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Journal articles on the topic 'Civil rights – Italy – History'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Gambaro, Antonio. "Abuse of rights in civil law tradition." European Review of Private Law 3, Issue 4 (December 1, 1995): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl1995042.

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Abstract. The doctrine of abuse of rights has a long history but little future. The jurists who developed the jus commune could draw on Roman sources to support the principle that the exercise of one’s rights could not be relied on to justify intentional harm to another. In mediaeval times this principle was mainly used to prevent unsuitable use of building rights and assist in town planning. The requirement of intention was diluted by reference to numerous presumptions. The Napoleonic code avoided the need to rely on the doctrine by including certain zoning and town criteria within the code, but it was called upon later in the nineteenth century as a way of dealing with conflicting interests in the way land was used and the activities allowed on the land. This use of the doctrine was in turn rendered otiose when the tort provisions of the civil code began to be interpreted in an extensive manner which allowed conflicting interests to be weighed in determining the existence of fault liability. The doctrine of abuse of rights has thereafter played only a restricted role in the French legal system. It has been codified in relation to abuse of procedural rights within the justice system. The experience of other legal systems is similar. Although the principle prohibiting the abuse of rights was codified in Switzerland, Germany and Italy, these provisions have only rarely been relied on in practice. The need to prove intention is too onerous. Other provisions of the codes, such as the requirement of good faith in §242 BGB have enabled an equitable result to be achieved without resort to the doctrine of abuse of rights. It has also been subsumed within traditional principles such as venire contra factum proprium and unconscionability. Indeed the abuse of right theory is too rigid to provide an adequate resolution of the underlying problem: the balancing of conflicting interests. More flexible approaches have rendered the doctrine largely superfluous.

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2

Votta, Mariano, and Maira Cardillo. "The National Recovery & Resilience Plans According to Citizens’ Perspective: will the EU regain its Leadership in Health? From the Italian Case History to the XVI European Patients’ Rights Day." Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 5, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/074.

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Healthcare, well-being, and a healthy lifestyle are vital for all of us. In this regard, the engagement of European citizens is key to improve the health system and it is necessary to provide a leading role to the people, the communities, intermediate bodies such as Patients' Advocacy Groups (PAGs), citizens organizations involved in healthcare issues and, more generally, to all actors that promote health as a common good. European institutions struggle to translate into concrete actions the many times highlighted principle relating to the involvement of actors of the civil society and PAGs in the management of health issues. The need to close the gap between the principles affirmed and the real involvement is even more serious when discussing about the management of serious cross-border threats to health. In line with its standing point, the civic organization Cittadinanzattiva [1], being deeply involved in health issues that promote civic participation in the policy-making activities both at the national level in Italy and, through its EU branch Active Citizenship Network (ACN) [2], also at the EU level, is working – of course not alone – to promote civic participation in the drafting and implementation process of National Recovery and Resilience Plans (NRRPs), with relevant political goals already achieved. As the Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFoE) [3] is approaching, emphasizing the great contribution of civil society to the success of the EU recovery plans is urgent and essential, now more than ever.

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3

Caiado, Katia Regina Moreno, Maria Edith Romano Siems-Marcondes, and Marcia Denise Pletsch. "Educação Especial em tempos de ditadura." education policy analysis archives 27 (June 3, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.4650.

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The texts of this dossier analyze the role played by different political and social actors in the institutionalization of Special Education in Brazil during the civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985), with emphasis on the theoretical and political debates that influenced the agents’ stance. The dossier also brings a paper that discusses the institutionalization of Special Education in Italy during the 1970s, thus contributing to the construction of comparisons and theoretical and methodological breakthrough in the area of Special Education History. It is hoped that the papers presented in this dossier raise questions and reflections on the proposals that have been gaining ground in Brazil, which are again focusing on assistentialist perspectives that link disability to the medical model, rather than on a social model and rights of this population.

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4

Bertz, Inka. "Dreaming of Raphael: The Politics and Aesthetics of the Michael-Beer-Stiftung for Jewish Artists." Ars Judaica: The Bar Ilan Journal of Jewish Art 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/aj.2020.16.6.

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In his will, the poet and playwright Michael Beer (1800-1833) provided an endowment for a prize to support Jewish painters and sculptors to travel to Italy for one year. The grant was placed under the auspices of the Berlin Academy of Art and awarded from 1836 to 1921. This essay focusses on the establishment of the prize, exploring the mindset and motivations of the donor, situated in their historical, social, and ideological contexts. It opens insights into early nineteenth-century Jewish-Christian networks, as well as into contemporary views on national art and the aesthetics of the classical tradition, private patronage and public institutions, Jewish emancipation, antisemitism, and civil rights.

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5

Shabalin, Andrii. "On the issue of codification of legislation in the field of intellectual property." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/12021.234196.

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Keywords: intellectual property right, codification, legislation, The Civil Code ofUkraine This scientific article examines the issue of the need to create aspecial code of intellectual property in Ukraine. For a full-fledged and objective study,an analysis was made of the history of Ukrainian legislation in the field of intellectualproperty, foreign models of legal regulation of intellectual property rights, especiallyEuropean legal experience, were also investigated. The author supports the positionregarding the creation in Ukraine of the Intellectual Property Code, the analogueof which exists in Italy and France. Based on the study of Ukrainian and foreign legalsystems, the author defines the main criteria for creating an intellectual propertycode: Legal and organizational criteria are defined. The author points out the need toimplement the European legislative practice, the jurisprudence of the EuropeanCourt of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union on judicialcases in the field of intellectual property into the code. This vector of implementationwill have a positive meaning for the adaptation of the Ukrainian legislative system toEuropean democratic standards in the field of legal regulation, legal protection of intellectualproperty rights. The author pays special attention to the need to harmonizethe intellectual property code with the Civil Code of Ukraine and procedural legislationin order to level the negative legal consequences in legal practice in the field ofintellectual property; also in the IP Code shall contain the following provision or requirements,which contained universal definitions of legal concepts in the field of intellectualproperty. Based on the conducted scientific analysis, the author points outthe need for the existence of the Ukrainian code of intellectual property and speciallaws in the field of intellectual property. It follows from this that there is a need forlegal regulation of individual legal relations (objects of law) in the field of intellectualproperty law. The author points out that such a legal system corresponds to the modelof legal regulation of the field of intellectual property that exists in the EuropeanUnion.

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6

Votta, Mariano. "Isolated but not alone: the response to the pandemic in the story of pags: from the italian case history to the global health summit “rome declaration”." Clinical Research Notes 3, no. 3 (April 30, 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8816/057.

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Struggling with practical problems such as the sudden cancellation of scheduled visits and exams and a sense of abandonment and uncertainty. This is how the “ordinary” patients lived the period of the health emergency in Italy. At the same time, civic and rights protection associations, since the beginning, have been active with a sense of responsibility, creativity, and energy, often revealing themselves to be the only point of reference and the only service available to citizens. This is the double side of the coin, in the implications of the pandemic on chronic and rare patients, which emerged from the XVIII National Report on Chronic Policies of Cittadinanzattiva, presented on October 13th, 2020, and entitled: “Isolated but not alone: the response to the pandemic in the story of Patients Advocacy Groups (PAGs)” [1]. The Report arised from the story of 34 Italian associations of patients with chronic and rare diseases who adhered to the National Coalition of Associations for Patients suffering Chronic Diseases (CnAMC) [2] of Cittadinanzattiva [3]. This experience - thanks to Active Citizenship Network [4] - was first socialized on the occasion of the 15th European Patients' Rights Day held on May 5th & 6th, 2021 [5], and then brought to the attention of the leaders of the G20 and other states, gathered together with the heads of international and regional organizations on the occasion of the Global Health Summit held in Rome on May 21, 2021 [6].

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7

Cermel, Maurizio. "Rom e Sinti, cittadini senza patria?" SOCIOLOGIA DEL DIRITTO, no. 3 (February 2009): 139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sd2008-003005.

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- The condition of the Rom and Sinti peoples represents very well the contradictions present in European society and the problems that Europe has to tackle if it is to pursue the path of political integration. There are several million people in the Rom and the Sinti population, distributed in small communities all over the continent. Because of their lifestyle and different language and customs, they are in practice denied access to the civil, political and social rights due to other citizens, both in Italy and in the majority of other European countries. This denial of their cultural identity sometimes verges on racial discrimination: as they lie on the margins of civil society, the authorities often treat them in ways that are incompatible with the principles of freedom, equality and solidarity on which today's modern democracies are founded. What the institutions in the various states ought to do, on the other hand, is work together with the Rom and Sinti organisations and with the international organisations to safeguard a cultural identity that enriches Europe as a whole just as much as its national identities do, while at the same time contributing at making these people fully entitled European citizens. Eligio Resta, God and the Majority Award The history of the principle of majority is still a powerful indicator for interpreting contemporary developments in economic democracy and in political democracy. The work by F. Galgano that led to these notes illustrates a line of commentary about the form and the contents of the rule of the majority that is pursued right up to the decline perceived in the present day. Overwhelmed by the crisis afflicting the concept of representation today, the principle of the majority has come back to question us about the space reserved for deliberative democracy.

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8

Votta, Mariano, Daniela Quaggia, Giulia Decarolis, Elena Moya, Josè Luis Baquero Ubeda, and Maira Cardillo. "Addressing the Life-Course Approach in Vaccination Policy across Europe: The Case History of Spain." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 1, no. 7 (November 2020): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1161.

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In April 2019, the Italian NGO Cittadinanzattiva, through its international branch Active Citizenship Network (ACN) launched, during the European immunization week, a new project called “European Active Citizens for Vaccination”. The aim was to improve the awareness on the importance of vaccination across Europe: The scientific evidence is clear; vaccination is an essential public health tool and helps to guarantee our fundamental rights as European citizens. ACN realized a social media communication campaign supporting and spreading awareness on the topic of life-long vaccination, videos were made in all the national languages of the involved countries (Italy, Hungary, Poland, Ireland and Spain) and then produced, shared and customized for each country. Moreover, an informative leaflet in a different language was produced. Civic consultations on the National Immunization Plan were held in Poland, Hungary and Spain. This article describes the main results of the focus group held in Spain on the topic of vaccination and on its related policies. The full report has been published in the Report entitled “European Active Citizens for Vaccination: focus on Spain (2019 - 2020)” edited by Cittadinanzattiva APS.

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9

Moradiellos, Enrique. "British Political Strategy in the Face of the Military Rising of 1936 in Spain." Contemporary European History 1, no. 2 (July 1992): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004409.

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The military coup of July 1936 against the Republican government of Spain, which rapidly developed into civil war, required an urgent response from the authorities of the United Kingdom. This was as much on account of its effects on British interests in Spain as due to its repercussions on the unstable situation in Europe. During the nearly three years of war, the Conservative-dominated Cabinet adhered to the Non-Intervention pact signed by all European governments in August 1936, which prescribed an arms embargo towards the combatants without a parallel recognition of their rights as belligerents. This peculiar neutrality, which combined respect for the legal status of the recognized government with de facto equal status for the rebels, was defended by British officialdom on the grounds of the over-riding need to restrict the war and avoid its escalation into a general European conflict. The argument served to deflect accusations of hidden antagonism towards the Republic and to justify the continuation of this policy of neutrality despite the support of Italy and Germany for the insurgent forces, so tolerating in practice the sabotage of the policy of non-intervention by the fascist powers. In the face of these official explanations, which have been accepted at face value by many historians, this article will attempt to show that British non-intervention had its origins in antirevolutionary pre-occupations rather than in strictly diplomatic considerations. Furthermore, it will be argued that during the first six months of the war it adhered consistently to a political strategy based on the expectation that the war would be short lived.

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10

Votta, Mariano, Maira Cardillo, and Michaela Papavero. "Isolated but not alone: the response to the pandemic in the story of PAGs from the Italian case history to the Global Health Summit "Rome Declaration"." Advances in Health and Behavior 5, no. 1 (2022): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/ahb.2022.01.002.

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Struggling with practical problems such as the sudden cancellation of scheduled visits and exams and a sense of abandonment and uncertainty. This is how the "ordinary" patients lived the period of the health emergency in Italy. At the same time, civic and rights protection associations, since the beginning, have been active with a sense of responsibility, creativity, and energy, often revealing themselves to be the only point of reference and the only service available to citizens. This is the double side of the coin, in the implications of the pandemic on chronic and rare patients, which emerged from the XVIII National Report on Chronic Policies of Cittadinanzattiva, presented on October 13th, 2020, and entitled: "Isolated but not alone: the response to the pandemic in the story of Patients Advocacy Groups (PAGs)". The Report arised from the story of 34 Italian associations of patients with chronic and rare diseases who adhered to the National Coalition of Associations for Patients suffering Chronic Diseases (CnAMC) of Cittadinanzattiva. This experience thanks to Active Citizenship Network was first socialized on the occasion of the 15th European Patients’ Rights Day held on May 5th & 6th, 2021, and then brought to the attention of the leaders of the G20 and other states, gathered together with the heads of international and regional organizations on the occasion of the Global Health Summit held in Rome on May 21, 2021.

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11

Domenech, Daniel. "The National Revolution Architecture: Rooted Modernism in the Spanish New State (1939–1959)." Fascism 7, no. 2 (October 17, 2018): 213–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00702004.

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Francoism was the product of the sum of all the heterogeneous forces of anti-liberal right, from the most radical fascists to Christian traditionalists even further to the conservative right than the Monarchists and the Carlists, and as a result their architectural response to the problem of rebuilding Spanish society following the Civil war could not be unitary either. Each school of thought, each situation to be solved, and each architect generated a different solution, and as a result we find a wide variety of architectural works in Francoist Spain. Rather than revisit the topics studied in multiple works since the seventies, this article will focus the research on typologies that have hardly received any attention, namely constructions of marked ideological and propagandistic character, such as the monolithic monuments dedicated to the Fallen, the reconstructions of ‘mythological’ places for the discourse of the first Francoism, and the production of monumental civic buildings, such as the Universities of Labor. The core issue to be resolved is whether some cultural discourses under Francoism constructed the new regime as pioneering a modernizing national revolution, rather than installing a reactionary counterrevolution, and whether the architectural works that resulted in fact present outstanding elements of modernity that had nothing to envy, in their physical scale, radicalism of design, and futural temporality, those of National Socialist Germany or Mussolini’s Italy. Such a kinship suggests that many buildings of right wing regimes, at least in Spain, in the first half of the twentieth century should be considered as belonging organically to the fascist era, even if the regimes that promoted or hosted them were not technically fascist in a strict political and ideological sense, a kinship expressed in their ‘rooted modernism’.

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12

Orlando, Giovanni. "Storia di un mercato biologico a Palermo: tra ambientalismo di base e clientelismo." PARTECIPAZIONE E CONFLITTO, no. 2 (July 2012): 106–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/paco2012-002005.

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Narrating the story of an organic farmers' market, this article explores ideals and practices of sustainable urban food through an example of consumer activism in Palermo. It reflects critically on the understandings of ‘sustainability' held by the actors involved, showing the difficulties of operationalising the concept for socio-cultural research. It also highlights the potential of grass-roots activism among consumers and farmers. This potential runs counter to an enduring image of southern Italy as a place where civil society initiatives are wanting. By analysing the market's history until its demise due to difficulties with the centre-right-wing municipality, the article shows how it is the political element, rather than the cultural one, that often constrains grass-roots activism in Sicily. These problems of power and political representation question whether consumer mobilization can become a tool for environmental transformation in locales where institutions are not already favourably disposed to the values of such mobilisation.

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13

Ghosh, Durba. "Whither India? 1919 and the Aftermath of the First World War." Journal of Asian Studies 78, no. 2 (May 2019): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911819000044.

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As diplomats across the world gathered in Paris in spring 1919 to discuss the peace process, observers asked “Whither India?” Critics wondered how the British government could enact emergency laws such as the Rowlatt Acts at the same time as it introduced the Government of India Act of 1919, which was intended to expand Indian involvement in governing the British dominions on the Indian subcontinent. Because Britain presented itself as a liberal form of empire on the international stage, its willingness to suspend rule of law over its subjects appeared contradictory. India's support of the Allied powers allowed Indian moderates to represent India in Paris; during the war, Indian subjects had contributed over one million soldiers and suffered influenza, plague, and famine. The possibility of a new relationship between those governing and those being governed led many Indians to demand an adherence to the rule of law, a guarantee of civil liberties, and the foundations of a government that was for and by the Indian people. In a time of revolution in Russia, and assassinations by anarchists in Italy and France, it seemed foolhardy to repress radicals by censoring the press, preventing the right of individuals to assemble, or detaining suspects before they had committed any crimes. Lala Lajpat Rai, an Indian political activist who had been part of the progressive wing of the Indian National Congress, wrote from the United States, “India is a part of the world and revolution is in the air all the world over. The effort to kill it by repression and suppression is futile, unwise, and stupid.”

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14

Foot, John. "The tale of San Vittore: prisons, politics, crime and Fascism in Milan, 1943–1946." Modern Italy 3, no. 01 (May 1998): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532949808454790.

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Summary The prison system under Fascism was used to house both common and political prisoners. After 25 July 1943, the prisons were opened, only to be closed once again in occupied Italy as the Nazis took over the system. San Vittore prison in Milan was theatre to a series of changes over the period from 1943 to 1946, culminating in the famous riots of April 1946. This article analyses the changes in the prison system, the mix of prisoners inside the institution and the continuation of the civil war inside San Vittore after liberation. This micro-focus allows reflections on a number of key issues regarding the post-war state: legitimacy, legality, repression and amnesty. The post-liberation regime's failure to keep order both inside and outside of the prison system was a key test of its legitimacy among those who had gone along with Fascism and were worried about what was to come: The article centres on the extraordinary and contested events surrounding the ‘revolt’ of 1946 in San Vittore and argues that accounts thus far provided are neither accurate nor particularly insightful about this key post-war moment. The amnesty of 1946, so long attributed to Togliatti's personal sense of responsibility was, in reality, forced upon the justice minister by the chaos in the prisons right across the peninsula.

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15

Lee, Chana Kai. "Civil Rights History Reframed." Reviews in American History 40, no. 1 (2012): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2012.0002.

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16

Newman, Mark. "Civil Rights and Human Rights." Reviews in American History 32, no. 2 (2004): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2004.0034.

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17

Green, James R. "Civil Rights Unionism." Reviews in American History 29, no. 4 (2001): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2001.0070.

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18

Hamm, Theodore. "Beyond Civil Rights." Reviews in American History 32, no. 1 (2004): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2004.0003.

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19

Rosen, John J. "Civil Rights Doctrine Reconsidered." Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 41, no. 4 (September 2008): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/htms.41.4.175-178.

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20

Wilson, Amy. "National Civil Rights Museum." Journal of American History 83, no. 3 (December 1996): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945652.

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21

Shtefan, Olena. "Judicial protection of trademarks in Italy." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 4 (October 19, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/42022.265864.

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Keywords: trademark, civil litigation, judicial examination, judicial expert, court order, legal proceedings, piracy, counterfeiting The article analyses the system of judicial protection of trademark rights on the example of Italy. The main focus is on the judicial procedures provided for by the Italian civil procedural law in the event of an appeal to the court for the protection of the rights of interested persons. Jurisdiction for consideration of cases related to the protection of trademark rights, as well as cases related to unfair competition, is defined. The examination is also carried out by specialized chambers of intellectual property in general courts that consider civil and criminal cases (first and second instance). The legislation distinguishes between two types of legal grounds for lawsuits: violation of the rights of the plaintiff (owner of the trademark certificate)and recognition of the trademark certificate as invalid. The types of decisions that can be made by the court are analysed. First, the court can decide on «descrizione», according to which the plaintiff, with the participation of a bailiff and an expert, can examine and draw up a detailed description of the goods and/or production methods that infringe his rights. The purpose of this procedure is to officially record the violation of the plaintiff's rights. Secondly, the court can may decide to impose a sequestration on the defendant's property. Sequestration is carried out by a bailiff. In some cases, the plaintiff may participate in order to correctly identify the goods subject to seizure. The court may decide on the application of sequestration in the presence of a real threat and the possibility of causing irreversible damage to the plaintiff.Thirdly, the court may issue a decision imposing a ban on the infringer's activities related to the production, distribution, marketing, promotion and sale of counterfeit goods. When deciding on the above-mentioned grounds, the court can provide for the collection of a certain monetary fine from the defendant.The conclusion is formulated that the system of judicial protection of the rights of trademark owners in Italy is characterized by a balance of interests between the owners of trademark certificates, state and public interests. The court that examines this category of cases takes a fairly balanced approach to the application of certain sanctions, considering all the specifics of intellectual property rights, the interests of business entities and the damage caused by violations.

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22

Sugrue, T. J. "Toward a New Civil Rights History." Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2009-054.

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23

Chappell, David L., and Gardiner H. Shattuck Jr. "Episcopalians and Race: Civil War to Civil Rights." Journal of Southern History 67, no. 4 (November 2001): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070290.

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24

Mattson, Kevin. "Civil Rights Made Harder." Reviews in American History 30, no. 4 (2002): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2002.0079.

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25

Lawson, Steven F., and Kevern Verney. "Black Civil Rights in America." Journal of Southern History 68, no. 3 (August 2002): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070165.

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26

SACHS, A. "CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE FIELD." Pacific Historical Review 73, no. 2 (May 2004): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2004.73.2.215.

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27

Nordin, Dennis S., and Sara Mitchell Parsons. "From Southern Wrongs to Civil Rights: The Memoir of a White Civil Rights Activist." Journal of Southern History 68, no. 2 (May 2002): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070005.

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28

Luker, Ralph E., Richard J. Cortner, Stephen J. Whitfield, Kenneth O'Reilly, and Robert Weisbrot. "Racial Matters: Civil Rights and Civil Wrongs." American Quarterly 43, no. 1 (March 1991): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2712976.

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29

Turner, Elizabeth Hayes, and Gardiner H. Shattuck Jr. "Episcopalians and Race: Civil War to Civil Rights." Journal of American History 88, no. 1 (June 2001): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2675028.

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30

Burson, G. "The Black Civil Rights Movement." OAH Magazine of History 2, no. 1 (June 1, 1986): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/2.1.35.

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31

Brophy, William J., and Marvin Caplan. "Farther Along: A Civil Rights Memoir." Journal of Southern History 66, no. 4 (November 2000): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2588061.

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32

Norrell, Robert J., David Levering Lewis, Clayborne Carson, Nancy J. Weiss, John Dittmer, Charles V. Hamilton, William H. Chafe, and Charles W. Eagles. "The Civil Rights Movement in America." Journal of Southern History 53, no. 4 (November 1987): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2208815.

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33

Logsdon, Joseph, and Rhoda Lois Blumberg. "Civil Rights: The 1960s Freedom Struggle." Journal of Southern History 51, no. 4 (November 1985): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2209557.

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34

Hudnut-Beumler, James, and Gardiner H. Shattuck. "Episcopalians and Race: Civil War to Civil Rights." American Historical Review 106, no. 3 (June 2001): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692423.

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35

Chesterman, John. "Taking Civil Rights Seriously." Australian Journal of Politics & History 46, no. 4 (December 2000): 497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00110.

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36

Lloyd, T. "The Civil Rights Oral History Survey Project." Oral History Review 40, no. 1 (March 21, 2013): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/oht015.

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37

Jones, P. D. "March On Milwaukee Civil Rights History Project." Journal of American History 99, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jas645.

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38

Fraser, Walter J. "The Civil Rights Movement: An Eyewitness History." History: Reviews of New Books 22, no. 4 (June 1994): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1994.9949059.

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39

Wright, Gavin. "The Civil Rights Revolution as Economic History." Journal of Economic History 59, no. 2 (June 1999): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070002283x.

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This address urges Americanists to take the post–World War II era on board as economic history, using the Civil Rights Revolution to set an example. The speed and sweepof the movement's success illustrates the dynamics of an “unanticipated revolution” as analyzed by Timur Kuran, to be grouped with famous historical surprises such as the triumph of British antislavery and the fall of Soviet communism. The evidence confirms that the breakthroughs of the 1960s constituted an economic as well as a political revolution, in many respects an economic revolution for the entire southern region, as well as for African-Americans.

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Purnell, Brian. "The Civil Rights Era and Southern History." Reviews in American History 42, no. 4 (2014): 718–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2014.0112.

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Lubin, Alex. "Foreign Policy and Civil Rights." American Quarterly 54, no. 3 (2002): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.2002.0026.

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Thomas, Lynnell L. "Civil Rights Gone Wrong." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 256–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144216688282.

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On May 14, 2014, three white Boston city councilors refused to vote to approve a resolution honoring the sixtieth anniversary of Brown v. the Board of Education because, as one remarked, “I didn’t want to get into a debate regarding forced busing in Boston.” Against the recent national proliferation of celebrations of civil rights milestones and legislation, the controversy surrounding the fortieth anniversary of the court decision that mandated busing to desegregate Boston public schools speaks volumes about the historical memory of Boston’s civil rights movement. Two highly acclaimed contemporary works of children’s literature set during or inspired by Boston’s desegregation busing plan reflect and respond to the ongoing battle over the history and memory of Boston’s civil rights movement and its enduring racial legacy: Busing Brewster, an illustrated children’s book for young readers, written by Richard Michelson and illustrated by R. G. Roth; and Gold Dust, a middle-grade novel for adolescents by Chris Lynch. Both works offer representations of an overtly racist past, produced in a historical moment when prevailing ideologies of color blindness and postracialism suggest not only that racism is passé, but that any attempt to redress past racism that takes race into account is itself racist and unjust. Busing Brewster and Gold Dust offer equivocal reflections on urban decline and racial transformations at the turn of the twenty-first century. Both works have as much to tell us about the historical memory of Boston’s desegregation efforts as they do about contemporary understandings of race and social justice.

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Dollinger, Marc. "Jews and Southern Civil Rights." Journal of American Ethnic History 24, no. 3 (April 1, 2005): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27501601.

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Moscati, Laura. "Origins, Evolution and Comparison of Moral Rights between Civil and Common Law Systems." European Business Law Review 32, Issue 1 (February 1, 2021): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2021002.

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The protection of moral rights embraces the now widespread personal sphere of copyright and originated much later than the economic exploitation of the work itself. Some of its components can be found in the English and German thought between the 17th and 18th centuries and, starting from the early 19th century, would have a substantial development through the contribution of both the French legal scholarship and case law. The legal foundations, in any case, date back to some codifications of the German area and to the earliest international treaties, making it a discipline that did not take into consideration the extent of the national territory. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relevance of the European models and their influence in Italy after the national Unification, in particular in the first decades of the 1900s. In fact, the international protection of moral rights takes root in Italy during the 1928 Rome Conference for the revision of the 1886 Berne Convention. The United States joined it only later, in 1989, with the Berne Convention Implementation Act (BCIA). Thirty years later, the Copyright Office published in April 2019 an extensive study about the American protection of moral rights. The document is studied in this paper in comparison with the European Directives and with the Copyright Directive definitively approved a few days before the Copyright Office document. While in the USA the interest in moral rights up to now rather limited seems to be increasing, in Europe the protection of moral rights risks being waned as it is handed down to individual countries with the explicit declaration that it is not the subject matter of the Directives. Moral rights, origins, codification, Europe, Italy, Berne Convention, international treaties, USA, EU Directives, Canada

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Wennersten, John R., and Charles W. Eagles. "The Civil Rights Movement in America." Journal of American History 74, no. 3 (December 1987): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1902240.

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McMillen, Neil R., and Rhoda Lois Blumberg. "Civil Rights: The 1960s Freedom Struggle." Journal of American History 72, no. 1 (June 1985): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1903826.

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Honey, Michael, Armstead L. Robinson, and Patricia Sullivan. "New Directions in Civil Rights Studies." Journal of American History 79, no. 3 (December 1992): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080933.

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Lawson, Steven F. "Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive." Journal of American History 89, no. 3 (December 2002): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3092534.

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Forgacs, David, and Rachele Tardi. "Introduction: disability rights and wrongs in Italy." Modern Italy 19, no. 2 (May 2014): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2014.911552.

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This is the first issue ofModern Italyto focus on disability. We want to thank the general editors of the journal, Philip Cooke and John Foot, for having welcomed our proposal for it. The original nucleus was the panel ‘Disabilities' at the conference ‘Language, Space and Otherness in Italy since 1860’, which David Forgacs organised at the British School at Rome on 24-25 June 2010. The decision to include a panel on that topic was influenced, in turn, by Rachele Tardi's experience in 2009–2010 of managing a project in Ethiopia, funded by the Italian Foreign Ministry, for the NGO Comitato Collaborazione Medica, which worked with local partners on community-based rehabilitation (CBR) of people with disabilities. Our discussions of CBR at that time stimulated our interest in looking more closely at the contemporary situation of disability rights in Italy. Our main objective in editing this issue has been to offer readers a representative sample of writing both by Italian disability activists and researchers and by non-Italian scholars working on Italian disability issues. We deliberately sought a mix of academic writing and writing by people actively engaged in work for disability rights. Giampiero Griffo, who was the discussant at the conference panel and is one of the authors included here, was a willing mediator for other articles, and we would like to thank him for his support and help in making this issue happen. We also thank Franco Baldasso for his hard work assisting the editorial process, our peer reviewers for their invaluable input, and our translators, Bryan Brazeau, Kristin Szostek Chertoff, Brian DeGrazia and Stuart Oglethorpe. We should also like to thank Pier Vittorio Barbieri, Claudia Bertolè, Flavia Monceri and Antonio Pascale.

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Hunter, C. "Nonviolence in the Civil Rights Movement." OAH Magazine of History 8, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/8.3.64.

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