Academic literature on the topic 'Civil procedure – European Union countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Civil procedure – European Union countries"
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KHRIDOCHKIN, Andriy. "Features of legal support of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-131-137.
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Abstract. The article deals with the peculiarities of public administration in the field of intellectual property and the conceptual foundations of its procedures in the countries of the European Union. The conceptual foundations of the formation and development of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union are revealed. The pluralism of approaches to determining public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the European Union countries is analyzed. The legal framework of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is presented. A modern analysis of the legislation of the European Union for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, including: copyright and related rights; protection of rights to inventions; utility models; industrial designs; brands; geographical indications; branded names; plant varieties; layout of semiconductor products; commercial secrecy; as well as legislation on civil law and customs ways to protect intellectual property rights in the European Union, the practice of application. It is established that in the national legal systems of European countries the regulation of public relations in the field of intellectual property is given considerable attention. At the same time, neither universal international treaties nor national legal regulation in the field of intellectual property can ensure the effectiveness of legal protection of the results of intellectual creative activity. The acts of the European Communities on Public Administration in the field of intellectual property are analyzed. The process of improving public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is analyzed and the legal framework of this process is presented. The conclusion was made on the relevance of the study of problems of public administration in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union. Key words: European Union, Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Right, Procedure, Public Administration, Community Court, European Communities, Intellectual Property Sphere.
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Kupryashina, Elena A., Snezhana S. Khalimonenko, Aleksander A. Nasonov, Ekaterina A. Novikova, and Sergey F. Shumilin. "Extradition under the Legislation of the Russian Federation and Member States of the European Union." Cuestiones Políticas 37, no. 65 (August 2020): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3865.07.
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The document analyzes the legislation of the Russian Federation and the member states of the European Union on extradition from the point of view of its compliance with the current European Convention on Extradition. It also makes proposals to improve the rules of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation that regulates the extradition procedure. Methodologically, the work uses scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the historical, comparative method, all in an integrated approach. Among the conclusions, the fact that for the previous legal provisions to work, its consolidation only in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation is insufficient. The first step to put them into practice could be to discuss the issue of making the necessary amendments to the Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil Matters, as well as in the Family and Criminal Affairs regulations of January 22, 1993, of which the countries of the European Convention on Extradition are parties.
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Danielyan, A. S. "Electronic evidence in the civil procedure of foreign countries (on the example of the European Union, Switzerland, Ukraine)." Law Gazette of the Kuban State University, no. 3 (2021): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31429/20785836-13-3-62-70.
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MÁRQUEZ CHAMIZO, ESPERANZA, and AUGUSTO PANSARD ANAYA. "Enforceability of the agreements reached in the European Union. Some reflections." Revista Jurídica de Investigación e Innovación Educativa (REJIE Nueva Época), no. 10 (July 1, 2014): 37–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/rejie.2014.v0i10.7717.
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The legal system in Spain is undergoing a process of convergence with our neighboring countries in the European Union. Directive 52/2008 on mediation in civil and commercial matters has been recently transposed by the Law 5/2012, of July 6th. This is the first rule about civil and commercial mediation in the state level and it happens when mediation begin to be considered as an alternative to prosecution or via arbitration, as it involves a system of conflict resolution, that can help to get the right to judicial protection, keeping the Courts as a last resort andturning the citizen into active protagonist of the solution of their own conflict.This paper aims to analyze the questions about the mediation agreement in European Union, their enforceability and binding effects, the procedure to be followed or the effectiveness of the agreements reached therein.The gradual consolidation of mediation between legal operators involves reflection on the model adopted in our system, because this method has meant a great improvement in all Member States legal system. It is necessary to promote the culture of mediation to bring this institution to all sectors of society involved.
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Korneva, P. M. "Conflicting regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism: the experience of the European Union." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 65 (October 25, 2021): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.66.
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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the conflict regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism in the European Union. The author analyzes the concept of «medical tourism» and other terms used to denote the phenomenon of travel of persons to foreign countries to receive medical services («cross-border healthcare», «medical tourism», «medical travel»). The article analyzes the regulation of the EU-member states and supra-national regulation of private law aspects in the field of medical tourism. In particular, the peculiarities of receiving medical care by citizens of the European Union, which are regulated with the Directive of the Euro-pean Council and the Parliament 2011/24 / EU on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare. The author concludes that the conflict regulation of medical tourism in the European Union is based on the general conflict rules on the conclusion and implementation of contracts in the field of services and insurance, as well as compensation for damage caused by improper performance of contracts or civil offenses (torts), resolving conflicts of jurisdiction, etc. Special conflict regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism in the European Union is not developed. At the same time, the author emphasizes the significant gaps in the conflict regulation of certain issues related to medical tourism, especially such debatable as cross-border surrogacy, organ transplantation, eutha-nasia and others. The author supports the view that for the countries of the European Union today in the context of medical tourism for the purpose of surrogacy in countries where such a procedure is legal, relevant today are issues of conflict regulation, such as determining the nationality of the child; recognition of paternity (origin of the child); recognition of birth certificates of a surrogate mother issued in other countries.
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Gvozdevičs, Andrejs. "Prasības nodrošinājuma iespējamie procesuālie risinājumi Latvijā: salīdzinājums ar Lietuvas, Igaunijas un Krievijas Federācijas pieredzi." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 16 (2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.16.2020.1.049-063.
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Rakstā tiek analizēts prasības nodrošinājuma regulējums atsevišķās valstīs Eiropas Savienībā (Lietuvā, Igaunijā) un ārpus tās (Krievijā), salīdzinot prasības nodrošinājuma procesuālos risinājumus ar Latvijā spēkā esošo prasības nodrošinājuma tiesisko regulējumu, tādējādi izkristalizējot procesuālos problēmjautājumus un norādot uz nepieciešamību izdarīt grozījumus Latvijas Civilprocesa likumā [1]. The article analyses the regulation in some European Union countries (Lithuania, Estonia) and outside it (Russia), comparing procedural solutions of securing a claim with the legal regulation of securing a claim in Latvia, thus crystallizing procedural issues and pointing to the necessary amendments to the Civil Procedure Law of Latvia.
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Voronko, Oleksii. "APPLICATION OF ASTRENT UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF CERTAIN COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND RUSSIA." Scientific and Informational Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law Named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 8 (December 26, 2019): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2019.8.20.127-134.
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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the content and comparative analysis of the mechanisms for the use of asthma in France, the Benelux countries, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Russia, as well as its regulation by EU legislation. Method. The methodology involves a comprehensive analysis and generalization of available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The study used the principles of objectivity and integrity, as well as general scientific, special legal and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge: induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis. Comparative, functional and legal. Results: The study found that an asthma was a means of influencing a debtor to fulfill his obligations voluntarily. This remedy is based on the idea that the prospect of paying a higher sum than that arising from the obligation should force the debtor to execute the decision without delay. Over time, the use of astringent has proven to be particularly effective in enforcing binding decisions and in taking action to secure a claim or evidence. An asterant is an indirect way of enforcing a judgment and acts as an influence or pressure on the obliged party to enforce the court decision. In this case, the payment of the asthma does not release the debtor from the obligation, which is confirmed by the executive document. Scientific novelty. Analyzing the international experience, it is argued that it is advisable to use the astringent procedure in the Ukrainian civil law. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-enforcement and law-enforcement activities in the investigation of crimes related to financial misconduct.
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Stefanchuk, M. "The staff of the Public Prosecutor’s Office in Ukraine: in search of optimal ways of formation." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 68 (March 24, 2022): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.68.43.
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It has been provided a comparative study of the national legal systems of some European Union member states with a high level of civil society confidence in the justice system, in terms of the formation of the prosecutor’s office as part of this system.
It has been stated that in order to substantiate the timeliness and demand for measures of the current stage of reforming the prosecutor’s office in Ukraine, the criterion of the level of civil society trust in the prosecutor’s office is set, which fully meets the European standard of functioning of this institution in a democratic society.
Taking into account the unsatisfactory state of functioning of the existing model of prosecution authorities in Ukraine, from the point of view of the level of support provided by society, there is a need to study the formation of prosecutors in foreign countries in order to gain successful experience in establishing this important institution in the state justice system.
It has been highlighted the peculiarities of the legal policy on determining the qualification requirements for candidates for the position of prosecutor, selection procedures and professional training of prosecutors in the Member States of the European Union with a high level of civil society trust in institutions that provide due justice.
It has been established that a high level of civil society trust to the justice system is, to a decisive extent, a projection of a certain legal policies of these states, aimed at methodological academic and special professional training of the judiciary staff, including prosecutors.
It is concluded that simplification of the procedure for selection and training of prosecutors may not always indicate its improvement, as only a systematic change in the special training of candidates for the position of prosecutor and further training of incumbent prosecutors, taking into account best practices, can contribute to high level their professional competence as a prerequisite for increasing the level of trust of civil society in the prosecutor’s office as an institution as a whole.
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Goncharova, A. V. "European rules of liability for inherited debts experience for Ukraine." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (February 20, 2022): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.03.6.
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This research examines the procedure for establishing liability for inherited debts of the testator. It is noted that the inheritance law of some European countries is undergoing transformation. Discussions on the future of inheritance law in Europe have not yet been completed, and it remains to be seen whether it has begun at all. One of the key issues is the area of liability for inheritance debts, which is present in any system of inheritance law and occupies an important place.
The article highlights the main problems of European practice on the basis of Polish law and suggests that this may be the starting point for resolving this issue on a wider European scale. Modern problems are caused by the fact that most of the principles of settlement of inheritance law were borrowed from Roman private law. Daily practice shows that the solutions developed by the legislator are not always able to satisfy modern realities. Disputes over the settlement of inheritance relations are particularly noticeable in countries that have historically been part of the so-called Eastern bloc. In the light of the ever-growing demand for the unification of substantive law, inheritance in the European Union, as well as the entry into force of Regulation (EC) № 650/2012 of the European Union and the creation of a European Certificate of Inheritance, it is interesting to study. Debt inheritance research is currently lacking in a study by scholars.
We state the fact that inheritance law is a branch of civil law. In some countries, there is a principle that no one should maintain an inheritance against their own. Legislators create opportunities for potential heirs in different ways. Therefore, we propose to create a mechanism in legal systems that uphold the principle of universal succession, according to which the passive attitude to the inheritance of any heirs is equated to the submission of an application for acceptance of the inheritance. In fact, this is natural, as renunciation of inheritance is less common in practice than acceptance.
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Zwęgliński, Tomasz. "Polish Approach to Sharing Resources Deployable for the EU Civil Protection Mechanism." Internal Security 13, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2905.
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Poles are highly aware of the fact that Polish civil protection assets are being deployed abroad in order to assist other disaster- and crisis-stricken countries around the world. Such a type of urgent assistance provided from one country to another in an emergency response situation is regulated and organised by the European Union. Poland, as a state participating in the EU international system, is very active in sharing its civil protection assets, such as in the Beirut explosion case in Lebanon (2020), and during forest fires in Sweden (2018). Using its civil protection resources to assist other countries poses a question on the potential influence of such activities on the homeland’s internal security. Solving the problem has to be preceded by answering the following question — How is the process of international civil protection deployment organised in Poland? Responding to this question required utilising such methods as a review and analysis of literature sources on the European dimension of civil protection, EU legal regulations, statistics, reports as well as Polish standard operating procedures and internal regulations on the national level and was the key method applied in the research. Furthermore, semi-formal interviews with Polish and EU experts were done. The findings prove that operational planning in the researched area is well organised, which significantly diminishes the identified risk for internal security.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Civil procedure – European Union countries"
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FELD, Leonard. "From soft law to hard law : the concept and regulation of human rights due diligence in the EU legal context." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74341.
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Defence date: 14 March 2022Examining Board: Professor Stefan Grundmann (Humboldt University Berlin); Professor Mathias Siems (European University Institute); Professor Karin Buhmann (Copenhagen Business School); Professor Robert McCorquodale (University of Nottingham)
This dissertation examines the concept of human rights due diligence (HRDD) under international soft law and its transposition into business regulation, with a particular focus on the European Union context. It traces the evolution of HRDD – starting from the work of the United Nations to the recent contributions of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The inquiry finds that HRDD is a concept of remarkable depth, whose features make it suitable to address human rights abuse in the globalised economy. Yet, there are also a number of practical and conceptual concerns. For instance, it is argued that the concept of HRDD features a high level of abstraction, which leads to ambiguities at the stage of implementation. In view of these findings, the transposition of HRDD into business law provides an opportunity, not only to build on the strengths of the concept, but also to counter some of its weaknesses. In addition, the thesis addresses two questions of international law concerning, first, the legality of HRDD legislation in view of its extraterritorial implications and, second, the relationship between relevant legal acts and the duties of states under international human rights law. It is held that regulators enjoy considerable leeway under international law to facilitate or require HRDD even beyond their own borders. Yet, states are presently under no international obligation to regulate HRDD processes – even though new developments are in sight. Finally, drawing on the findings of this research, the dissertation reviews Directive 2014/95/EU and Regulation (EU) 2017/821 as two precedents of HRDD legislation in the European Union. The two legal acts pursue very different strategies to promote HRDD processes with, it is argued, a varying degree of success. Through these assessments, the thesis provides a set of recommendations that may inform the transposition of the concept into business law.
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PFARR, Mag Dietmar. "Civilian control of armed forces : challenges for the European Union /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FPFARR.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Hans-Eberhard Peters. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-56). Also available online.
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ELBASANI, Arolda. "The impact of EU conditionality upon democratisation : comparing electoral competition and civil service reforms in post-communist Albania." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10435.
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Defence date: 30 November 2007Examining Board: Prof. Philippe Schmitter (EUI); Prof. Làszlò Bruszt (EUI); Dr. Antoaneta Dimitrova (Leiden University); Prof. Shinasi Rama (New York University)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This dissertation explores how and to what extent EU conditionality can foster democratisation in a highly problematic case such as post-communist Albania. In order to examining the phenomena of democratisation in operational detail, the thesis delves into the sub-systemic level of democratisation focusing on two partial regimes - electoral regime and civil service system. The analysis follows on the rational choice premise that the domestic actors’ strategies of compliance depend on the structure of external incentives i.e. rewards and threats, that appeal to their interest. Our account on the impact of EU conditionality upon democratisation assumes that the likelihood of compliance depends on 1) the size of the rewards attached to conditionality; 2) the size of adoption costs; 3) the clarity of prescriptions and 4) credibility of reinforcement. The first part consists of developing a conceptual framework for assessing and explaining the impact of EU enlargement conditionality over democratisation processes. The second part explores the case of Albanian democratisation and the specific challenge it poses to the working of EU conditionality. The third part analyses the association between EU conditionality and reform seeking to identify whether the fortification of the EU conditionality coincides with a pattern-breaking change in each of the partial regimes of our choice. The thesis concludes that the EU was more successful to foster reforms in the area of electoral competition than public administration and civil service system. The EU seemed to push forward reforms by articulating clear prescriptions regarding the electoral competition; and advancing contractual relations with the country in function of electoral performance.
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Fee, Emma. "'A Europe without dividing lines': the normative framework of the European neighbourhood policy - emergent jus gentium or consolidation of jus civile?" Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83952.
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The primary focus of this work is Article 57 of the Draft European Constitution, concerning the constitutionalisation of a new aspect in EU external relations law, 'the European Neighbourhood Policy'. No comprehensive study of this constitutional article has yet been undertaken in EU legal research. Through the medium of the title of my thesis I wish to examine whether it amounts to an emergent jus gentium for the EU or its antithesis, the consolidation of jus civile. In parallel with the nature of the subject, this study is necessarily a legal-political one. Key points identified are the strategic use of human rights, extraterritoriality of law, foreign direct investment and legal imperialism. A number of recent developments, both judicial and legislative, have provoked this study.
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COURELL, Ann Marie. "The friendly settlement procedure under the European convention on human rights." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7026.
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Defence date: 30 March 2007Examining Board: Prof. Philip Alston (European University Institute) ; Prof. Francesco Francioni (European University Institute) ; Prof. Olivier de Schutter (University of Louvain) ; Prof. Kevin Boyle (University of Essex Colchester)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
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Sule, Attila. "The European Union in peace operations : limits of policy-making and military implementation." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1061.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe 1992 European Union (EU) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP, Maastricht Treaty) marked a turning point in the trans-Atlantic relationship. The Balkan conflicts and broader political changes in the 1990s compelled the EU to assume more responsibility in peace operations. The EU's 60,000 strong Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) is planned to be operational in 2003. Will the EU be able to conduct Petersberg-type peace operations? This thesis analyzes policy and military shortfalls of the Balkan peacekeeping effort. Questions about the legitimacy of armed humanitarian interventions, about difficulties in common policy formulation and translation to sound military objectives are the core problems of civil-military relations in European peace operations. The case studies focus on the EU failure to resolve the Bosnian crises between 1992-95, and on the gaps between NATO policies and military objectives in the operations of 'Implementation Force' in Bosnia and 'Allied Force' in Kosovo. The thesis considers developments in EU CFSP institutions and EU-NATO relationship as well as the EU's response to terrorist attacks on September 11 2001. The thesis argues that the difficulty in EU CFSP formulation limits the effective use of RRF in military operations.
Major, Hungarian Army
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Van, Hedel Johanna Henrïette. "Towards a European ius commune - what lessons can we learn from Quebec's mixed legal system?" Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82673.
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We are witness today, within a context of an increasingly integrated European Union, to the making of a new common legal order which is that of the European Community. This new ius commune Europaeum will have to be based on legal foundations that can be adhered to by all member states. In this perspective, it is indispensable to investigate whether domestic legal systems of the member states are able to adopt legal concepts of other member states without undermining their cohesive natures. Only then will it be possible to build the emerging ius commune on a conceptual legal framework, which is not to be perceived as a Fremdkorper in the participating states. The present thesis analyzes how Quebec's civilian jurisdiction adopted the common law concepts of the trust and unconscionability, in order to answer the question whether, and if so how, European civil law jurisdictions may adopt common legal concepts and yet remain cohesive.
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Gurkan, Seda. "The impact of the European Union on turkish foreign policy during the pre-accession process to the European Union, 1997-2005: à la carte Europeanisation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209295.
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The dissertation is about the impact of the European Union (EU) on the foreign policy of a candidate in the pre-accession period. More specifically, the research analyses the factors and processes that intervene between the EU power to generate change in Turkish foreign policy and Turkish national compliance with the EU conditions between 1997 and 2005 by way of analysing three cases: Turkish foreign policy towards Cyprus issue, Greek-Turkish bilateral problems in the Aegean Sea; and Turkey’s stance vis-à-vis the launch of the ESDP. Main question the research addresses is “why does a candidate choose to comply (or fail to comply) with the EU conditions in foreign policy?” In other words: “How (through what mechanisms) does the EU generate compliance with the EU conditions in foreign policy?” The dissertation approaches these questions through the perspective of the Europeanization literature and its conditionality school drawing on the Rational Choice Institutionalism. In accordance with this rationalist account, main argument the doctoral research intends to prove is that “the EU’s adaptational pressure on Turkey (operationalized as a function of clear/attainable membership perspective and credible conditionality policy) is a necessary yet not a sufficient condition for domestic compliance in foreign policy if the cost of compliance is high for the target government. In this respect, domestic actors’ strategic calculation is the ultimate determinant of the compliance degrees at the domestic level. In order to prove this core hypothesis, the research used theory testing process-tracing, longitudinal comparison of cases, counter-factual reasoning and the use of a control case. The evidence for testing the argument comes from the measurement of conditionality (measured as the linkage between a given foreign policy condition and membership-related reward) and domestic compliance (measured as foreign policy output ranging from rhetorical to behavioural change) through the content analysis of primary documents. This analysis is complemented with 33 semi-structured elite interviews. The dissertation by proving that the EU’s transformative power in foreign policy works through the cost and benefit calculation of the ruling party and by elaborating on the conditions under which the EU can interfere with this rational calculus (hence modify the opportunity structure for the target government), advances our understanding of the EU’s transformative power and contributes to the Accession Europeanization literature in general. Furthermore, the study provides additional empirical as well as theoretical in-depth case knowledge to the available literature on the Europeanization of Turkey and Turkish foreign policy.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Laurès, Bertrand. "Les actions en dommages et intérêts pour les infractions au droit de la concurrence." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100161.
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Le droit de la concurrence est régi, principalement, par le droit de l’Union européenne. Le "public enforcement" garantit le respect de ce dernier. Le droit de l’Union européenne ne prévoyait pas jusqu’alors de régime juridique permettant aux victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles d’obtenir réparation de leur préjudice, malgré une reconnaissance jurisprudentielle. Le droit national, quant à lui, n’avait pas de régime spécifique et les victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles se voyaient appliquer le régime commun de la responsabilité délictuelle sur le fondement de l’article 1382 ancien du Code civil. Vu la complexité du contentieux, cette situation entraînait de grandes difficultés pour les victimes d’obtenir réparation des dommages subis. La directive n°2014/104/UE a créé un régime juridique nouveau et a harmonisé le "private enforcement". Elle a été transposée en droit français par l’ordonnance n°2017-303. Cette réforme très attendue est en demi-teinte. Certes, il existe des avancées non négligeables. La directive facilite la preuve de la faute et organise la communication et la production de pièces pendant l’instance. Elle consacre une présomption de dommage et encadre l’évaluation du préjudice. En revanche, la réforme est plutôt timorée sur d’autres éléments, tels que la faute, l’imputation de la faute, ou encore le financement des actions. Cette étude a pour objectif d’analyser ces nouvelles dispositions afin de vérifier si la directive facilite effectivement les actions en dommages et intérêts pour les infractions au droit de la concurrenceCompetition law is mainly governed by European Union law. Public enforcement ensures fulfilment of EU law. Until recently, and despite recognition in case-law, EU law did not provide for a legal regime enabling victims of anti-competitive practices to obtain compensation of their damage. National law did not have a specific legal regime and victims of anti-competitive practices could apply the common civil liability regime on the basis of ex-Article 1382 of the Civil Code. Given the complexity of litigation, this situation lead to great difficulties for victims to obtain compensation for their damages. EU directive n°2014/104 creates a new legal regime and harmonizes the private enforcement. It has been transposed into French law under ordonnance n°2017-303. This much-awaited reform is subdued. Certainly, there are significant progresses. The directive facilitates the proof of fault, and organizes the communication and production of documents during the proceedings. It establishes a presumption of loss and provides a framework to assess the harm. On the other hand, the reform is rather timid on other elements, such as the fault, its attribution, or the financing of the actions. The purpose of this study is to analyze these new rules to ascertain whether it effectively facilitates actions for damages for infringements of competition law
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BIANCHESSI, ANDREA. "COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE PER LO SVILUPPO: IL RUOLO DELLA SOCIETA' CIVILE NELLE POLITICHE DELLA BANCA MONDIALE E DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/307.
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La presente tesi di dottorato valuta i rapporti tra le organizzazioni della società civile e le istituzioni internazionali nel sistema della cooperazione per lo sviluppo, attraverso l'analisi delle politiche della Banca Mondiale e dell'Unione Europea, che risultano gli attori multilaterali più rilevanti nell'allocazione e gestione dei finanziamenti dell'Aiuto Pubblico allo Sviluppo (APS).
Nel quadro di relazioni cooperative-dialettiche, si verificano le funzioni degli interlocutori della società civile nel rapporto con le due organizzazioni internazionali e i livelli di partnership. Si analizzano alcuni nodi problematici come la valutazione della performance dei progetti delle organizzazioni della società civile (OSC), per verificarne il valore aggiunto; la dicotomia tra un approccio top-down e bottom-up nella pianificazione di processi di sviluppo locale; la rappresentatività e l'efficacia del contributo delle OSC alla global governance per lo sviluppo.
Si presentano anche due casi empirici di progetti realizzati da una stessa OSC, finanziati dalle due istituzioni considerate, al fine di favorire, attraverso l'analisi “micro”, la comprensione di eventuali diversità rispetto al quadro teorico, alle procedure sul “ciclo di progetto” e ai rilevamenti quantitativi presentati. Complessivamente, emerge che la cooperazione tra OSC e le istituzioni internazionali ha maggiori benefici che costi e conduce ad una partnership win-win per entrambi.The present PhD thesis considers the relationships between the organisations of civil society and the international institutions in development cooperation's system through the analysis of the World Bank's and the European Union's policies. In the frame of cooperative and dialectic relationships will be verified the functions of the interlocutors of the civil society in relationship with the two international organisations and levels of partnership. Some problematic knots will be analysed such as the evaluation of projects' performance of the organisations of the social society (OSC) in order to verify the added value; the dichotomy between a top-down and bottom-up approach in the process planning of the local development; the representation and effectiveness of the OSC's contribution to the global governance for development. Two empirical cases of projects realised by an OCE will be showed. These are financed by the two above considered institutions in order to favour, through a “micro” analysis, the comprehension of possible differences regard to the theoretical picture, to the procedures of the project cycle and to the quantitative showed survey. Altogether it appears that the cooperation between the OSC and the international institutions has more benefits than costs and leads to a win-win partnership.
Books on the topic "Civil procedure – European Union countries"
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Billiet, Philippe. Class arbitration in the European Union. Edited by Association for International Arbitration. Antwerpen: Maklu, 2013.
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Schütze, Rolf A. Das internationale Zivilprozessrecht in der ZPO: Kommentar. Berlin: De Gruyter Recht, 2008.
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Das internationale Zivilprozessrecht in der ZPO: Kommentar. 2nd ed. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011.
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George, Cumming. Civil procedure used for enforcement of EC competition law by the English, French, and German civil courts. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2007.
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Taking a case to the European Court of Human Rights. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
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Leach, Philip. Taking a case to the European Court of Human Rights. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
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Leach, Philip. Taking a case to the European Court of Human Rights. London: Blackstone Press, 2001.
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1968-, Fenger Niels, ed. Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
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Pontier, Jannetje Adriana. EU principles on jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters: According to the case law of the European Court of Justice. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2004.
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Elio, Fazzalari, and Fortin Pierre, eds. Civil justice in the countries of the European Union. Padova: CEDAM, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Civil procedure – European Union countries"
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Rikhárd-Árpád, Pantilimon. "Enforcement of a Claim with the Support of the New Information Technology in the European Union, Romanian Case Study." In Electronic Technology and Civil Procedure, 221–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4072-3_11.
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Matthes, Claudia-Y. "Safeguarding Democracy and the Rule of Law by Civil Society Actors? The Case of Poland." In Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 263–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8_11.
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Abstract A growing body of literature examines the EU’s reactions to illiberal trends in ECE countries. These studies predominantly focus on political instruments such as Article 7 and the Commission’s new rule of law mechanism, and there is a broad consensus on the view that these tools are too weak to combat breaches of liberal principles. This chapter therefore explores the potential of alternative strategies, namely the involvement of civil society actors in backsliding countries. By looking at the Polish case, it explores how much Polish civil society interacts with the European institutions in order to address violations of the rule of law and which strategies these actors unfold. It examines whether this cooperation may help to safeguard democracy in a bottom-up manner. The overall goal of the chapter is to investigate how much the EU’s instruments against democratic backsliding could and should be accompanied effectively by strategies aiming at collaboration with liberal forces within the backsliding member states.
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Slipchenko, Sviatoslav, and Oleksandr Shyshka. "Civil Circulation of the Deceased’s Organs in the Countries of Eastern Europe." In European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World, 115–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05690-1_7.
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Mihr, Anja. "European democracy’s Response to the BRI." In Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia, 375–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_26.
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AbstractIn this chapter, I will argue that the 2013 Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been neither a curse nor a blessing for democracy. Instead, China’s BRI activities in over 140 countries worldwide have triggered many global and local movements and initiatives that have led alternatively to stronger autocratisation and democratisation in some regions, such as across Eurasia. The quantity of investments under the BRI is not a determinant of whether a country democratises or autocratises.Instead, the BRI and the autocratic leadership of the Chinese government in implementing investments across Eurasia has triggered several countermeasures by the European Union (EU) and the G7. One of these is the Global Gateway Initiative (GGI) which aims to invest in infrastructure and development projects worldwide, but with the key difference that its aim is to promote democratic norms and principles of human rights at the same time. Some of the consequences of the New Cold War between democratic and autocratic political systems including the rising unrest of civil society in the face of autocratic forms of governance and anti-Chinese sentiments, these lead to civil unrest and even wars that destabilise entire regions and countries.
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Todino, Michele Domenico, Giuseppe De Simone, Simon Kidiamboko, and Stefano Di Tore. "European Recommendations on Robotics and Related Issues in Education in Different Countries." In Makers at School, Educational Robotics and Innovative Learning Environments, 255–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77040-2_34.
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AbstractThis short paper describes the preliminary phase in an innovative line of research comparing educational robotics in Italy and other countries, from the perspective of media education, and based on the European Parliament recommendations to the Commission on civil law rules on robotics. More specifically, all decision processes that affect digital citizenship should have the support of children and teenagers. For these reasons, this paper looks at the work of a group of Italian high school students in the fifth year of upper secondary school, who formulated a SWOT analysis to highlight their attitudes to robotics issues in relation to the European Union recommendations. This research started in 2018 and will be repeated this academic year with Italian and Congolese students—from the Institut Supérieur des Techniques Appliquées—with a qualitative analysis to establish student attitudes to robotics issues. Qualitative analysis was selected because the SWOT analysis is already divided into information categories, revealing a variety of concepts that are grouped together from the collected data. These results will be compared with any obtained in future years in Italy and other countries, to find further potential patterns.
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Szulecki, Kacper, Marta Bivand Erdal, and Ben Stanley. "Emigration and Transnational Political Practices in Central and Eastern Europe After EU Enlargement 2004–2007." In External Voting, 21–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19246-3_2.
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AbstractAs the European Union expanded eastward in 2004 and 2007 to cover the formerly communist states of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), this triggered a wave of migration which saw millions of people moving to Western and Northern European countries. What impact did that migration have on the politics of CEE countries, and what might be the relationship between outward migration and the apparent democracy backsliding occurring in some parts of the region? This is the main puzzle of this book, which looks at the way external voting results can be used to assess migrant political preferences and their change over time, as well as their potential influence on domestic politics in sending countries. This chapter sketches the political context of CEE and introduces the data gathering procedure and methodology of the project on which the book draws.
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Eliáš, Karel. "Mezi uchou a bujabézou." In Pocta prof. Josefu Bejčkovi k 70. narozeninám, 641–58. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0094-2022-29.
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The paper examines the civil law codifications in twenty-two countries of Central Eastern Europe, in the area between Germany and Russia. It analyses the reasons for the emergence of major codifications in this area, where the decisive part was played by the 1811 General Civil Code, and notes the import of the French Code civil to parts of contemporary Poland and Lithuania. It considers the period between the World Wars, when many of the renewed and newly established states attempted to make their own codifications, which were successful only in Albania and Latvia. In the following section, he points to alternative conception of lawmaking and the concept of the legal system in the Soviet Union, forced by Vyshinsky, which resulted in the doctrine of separate branches of law denying the universal function of civil law. This concept was imported into the Soviet sphere of influence won in the Second World War. From 1990 onwards, a turn took place and new tendencies have not yet ended. Of these states, half have become members of the European Union, five others have the candidate status.
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Guimaraes, Paula, and Marta Gontarska. "Adult education policies and sustainable development in Poland and Portugal: a comparative analysis of policies and practices." In International and Comparative Studies in Adult and Continuing Education, 115–29. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-155-6.08.
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Education for sustainable development is presently a relevant topic in the policies of interna-tional organisations (such as UN/UNESCO and the European Union) and in national contexts such as Poland and Portugal. Within the policies implemented, civil society organisations and social movements undertake (adult) education for sustainable development projects and activ-ities that have an important impact by raising awareness and promoting changes in the behav-iour and attitudes of both countries’ populations. However, several challenges can be pointed out regarding the implementation of these initiatives. These challenges will be highlighted in this article, which focuses on the comparison of policies and practices implemented in Poland and Portugal.
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Yarkov, Vladimir. "Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments Between the European Union and Russia: Possible Prospects." In EU Civil Procedure Law and Third Countries. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509948758.0013.
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Yarkov, Vladimir. "Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments Between the European Union and Russia: Possible Prospects." In EU Civil Procedure Law and Third Countries, 181–90. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748923404-181.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Civil procedure – European Union countries"
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Silvestru, Ramona camelia, Lavinia Nemes, and Catalin ionut Silvestru. "CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN E-LEARNING PROGRAMS FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION." In eLSE 2014. Editura Universitatii Nationale de Aparare "Carol I", 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-14-212.
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The G20 Moscow summit from 2013 highlighted the fact that human resource development remained a major priority for developing countries, especially low-income countries, with important impact on the priorities of other low income countries. When discussing about the current global economic development, about increasing economic competitiveness and reducing economic risks of global crises, we take also into consideration the role that governments and their staff can play in ensuring the adequate implementation of the various policy measures. In order for the government staff to perform at high levels of competence both in high and low income countries, especially in G20 members (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America plus the European Union member states), we consider that continuous education / lifelong learning would be crucial in providing an enabling environment, with e-learning holding a key position, as it enables people, civil servants to deal with future challenges raised by knowledge and information society. In the framework of the technological, normative and procedural evolutions that influence how the staff from public administrations works and possible openness towards e-learning programs, while aware of the various pedagogic, administrative and economic factors that provide incentives as well as drawbacks in using e-learning in providing training to civil servants, we are interested in analyzing e-learning programs developed and used for public administration staff from several G20 states. Our analysis will be focused on assessing the dimensions of the e-learning systems, variety of courses via e-learning platforms, methodologies used in e-learning, possible limitations and challenges in providing e-learning programs to civil servants in several G20 states. The analysis will be conducted using public information available from national agencies with responsibilities in providing such trainings in various G20 states. Our recommendations are oriented towards stimulating the development of an enabling environment for improving inter-agencies and ministerial coordination by intervening at the levels of human resources from the government levels. In this respect, we promote a wider usage of electronic means in lifelong learning for the staff from public administrations and the sharing of information by electronic means aimed at ensuring further human resource development from the public administration. Moreover, we strongly consider that continuous human resource development in the public administration apparatus from the G20 states and knowledge sharing would provide adequate framework for ensuring that government priorities and policy coordination in order to achieve global economic stability, sustainable growth could be achieved, while also contributing to the development of knowledge and information society and economy.
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Dauster, Manfred. "Criminal Proceedings in Times of Pandemic." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.18.
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COVID-19 caught humanity off guard at the turn of 2019/2020. Even when the Chinese government sealed off Wuhan, a city of millions, for weeks to contain the epidemic, no one in other parts of the world had any idea of what specifically was heading for the countries. The ignorant and belittling public statements and tweets of the former US president are still fresh in everyone's memory. Only when the Italian army carried the coffins with the COVID-19 victims in northern Italy, the gravesites spread in the Bergamo region, as well as the intensive care beds filled in the overcrowded hospitals, the countries of the European Union and other parts of the world realised how serious the situation threatened to become. Together with the World Health Organisation (WHO), the terms changed to pandemic. Much of the pandemic evoked reminiscences originating in the Black Death raging between 1346 and 1353 or in the Spanish flu after the First World War. Meanwhile, life went on. The administration of justice in criminal cases could not and should not come to a standstill. Emergency measures, such as those that began to emerge in February 2020, are always the hour of the executive. In their efforts to stop the spread of the virus, in Germany, governments particularly reflected on criminal proceedings. Neither criminal procedural law nor the courts and court administrations applying this procedural law were adequately prepared for the challenges. Deadlines threatened to expire, access to court buildings and halls had to be restricted to reduce the risk of infection, public hearings represented a potential source of infection for both the parties to the proceedings and the public, virtual criminal hearings via conference calls had not yet been tested in civil proceedings, but were legally possible, but not so in criminal cases. The taking of evidence in criminal cases in Germany is governed by the rules of strict evidence and is largely not at the disposal of the parties to the proceedings. Especially in criminal cases, fundamental and human rights guarantees serve to protect the accused, but also the victims and witnesses. Executive measures of pandemic containment might impact these guarantees. Here, an attempt will be made to discuss at some neuralgic points how Germany has attempted to balance the resulting contradictory interests in the conflict between pandemic control and constitutional requirements for criminal court proceedings.
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Panagoreţ, Andreea, Dragos Panagoreţ, and Tomislav Kandyija. "Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy of the European Union." In G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/16.
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Sustainable development approaches the concept of quality of life in all its complexity, from an economic, social and environmental point of view, promoting the idea of the balance between economic development, social equity, efficient use and conservation of the environment. By its very nature, sustainable development represents the need for responsibility and education for environmental protection, and this aspect is reflected in the evolution of community policy in recent years, a policy marked by the transition from an approach based on constraint and sanction, to a more flexible, based one on incentives. Thus, it is acting in the direction of a voluntary approach, in order to promote this environmental responsibility and to encourage the use of environmental management systems. The environmental policy does not act independently, but reflects the interest of civil society in this direction, manifested by the creation of numerous environmental movements and organizations. Moreover, in some countries the creation and development of "green" political parties has been achieved, with real success in the political arena. However, resistance - or, more properly, the restraint and inertia that manifests itself, should not be forgotten, when environmental objectives seem to limit industrial competitiveness and economic growth; but this aspect only emphasizes once again the need for a concerted approach at European level and the need for an active and integrated environmental policy, capable of responding to the challenges that appear economically. The European environmental policy is based on the principles of precaution, prevention, correction of pollution at source and "polluter pays". The precautionary principle is a risk management tool that can be invoked if there is scientific uncertainty about a possible risk to human health or the environment, arising from a particular action or policy.
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Saule, Murat. "PROPRIETARY METHODS OF THE PROPRIETARY RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE CIVIL LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/12/s02.078.
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Bublienė, Raimonda. "Internationalization and Multiple Discrimination: the Case of Employment Regulation." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.061.
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The article analyses European Union anti-discrimination law development in Member States and differences between protected grounds of discrimination. On this basis, the analysis covers recognition of the social complexity, internationalization and discrimination of foreigners for different grounds. The process of internationalization and migration, covering social, political, economical, cultural, legal processes, the non-discriminatory protection of a foreigner as a member of the society has become complicated, when attempting not to discriminate people arriving from the other countries and to have equal possibilities. The problems of discrimination are valid and significant for the civil society itself. The article also discusses the concept of multiple discrimination in European Union anti-discrimination law, legal regulation and protection against multiple discrimination in Europe and separate legal regulation of the Member States. This article argues that internationalization processes bring new approaches of interpretation of European Union employment equality law and contemporary challenges, introduces recent cases of equal treatment of employees during employment at private companies.
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Lina, Al Eassa. "FOSTERING RESILIENCE IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE 2015 EUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY REVIEW׃ EVIDENCE FROM JORDAN." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b2/v3/13.
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Resilience has become a priority for the EU in its 2015 European Neighborhood Policy review (ENP), It refers to building state and societal resilience of the Union as a whole, its members and the EU׳s neighbors including Jordan, a strategic southern partner of the EU. In this regard, the EU Building resilience in Jordan in response for crises as the Syrian refugee crisis seems workable but the EU needs to foster it. Thus, this paper’s question is How can the EU foster resilience after it has become a priority in its 2015 (ENP) review in case of Jordan? While many scholars like David Chandler argues that the EU could foster resilience in its neighboring countries by making it a local self-governing project and not an external imposed project where the EU has the mission of monitoring and assessment, in this paper, based on document analysis from official websites for the EU and Jordan including their official bilateral and multilateral agreements and textual analysis of the current literature on building resilience I argue that fostering resilience requires both presenting resilience as a self-governing project with a greater engagement of the Jordanian government, local community and its civil society, at the same time , it needs a better mechanism for the EU in monitoring and assessment, and more importantly helping Jordan to establish the best institutional design that could foster state and societal resilience in Jordan.
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Parseliunas, Eimuntas, and Saulius Urbanas. "Features of Flexible E-Learning Modules Within Geographical Information Science for Vocational Training." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59093.
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The main features and general structures of two distant learning modules within geographical information science for vocational training are presented in this paper. “European Level Developments of Flexible Learning Models within Geographical Information Science (GIS) for Vocational Training (E-GIS)” was a pilot project under the Leonardo de Vinci Community action Programme on vocational training, within Geographical Information Science (GIS), to be implemented over a three year period, 2002–05. The project will be continued in 2008–2009 under the abbreviation eGIS+. The main objectives of the project is to establish co-operation between European Universities and GIS user organisations and to develop modularised courses intended for Internet based learning, establish links of communications between the partners in the project in order to disseminate and share “best practices” in different teaching situations and for different types of students. The course modules to be developed, all together, will constitute a one-year programme within GIS. This project mainly targets full time students, private and civil service employees within the European Union, but also similar categories in non-EU countries. The outcomes of the project is high level content, new net-based pedagogic method suited for accessing target groups of great diversity as regards pedagogic traditions, access to computers and bandwidth. Cooperation between the institutions will, certainly, give higher level courses than the individual institutions could possibly themselves. “Training of Lithuanian Geographic Information Infrastructure managers” is a project supported by European Union Structural Funds and National Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture of Lithuania Republic. The main objective of the proposed geographic information e-training system is to develop and provide the modularised Spatial Information Infrastructure courses intended for on-line based learning. This mainly will target employees of civil service and private business in Lithuania and European Union. Proposed curriculum is a set of modular courses adding up to 1.5-year part-time studies in the field of Geographic Information Science and Geographic Information Infrastructure.
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Schaaf, Manfred, and Friedrich Schoeckle. "Technical Approach for the Reduction of Fugitive Emissions." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-78125.
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The demands on industry to reduce fugitive emissions are increasing, steadily. For the European Union the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) directive determines emission levels. Individual countries can adopt even tighter legislation like the TA-Luft (“Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control”) in Germany. E. g. the TA-Luft gives specific emission levels for valves according to the German VDI guideline 2440 - Emission reduction in oil refineries. In industrial applications in which the demands of the TA-Luft have to be met only certified sealing materials can be used in future. There are several requirements the sealants must fulfill, the most important in this respect is the tightness proof in a first-time test according to VDI 2440. In this objective, new packing materials were developed to be in compliance with the TA-Luft needs. The knowledge of the material characteristic is the basis for the improvement of the tightness capability and therefore for the reduction of fugitive emissions. But in almost the same manner the mounting procedure of the packing rings is important. It is necessary to perform the mounting procedure in two steps: a pre-deformation step (high stress level for seating) and a prestressing step (stress level must meet tightness requirements). Mounting by use of torque wrenches is time consuming, if this 2-step procedure is followed. Thus, mounting by use of hydraulic tensioner becomes effective. In the paper the most relevant packing material characteristics and the necessary tests to determine these characteristics are summarized. Then the mounting tools for hydraulic tensioning are introduced. Finally, some results of packing tests according to VDI 2440 are presented.
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Felcan, Miroslav. "Historical Cross-Section of Arson." In Safe and Secure Society. The College of European and Regional Studies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36682/ssc_2020/1.
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This work was supported by the Agency for Research and Development under the contract no. APVV-17-0217.Every year fires cause big damage to society, property, environment, buildings and infrastructure and pose a threat to life and health of persons in endangered areas. In most cases arson serves as insurance fraud or cover up any crime (e.g. robbery, embezzlement). However, there may be other reasons, e.g. in the case of the Commission of the European Union, the use of the product in envy, hatred, threats, blackmail, competitive struggle. Or social, political, or ethnic differences. In several cases, arson was used as a so-called 'arson attack'. The false flag, that is, the arsonist used the fire to accuse his enemy and took advantage of the wave of recourse that subsequently was raised against him. The circumstances of the cause and the fire are under investigation. After extinguishing a fire, it is standard procedure to seek and then either confirm, refute or further examine the possibility of intentional formation. In most countries of the world, arson is treated as a crime and seen as harming a stranger or a threat to life.
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Ivković, Nikola. "POLITIČKI KOMPLEKS VIDOVDANSKOG USTAVA." In 100 GODINA OD VIDOVDANSKOG USTAVA. Faculty of law, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/zbvu21.367i.
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The paper analyzes the political context of the constitution of a common state of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The search for and recording of the reasons for the adoption of certain legal solutions begins with the consideration of political circumstances at the domestic and international political level. Further, through the analysis of political circumstances and sociological environment, the character of the legal acts that preceded the constitutive, Corfu and Geneva declarations and finally the December unification acts is observed. After the objectification of the act of unification, the central topic of research is the procedure of enactment and political elements of the Vidovdan Constitution. The research is also part of an attempt to establish the facts and demystify the issues that have burdened the former Yugoslav states for decades. Was the common state a mistake or the result of rational decisions in the dynamics of Europe at that time. Formally - legally and politically, all countries of the former community are either in the European Union or on the path to membership, with a strong state desire to be part of the same community, and on that basis, the historical-political context is observed.