Journal articles on the topic 'Civil rights – Europe – 21st century'
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1
Blockmans, Wim. "Civil Rights and Political Participation in Ancien Régime Europe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 3 (2020): 842–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.309.
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After the Second World War, a wave of euphoria fostered an international consensus that led to the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Treaty for Human Rights, and institutions safeguarding their application. In the early 21st century, however, these great ideals and even parliamentary democracy appear to be open to various forms of manipulation tending to the restriction of its own constitutional rights and functions. This paper retraces the long-term genesis of these concepts which emerged in the course of a centuries-long development that is uniquely European. A constant tension can be observed between the difficult formulation of fundamental rights of subjects, originally on a local and regional basis, and the effectiveness of the institutions created to control governments. The growth of cities, which acquired various levels of autonomy and autarchy, was fundamental to make it possible that immunities and particular privileges similar to those of clerics and aristocrats were extended to the new communities. The periods of urban growth, and the density of cities within particular territories, determined which balance of powers was stabilised. The earliest and most intense wave of urbanisation, in North and Central Italy from the 10th to the 13th century, brought civil rights and privileges for local communes, but also domination of the largest cities as they absorbed or eliminated all potentially countervailing powers. In other regions, various balances were attained between the prevailing seigneurial interests and those of urban communities.
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Leontidou, Lila. "Urban Social Movements in ‘Weak’ Civil Societies: The Right to the City and Cosmopolitan Activism in Southern Europe." Urban Studies 47, no. 6 (May 2010): 1179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098009360239.
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The transition from fast spontaneous urbanisation in southern Europe, with popular squatting as a form of civil disobedience, to ‘new social movements’ (NSMs) for democratic globalisation in cities, is taking place in the context of a broader transition. In the 20th century, there were unstable politics, civil wars and also still dictatorships in the south, which contributed in a north—south divide in Europe, engulfing civil societies, the welfare state, planning and grassroots mobilisations for a ‘right to the city’. This paper focuses on social transformation during the 21st century and points to three directions. First, it explores the nature of several NSMs as urban social movements (USMs) organised by loosely networked cosmopolitan collectivities, social centres and flâneur activists demanding a ‘right to the city’, and interprets this with reference to globalisation, democratisation and the Europeanisation of southern civil societies. Secondly, it unveils innovative forms of ‘urban’ mobilisations in the south, influencing the rest of the Europe: squatting in the past, social centres and the ESF (both starting in Italy) at present. Thirdly, it traces transformations of USMs between two centuries and argues about the deconstruction of the north—south divide in Europe with regard to movements and definitions of the ‘right to the city’. Mediterranean USMs have offered new insights and have broadened geographical imaginations in Europe.
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Petrovic, Nikola, and Bejan Saciri. "History of the treatment of persons with psychological difficulties and the abuse of their civil rights." Temida 16, no. 2 (2013): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1302033p.
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Treatment of persons with psychological difficulties varied in different historical periods, but in its essence remained similar until today. It included an inhumane relationship towards these persons, involuntary treatment through torture, and isolation from society as a kind of punishment for their diversity. It was not until the late 19th century that the relationship of society towards these individuals started to improve gradually, but in the 21st century isolation of these individuals still remained the dominant form of acceptable social solution for the ?problem?, with a somewhat more humane attitude towards them and less cruel treatment. Serbia has followed the trends of treatment of the persons with psychological difficulties from the rest of Europe for centuries, but is still lagging behind the world in the introduction of new methods of treatment. Indeed the first legal solution to regulate the human rights of these people is currently in the process of implementation. The subject of this paper is the treatment of persons with psychological difficulties and the violation of their civil rights. In a subject specific context the goal of the analysis was the historical review of the treatment towards persons with psychological difficulties by doctors, other practicioners and the community in general, with reference to the current situation regarding their treatment within the psychiatric institutions, as well as the legal regulations and the protection of their civil rights.
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Singh, Michelle, and Michael Makanga. "OC-8723 CREATING AND ENHANCING TRUSTWORTHY, RESPONSIBLE AND EQUITABLE PARTNERSHIPS IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A18.2—A19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.45.
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Achieving equity in international research remains a crucial concern of the 21st century. Despite initiatives by international organisations on governance frameworks and standards to guide research conduct, such efforts remain disparate and lack focus. In an interdisciplinary collaboration between multi-level ethics bodies, policy-advisors, civil society, funders, industry and academic scholars, the TRUST project combines long-standing, highly respected efforts to establish international governance structures along with networking opportunities between Europe, sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.The goal of TRUST is to catalyse a collaborative effort to improve adherence to high ethical standards in global research. The strategic outputs of the project encompass a set of ethics tools developed through participatory engagement traversing all continents: (i) a global code of conduct for funders, (ii) a fair research contracting web-tool (iii) and a compliance and ethics follow-up tool.Since project inception in October 2015, the TRUST consortium has a) created an international network on global research ethics governance to identify generic risks of exporting non-ethical practices; b) established funder and industry platforms; c) identified typical case studies of exporting non-ethical practices and reported on lessons learnt; d) developed a global code of conduct that will be used by the European Commission and like-minded funders to foster ethical research and equitable partnerships; e) designed an online Fair Research Contracting tool to empower vulnerable populations under non-ideal conditions; and f) drafted a compliance and ethics follow-up tool, for conditions of high vulnerability.TRUST envisages to make a tremendous impact on three major issues: a) enhancing the rights of indigenous people who have borne a disproportionate burden of research whilst being potentially highly vulnerable to exploitation; b) increasing civil society engagement and improving uptake of the ethics dimension in research and innovation; and c) improving global awareness of the highest ethical standards along with clear, defined incentives for research competitiveness.
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Hill, Walter B. "Researching Civil Rights History in the 21st Century." Journal of African American History 93, no. 1 (January 2008): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jaahv93n1p94.
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van Waas, Laura. "Statelessness: A 21st century challenge for Europe." Security and Human Rights 20, no. 2 (2009): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502309788254597.
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AbstractOver the past decade, a deepening understanding of the gravity of the problem of statelessness, as well as the growing realisation that the international legal framework relating to statelessness exhibits numerous shortcomings, has made it clear that this issue warrants further engagement by the international community. This article looks more closely at statelessness as a fundamental challenge for Europe in the twenty-first century. The piece discusses why finding an appropriate response to statelessness can be deemed imperative, taking into account both human rights and human security considerations. To provide an impression of current opportunities for addressing statelessness, some of the strengths and limitations of the existing international legal framework relating to statelessness are presented. Finally, the article discusses a number of recent developments, in particular in Europe, which may open new avenues for meeting the challenge of statelessness in the future.
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Peñalver i Cabré, Alexandre. "Human Right to Environment and Its Effective Protection in Catalonia, Spain and Europe." International Journal of Legal Information 42, no. 1 (2014): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073112650002833x.
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Human Right to Environment is one the most relevant Third Generation Human Rights which includes new universal needs arisen from the last third of 20th century. These new human rights add as an additional layer to the First Generation Human Rights (civil and political rights from the end of 18th century) and to the Second Generation Human Rights (economic, social and cultural rights from 19th century).
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Ziolkowska, Jadwiga R., and Bozydar Ziolkowski. "Effectiveness of Water Management in Europe in the 21st Century." Water Resources Management 30, no. 7 (March 14, 2016): 2261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1287-9.
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Hahn, Henning. "Global Democracy. The Struggle for Political and Civil Rights in the 21st Century." Development in Practice 18, no. 6 (November 2008): 804–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520802387171.
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Macková, Zuzana. "Wither the social security and the welfare state in the 21st century - A relic or necessity?" Bratislava Law Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2018.2.2.114.
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Article provides for an overview of core terms, definitions and recent developments in the area of social rights and social security in context of Central and Eastern Europe, with focus on Slovakia. It advocates for protection of social standards through the universalist, social-democratic model of welfare state, in order to uphold and enhance democracy and human rights in the region, with a view of their genuine, daily realisation and enjoyment by everyone and all.
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Antsaklis, Aris. "Maternal and Perinatal Mortality in the 21st Century." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 2 (2016): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1457.
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ABSTRACT The maternal mortality ratio measures how safe it is to become pregnant and give birth in a geographic area or a population. The total number of maternal deaths observed annually fell from 526,000 in 1980 to 358,000 in 2008, a 34% decline over this period. Similarly, the global MMR declined from 422 in 1980 to 320 in 1990 and was 250 per 100,000 live births in 2008, a decline of 34% over the entire period and an average annual decline of 2.3%. More specifically, in 1990 around 58% of maternal deaths worldwide occurred in Asia and 36% in sub-Saharan Africa. In contrast, in 2008, 57% of global maternal deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and 39% in Asia. In Europe, the main causes of death from any known direct obstetric complication remains bleeding (13%), thromboembolic events (10.1%), complicationassociated birth, hypertensive disease of pregnancy (9.2%), and amniotic fluid embolism (10.6%). Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality (PNM) causing almost 30% of neonatal deaths, while birth defects cause about 21% of neonatal deaths. The PNM rate refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. Perinatal mortality rate may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries. Perinatal health in Europe has improved dramatically in recent decades. In 1975, neonatal mortality ranged from 7 to 27 per 1,000 live births in the countries that now make up the EU. By 2005, it had declined to 8 per 1,000 live births. We need to bring together data from civil registration, medical birth registers, hospital discharge systems in order to have European Surveys which present exciting research possibilities. How to cite this article Antsaklis A. Maternal and Perinatal Mortality in the 21st Century. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):143-146.
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Pecnikova, Jana. "Cultural Slavery or Freedom? Values at a Crossroads in the 21st Century." Intercultural Relations 1, no. 2(2) (November 30, 2017): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/rm.01.2017.02.02.
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Values have played a major role in the creation and formation of the European cultural space. It was Europe, a continent found at the forefront of ideological, cultural, social and religious revolutions that was involved centrally in continual searching and re-evaluation. Cultural values are not regarded only as a result of a moment of artistic activity with such values having played a key role in the evolution of human society. However, they are still being misused in a period of technical revolution, in a similar manner to the past, when values were misused by ideologies opposing human rights and human dignity. The aim of this analysis is to show the position of freedom as one of the democratic values in contemporary society, one described as a civilization with high level of risk and danger, along with a very visible crisis of trust and responsibility, termed as a crisis of values and cultural slavery.
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Botchway, Thomas Prehi. "Understanding the Dynamics and Operations of Civil Society in the 21st Century: A Literature Review." Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n1p108.
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This article sets out to review the extant literature on civil society. Indeed the literature on civil society abounds with several views and perspectives, especially on the theoretical debates on the concept. However, in order to avoid the unnecessary entanglement of the unending theoretical debates that have characterized the subject, the article focuses on the activities and operations as well as the usefulness of civil society in the twenty first century. The article consequently tries to identify the literature that discusses the activities of civil society across the globe. It begins by giving a general background to the concept of civil society. This is then followed by discussions on civil society and how it relates to democracy and democratic consolidation and development in different parts of the world with particular emphasis on Africa. It then examines the activities of CSOs in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region (with emphasis on Malaysia). It further examines the changing nature of CSOs in the midst of global crisis by discussing how civil society has operated in challenging times amidst financial crisis, terrorism, etc. It concludes by suggesting some new ways of understanding civil society.
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Pike, David L. "Cold War Reduction." Space and Culture 20, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331216643783.
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The bunkerization of Europe is a Cold War story that has continued to resonate into the 21st century through foreign policy, the built environment, and cultural traces both material and imaginary. This essay explores the physical, ideological, and cultural bunkerization of Switzerland, one of the most heavily fortified countries in the world, through its military and civil defense history, the spatial manifestations of that history, and the cultural responses to these manifestations during and after the Cold War. The essay compares the unusually democratic process of the Swiss civil defense infrastructure and its ramifications for thinking about the spatial legacy of the Cold War with the bunker fantasy in the United States and the rest of Europe.
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Strózik, Dorota, and Tomasz Strózik. "Spatial Differentiation of Child Well-Being in Europe." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2014-0106.
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Abstract An important determinant of the level of development of each country and the whole Europe is the care about an adequate level of well-being and quality of life of all citizens, above all those to whom the future belongs - our children. In the times of demographic changes it is particularly important to understand specific needs and rights of the youngest generation of Europeans. Investing in children is investing in our future, the shape of which will depend precisely on whether the youngest generation will be healthy, well educated and able to participate in the development of their societies. The aim of this study is to identify territorial differentiation of children’s well-being in Europe at the end of the first decade of the 21st century using the methods of multivariate data analysis. The study was based on data published by Eurostat (among others EU-SILC), OECD (PISA), UNICEF, WORLD BANK and WHO (HBSC) for the years 2009 and 2010.
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Coleman, Major G. "Reading and Leading: Interviews With RBPE Editors About the Past and the Future of the Review." Review of Black Political Economy 47, no. 2 (June 2020): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034644620926515.
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The Review of Black Political Economy has been a leader on issues of race and economics, politics, sociology and area studies. After half a century of shaping minds, critical ideas and arguments, the time has come to look back and ask the editors of the Review what they saw when they were at the helm, and what they see ahead. While all their views are different, common themes emerged: 1. The need to embrace new technologies, 2. Making the Review the first pick for top scholars, 3. Relevancy in the post-civil rights era, and 4. Finance for the 21st century.
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Mohanty, Manoranjan. "The Great Odisha Famine of 1866: Lessons for the 21st Century." Social Change 47, no. 4 (November 21, 2017): 608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085717728002.
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Not only did the great Odisha Famine of 150 years ago result in the death of a million people, it formed a tentative start of formulating an official response to major calamities in modern India. The Famine Commission Report of 1867 and the Indian Famine Code of 1880 were considered part of the relief and welfare measures to address the countless casualties caused by famines, food scarcity, starvation, epidemics and malnutrition. It is argued here that historical episodes, such as the 1866 famine and the Paika Rebellion of 1817, fought against the British, should be seen as a ‘process’ rather than simply as an ‘event’. Therefore, we should examine deeper causes such as land relations, uncontrolled market and free trade apart from administrative failures as the common perception does. This conceptual discourse on the famine takes a human rights perspective to examine the role of the state, civil society organisations and the media in preventing disasters and alleviating human suffering. Over 150 years after the occurrence of the famine and 200 years after the rebellion, some of the structural reasons behind them still continue to deprive the masses to their right to life.
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Clay, Thomas. "La réforme des articles du Code civil sur larbitrage en France." ASA Bulletin 35, Issue 1 (February 1, 2017): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/asab2017004.
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Even if it covers many areas of French procedural law, the “21st Century Justice” law specifically encourages Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), with an entire title dedicated to it. The new law adopts a broad concept of ADR, including mediation, conciliation, participatory procedure, negotiation and arbitration. It modifies, sometimes substantially, their legal regimes in order to develop and facilitate their use. The purpose of this article is to trace the story of this reform and explain its content, in the context of arbitration only. In relation to the domestic arbitration agreement, Article 2061 of the French Civil Code has been rewritten in two major ways: on the one hand, its scope has been significantly broadened since it can now be introduced in all contracts, including civil ones, as long as the parties freely dispose of their rights and agreed to it. This means that the arbitration agreement is no longer reserved for professionals only. On the other hand, when it is part of a consumer contract, it is also valid but the consumer will be able to waive it once the dispute has arisen. The modernity of its solutions and the fair balance between the parties are the two sides of this small revolution that projects arbitration into the 21st century.
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Ossorio, Pilar N. "The Human Genome as Common Heritage: Common Sense or Legal Nonsense?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 3 (2007): 425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00165.x.
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In the opening years of the 21st century, it became fashionable to describe the human genome as belonging to the common heritage of humanity. The United Nations, in its Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, now identifies the human genome as part of the common heritage, as does the international Human Genome Organization (HUGO) and the Council of Europe. The common heritage concept has played a prominent role in arguments against patenting the human genome or portions thereof. This essay considers whether the common heritage designation will advance the political and legal goals of its proponents.
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Łuczaj, Łukasz, Andrea Pieroni, Javier Tardío, Manuel Pardo-de-Santayana, Renata Sõukand, Ingvar Svanberg, and Raivo Kalle. "Wild food plant use in 21st century Europe: the disappearance of old traditions and the search for new cuisines involving wild edibles." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81, no. 4 (2012): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2012.031.
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The aim of this review is to present an overview of changes in the contemporary use of wild food plants in Europe, mainly using the examples of our home countries: Poland, Italy, Spain, Estonia and Sweden. We set the scene referring to the nutrition of 19th century peasants, involving many famine and emergency foods. Later we discuss such issues as children's wild snacks, the association between the decline of plant knowledge and the disappearance of plant use, the effects of over-exploitation, the decrease of the availability of plants due to ecosystem changes, land access rights for foragers and intoxication dangers. We also describe the 20th and 21st century vogues in wild plant use, particularly their shift into the domain of haute-cuisine.
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Silva, Célia Taborda. "Democracy and Popular Protest in Europe: The Iberian Case (2011)." European Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/643pea84j.
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In recent years, Europe has witnessed social movements that break away from the conventional patterns typical of 19th and 20th century movements. The party-or trade union-organised social movements, very much centred on 19th century political and economic issues, or the New Social Movements centred on more universal values such as peace, environment, gender, ethnicity, of the 20th century seem to be changing their 'repertoire'. At the beginning of the 21st century, parties and trade unions have been losing their leading role in the organisation of demonstrations and strikes and collective actions prepared and led by specific actors have given way to new forms of social action, without leaders, without organisation, without headquarters, and which use social networks as a form of mobilisation. These are social movements that contest not to have more rights but to exercise those that exist, a full citizenship that offers the freedom to express one's opinion and the regalia of participation in political, economic, social, educational areas. In Europe, there are various types of such movements, but we will highlight the "Geração à Rasca (Scratch Generation)" movement in Portugal and that of the "Indignados (Outraged)" or 15 M in Spain, both started in 2011, and which had repercussions in the main European capitals. Using a qualitative methodology, through these protest movements we seek to understand how the complexity of today's social movements and their non-institutionalisation represent a challenge to European democracy.
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Dwyer, Owen. "Focus Section: Women in Geography in the 21st Century: Interpreting the Civil Rights Movement: Place, Memory, and Conflict." Professional Geographer 52, no. 4 (November 2000): 660–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2000.9628409.
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Patchner, Lisa S. "Social Work Practice and People with Disabilities: Our Future Selves." Advances in Social Work 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2005): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/84.
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During the past fifty years a revolution in how we recognize advocate, medically treat, and interact with people with disabilities has taken place within contemporary society. From historical civil rights legislation to greater access to society’s rights and benefits, to technological advances and population longevity, people with disabilities are integrating themselves into society. As we begin to explore the 21st Century new concerns regarding the cost of chronic care and society’s desire to fund these costs are beginning to emerge. The desire to qualify the cost of care by functional longevity has begun to emerge in both private and public service delivery systems. As professional social workers begin to expand their sociopolitical influence, they will be challenged to uphold the rights of self-determination that people with disabilities have striven to attain.
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Yao, Li. "Human Rights Legal Support in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China in the Context of the Development of New Technologies." Lex Russica, no. 4 (April 24, 2021): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.173.4.130-141.
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The 21st century has seen the development of biotechnologies and artificial intelligence technologies leading to illegal testing of a gene and the introduction of a person’s voice, image, body movements into appropriate electronic procedures, followed by the imitation of a similar human voice, body movements, etc., which can cause a violation of personal rights. Since the establishment of the PRC, four codifications of civil legislation have been carried out: 1954, 1962, 1979 and 2001. However, none of them was implemented for various reasons. In May 28, 2020 for the first time, China has adopted the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China entering into force on January 1, 2021. The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China has become the basic law of the market economy in China. It consists of seven parts: "General Part", "Property law", "Contracts", "Personal rights", "Marriage and Family", "Inheritance", "Tort liability" and "Additional provisions". The paper analyzes the features of civil protection of human rights in the new Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China in the era of the development of biotechnology and artificial intelligence. The author examines the provisions on the legal protection of human rights in the illegal occupation of medical and research activities related to human genes, human embryos, and reveals ways to protect the rights to image, voice, privacy and personal information in civil law in violation of personal rights using artificial intelligence technology in China. The author also explains the regime of a preliminary injunction in civil law and ways to find a balance of different personal rights and interests in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China.
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Htun, Mala, and S. Laurel Weldon. "Religious Power, the State, Women's Rights, and Family Law." Politics & Gender 11, no. 03 (September 2015): 451–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x15000239.
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Family law is an essential dimension of women's citizenship in the modern state. The rights established in family law shape women's agency and autonomy; they also regulate access to basic resources—such as land, income, and education—that determine a citizen's ability to earn a living independently, among other life chances (Agarwal 1994; Deere and León 2001; Kabeer 1994; Okin 1989; World Bank 2012). Yet family law is a notorious site of sex inequality, historically and in the present. Equal rights enjoyed by women in national constitutions are often contradicted by family and civil codes that subordinate women to the decisions of their husbands and fathers. In the early 21st century, family law in a significant number of countries discriminated against women, denying them the rights held by men and contributing to their disadvantaged social positions.
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Melloy, Kristine J. "Preparing Educational Leaders for 21st Century Inclusive School Communities: Transforming University Preparation Programs." Journal of Transformative Leadership & Policy Studies 7, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36851/jtlps.v7i2.504.
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University educational leadership preparation programs whose mission is to prepare Transitional Kindergarten through 12th grade (TK-12) school administrators need to transform their curriculum so that all leaders (not just special education leaders) have the knowledge and skills to create inclusive school communities that truly include all students. Evidence suggests that even though there are policies, laws, recommendations and an empirical base that supports inclusive education for students with disabilities, equity, achievement and opportunity gaps remain in our nation’s public schools. The purpose of this conceptual study is to provide a look at redesigned preparation programs built on professional standards changes, evidencebased practices, and practice-based evidence correlated with inclusive school communities. Transformed preparation programs prepare educational leaders who lead inclusive school communities in closing the gaps for students with disabilities, considering that 100% of the students spend 80% or more of their day in general education classrooms. The impact for students with disabilities is that they experience equity, social justice and their civil rights for education in inclusive school communities where all benefit.
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Grayling, AC. "The Future of European Values." Araucaria, no. 45 (November 8, 2020): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2020.i45.01.
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The EU’s values of transnational peace, cooperation, secularism, rationality, and protection of civil liberties and human rights are amongst the most valuable legacies of the Enlightenment. The European project has weathered several crises in the first third of the 21st century, including a change of political direction in the United Kingdom. Brexit is viewed as a consequence of the UK’s flawed electoral system, exposed as susceptible to hijacking by militant and disruptive minorities. The future of European values must be protected from politically unreliable systems such as the UK’s FPTP.
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Kraus, Peter A. "Political Rights under Stress in 21st Century Europe. Edited by Wojciech Sadurski. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 288p. $55.00, paper." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709091324.
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Weller, Penny. "Human Rights and Social Justice: the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the quiet revolution in international law." Public Space: The Journal of Law and Social Justice 4 (November 28, 2009): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/psjlsj.v4i0.1167.
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On the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of the Human Rights (UDHR) the Commonwealth Attorney General announced a national public consultation concerning the need for better human rights protection in Australia and the viability of a federal human rights charter. Whether or not the anticipated Charter includes social, economic and cultural rights is directly relevant to questions of social justice in Australia. This paper argues that the legislative acknowledgment of civil and political rights alone will not adequately address the human rights problems that are experienced in Australia. The reluctance to include economic, social and cultural rights in human rights legislation stems from the historical construction of an artificial distinction between civil and political rights, and economic social and cultural rights. This distinction was articulated and embedded in law with the translation of the UDHR into binding international law. It has been accepted and replicated in judicial consideration of the application on human rights legislation at the domestic level. The distinction between the two forms of rights underpins a general ambivalence about the capacity of human rights legislation to deliver social justice and echoes a critical tradition in legal philosophy that cautions against the reification of law. Coming into force early in the 21st century, the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities illustrates the effort of the international community to recognize and eschew the burden of the false dichotomy between civil and political and economic, social and cultural rights. Acknowledging the indivisible, interdependent and indissociable nature of human rights in Australia is a crucial step toward achieving human rights based social justice.
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Aune, Kristin. "Representations of Religion on the British Feminist Webzine The F Word." Religion and Gender 5, no. 2 (February 19, 2015): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/rg.10122.
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In 21st century Europe, where religion is a more visible focus in local, national and global politics, how do feminist organisations and groups approach religion? This article explores this through analysis of representations of religion on a prominent British feminist webzine, The F Word. In academic literature and public debates, two dominant viewpoints are articulated in debates on women’s rights, religion and secularism: feminist secularism and religious inclusion. In the context of these debates, the study asks how The F Word writers approach religion, and whether and how their representations of religion reflect these academic and public debates. The analysis identifies four dominant approaches to religion, and two underlying themes, and sets these approaches in their wider social context.
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Zaradkiewicz, Kamil. "On the legitimacy of restoring the institution of an annuity right in rem on real estate." Nieruchomości@ III, no. III (September 30, 2021): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2474.
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The article presents the basic solutions to be applied in the so-called annuity real rights. These are limited real rights (iura in rem), which permit obtaining certain revenues from real property on a regular basis. Their essential purpose is to secure specified periodical benefits, primarily those of a pecuniary nature. These rights show some similarities, on the one hand, to pledge-type rights (especially mortgage) and, on the other hand, to easements. Currently, no annuity real charges of any kind have been regulated under the Polish civil law (since the entry of the Civil Code into force in 1965), as they were perceived, albeit incorrectly, as a reminiscence of the epoch of feudalism. However, they are still popular in other European civil law legislations, for example in the German, Swiss, Austrian, Spanish, Czech, Estonian, Slovenian or Croatian laws. The prototype for this category of rights is the real burden (German: Reallast). This paper presents various solutions for the latter institution as well as related institutions, such as the Swiss “annuity letter” (German: Gült, French: lettre de rente) and the German annuity land charge (German: Rentengrundschuld). Different concepts for the legal nature of the annuity rights have been presented, in particular the German real burden, which formed the basis for proposals of solutions in the work of the Polish Civil Law Codification Committee at the beginning of the 21st century. The potential usefulness of the real burden rights indicated in this article confirms the legitimacy of introducing this type of legal institution into the Polish law.
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Siegel-Hawley, Genevieve, Sarah Diem, and Erica Frankenberg. "The Disintegration of Memphis-Shelby County, Tennessee: School District Secession and Local Control in the 21st Century." American Educational Research Journal 55, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 651–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831217748880.
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In this qualitative case study, we explore the political impulses behind suburban secession from the 2013 Memphis-Shelby County merger, the largest school district consolidation in recent history. Decades removed from the Civil Rights Movement, during a period of stark inequality, colorblind law and policymaking, and a diminished understanding of education as a societal benefit, the central suburban rationale for secession, local control, carries new weight. It gives already privileged communities a race-neutral, legally sanctioned, and politically persuasive way to discuss resource accumulation that maps onto existing racial and economic segregation. Memphis-area lessons offer insight into an increasing number of secession struggles and enrich our understanding of how educational advantage is consolidated in the 21st-century metropolis.
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Brüggemeier, Gert. "The Civilian Law of Delict: A Comparative and Historical Analysis." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 7, no. 4 (December 5, 2020): 339–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-bja10007.
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Abstract This article explores the civilian tradition of the European law of delict. Part 1 tells the story of the birth of modern civil law of delict in the 19th century codifications in continental Europe, rooted in Roman law and Enlightenment Natural Law. Examples are the French and German codes, and the Japanese as a legal transplant. Fault, unlawfulness (Rechtswidrigkeit), damage, and causation are the central categories. Part 2 focuses on the challenges of industrialisation: enterprises as new actors, industrial accidents, technical risks, insurance. This part discusses the changes the civil law of delict and the common law of torts underwent to cope with these challenges. Part 3 draws some consequences from these developments. It outlines the basic structures of a postmodern civil law of delict, explicitly differentiating it from the law of torts, and as a basis for further developments in 21st century. This structure has three main features: liability for personal fault, liability for defective business activities, and Gefährdungshaftung.
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Qureshi, Dr Abrar Hussain, and Dr Hafiz Muhammad Ajmal. "Towards Establishing Global peace in the 21st Century, An Analysis of Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) preaching and Practices." rahatulquloob 3, no. 2(2) (December 10, 2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51411/rahat.3.2(2).2019.224.
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It is an established fact that the progress of any nation is not determined only by the material prosperity of its inhabitants rather one of the yardsticks, in this regard, is the lasting peace and tranquility, that its inhabitants enjoy. All the benefits of the material prosperity are marred by the absence of peace. One of the solid reasons to threaten the fabric of peace among societies and nations is the violation of civil human rights. When the individuals of a society feel threats to their rights, then anarchy comes into existence and destroys the very peaceful fabric of society. Factions of society become intolerant to one another. There starts a clash of cultures and ideologies. Different societies have been practicing various stoical philosophies to create peace among its individuals bit in so far as, they have not been successful in spite of its tremendous enlightm-ent. The undertaken research is an attempt, in this regard, to highlight the multi dimensional preaching of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in promoting peace among religions and societies. The undertaken study establishes that only the true adherence with the holy prophet’s (PBUH) preaching of tolerance can promote the lasting peace among religions and cultures.
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McCall, Joyce. "“A Peculiar Sensation”: Mirroring Du Bois’ Path into Predominantly White Institutions in the 21st Century." Action, Criticism, and Theory for Music Education 20, no. 4 (December 2021): 10–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22176/act20.4.10.
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Over 130 years have expired since William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B.) Du Bois transitioned from a Historically Black College and University (HBCU) in Nashville, Tennessee, to a predominantly White institution (PWI) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. While Du Bois’ HBCU experiences were not always peaceful in the then Jim Crow South, when compared to his PWI experiences with regard to race, his HBCU experiences were far more encouraging. Despite centuries of civil rights and legislative efforts toward dismantling an educational system initially created to serve only White students, African Americans today continue to confront racist structures mirroring those encountered by Du Bois. In this paper, I employ Du Bois’ experiences of negotiating his path into a PWI and his double consciousness theory as a reflective framework, asserting that a great deal of work remains in order to provide safe, anti-racist spaces for African Americans pursuing postsecondary degrees at PWIs, particularly in their music programs.
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Moscati, Laura. "Origins, Evolution and Comparison of Moral Rights between Civil and Common Law Systems." European Business Law Review 32, Issue 1 (February 1, 2021): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2021002.
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The protection of moral rights embraces the now widespread personal sphere of copyright and originated much later than the economic exploitation of the work itself. Some of its components can be found in the English and German thought between the 17th and 18th centuries and, starting from the early 19th century, would have a substantial development through the contribution of both the French legal scholarship and case law. The legal foundations, in any case, date back to some codifications of the German area and to the earliest international treaties, making it a discipline that did not take into consideration the extent of the national territory. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relevance of the European models and their influence in Italy after the national Unification, in particular in the first decades of the 1900s. In fact, the international protection of moral rights takes root in Italy during the 1928 Rome Conference for the revision of the 1886 Berne Convention. The United States joined it only later, in 1989, with the Berne Convention Implementation Act (BCIA). Thirty years later, the Copyright Office published in April 2019 an extensive study about the American protection of moral rights. The document is studied in this paper in comparison with the European Directives and with the Copyright Directive definitively approved a few days before the Copyright Office document. While in the USA the interest in moral rights up to now rather limited seems to be increasing, in Europe the protection of moral rights risks being waned as it is handed down to individual countries with the explicit declaration that it is not the subject matter of the Directives. Moral rights, origins, codification, Europe, Italy, Berne Convention, international treaties, USA, EU Directives, Canada
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Maydanyk, Roman A., and Kateryna V. Moskalenko. "TOWARDS CREATION OF UNIFIED REGULATION ON SURROGACY IN EUROPE: RECENT TRENDS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 12 (2020): 2865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202012227.
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The aim of this paper is to study the existing international legal framework, regulating international surrogacy agreements and to analyse the possibility of adoption of respective unified European legal instrument. Materials and methods: The article is based on international legal acts, jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, reports and scientific articles. The research is grounded on dialectical, formal logical methods, methods of synthesis and analysis, comparative legal method and the method of modelling. Conclusions: The authors came to conclusion about the necessity of introducing of unified legal instrument dealing with international surrogacy cases. The article illustrates that the work towards harmonization of surrogacy in Europe started at the beginning of 21st century and the experts group of the Hague Conference on Private International Law is currently working on drafting a respective protocol. The authors provide a list of questions that were not noticed by the mentioned experts but should be included in the protocol.
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Mina, Hao. "Feminism Is Still Relevant in Australia." Studies in Social Science Research 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): p26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n3p26.
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Feminist movements had been pervasive in the 20th century. It helped women to earn civil rights globally, welcomed by most civilized citizens. Then in the 21st century, it seems to have no reason to exist since there are no apparently observable and unpleasant unequal treatments towards women. Feminism, hence, is regarded as a word of the past by some people. Nevertheless, it is not the fact. By studying the situation in Australia, women in this nation have become the study object. Working opportunities in politics and business have been counted, combined with the study of relevant government policies towards different gender. The male’s changing attitude towards female in gender role has also exposed the socialization process in Australia. Through close scrutiny, it is found that feminism is still very much relevant in Australia.
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Huneeus, Alexandra. "¿A quién le pertenece el Sistema Interamericano? Llamado a nuevas perspectivas sociojurídicas en la investigación académicaTo whom does the Inter-american System belong? A call for new socio-legal perspectives." International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 1218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab116.
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Abstract Over the past decade, scholarship on the Inter-American System of Human Rights has moved beyond the tradition of doctrinal scholarship to examine the political dynamics of the Inter-American System. Through this line of inquiry, we have gained insights into issues of compliance, resistance and backlash, as well as the dynamics of judicial dialogue and cross-court influence. But there is a blind spot in scholarship on the Inter-American Human Rights system, and it is hindering our ability to understand its evolution in the 21st century. This brief essay is a call for more studies with a socio-legal sensibility, with a hat tip to those who have already begun to inquire in this direction. It is time to focus not only on state actors but also on civil society, and not only on the organs of the Inter-American System of Human Rights as institutional actors, but also the individual actors within those institutions.
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Bwalya Lungu, Nancy, and Alice Dhliwayo. "African American Civil Rights Movements to End Slavery, Racism and Oppression in the Post Slavery Era: A Critique of Booker T. Washington’s Integration Ideology." EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, Issue 3 (September 30, 2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2021v02i03.0104.
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The Transatlantic Slave trade began during the 15th century when Portugal and subsequently other European kingdoms were able to expand overseas and reach Africa. The Portuguese first began to kidnap people from the West Coast of Africa and took those that they enslaved to Europe. This saw a lot of African men and women transported to Europe and America to work on the huge plantations that the Whites owned. The transportation of these Africans exposed them to inhumane treatments which they faced even upon the arrival at their various destinations. The emancipation Proclamation signed on 1st January 1863 by the United States President Abraham Lincoln saw a legal stop to slave trade. However, the African Americans that had been taken to the United States and settled especially in the Southern region faced discrimination, segregation, violence and were denied civil rights through segregation laws such as the Jim Crow laws and lynching, based on the color of their skin. This forced them especially those that had acquired an education to rise up and speak against this treatment. They formed Civil Rights Movements to advocate for Black rights and equal treatment. These protracted movements, despite continued violence on Blacks, Culminated in Barack Obama being elected the first African American President of the United States of America. To cement the victory, he won a second term, which Donald Trump failed to obtain. This paper sought to critic the philosophies of Booker T. Washington in his civil rights movement, particularly his ideologies of integration, self-help, racial solidarity and accommodation as expressed in his speech, “the Atlanta Compromise,” and the impact this had on the political and civil rights arena for African Americans.
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Bwalya Lungu, Nancy, and Alice Dhliwayo. "African American Civil Rights Movements to End Slavery, Racism and Oppression in the Post Slavery Era: A Critique of Booker T. Washington’s Integration Ideology." EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, Issue 3 (September 30, 2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2021v02i03.0104.
Full textAbstract:
The Transatlantic Slave trade began during the 15th century when Portugal and subsequently other European kingdoms were able to expand overseas and reach Africa. The Portuguese first began to kidnap people from the West Coast of Africa and took those that they enslaved to Europe. This saw a lot of African men and women transported to Europe and America to work on the huge plantations that the Whites owned. The transportation of these Africans exposed them to inhumane treatments which they faced even upon the arrival at their various destinations. The emancipation Proclamation signed on 1st January 1863 by the United States President Abraham Lincoln saw a legal stop to slave trade. However, the African Americans that had been taken to the United States and settled especially in the Southern region faced discrimination, segregation, violence and were denied civil rights through segregation laws such as the Jim Crow laws and lynching, based on the color of their skin. This forced them especially those that had acquired an education to rise up and speak against this treatment. They formed Civil Rights Movements to advocate for Black rights and equal treatment. These protracted movements, despite continued violence on Blacks, Culminated in Barack Obama being elected the first African American President of the United States of America. To cement the victory, he won a second term, which Donald Trump failed to obtain. This paper sought to critic the philosophies of Booker T. Washington in his civil rights movement, particularly his ideologies of integration, self-help, racial solidarity and accommodation as expressed in his speech, “the Atlanta Compromise,” and the impact this had on the political and civil rights arena for African Americans.
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Vinogradova, Ekaterina. "Latin American TV Series as the Channel for Intercultural Communication with Europe." Contemporary Europe 99, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope62020112118.
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The study of intercultural communication within large cultures is particularly relevant in the 21st century in an era of globalization. Nowadays, thanks to the development of new information channels, such as social networks, as well as public diplomacy, branding of culture and art, popularization of national cultural traditions has become an integral part of the cultural diplomacy of Latin American countries. Despite globalization that has led to the global hybridization of television production, Latin American television series still retain the characteristics of unique products, introducing the foreign viewer to the culture and traditions of the Latin American region. In the 21st century, leading Latin American TV companies have changed the content of TV series aimed at different groups of target audiences. Social topics related to inequality, the emergence of civil society, problems of young people, and criminalization of society have found their way beyond the Latin American continent and have received a strong response in European countries. The Netflix site has become an important communication channel for Latin American television serial products. Television series, as the main marketing product of the leading Latin American media conglomerates, have contributed to the development of intercultural communication with European target audiences, where Latin American television stations have found similar social and cultural features and have become a kind of brand of this television genre. The popularity of Latin American serial products in Europe is due to the emergence of hybrid series and joint Latin American-European production of this type of entertainment television products. The article explores the stages of Latin American TV series' distribution in European countries and their impact on intercultural communication between Latin America and Europe.
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Colfer, Barry. "The European Trade Union Confederation." socio.hu 9, Special Issue (June 16, 2020): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.9.
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The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) represents some 45 million trade union members from eighty-nine national trade union confederations and ten European Industry Federations from thirty-nine countries. In 2019, ETUC entered its forty-sixth year and marked its fourteenth quadrennial Congress in Vienna where delegates intervened to shape the work plan and direction of the organisation for the coming four years and to elect a new Executive Committee. This article takes stock of ETUC’s background and primary activities and considers whether ETUC enhances the power and influence of its members, despite the challenging environment in which trade unions in Europe reside in the 21st century. In so doing, the article assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the organisation, which remains the largest civil society organisation in Europe.
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POTAPOVA, DARIA, and SERGEY SHPAGIN. "FEMINISM IN EUROPE: FACING NEW CHALLENGES." History and modern perspectives 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2021-3-1-38-46.
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The article is devoted to topical issues of the development of the ideology of feminism in modern conditions. The purpose of the work is to identify the factors of the dynamics of the ideology of feminism at the beginning of the 21st century. The main versions of classical feminism are characterized: liberal, Marxist and radical. There is a close connection between the origins of feminism and Marxism, but even in the early period the interaction of these ideological and political movements was problematic. There is also an interaction of feminism with new social movements in the West in the 20th century. The contradictory consequences of the development of the women's movement for the ideology of feminism are noted: on the one hand, the actualization of the feminist agenda in Western countries created the conditions for significant successes in protecting women's rights and recognizing feminism as a real political force, on the other hand, these same successes reduced the relevance of the liberal version of feminism. Recent developments in Europe have a significant impact on the feminist agenda. Globalization and, in particular, the migration crisis of the 2010s are considered as one of the new factors in the ideological dynamics of feminism. The influx of migrants from Muslim countries not only places a burden on state budgets and reduces the level of security of life on the continent, but also erodes the civilizational identity of European society. Muslim migrants do not seek to integrate into European society, often ignore the fundamental values of European civilization, and above all, women's equality. This situation creates incentives not only to renew the political goals of feminists, but also to revise the ideological foundations of their ideology itself. In particular, it is possible to move away from the traditional reliance on left-wing political slogans and replace the popular Marxist phraseology among radical Islamists with values related to the protection of democratic gains of European society.
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Dimitrijevic, Dusko. "Review of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: 40 years after Helsinki." Medjunarodni problemi 67, no. 4 (2015): 365–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1504365d.
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The paper deals with the genesis of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) as the important pan-European forum for addressing security issues during the Cold War era, and, secondly, analyses the dynamics of institutional changes that led to establishment of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an active factor in the process of d?tente and the easing of tensions between the then USSR and the United States, the CSCE was the place in which were flowing all initiatives related to overcoming the security problems in bipolar Europe. The paper provides a brief of negotiation process that produced the Helsinki Final Act of 1975, an international political document that laid down the basic principles of interstate relations and political commitments in a number of areas, from military-political security, to economic and environmental co-operation and human rights. The author concludes that the role of the OSCE is likely to stagnate in the 21st century, for it will not be sufficiently capable to influence Euro-Atlantic and Euroasian affairs, and to maintain its function as an important consultative and negotiating mechanism, as well as a platform for regional security and cooperation.
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Johnston, Lon. "Conquering Heterosexism: The Gay and Lesbian Challenge to Social Work Education." Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work 8, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18084/1084-7219.8.1.1.
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At the beginning of the 21st century, it appears some social work educators are ambivalent about teaching gay and lesbian issues. At times, educators have been supportive of efforts by gay and lesbian people to fight heterosexism. However, social work education's overall record as advocates for gay and lesbian rights can be characterized as erratic. This article is a call for social work education to acknowledge its institutional heterosexism, to return to its roots of advocacy for all disenfranchised and oppressed people, and to take an unequivocal stand in support of gay and lesbian civil rights. This article also challenges individual educators to acknowledge their own personal heterosexism and to implement the profession's historical commitment to social justice for gay men and lesbians. Specific actions that social work educators can take to support the movement of gay men and lesbians toward equality are described.
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Andersen, David, Carsten Jensen, and Magnus B. Rasmussen. "Suffering from Suffrage: Welfare State Development and the Politics of Citizenship Disqualification." Social Science History 45, no. 4 (2021): 863–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.38.
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AbstractFollowing the landmark essay of T. H. Marshall, Citizenship and the Social Class (1949), it has conventionally been assumed that the introduction and expansion of social rights in Europe happened as the final stage of a long process of democratization that included the granting of first civil and then political rights. We present a radically different perspective on the relationship between the extension of suffrage (under meaningful competition for government power) and social rights, that is state-financed entitlements that make citizens’ livelihood independent from the labor market in the instance of events such as unemployment or sickness. First, some countries institutionalized a state-financed poor relief system much before mass democratization. In these countries, the primary effect of suffrage extension was to reduce public social spending, not expand it. Second, the way this retrenchment occurred was partly by creating a negative link between social rights, on the one hand, and civil and political rights, on the other. We test our argument with case studies of nineteenth- to early-twentieth-century England, Denmark, Norway, and Prussia, all of which are paradigmatic cases that represent the variation in welfare state types.
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Sheinis, V. "Liberalism against Etatism (on the Path towards Liberalism of the 21st Century)." World Economy and International Relations 64, no. 11 (2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-11-13-22.
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In the 20th century, liberalism stood up in a fight against two authoritarian (totalitarian) regimes – the nazi one and the communist one. This lead to conclusion on the “end of history” – the end of the world competition in common forms. It took little time to make sure that sharp turns of historical processes are unpredictable, etatist (authoritarian, statist) regimes are diverse, and liberalism has to argue for its historically superior role in a dispute with them over and over again. In some cases, and in some ways, authoritarian regimes have proven to be more effective than liberal ones. This was discussed by qualified experts at international workshops held in Moscow in 2017–2018. Following these discussions, a book was published in 2019. The proceeding of the dispute is represented in this article. The liberal strategy has been searching for a synthesis of freedom and equality for more than a century. However, in practice, their organic convergence is problematic. It is difficult to balance the aims of liberals and socialists, and therefore, to define possibilities and limits of a dialogue between them. Social state is one of the main ideas that liberal parties bring to elections. But it is hard to compile with material and administrative resources concentration in state hands. Nations are a reality of the modern world. Building and developing civil nations within the borders of one state (and particularly of interstate formations) is the task that has no vivid and familiar solutions. The same as the problem of nation-state sovereignty (the apologetic attitude to which has become widespread) has no simple and unambiguous solution. The apparent success of illiberal (and in some countries – anti-liberal) methods of partial modernization is one of the most сruel surprises sprung on the liberal doctrine and policy by modern world processes. All this makes the promotion of liberal values in Europe and Russia very challenging.
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Kozłowski, Jakub. "Rozwój zakresu przedmiotowego ochrony dóbr osobistych w świetle społecznych wyzwań XXI wieku." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 24 (September 24, 2018): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.24.4.
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Development of the scope of the subject protection of personal interests in light of challenges of the 21st centuryOne of the greatest and most important challenges of private law in the 21st century is the adaptation and evolution of key institutions to the consequences of social or economic development. An extremely interesting process in this context is the development of the scope of the subject protection of personal rights. The aim of the article is to discuss this phenomenon, with particular emphasis on the influence of the literature and jurisprudence on extending the scope of the subject of personal rights. The author also draws attention to the way in which the concept and scope of personal rights were developed and modified, citing and discussing the most important positions and doctrinal disputes. In addition, an example was presented, which serves to illustrate the analyzed trend. It is the potential recognition of violations related to the low level of air quality in Poland covered by protection under the provisions on personal property. The author describes this issue, taking into account the provisions of European law, through Polish regulations and positions of the literature, formulating his own predictions about the future of this particular problem, emphasizing its importance. This reflection illustrates how the discussed civil law institution undergoes modification as a result of the social challenges of the 21st century. In the elaboration of the above issue, scientific methods were used, such as: analysis of judicial decisions, normative acts — both domestic and European ones, in addition the dogmatic method was used. Numerous conclusions have been derived as a result of the analysis, among other things — an indication of universality as one of the greatest achievements of doctrine. This dependence results from the fact that new private law challenges can be assessed through the prism of universal institutions that have already been created, only by modifying them, developing or deliberating on how to use them. The tendency described in the work can be extended to a range of other contemporary challenges before courts, but above all to the legislator.
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Augenstein, Daniel, and Bert van Roermund. "“Lisbon vs. Lisbon”: Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Freedoms." German Law Journal 14, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220000256x.
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In March 2000, the Lisbon European Council agreed upon a new strategic goal for the European Union: to become the “most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion.” One decade and the sobering experience of a global economic crisis later, the European Commission's new 2020 Strategy sets out a vision of Europe's social market economy for the 21st century that “shows how the EU can emerge stronger from the economic crisis and how it can be turned into a smart, sustainable and inclusive economy delivering high levels of employment, productivity and social cohesion.” If somewhat more modest in its targets, Europe 2020 reiterates the guiding ambition to enhance the EU's economic performance in the internal and global market that already dominated the Lisbon strategy. The lesson learned from Europe's “lost decade” is that the EU needs to replace the “slow and largely uncoordinated pace of reforms” with a “sustainable recovery” in order to regain its competitiveness, boost its productivity, and put it on “an upward path of prosperity.” This is, then, the EU's first “Lisbon” agenda that heavily relies on the internal market and that depicts social inclusion and political stability as conditioned upon further European economic integration. The recipe to defy what has grown from a “merely” economic crisis into a social and political crisis of the Union and its Member States is a combination of “smart,” “sustainable,” and “inclusive” growth.