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Journal articles on the topic 'Civil engineering, n.e.c'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Sleath, J. F. A. "Civil Engineering Practice. Vol. 2: Hydraulics/Mechanics. Edited by P. N. C HEREMISINOFF , N. P. C HEREMISINOFF and S. L. C HENG . Technomic, 1988. 780 pp. S.Fr. 330." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 213, no. -1 (April 1990): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112090222496.

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2

Zhang, Yan, Zheng Yang Yang, Li Li Wang, Xu Ying Zhao, Huan Guang Liu, and Min Zhu. "Influence of C/N Ratio on SND and Microbiological Analysis in Catching Bed Biofilm Reactor Using Acrylic Resin Fiber as Carrier Materials in Civil Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 568 (September 2012): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.568.89.

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In this study, effect of C/N ratio on denitrification were investigated using four sets of parallel catching bed reactors, which were using acrylic resin fiber (ARF) as carrier materials. The results indicate that this process which was used in wastewater treatment of civil engineering can get better COD and nitrogen removing performance. NH4+-N removal rate reduced with the increasing of C/N ratio, and the average removal rate of COD and the total nitrogen (TN) increased when C/N ratio is increased. When C/N ratio exceeded 12, TN removal rate has no obvious growing. Meanwhile, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis indicated that the biomass in the biofilm were much richer than which in the suspension, and the ammonia oxidizing bacteria have a easy access to be dominant bacterial community in lower C/N ratio.

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3

Weingart, Richard G. "Roland C. Rautenstraus and Fred N. Severud." Leadership and Management in Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 2002): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1532-6748(2002)2:1(44).

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4

Ayele, Alemayehu, Kifle Woldearegay, and Matebie Meten. "Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) to Estimate the Shear Wave Velocity for Engineering Characterization of Soils at Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Geophysics 2022 (December 19, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7588306.

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Site characterization is a prerequisite for the successful and economic design of engineering structures and earthworks by providing geological information for any proposed project. Until now, no detail study has been carried out on the site characterization and classification using shear wave velocity (Vs) up to the top 30 m depth in Hawassa town. For this study, multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) was used to determine the variation of Vs for a proper civil engineering design in the town. In addition, vertical electrical sounding (VES) and standard penetration test (SPT) were employed to characterize the near-surface materials. The Vs30 map was prepared for Hawassa town using the estimated Vs30 values which ranges from 248.9 m/s to 371.3 m/s while the SPT-N values were ranges from 5bpf to 50bpf. The correlation of Vs and SPT-N values has been done by considering both corrected and uncorrected SPT-N values. The VES result showed that groundwater is found at a shallow depth. The correlation of Vs and SPT-N value was validated using regression model. The 1D Vs profile and 2D cross-section showed low Vs at a shallow depth. The near-surface soils of the town are classified based on the Vs30 as site class C (stiff soil and soft rock) and D class (stiff soils) according to the NEHRP (Natural Earthquake hazards Reduction Program) and as subsoil classes B and C according to the Eurocode 8. The geotechnical tests also showed that the soils in the study area are silty sand, sand and silty sand with some gravel. The low Vs values observed at a shallow depth should be given much attention during foundation design for the stability of civil engineering structures.

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Ismail, Sahar, Fouad Kaddah, and Wassim Raphael. "Assessing the Dynamic Behaviour of Midrise Frame Structures Sitting on Silty Sandy Soil." Open Civil Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 262–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149502014010262.

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Background: Midrise 5 to 15 storeys frame structures sitting on soft soils are susceptible to damage induced by seismic events. The level of damage is related to the interaction between the structure, foundation and soil called Soil Structure Interaction (SSI). If the level of ground acceleration is low, the wave gets amplified putting the structure at risk of collapse. Objective and Methods: Concerns about SSI have motivated several researchers to investigate the seismic behaviour of structures rested on cohesive and cohesionless soils. The objective of the work presented in this paper is to evaluate the effects of several parameters on the seismic soil structure interaction behaviour of midrise structures sitting on silty sandy soil. Using ABAQUS, reliable 3D models of 5 to 15 storeys midrise concrete frame structures rested on raft foundation were built. The effects of the structure’s number of storeys, raft size and thickness were explored for different column sizes. Fixed-based structures which capture the model adopted in seismic codes and flexible-based structures were hit at the bottom by El-Centro (1940) and Northridge (1994) earthquakes. Results and Conclusion: The results, presented in terms of storey lateral deflection, inter-storey drift, shear force, foundation rocking and response spectrum showed the important contribution of SSI effects on the behaviour of the midrise structures. The model analyses indicated that column size strongly affects the behaviour of flexible structures. Let N be the structure number of storeys and C the column size. The results showed that in terms of storey lateral deflection and levelling shear force, for column sizes C 0.5 X 0.5 m, SSI was detrimental to structures with 10 ≤ N ≤ 15 and beneficial to structures with 5 ≤ N <10. Increasing the column size to C 0.5 X 1 m showed that SSI became detrimental for structures with 10 < N ≤ 15 under El-Centro (1940) and for structures with 7≤ N ≤ 15 under Northridge (1994), and beneficial for structures with 5 ≤ N ≤ 10 under El-Centro (1940) and for structures with 5 ≤ N < 7 under Northridge (1994). The FE results showed that even though base shear increased with raft size, lateral deflections were amplified for C 0.5 X 0.5 m S15 structures and attenuated for C 0.5 X 1 m S15 structures. However, the seismic response of S15 structures was slightly affected by the variation in raft thickness under both column sizes. Finally, the paper includes a discussion and evaluation of the contribution of inertial and kinematic effects, including soil types used on the simulated numerical models’ seismic responses.

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6

Shi, Liwan, Duanyi Wang, Junfeng Wang, Zhonghai Jiang, Hehao Liang, and Xiao Qin. "A New Method for Designing Dense Skeleton Asphalt Mixture Based on Meso Parameter." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (February 17, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3841291.

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At present, research on the internal structures of asphalt mixtures has mostly focused on the statistical analysis of their mesostructural components such as aggregates, voids, and asphalt mortars, in addition to the verification of the mechanical behaviour of the mixture through simulations. Furthermore, the capacity of the research has not risen to a level where a design method to guide the design and optimisation of the asphalt mixture gradation has been formulated. After an in-depth analysis of the existing evaluation parameters and standards for the asphalt mixture skeleton, this study proposes a new method for precise designing a dense skeleton asphalt mixture (DSAM) based on meso parameter. The results indicate that the application of digital image processing (DIP) techniques to adjust the gradation increases the average coordination number (n¯c) and reduces the ratio of the quantity of coarse aggregate without contact point to the total quantity of coarse aggregate (C value). This can effectively improve the meso parameters of the mixture so that the quality of the main skeleton is significantly enhanced; the process also has higher precision and demands less test work. VCAmix(IMAGE) ≤ VCADRC and n¯c>1.6 while C < 20% can be used as qualitative and quantitative evaluation criterion for forming better main skeleton structure of coarse aggregate. The new method of designing a DSAM based on meso parameter is intuitive and convenient, which considerably reduces the blindness and tediousness in the design of the asphalt mixture gradation. The engineering example also proves that the asphalt mixture has an excellent pavement performance and verifies the feasibility of the proposed design method.

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Feng, Guan-qing, and Stanley J. Vitton. "Discussion of “Resilient Characteristics of Dune Sand” by Woojin Lee, N. C. Bohra, and A. G. Altschaeffl." Journal of Transportation Engineering 123, no. 3 (May 1997): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1997)123:3(246).

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Lee, Woojin, N. C. Bohra, and A. G. Altschaeffl. "Closure to “Resilient Characteristics of Dune Sand” by Woojin Lee, N. C. Bohra, and A. G. Altschaeffl." Journal of Transportation Engineering 123, no. 3 (May 1997): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1997)123:3(247.x).

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9

Ahmad, Irtishad, and Sastry Putcha. "Evaluation of Compaction Methods for Pipe Trench Backfill in Areas of High Water Table." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1736, no. 1 (January 2000): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1736-08.

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Determining the density of backfill material and attaining the desired degree of compaction in the backfill under a high water table, typical operations in South Florida, present a difficult problem to the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) engineers and contractors. As a first step in seeking the solution to this problem, variations in soil conditions, determined by standard penetration test (SPT) N-values, that corresponded with varying methods of compaction were evaluated. In the experimental phase of the project, five field conditions were tested: Condition A, control dry, backfilling in the dry condition above water; Condition B, dump soil, no compaction, backfilling under the water table, no tamping; Condition C, dump soil, compact per FDOT specifications, no dewatering, backfilling under the water table, tamping with a 2 by 4 as specified; Condition D, control wet, compact per FDOT specifications, dewatering during pipe installation and backfilling with periodic compaction according to FDOT specifications; and Condition E, dump soil, no compaction, dewatering during pipe installation and backfilling by dumping. For each of the five field conditions, SPT N-values were obtained at seven locations. As expected, the highest N-values were obtained for the control dry condition (Field Condition A). The next best set of N-values was obtained for the control wet condition (Field Condition D). This result was also expected. In Field Condition B, backfill was dumped without tamping. In Field Condition C, backfill was compacted by hand tamping in accordance with FDOT specifications (Section 125-8.3.3, 1996). It was evident from the SPT values that the result did not noticeably improve from Condition B to Condition C. In Condition E, dewatering was continued after the pipe segments had been placed and bedded. Lifts of backfill material were dumped without compacting or tamping. The N-values obtained from Field Condition E were not significantly different from the values obtained for either Condition B or C. The provision of hand tamping in the FDOT specifications is questioned as a result of these findings, and the benefit of dewatering, although obvious, is substantiated.

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10

Xia, Ting, Yue Li, Zhixing Xiao, Shixiang Wang, Qingkai Wu, Suwen Sun, Hui Peng, Dan Chen, and Zhihua Wang. "A Study on Ceramsite Production Using Dredging Sea Mud and Its Biofilm Formation Capacity Evaluation." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (December 6, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2401984.

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Dredging sea mud produced during the coastal infrastructure construction has been gradually becoming an environmental problem in China. Making ceramsite is an attractive way to convert the waste sea mud to resources used for many industrial sectors. However, the imapct of preheating and sintering conditions on the ceramsite properties and the biofilm formation capacity of the ceramsite are still poorly understood. This study aims to fill these knowledge gaps. Results suggested the optimal conditions for the preheating temperature was 350°C, the preheating time was 15 min, the sintering temperature was 1040°C, and the sintering time was 9 min. The dredging sea mud-derived ceramsite showed better biofilm formation capacity with high COD and NH4+-N removal performance compared with the commercial ceramsites. The content of the chloride ion in the ceramist granules is close to zero, and the low cost of this material, implying this dredging sea mud-derived ceramsite, could be an engineering favorable material for using it as a biocarrier in the real application.

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11

Huang, Bingxin, Zhan Wang, Yue Chu, and Lanping Ding. "Investigating the Role of Terminal Stolon of Marine Invasive Green Macroalga Caulerpa Taxifolia in the Removal of Inorganic Nitrogen from Seawater." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010043.

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The marine benthic green macroalga Caulerpa taxifolia is an invasive seaweed found in Europe, America, and Australia, and it forms into huge algal meadows on shallow seafloors with its stolon and rhizoid systems. It has bloomed along the coast of the South China Sea, causing serious environmental problems. However, its ecological impact has not been well studied. Therefore, this study investigated the changes in concentration of NH4-N and NO2-N in artificial seawater in which C. taxifolia was cultivated under laboratory conditions during the circadian rhythm. Results showed that concentrations of NH4-N and NO2-N decreased with the increase in culture time during the circadian rhythm. In 24 h, the NH4-N-removal efficiency increased during the light period, and the maximum reached 71.4%; that of NO2-N increased with time extension in the dark period, and the maximum reached 9.2%. The absorption of NH4-N and NO2-N by terminal stolon of C. taxifolia was different. NH4-N was absorbed more preferentially than NO2-N. However, there was no obvious correlation between NH4-N and NO2-N absorption. Therefore, the terminal stolon of C. taxifolia can be used to clean up inorganic nitrogen, and showed great application potential in the remediation of eutrophic waters as the algal-bacterial symbiotic system could facilitate NO2-N removal.

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12

Azevedo, B. D., D. S. Mavinic, and H. D. Robinson. "The effect of ammonia loading and operating temperature on nitrification and denitrification of a high ammonia landfill leachate." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 3 (June 1, 1995): 524–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-061.

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The effect of ammonia loading and operating temperature on the treatment of high ammonia, methanogenic, landfill leachate was investigated. Two single-sludge, nitrification–predenitrification systems were operated in parallel: one with a 10-day aerobic solids retention time, and the other with a 20-day aerobic solids retention time. The study consisted of two phases: an ammonia loading phase and a cold temperature phase. From the first phase, it was found that, at an influent leachate ammonia level of up to 1500 mg N/L, both systems produced an effluent of < 1 mg NH4-N/L and approximately 170 mg NOx−-N/L. Aerobic nitrite and anoxic "free" ammonia were both observed to increase as the ammonia loading was increased. When the influent ammonia was raised from 1500 to 2000 mg N/L, nitrification in both systems failed. During the second phase, the temperature was decreased from 20 to 10 °C while maintaining the leachate ammonia level at 1500 mg N/L. Aerobic nitrite accumulation and rising aerobic BOD5 were observed to begin at 14 °C. When the temperature was dropped from 12 to 10 °C, nitrification failed in both systems. In both cases, nitrification was re-established at 10 °C, by ceasing to waste solids and by stopping methanol addition. Key words: ammonia, biological, denitrification, landfill, leachate, nitrification, temperature, treatment.

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13

Zhang, Chuntao, Yanyan Li, and Junjie Wu. "Mechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites at Elevated Temperatures." Buildings 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010067.

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Many materials are gradually softened with increasing temperatures in the fire, which will cause severe damage. As a new fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite, the change in mechanical properties of nanometer montmorillonite composite fiber-reinforced bars or plates at elevated temperatures has not been investigated. To obtain a more comprehensive study of the mechanical properties of FRP composites at high temperatures, experimental research on the nanometer montmorillonite composite fiber material under the tensile rate of 1 mm/min was conducted at target temperatures between 20 °C and 350 °C. Finally, the failure mode of the FRP composites after the tensile test was analyzed. The results demonstrate that the elevated temperatures had a major impact on the residual mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites when the exposed temperatures exceeded 200 °C. Below 200 °C, the maximum decrease and increase in the fracture load of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites were between −34% and 153% of their initial fracture load. After exposing to temperatures above 200 °C, the surface color of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites changed from brown to black. When exposed to temperatures between 200 and 300 °C, the ultimate load of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites significantly increased from 731.01 N to 1650.97 N. Additionally, the stress−strain behavior can be accurately predicted by using the proposed Johnson−Cook constitutive model. The experimental results studied in this research can be applied to both further research and engineering applications when conducting a theoretical simulation of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites.

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14

Novak, Richard A. "Discussion of “ Control of Activated Sludge Bulking ” by Yeun C. Wu, Hsin N. Hsieh, Donald F. Carey, and Kuang C. Ou (April, 1984)." Journal of Environmental Engineering 111, no. 4 (August 1985): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1985)111:4(555).

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C. Wu, Yeun. "Closure to “ Control of Activated Sludge Bulking ” by Yeun C. Wu, Hsin N. Hsieh, Donald F. Carey, and Kuang C. Ou (April, 1984)." Journal of Environmental Engineering 111, no. 4 (August 1985): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1985)111:4(556).

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Srinivasan, C. N., and C. R. Arvind. "Discussion of “Public Safety—Is It Compromised by New LRFD Design Standards?” by C. N. Srinivasan and C. R. Arvind." Journal of Structural Engineering 121, no. 1 (January 1995): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1995)121:1(148).

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17

Ruan, Yun-Jie, Guo-Zhi Luo, Hong-Xin Tan, Xuan Che, Yan Jiang, and Da-Chuan Sun. "Nitrate and phosphate removal in sulphur-coral stone autotrophic denitrification packed-bed reactorsA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 5 (May 2009): 923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-030.

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The removal effect on nitrate and phosphate of a sulphur-based autotrophic denitrifying bioreactor in composite packing of sulphur with coral stone were investigated on a pilot scale. The results showed that the optimal influent loading rate of the bioreactor (the ratio of sulphur volume to coral stone volume was 1:1) was in the range of 0.080–0.244 kg NO3–-N/(m3·d) when the water temperature was 29 ± 1 °C. In this range, the removal efficiency of nitrates was higher than 95% and no nitrite accumulation occurred in the effluent. The maximum nitrate volumetric removal rate of 0.594 kg NO3–-N / (m3·d) was achieved at an influent loading rate of 0.716 kg NO3–-N/(m3·d) with obvious nitrite accumulation in the effluent. Along with the autotrophic denitrifying reaction, an influent loading rate between 0.070–0.210 kg PO43–-P/ (m3·d) achieved the removal efficiency and volumetric removal rate of phosphates were 50.5%–89.2% and 0.045–0.179 kg PO43–-P/(m3·d), respectively. The phosphates related to the resistance ability of the bioreactor (the ratio of sulphur volume to coral stone volume was 1:1) was stronger than that of bioreactors (the ratio of sulphur volume to coral stone volume was 1:2 and 1:4).

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18

Rehman, Ali, Waris Khan, Ebenezer Bonyah, Samsul Ariffin Abdul Karim, Ahmed Alshehri, and Ahmed M. Galal. "Steady Three-Dimensional MHD Mixed Convection Couple Stress Flow of Hybrid Nanofluid with Hall and Ion Slip Effect." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (October 13, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9193875.

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The heat transfer ratio has some important applications in industries and the engineering sector. In this model, the authors used the hybrid nanofluid because the heat transfer ratio of hybrid nanofluid is more as compared to the base fluid; the key objective of this research work is to boost up the heat transfer ratio, for example, to regulate the energy is possible only by adding the heat transmission mechanism in the flow model. The current research paper investigates the steady 3D MHD mixed convection couple stress flow of hybrid nanofluid with hall and ion slip effect. The objective of the current research work is to increase the heat consignment ratio, which is the demand of the manufacturing and engineering sector, this type of flow has some important applications in the industries sector and engineering sector for the purpose of cooling and hotness effect, also hotness and cooling play some important role in daily life. To transform the nonlinear partial differential equation to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation we used the defined similarity transformation. The transform nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved by an approximate analytical method. The important obtained results are presented in the graphs. The influence of different parameters such as couple stress parameter, mixed convection parameter, nanoparticle volume friction, Hall parameter, magnetic field parameter, thermophores parameter, Eckert number, and prandtl number are taken over graphs. The C f (skin friction coefficient), N u (nusselt number), convergence control parameter, and comparison of the present work with the published work are described in the form of tables.

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19

Bauer, Benedict, Caroline Emonts, Louisa Bonten, Rokaya Annan, Felix Merkord, Thomas Vad, Akram Idrissi, Thomas Gries, and Andreas Blaeser. "Melt-Spun, Cross-Section Modified Polycaprolactone Fibers for Use in Tendon and Ligament Tissue Engineering." Fibers 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10030023.

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Tissue Engineering is considered a promising route to address existing deficits of autografts and permanent synthetic prostheses for tendons and ligaments. However, the requirements placed on the scaffold material are manifold and include mechanical, biological and degradation-related aspects. In addition, scalable processes and FDA-approved materials should be applied to ensure the transfer into clinical practice. To accommodate these aspects, this work focuses on the high-scale fabrication of high-strength and highly oriented polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers with adjustable cross-sectional geometry and degradation kinetics applying melt spinning technology. Four different fiber cross-sections were investigated to account for potential functionalization and cell growth guidance. Mechanical properties and crystallinity were studied for a 24-week exposure to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C. PCL fibers were further processed into scaffolds using multistage circular braiding with three different hierarchical structures. One structure was selected based on its morphology and scaled up in thickness to match the requirements for a human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) replacement. Applying a broad range of draw ratios (up to DR9.25), high-strength PCL fibers with excellent tensile strength (up to 69 cN/tex) could be readily fabricated. The strength retention after 24 weeks in PBS at 37 °C was 83–93%. The following braiding procedure did not affect the scaffolds’ mechanical properties as long as the number of filaments and the braiding angle remained constant. Up-scaled PCL scaffolds resisted loads of up to 4353.88 ± 37.30 N, whilst matching the stiffness of the human ACL (111–396 N/mm). In conclusion, this work demonstrates the fabrication of highly oriented PCL fibers with excellent mechanical properties. The created fibers represent a promising building block that can be further processed into versatile textile implants for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

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Anderson, K. S. "An order n formulation for the motion simulation of general multi-rigid-body constrained systems." Computers & Structures 43, no. 3 (May 1992): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(92)90289-c.

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Li, Ping, Dongmei Zhang, Di Wei, Jianping Xiong, and Jing Li. "Effect of Chemical Enhancing-Technology on the Properties of Recycled Aggregate." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 31, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8875348.

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Strengthening the attached old cement mortar of recycled aggregate (RA) is a common approach to enhance the RA properties. In this study, four representative chemical enhancing-technologies were chosen. Through the analysis of physical properties, mechanical properties, and shape indexes, the changes of performance before and after strengthening were tested, so as to grasp the influence of chemical enhancing-technologies on the performance of RA. The results indicated that the chemical strengthening methods had obvious influence on the physical properties of RA, such as density and water absorption. Due to the different chemical enhancing mechanism, the influence trend and range were varied. The mechanical properties of RA such as crushing value and abrasion value were obviously improved by chemical enhancement. However, chemical enhancement had an effect on the shape of RA, which will slightly reduce the angularity index and sphericity index. The texture index of RA with C-3 and C-7 decreased sharply, but texture index increased after abrasion, and the discrepancy of aggregate texture index of different enhancing methods is significantly reduced. The microanalysis exhibited that the aggregate surface structure with C-3 and H was large, but there were a lot of fine structures on the aggregate surface with C-7 and N-P. Different chemical enhancing methods have different effects on the mechanical performance and microstructure of RA, but it should be noted that the fluctuation of RA performance tends to increase.

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Schabowicz, Krzysztof, and Bozena Hola. "MATHEMATICAL‐NEURAL MODEL FOR ASSESSING PRODUCTIVITY OF EARTHMOVING MACHINERY." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2007.9636418.

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Many construction processes are carried out by machines working together and forming technological systems, eg earthmoving machinery made up of excavators and haulers (trucks). Productivity (W(N) ) is a key to valuate the process design purposes. The paper presents the results obtained by applying artificial neural networks to predict productivity (W(N),S ) for earthmoving machinery systems, consisting of c excavators and N haulers. Experimentally determined productivity values can form a standard basis for designing construction earthworks. Possessing the data set consisting of the technical parameters of earthmoving machinery systems and the corresponding productivities for different output hauling distances, one can train artificial neural networks and use subsequently for the reliable prediction of W(N),S .

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Mao, Yinan, Qingyun Ma, Jiaxin Lin, Ye Chen, and Qiang Shu. "Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Intertidal Sediments of the Rudong Coast, Jiangsu Province, China." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090992.

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In this study, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) were measured in surface intertidal saltmarsh and bare tidal flat sediments along the Rudong coast. The distribution and sources of organic carbon were examined under different depositional environments based on C/N ratios and a two-terminal mixing model. The results showed that the average TOC content of the vegetated saltmarsh sediments, bare tidal flat areas near vegetation (BF1), and bare tidal flat areas far from vegetation (BF2) were 4.05, 2.72, and 1.22 mg/g, respectively. The mean δ13C value within the vegetated saltmarsh area was −22.37‰, and the C/N ratio was 9.3; the corresponding values in the BF1 area were −23.27‰ and 7.95, respectively; and in the BF2 area, the corresponding values were −21.91‰ and 5.36, respectively. These C/N ratios reflect an increasing marine contribution with distance from the vegetated zone. Combined with the two-terminal mixing model, the organic carbon in the vegetated saltmarsh sediments was dominated by terrestrial sources, while the bare tidal flat sediments were more influenced by marine sources, and the bare tidal flat sediments nearer to the vegetated zone (BF1) were influenced by a combination of vegetation, marine sources, and other terrestrial factors.

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Fomin, Aleksandr, Aleksey Voyko, Marina Fomina, Sergey Mokrousov, and Vladimir Koshuro. "Functionally graded Ti(C,N) coatings and their production on titanium using solid-state carburization associated with induction heat treatment." Composite Structures 245 (August 2020): 112393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112393.

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Isenberg, J. "Discussion of “ Shear Modulus of Precracked R/C Panels ” by Philip C. Perdikaris and Richard N. White (February, 1985, Vol. 111, No. 2)." Journal of Structural Engineering 113, no. 5 (May 1987): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1987)113:5(1142).

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Perdikaris, Philip C., and Richard N. White. "Closure to “ Shear Modulus of Precracked R/C Panels ” by Philip C. Perdikaris and Richard N. White (February, 1985, Vol. 111, No. 2)." Journal of Structural Engineering 113, no. 5 (May 1987): 1142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1987)113:5(1142.2).

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Liu, Shuyu, Jingling Xu, Hongyan Yu, Cen Zhao, Wenli Chen, and Fang Ma. "Comparing the Effect of C, N, and P Factors on Photosynthesis, Biomass, and Lipid Production in Chlorella sp." Journal of Environmental Engineering 144, no. 11 (November 2018): 04018116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001459.

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Oke, J. A. "Deltaic Lateritic Soil in 1:5:11 Mix Design for Producing Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) for Pavement Backfill." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 18, no. 3 (November 5, 2021): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v18i3.9.

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Deltaic lateritic soil obtained from Emohua in Rivers State, Nigeria was studied to ascertain its suitability as a substitute to sand in concrete for producing controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Cement, coarse aggregate, as well as lateritic soil which replaced sand was combined in ratio 1:5:11 to produce lateritic concrete using varying water-cement (w/c) ratios at varying curing durations. Variation in the w/c ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 at 0.1 intervals and the curing periods which varied between 7, 14 and 28 days were examined. As with the case with conventional concrete, strength development, as well as cement hydration took place after casting over the curing periods. Recent applications using CLSM recommends that a compressive strength of 8.3 N/mm2 or less is required for materials used as conventional compacted backfill soil or structural fillings. In a situation where future excavation is envisioned, it is recommended that the maximum long-term compressive strength of CLSM should generally have an upper limit of 2.1 N/mm2 for compacted backfill material hence, the lateritic concrete produced in this study using the 1:5:11 mix design at 0.2 w/c ratio, cured for 28 days which gave strength of 5.3 N/mm2 can be used as CLSM which primarily, can be utilized as a substitute for compacted backfill to sub-base and/or subgrade of flexible pavements. Where necessary, super plasticizer can be introduced to increase flowability of the lateritic concrete.

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Kumar, Mahesh. "EXPERIMENTAL FORCED SOLAR THIN LAYER GINGER DRYING." Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume1601101k.

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In this research paper, the convective and the evaporative heat transfer coefficients of ginger (zingiber officinale) drying in an indirect solar cabinet dryer under the induced forced convection mode is presented. Experiments were conducted during the month of March 2015 under the climatic conditions of Hisar, India (29°5’5”N latitude and 75°45’55”E longitude). The experimental data obtained for solar drying of a constant ginger mass of 150 g has been used to determine constants ‘C’ and ‘n’ in the Nusselt number expression using linear regression analysis; consequently, the convective and the evaporative heat transfer coefficients have been evaluated. The average value of constants ‘C’ and ‘n’ were evaluated as 0.999 and 0.318, respectively. The average values of the convective and the evaporative heat transfer coefficients were found to be 3.95 W/m2 °C and 160.47 W/m2 °C, respectively, for the given mass samples of ginger. The average collector efficiency was observed to be 14.5%. The experimental error in terms of percentage uncertainty was found to be 20.87%.

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Kasam, Kasam, Fajri Mulya Iresha, Alhamdy Adytama, Abdul Mutolib, Rofiqul Umam, Felga Zulfia Rasdiana, and Ali Rahmat. "MACRONUTRIENT CONTENT OF DRY LEAVES COMPOST BY VERMICOMPOSTING METHOD." Andalasian International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences (AIJANS) 1, no. 01 (October 6, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijans.v1.i01.1-8.2020.

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Waste management is one of the criteria for the evaluation of Green campus and sustainable university. Organic waste takes place in concern because of the domination of waste in university, such as food waste and dry leaves waste. Mismanagement in dry leaves will promote the campus area to look dirty. One method to control the dry leaves waste is the vermicomposting process. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the macronutrient content of dry leaves compost after the vermicomposting process. The research was conducted in the Faculty of Civil engineering and Planning, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta. The vermicompost sample in this study refers to the quality standards according to SNI 19-7030-2004 regarding compost quality standards. The results of vermicompost content value are obtained on day 56 is Phosphor amounting to 0.194%, amounting to 0.129% Potassium, and C / N ratio of 7.73. From the data that has been obtained can be concluded that the results of vermicompost are less effective as organic compost compared to the standards.

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Prabha, V. C., and V. Revathi. "Geopolymer Mortar Incorporating High Calcium Fly Ash and Silica Fume." Archives of Civil Engineering 65, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0001.

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AbstractAn attempt was made in the present work to study the compressive strength and microstructure of geopolymer containing high calcium fly ash (HCFA) and silica fume. Concentration of sodium hydroxide solution 8M, 10M, 12M & 14M, liquid to binder ratio 0.5 and sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate ratio 2.5 were selected for the mixes. Geopolymer mortar test results indicated that the mix with 40% silica fume by the weight of HCFA yielded higher compressive strength under ambient curing. The XRD pattern typically shows the major portion of amorphous phase of geopolymer. The existence of C-A-S-H gel, N-A-S-H gel and hydroxysodalite gel products were observed through SEM which developed dense microstructure and thus enhanced strength of HCFA and silica fume geopolymer.

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Mondal, Sandipan, and Ming-An Lee. "Long-Term Observations of Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Gulf of Mannar." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010102.

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In this study, we conducted long-term temporal and spatial observations of monthly, interannual, and decadal sea surface temperature (SST) variation in the Gulf of Mannar (GoM) for the period from 1870 to 2018. We obtained climatological data from the Met Office Hadley Centre, UK. The monthly time series revealed that April and August were the warmest and coolest months of the year, respectively. The mean SSTs for April and August were 29.85 ± 0.44 °C and 27.15 ± 0.49 °C, respectively. The mean annual highest and lowest SSTs were observed in 2015 and 1890 with SSTs of 28.93 ± 0.31 °C and 27.45 ± 0.31°C, respectively, and the annual time series revealed a warming SST trend of 0.004 °C. Decadal time series also revealed a warming SST trend of 0.04 °C, with the highest and lowest mean decadal SSTs being 28.56 ± 0.21 °C in 2010–2018 and 27.78 ± 0.25 °C in 1890–1889, respectively. Throughout the study period, the spatial distribution of climate trends over decades across the GoM revealed a strong spatial gradient, and the region between 6–8° N and 77–78° E was warmer than all other regions of the GoM.

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Papanicolaou, Athanasios N., and Nasser Talebbeydokhti. "Discussion of “Turbulent Open-Channel Flow in Circular Corrugated Culverts” by S. A. Ead, N. Rajaratnam, C. Katopodis, and F. Ade." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128, no. 5 (May 2002): 547–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2002)128:5(547).

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Ramana Prasad, Boyina V., and J. Russell Manson. "Discussion of “Turbulent Open-Channel Flow in Circular Corrugated Culverts” by S. A. Ead, N. Rajaratnam, C. Katopodis, and F. Ade." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128, no. 5 (May 2002): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2002)128:5(548).

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Ead, S. A., N. Rajaratnam, C. Katopodis, and F. Ade. "Closure to “Turbulent Open-Channel Flow in Circular Corrugated Culverts” by S. A. Ead, N. Rajaratnam, C. Katopodis, and F. Ade." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128, no. 5 (May 2002): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2002)128:5(549).

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36

Choi, Youngjin, Youngmin Park, Minbum Choi, Kyung Tae Jung, and Kyeong Ok Kim. "A Fine Grid Tide-Wave-Ocean Circulation Coupled Model for the Yellow Sea: Comparison of Turbulence Closure Schemes in Reproducing Temperature Distributions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121460.

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The performance of three turbulence closure schemes (TCSs), the generic length scale scheme (GLS), the Mellor–Yamada 2.5 scheme (MY2.5) and the K-profile parameterization scheme (KPP), embedded in the ocean model ROMS, was compared with attention to the reproduction of summertime temperature distribution in the Yellow Sea. The ROMS model has a horizontal resolution of 1/30° and 30 vertical sigma layers. For model validation, root mean square errors were checked, comparing model results with wave and temperature buoy data as well as tidal station data supplied by various organizations within the Republic of Korea. Computed temperature and vertical temperature diffusion coefficients were mainly compared along Lines A (36° N) and B (125° E) crossing the central Yellow Sea, Lines C (32° N) and E (34° N) passing over the Yangtze Bank and Line D off the Taean Peninsula. Calculations showed that GLS and MY2.5 produced vertical mixing stronger than KPP in both the surface and bottom layers, but the overall results were reasonably close to each other. The lack of observational data was a hindrance in comparing the detailed performance between the TCSs. However, it was noted that the simulation capability of cold patches in the tidal mixing front can be useful in identifying the better performing turbulence closure scheme. GLS and MY2.5 clearly produced the cold patch located near the western end of Line E (122° E–122.3° E), while KPP hardly produced its presence. Similar results were obtained along Line D but with a less pronounced tidal mixing front. Along Line C, GLS and MY2.5 produced a cold patch on the western slope of the Yellow Sea, the presence of which had never been reported. Additional measurements near 125° E–126° E of Line C and along the channel off the Taean Peninsula (Line D) are recommended to ensure the relative performance superiority between the TCSs.

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37

Fattah, K. P., Y. Zhang, D. S. Mavinic, and F. A. Koch. "Use of carbon dioxide stripping for struvite crystallization to save caustic dosage: performance at pilotscale operationPaper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 9 (September 2010): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l10-055.

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The feasibility of stripping CO2 from anaerobic digester centrate (generated in a sludge dewatering process) to raise pH, and therefore reduce the cost of caustic chemical(s) dosage for similar operation in a struvite-recovery system, was investigated. A cascade CO2 stripper was installed in a pilot-scale, struvite-recovery reactor system at the Lulu Island Wastewater Treatment Plant, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, as a replacement of part of (about 1/3) the reactor downpipe. Centrate was used as the process feed. Both the influent and the effluent from the struvite reactor were analyzed for pH, temperature (°C), and concentrations of Mg, NH4-N, and PO4-P. Results indicated that, by adding the CO2 stripper, caustic chemical savings was as much as 46%–65%. Moreover, because of the capability of the stripper in providing a more gradual pH increase, fewer fine solids were produced in the reactor than when caustic solution was used to raise the pH of the reactor.

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38

Basheer, Imad A., and Yacoub Najjar. "Discussion of “Prediction of Deep-Bed–Filter Performance Using Recursive Algorithms” by C. S. P. Ohja and N. J. D. Graham." Journal of Environmental Engineering 121, no. 12 (December 1995): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:12(931).

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39

Srivastava, Rajesh. "Discussion of “Prediction of Deep-Bed–Filter Performance Using Recursive Algorithms” by C. S. P. Ohja and N. J. D. Graham." Journal of Environmental Engineering 121, no. 12 (December 1995): 931–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:12(931.2).

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40

Ojha, C. S. P., and N. J. D. Graham. "Closure to “Prediction of Deep-Bed–Filter Performance Using Recursive Algorithms” by C. S. P. Ohja and N. J. D. Graham." Journal of Environmental Engineering 121, no. 12 (December 1995): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:12(933.x).

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41

Krull, Kimberly A., Asad J. Khattak, and Forrest M. Council. "Injury Effects of Rollovers and Events Sequence in Single-Vehicle Crashes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1717, no. 1 (January 2000): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1717-07.

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The effect that rollovers and tripping-event sequence surrounding rollover crashes have on the severity of driver injury was explored. Three-year crash and inventory data from Michigan ( N = 35,447) and Illinois ( N = 24, 296) were analyzed to explore the effect of rollover, while controlling for roadway, vehicle, and driver factors. The results show that 9 percent of single-vehicle crashes are either fatal or cause incapacitating driver injuries (K + A injuries). Significantly more fatalities and incapacitating injuries occur in rollover crashes. Logistic regression models of fatal and incapacitating injuries (K + A) versus other injuries and noninjuries (B + C + 0) were estimated separately and together for the two states. The results show that the effects of independent variables are largely consistent across the two states. Driver-injury severity increases with rollovers; failure to use a seat belt; passenger cars (as opposed to pickup trucks); alcohol use; daylight; rural roads (as opposed to urban); posted speed limit; and dry pavement (as opposed to slick pavement). Restricting the injury models to rollover crashes only, it was determined that hitting point objects or longitudinal objects before rolling over resulted in a more severe injury than rolling over first. The policy implications of the findings for restraint use, crash-testing, and roadside design and hardware are discussed.

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42

Naji, Dalia Munaff, Muge K. Akin, and Ali Firat Cabalar. "A Comparative Study on the VS30 and N30 Based Seismic Site Classification in Kahramanmaras, Turkey." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (November 3, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8862827.

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Assessment of seismic site classification (SSC) using either the average shear wave velocity (VS30) or the average SPT-N values (N30) for upper 30 m in soils is the simplest method to carry out various studies including site response and soil-structure interactions. Either the VS30- or the N30-based SSC maps designed according to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) classification system are effectively used to predict possible locations for future seismic events. The main goal of this study is to generate maps using the Geographic Information System (GIS) for the SSC in Kahramanmaras city, influenced by both East Anatolian Fault and Dead Sea Fault Zones, using both VS30 and N30 values. The study also presents a series of GIS maps produced using the shear wave velocity (VS) and SPT-N values at the depths of 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, and 25 m. Furthermore, the study estimates the bed rock level and generates the SSC maps for the average VS values through overburden soils by using the NEHRP system. The VS30 maps categorize the study area mainly under class C and limited number of areas under classes B and D, whereas the N30 maps classify the study area mainly under class D. Both maps indicate that the soil classes in the study area are different to a high extent. Eventually, the GIS maps complied for the purpose of urban development may be utilized effectively by engineers in the field.

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43

Yang, Xiaoyu, Boming Tang, Tao Wu, and Xuejuan Cao. "g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 Composite Photocatalyst and Its Application to Asphalt for NO Removal." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31, no. 8 (August 2019): 04019141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002763.

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44

Cooke, N., A. J. Carr, P. J. Moss, and Tan Fun Kwai. "The influence of non-geometric factors on the seismic behaviour of bridges on isolating bearings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 4 (December 31, 1986): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.19.4.263-271.

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A study of the sensitivity of bridge response to changes in non-geometric parameters was carried out using mainly the El Centro 1940 N-S earthquake component. The response of bridge decks supported on elastomeric or a combination of elastomeric and lead-rubber bearings is computed. The effects of variations in the following parameters on response were studied; a) a range of bearing properties, b) a range of abutment stiffnesses and abutment weights, c) different earthquake records and d) the effect of seismic waves propagating at various velocities and angles of attack with respect to the bridge centreline.

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45

Li, Ruihuan, Xiaoxiao Cao, Dan Sun, Wei Feng, Sha Song, Zhixian Su, and Jijun Zhao. "Effects of Cr and Ti additions on the stability and migration of C, N and O in vanadium: A first-principles study." Fusion Engineering and Design 168 (July 2021): 112604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112604.

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46

Singh, Sushil K. "Discussion of “Hybrid Model for Derivation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph” by P. K. Bhunya, N. C. Ghosh, S. K. Mishra, C. S. P. Ojha, and Ronny Berndtsson." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 12, no. 5 (September 2007): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2007)12:5(545).

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Bhunya, P. K., N. C. Ghosh, S. K. Mishra, C. S. Ojha, and Ronny Berndtsson. "Closure to “Hybrid Model for Derivation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph” by P. K. Bhunya, N. C. Ghosh, S. K. Mishra, C. S. P. Ojha, and R. Berndtsson." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 12, no. 5 (September 2007): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2007)12:5(546).

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48

Sérodes, J. B., E. Walsh, O. Goulet, J. de la Noue, and C. Lescelleur. "Tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater using bioflocculating micro-algae." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-116.

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Design criteria of a pilot plant for treating secondary municipal effluents using filamentous, bioflocculating micro-algae were evaluated. Using a sequential batch reactor, the best removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was reached for 25% draw volume; at 20–22 °C, up to four cycles per day could be achieved giving a removal efficiency of approximately 2 g of N per day and per square meter of basin (200 mm deep) with negligible nitrogen residual; increasing the water level by increments of 200 mm (from 200 to 600 mm) increased the N removal efficiency in a way similar to an increase in the number of renewals per day on a 200 mm deep basin. The dominant micro-algae (Chlorhormidium) was heavily influenced by the water temperature. Key words: micro-algae, municipal wastewater, water treatment, ammonia nitrogen, removal rate, removal efficiency.

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Müller, G. "Discussion of “Forces on Plunge Pool Slabs: Influence of Joints Location and Width” by J. F. Melo, A. N. Pinhero, and C. M. Ramos." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 133, no. 10 (October 2007): 1181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2007)133:10(1181).

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Fiorotto, Virgilio, and Elpidio Caroni. "Discussion of “Forces on Plunge Pool Slabs: Influence of Joints Location and Width” by J. F. Melo, A. N. Pinheiro, and C. M. Ramos." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 133, no. 10 (October 2007): 1182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2007)133:10(1182).

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