.1227-1239.

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There are very few countries of the world that are satisfied with their public bureaucracies and civil service systems. Civil service reform is being discussed in Africa, Latin America, Europe and North America [Ingraham (1996)].1 There are some that are trying to develop a career civil service and others that are fixing the problems of having a career civil service. There are some that are dealing with legacies of past colonial civil service systems while others that are struggling with identifying the role of civil service in a changing political environment. Whatever the case may be, civil service reforms are a topic of interest around the world. Each nation of the world is faced with the challenge of adjusting its domestic and international policies rather rapidly in response to forces of globalisation and technological change [Skogstad (2000) and Farazmand (1999)].2,3 The role of the civil service in economic development, governance, and public service is vital irrespective of the institutional and structural differences across countries. It is not surprising to see in the table below the number of civil service reform programmes funded by the World Bank in different parts of the world. The number of such programmes has significantly increased from 1980 to 2001.

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40

Villanueva, A. B., Robert Maranto, and David Schultz. "American Civil Service Reform in Historical Perspective." Public Administration Review 53, no. 3 (May 1993): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3110142.

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41

Bowman, James S., Marc G. Gertz, Sally C. Gertz, and Russell L. Williams. "Civil Service Reform in Florida State Government." Review of Public Personnel Administration 23, no. 4 (December 2003): 286–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x03256861.

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42

Beecher, Donna D. "The Next Wave of Civil Service Reform." Public Personnel Management 32, no. 4 (December 2003): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600303200401.

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43

Battaglio, R. Paul. "Assessing the State of Civil Service Reform." Public Administration Review 67, no. 3 (May 2007): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00741_6.x.

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44

Langseth, Petter. "Civil service reform in Uganda: Lessons learned." Public Administration and Development 15, no. 4 (1995): 365–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230150403.

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45

Pesti, Cerlin, and Tiina Randma-Liiv. "Towards a Managerial Public Service Bargain: The Estonian Civil Service Reform." NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nispa-2018-0006.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to explore and explain the 2012 civil service reform in Estonia. The study builds on the concept of public service bargain, which facilitates the operationalization of changes in the civil service system. Although public service bargain has attracted a lot of interest of public administration scholars, it has not been previously applied in the civil service research in Central and Eastern Europe. The theoretical part synthesizes previous literature on typologies of public service bargain, thus elaborating an analytical framework for the empirical study. The empirical study addresses the following research question: did the civil service reform change the public service bargain in Estonia and if so, how ? The empirical research was carried out by relying on desk research, secondary literature on Estonian administrative reforms and participant observation. The study builds partly on the materials collected for the EUPACK case study on Estonia. The analysis shows that the civil service reform brought along changes in all three components of public service bargain: reward, competency and loyalty, although the agency-type bargain was retained. The shift towards the managerial public service bargain is evidenced in the greater emphasis on flexibility in employment relations, the use of fixed-term contracts, increased private-sector-style practices at all levels of the civil service, an emphasis on performance management, and the reduction of job security. Despite the widespread criticism of NPM, the Estonian civil service reform presents a “textbook case” of managerial NPM-oriented reform. It is argued that substantially diminished rewards may contribute to a vicious circle of temporary civil servants, including problems with recruiting new officials and a further increase in their turnover, ultimately leading to a “temporary state”. The loyalty of civil servants may in turn shift towards instrumental, short-term and easily influenced or changing loyalty, thus challenging the fundamental values of democratic governance.

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Burns, John P., and Wang Xiaoqi. "Civil Service Reform in China: Impacts on Civil Servants' Behaviour." China Quarterly 201 (March 2010): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100999107x.

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AbstractChina's civil service reforms sought to improve the performance of civil servants by introducing more competitive selection processes, incentives to reward performance, and tightened monitoring and supervision. The impact of the reforms was undermined by clashes with other policies being implemented at the time and by a failure to address elements of organization culture that have rewarded various forms of illegal behaviour, such as corruption. Empirical material for our study is drawn from government data and the experience of civil service reform in three Chinese urban areas (Beijing's Haidian district, Changchun and Ningbo) since the 1990s.

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Aufrecht, Steven E., and Li Siu Bun. "Reform with Chinese Characteristics: The Context of Chinese Civil Service Reform." Public Administration Review 55, no. 2 (March 1995): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/977183.

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GREENAWAY, JOHN R. "PARLIAMENTARY REFORM AND CIVIL SERVICE REFORM: A NINETEENTH-CENTURY DEBATE REASSESSED." Parliamentary History 4, no. 1 (March 17, 2008): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-0206.1985.tb00655.x.

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Vuksanlekaj, Kozeta. "The reality confronting the merit principle in the Albanian civil service: a historical comparison going back to the roots." SEER 22, no. 2 (2019): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2019-2-253.

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There have been many studies that have investigated the history of the meritocratic competitive testing of public officials, with historians of and researchers in administrative science concluding that China was the first country to apply the principle of merit in selecting public officials through open competition. The novelty of the approach set out in this article is to analyse historic facts through the eye of an employee who has significant experience in the public administration of Albania. There have been attempts to introduce the merit principle in Albania, but these have encountered significant difficulties due to the communist traditions of the country and the problems of its 28-year transition to democracy. In exploring the origin story developing in a faraway eastern country, the questions arise as to why China was the first country in the world to apply the principle of merit in selecting public officials and what lessons this has for Albania today. By combining historical and analytical method, analysing the history of meritocratic competitive testing, this article aims to serve the development of public administration in Albania.

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Latifi, Juliana. "THE RELATION BETWEEN COMPETITION AND HIGHER EDUCATION. LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF AN ALBANIAN CASE." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 44, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/12.44.43.

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At present, Albania faces a reality in which education as a public interest is provided by both public as well as private institutions. The liberalisation of access in higher education has resulted in public and/or private institutions which provide the same service – education, compete with each other in trying to attract the same customer – the student. Competition is considered as a key instrument that has produced a diversity/variety of higher education institutions and with more choices to the student. This research is aimed at analysing the relation existing between competition and higher education as well as its impact on higher education in Albania. In this analysis we have addressed four important issues: 1. Liberalisation of higher education and the impact of competition 2. Competition law in education 3. The mechanism of free competition - the market of students 4. Using competition to promote reform in higher education This study is based on the interpretation of the domestic legislation, analysis of policy documents and articles, as well as interviews with 10 key persons and 20 students. This research helps understanding the role competition plays in the higher education sector, which has resulted in a tangible reform being undertaken by the public and private HEI themselves. This reform is based on the adaptation of competition rules with the purpose of achieving provision of a qualitative service – standards based education. Key words: competition law, higher education, quality, reform, student.

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