Journal articles on the topic 'Civil airspace'
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Kim, Do Hyun, Woong Yi Kim, and Joong Wook Kim. "Improving Operability of SmartUAV in Navigable Airspace of Korea." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 3679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.3679.
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UAV operations have increased steadily during the past several years in both the public and private sectors in Korea. However, there are many limitations for installation of ground based navigation-aids in Korea because 70 percent of its geography is mountainous. Furthermore, airspace for civil aircraft operations is very limited due to military operating areas and restricted airspaces established by military. This paper is a study on measure for integrating SmartUAV safely and smoothly within current airspace for manned aerial vehicle operation and expanding SmartUAV’s operability. This study is approaching SmartUAV in operational side not developmental side, looking into ways of expanding UAV operability by adapting it to existing navigable airspace and ATS.
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Saber, Hamed H., and David W. Yarbrough. "Determining the Thermal Resistance of Enclosed Reflective Airspace." Buildings 13, no. 3 (March 2, 2023): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030662.
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Enclosed airspaces of various effective emittances exist in the building envelope in walls, roofs, and double/triple glazing windows, curtain walls and skylight devices. Assessing the energy performance of a building component with enclosed reflective airspaces requires evaluation of all modes of heat transport inside the airspace. The thermal resistance (R-value) of the enclosed airspaces depends on the dimensions and orientation of the airspace, and the emittance and temperature of all surfaces that bound the airspace. To the best of our knowledge, the existing methods used around the world to evaluate the airspace thermal performance (e.g., ISO 6946, AUS/NZ 4859, and methods based on the U.S. NBS data) are one-dimensional and assume isothermal conditions on the hot and cold surfaces. In actual applications, however, the temperatures of both the hot and cold surfaces vary (i.e., they are non-isothermal), and the heat transfer takes place via conduction, convection and surface-to-surface radiation. In some cases, convection is absent or negligible, as is the case for downward heat flow or situations with a small temperature difference between the hot and cold surfaces. Radiation transport is significantly reduced by the presence of a low-emittance surface in the heat flow path. One of the goals of this study is to answer the question “is it a good assumption to use the isothermal conditions on both the hot and cold surfaces for determining/reporting the R-value of enclosed airspaces for different building applications?” A complete evaluation of the thermal performance of enclosed airspaces that includes the impact of bounding materials can now be undertaken in multiple dimensions with convective transport described by computational fluid dynamics. In addition to providing a relatively complete evaluation of the thermal performance of the enclosed airspaces, the adequacy of popular simplifying assumptions can be evaluated. This paper describes the computational process used, along with examples of the variation in thermal resistance with the airspace aspect ratio, realistic thermal boundary conditions and radiative heat transport on all surfaces that bound the airspace. The analysis completed in this research shows that the assumption of isothermal hot and cold surfaces affects calculated R-values for enclosed reflected airspaces by less than 3%. This was demonstrated for the five conventionally considered heat-flow directions and effective emittances from 0 to 0.82.
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Lichoń, Daniel. "Analysis of regulations concerning IFR flights of RPAS unmanned systems in controlled airspace." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 123 (December 1, 2018): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7463.
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Aerial vehicles class of RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) is a group of unmanned flying vehicles performing non-autonomous flights, controlled by a ground operator. The civil market of RPAS applications is a dynamically growing part of the industry. European strategy establishes to create the environment for performing RPAS civil operations in common airspace (by the 2024-2028 years). Currently, in Europe, the dominant model for RPAS flights is airspace segregation. The aim of this paper is the identification of the fields in regulations that need to be developed towards fulfilling the requirements of RPAS flight integration in common airspace. The attention was focused on the unmanned aircraft operations on controlled airports and within controlled airports airspaces. The analysis of current RPAS regulations was performed with relation to the classification, safety of flights, certification and existing IFR RPAS procedures. The dependence between mass categorization of RPAS and the level of allowed air operations was considered. Selected regulations of international institutions (ICAO, EASA) and national authorities (EU members and outside EU countries) were used. The performed analysis allowed to identify the advance of existing regulations, indicate the advantageous rules for RPAS flights and find the fields in which the further development or modifications are required towards the integration of RPAS IFR flights in common airspace.
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Loh, R., Yi Bian, and T. Roe. "UAVs in civil airspace: Safety requirements." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 24, no. 1 (January 2009): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.2009.4772749.
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Mostarac, Nikola, Andrea Reščić, Tomislav Mihetec, and Doris Novak. "Flight Training Syllabus Structure Impact on Proactive Planning of High-Performance Military Aircraft Pilot Training Operations in Flexible Airspace Structures." Promet 34, no. 6 (December 2, 2022): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v34i6.4158.
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European airspace is marked by fragmentation, and from fragmentation originated congestion. As an answer to congestion, flexible use of airspace is created to fulfil all users’ requirements optimally, and at its very core lies civil-military cooperation and the coordination of airspace use. Such an approach is enabled by collaborative decision-making, which presumes timely and complete exchange of complete relevant information between airspace users. To participate in the process, the military should be transparent regarding its restrictions and capabilities of adaptation to other airspace users’ demands. Flight training syllabus structure and its specific impact on proactive planning of high-performance military aircraft pilot training operations in flexible airspace structures is the subject of this research. Significant diversity in the hourly distribution of civil traffic demand in flexible airspace structures in Zagreb FIR proves them applicable for a proactive approach to high-performance aircraft pilot training operations planning and management. Noticeable reduction in the number of civil aircraft affected by high-performance aircraft pilot training operations in flexible airspace structures at congested flight levels is corroborated. Simulations of proactive planning of high-performance aircraft pilot training operations reveal indications of flight syllabus structure’s impact on pilot flight training duration, as well as the possibility to manage its restrictions.
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Stanev, Hristo. "CRITERIA AND APPROACHES FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF AIRSPACE OF THE MEMBER STATES OF EUROCONTROL BY MILITARY AIRCRAFTS." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 1415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051415s.
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Sustainable development of civil aviation is associated with the end of the block confrontation between East and West, which is directly related to the reduced use of military aviation. The modern military aircrafts are engaged in international air traffic in strict compliance with the requirements of each member state of the EU and Eurocontrol. Ensuring enough freedom to fly through the airspace of European countries depends on the equipment of the military aircrafts, the available military air traffic management infrastructure, the adopted rules and procedures for flight operations, and the training of the pilot and navigational staff. By providing adequate freedom to use airspace creates prerequisites for successful implementation of tasks in overcoming the consequences of disasters, accidents and catastrophes.With the use of area navigation and implementation of new airspace structures was put into action the concept proposed by Eurocontrol - the Concept of Flexible Use of Airspace (FUA). Combined with facilitating access to the aeronautical information of member states of Eurocontrol, opportunities are being created to conduct research into the use of airspace by military aircrafts. Through comparative study may identify best practices to inspire the creation of conditions for improving the interaction between civil air traffic service units and controlling military units in coordinating the use of airspace by military aircrafts.This study proposes criteria and approaches to assess the possibilities of using the airspace of member states of Eurocontrol by military aircrafts. Based on the results obtained, recommendations can be made to improve the legislation in determining the conditions for use of the national airspace by military aircrafts. The analysis stands conclusion that there are conditions to improve the possibilities of using the airspace of Bulgaria by military aircraft.
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Fusaro, Roberta, Nicole Viola, Sara Cresto Aleina, and Giovanni Antonio Di Meo. "Innovative time-based separation procedures for civil RPAS integration." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): 728–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-08-2018-0235.
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Purpose This paper aims to suggest feasible solutions to overcome the problem of unmanned aerial vehicles integration within the existing airspace. Design/methodology/approach It envisages innovative time-based separation procedures that will enhance the integration in the future air traffic management (ATM) system of next generation of large remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). 4D navigation and dynamic mobile area concepts, both proposed in the framework of Single European Sky ATM Research program, are brought together to hypothesize innovative time-based separation procedures aiming at promoting integration of RPAS in the future ATM system. Findings Benefits of proposed procedures, mainly evaluated in terms of volume reduction of segregated airspace, are quantitatively analyzed on the basis of realistic operational scenarios focusing on monitoring activities in both nominal and emergency conditions. Eventually, the major limits of time-based separation for RPAS are investigated. Practical implications The implementation of the envisaged procedures will be a key enabler in RPAS integration in future ATM integration. Originality/value In the current ATM scenario, separation of RPAS from air traffic is ensured by segregating a large amount of airspace areas with fixed dimensions, dramatically limiting the activities of these vehicles.
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Su, Jinyuan. "The Practice of States on Air Defense Identification Zones: Geographical Scope, Object of Identification, and Identification Measures." Chinese Journal of International Law 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 812–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmaa001.
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Abstract This note provides a survey of the practice of States on ADIZs. It is found that while some ADIZs are entirely within territorial airspace, most extend beyond the outer limit into the airspace above the EEZs and even the high seas; and in the part beyond territorial airspace, transiting aircraft are prevalently subject to identification. Transiting military aircraft, which most of the time refuse to identify themselves voluntarily by submitting a flight plan or reporting their positions, may nevertheless be identified passively through radar detection, radio communication or close visual check. As most ADIZs are within the claiming State’s FIRs, transiting civil aircraft can be identified “unconsciously” through civil air traffic control. Where an ADIZ extends beyond the claiming State’s FIRs, most transiting civil aircraft comply with voluntary identification measures, presumably due to the light extra burden incurred. The non-compliant are easy to identify through passive means such as radar detection and radio communication, with the use of close visual check highly unnecessary.
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Majumdar, A., W. Y. Ochieng, and P. Nalder. "Airspace safety in New Zealand: A causal analysis of controller caused airspace incidents between 1994-2002." Aeronautical Journal 108, no. 1083 (May 2004): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000192400000508x.
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Abstract The New Zealand Government takes airspace safety very seriously. The level of safety in New Zealand airspace is measured by the number of recorded airspace incidents. An airspace incident can be thought of as a failure in the chain of operations in the air traffic system when it is provided with an air traffic service (ATS). Some of these incidents result in a loss of separation between aircraft, varying from slight to a very serious loss with a significant risk of collision, known as a near collision. New Zealand’s Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) identifies the causal factors for all airspace incidents using the Reason model of human error, divided into three areas; active failures committed by individuals involved in the incident, local factors relating to the task and the ATS environment and organisational factors originating in the managerial and organisation spheres of the ATS provider. Based upon the CAA’s database, this paper analyses trends in controller caused incidents in the NZ airspace during the period 1994 to 2002 in six controller caused categories. The results indicate that for controller caused incidents, execution errors dominate the active failures category, while in the case of local factors, poor concentration/lack of attention, inadequate checking and controller workload are the dominant factors. For the organisation category, poor planning and inadequate control and monitoring dominate. These results should form the basis of a robust and transparent framework for intervention mechanisms by the New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority for enhanced airspace safety.
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Otília Kiss, Krisztina. "Reopening the Upper Airspace over Kosovo for Civil Air Traffic: The Road Thereto." Air and Space Law 46, Issue 4/5 (September 1, 2021): 603–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2021034.
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Over twenty years have passed since the insurrection in Kosovo which ended with the introduction of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in June 1999. The establishment of the State of Kosovo has raised multiple questions and challenged public international law doctrines in different ways. The validity of unilateral State succession in the post-colonial era, the international legal personality of international intergovernmental organizations, and the exercise of sovereign rights by other entities than States are among the questions that the international community has had to contend with. The present essay elaborates the aviation law-related aspects of these challenges, more precisely the reopening of the upper airspace of Kosovo, with a special focus on the legal solutions of the Implementing Agreement Between Hungary and the International Security Force in Kosovo (KFOR) (Implementing Agreement Between the Government of Hungary and International Security Force in Kosovo (KFOR) for the Provision of Air Navigation Services (ANS) and Other Relevant Activities in the Designated Airspace over Kosovo as promulgated by Act No. CCXLVIII of 2013 on Promulgation of the Implementing Agreement Between the Government of Hungary and International Security Force in Kosovo (KFOR) for the Provision of ANS and Other Relevant Activities in the Designated Airspace over Kosovo.). airspace, sovereignty, NATO, Kosovo, Hungary
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Onn, Norhusna Emirah. "THE PRINCIPLE OF AD COELOM IN RESPECT TO THE LOW-ALTITUDE AIRSPACE FOR THE COMMERCIAL UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 7, no. 30 (December 28, 2022): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.730010.
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The development and innovation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones especially in the commercial arena are predicted to give a positive impact on socio-economic growth in Malaysia. Malaysia has been chosen in this discussion to evaluate the development of UAV laws and initiatives by Malaysia's Civil Aviation Authority to uphold commercial UAVs in line with the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) mission to provide the fundamental international regulatory framework through Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS) in addressing UAVs. Nevertheless, the existing laws in Malaysia regarding the right of way and right to use low-altitude airspace did not offer much for commercial UAVs due to the ad coelom principle. The right to use airspace for commercial UAVs shall be the first and major concern in moulding the UAV laws. This article is aimed to analyse and evaluate the relationship of the ad coelom principle with the laws available in Malaysia which might honour the right to low-altitude airspace for commercial UAVs. This article adopts doctrinal research by referring to the available laws and regulations in Malaysia to see the integration of the ad coelom principle with the right of way and right to low-altitude airspace for commercial UAVs. The concept of ‘avigation easement’, ‘drone corridor’, and ‘drone-port’ could be the best solutions in determining the right of ways for commercial UAVs to reflect the ad coelom principle. Therefore, the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM), the Federal government, all States, municipal councils, and private individuals shall be ready to draw zoning of airspace horizontally or vertically without neglecting public rights and breaching other laws. This is to realize the CAAM mission for the integration of Air Traffic Control (ATC) in controlling the navigable airspace of manned aircraft which is to be extended to the UAVs by the year 2035.
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Kulkarni, Sameer, Rajesh Ganesan, and Lance Sherry. "Dynamic Airspace Configuration Using Approximate Dynamic Programming." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2266, no. 1 (January 2012): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2266-04.
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On the basis of weather and high traffic, the Next Generation Air Transportation System envisions an airspace that is adaptable, flexible, controller friendly, and dynamic. Sector geometries, developed with average traffic patterns, have remained structurally static with occasional changes in geometry due to limited forming of sectors. Dynamic airspace configuration aims at migrating from a rigid to a more flexible airspace structure. Efficient management of airspace capacity is important to ensure safe and systematic operation of the U.S. National Airspace System and maximum benefit to stakeholders. The primary initiative is to strike a balance between airspace capacity and air traffic demand. Imbalances in capacity and demand are resolved by initiatives such as the ground delay program and rerouting, often resulting in systemwide delays. This paper, a proof of concept for the dynamic programming approach to dynamic airspace configuration by static forming of sectors, addresses static forming of sectors by partitioning airspace according to controller workload. The paper applies the dynamic programming technique to generate sectors in the Fort Worth, Texas, Air Route Traffic Control Center; compares it with current sectors; and lays a foundation for future work. Initial results of the dynamic programming methodology are promising in terms of sector shapes and the number of sectors that are comparable to current operations.
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Katsikogiannis, Dimitrios, Marily Thoma, Konstantinos Mathioudakis, Nikolaos Aretakis, and Alexios Alexiou. "Optimal civil aircraft missions exploiting free routing possibilities." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930405004.
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A method is presented for optimizing burnt fuel and flight time of civil aircraft missions, under the scope of a full-scale free route airspace implementation as well as usage of actual environmental data, focusing on ambient temperature and pressure. A computational analysis model, using online available aircraft data is considered, for flight envelopes defined by the user, is used as the base tool. The model is validated over real flight data, before it is used as the main tool for optimization of flight missions. Flight paths are analyzed by considering both their vertical and horizontal aspect. Optimal paths are derived, for each chosen mission, through an optimization process that takes advantage of the flexibilities that become available by implementation of Free Route Airspace. Vertical flight path is shown to play very important role in achieving optimal flights, while horizontal paths also offer optimality possibilities, with a strong dependence on weather conditions.
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Lee, Sanghoon. "Back to Air in Disarray?: Disparity in Practices and Interpretations on ADIZs Disrupting the Safety of Civil Aviation." Journal of Air Law and Commerce 87, no. 2 (2022): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/jalc.87.2.3.
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The interconnectivity of civil aviation has been long praised with the success of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in harmonizing navigation standards and procedures, along with the utilization of Flight Information Regions (FIRs). However, continuing geopolitical tensions with different implementations of Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs) have belittled the technical achievement. Among different State practices, some ADIZs have expanded beyond territorial airspace and even overlapped with other FIRs, requiring overflying air- craft to submit flight plans and abide by procedures separate or in addition to air traffic control obligations. The purpose of this Article is to review the ongoing political tensions that are common in issues with ADIZs beyond territorial airspace and to explore different legal schemes put forth by States. While there is no prevailing rule of law that defines the scope and procedure of ADIZs, this Article further revisits the due regard principle under international law and State practices beyond territorial airspace. Due to its reciprocal characteristic, this principle does not solely advocate for the coastal State to arbitrarily put limitations on the freedom of flight beyond its territorial airspace. Rather, the established FIRs have already given considerable certainty and accountability to the overflown State, where the principle also directs both the overflying and overflown States to actively engage in communication and practices involving liaisons. This principle envisions regional confidence-building measures on aerial communication and the technical leadership of ICAO to support these States in reducing the relational gap and facilitating civil–military cooperation.
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Cohen, Jeffrey P. "Some Issues in Benefit-Cost Analysis for Airport Development." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1567, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1567-01.
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A number of recent Executive Office mandates have outlined the need for U.S. government agencies, including the Federal Aviation Administration, to conduct benefit-cost analyses for policy decisions. Policy decisions concerning local airspace system infrastructure could result in national airspace benefits. If the benefit-cost analyses are to be conducted properly, there is a need to account for these benefits. A method for conducting simulations is developed within a benefit-cost framework to examine the social welfare implications when localities act unilaterally without internalizing potential national airspace system benefits. Rates of return, compensating variation, and equivalent variation are simulated for a hypothetical economy, and social welfare as measured by these techniques improves when localities account for national airspace system benefits. The equivalent variation method enables policy makers to distinguish some equity implications from efficiency improvements that may occur simultaneously when localities move to account for national airspace system benefits in their aviation infrastructure decisions. Other issues in conducting benefit cost analyses for aviation infrastructure projects are discussed, and suggestions concerning how to attain efficient outcomes in compliance with institutional guidelines are made.
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Deng, Chen, Chengqi Cheng, Tengteng Qu, Shuang Li, and Bo Chen. "A Method for Managing ADS-B Data Based on a 4D Airspace-Temporal Grid (GeoSOT-AS)." Aerospace 10, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10030217.
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With the exponential increase in the volume of automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B), and other types of air traffic control (ATC) data containing spatiotemporal attributes, it remains uncertain how to respond to immediate ATC data access within a target area. Accordingly, an original multi-level disaggregated framework for airspace, and its corresponding information management is proposed. Further, a multi-scale grid modeling and coding mapping method of airspace information represented by ADS-B is put forth. Finally, tests on the validity of the 4D airspace-temporal grid we named as the GeoSOT-AS framework were conducted across key areas based on the development of an effective data organization method for ADS-B, or an effective algorithm for extracting relevant spatiotemporal data. Experimentally, it was demonstrated that GeoSOT-AS conforms to the existing Chinese specification of civil aeronautical charting and is advantageous for its low deformation and high practicality; furthermore, the airspace grid identification code modeling was less costly, and improved performance by >80% when used for ADS-B data extraction. GeoSOT-AS can thus provide effective reference and practical information for existing airspace data management methods represented by ADS-B and can subsequently be extended to other forms of airspace management scenarios.
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Åkermark, Sia Spiliopoulou. "The Meaning of Airspace Sovereignty Today – A Case Study on Demilitarisation and Functional Airspace Blocks." Nordic Journal of International Law 86, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 91–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08601003.
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As a result of the eu Single European Sky directives, European states adopted regional agreements on functional airspace blocks. The Agreement on the North European Functional Airspace Block (nefab) was signed in 2012 by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Norway. The nature of the agreement is mixed and involves civil as well as military actors. nefab seems to operate in practice in a hybrid mode, sometimes looking like a private international enterprise and sometimes more like a public international organisation. Does the highly technical nature of the agreement keep issues of political and legal relevance outside the range of democratic control? To what extent can such hybrid, functional, technical regimes of international cooperation affect the understandings and the exercise of sovereignty, and what is the effect of the NEFAB-regime on older legal obligations such as the demilitarisation and neutralisation regime of the Åland Islands?
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Haddon, D. R., and C. J. Whittaker. "Aircraft airworthiness certification standards for civil UAVs." Aeronautical Journal 107, no. 1068 (February 2003): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000018364.
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AbstractThe CAA has recognised the need to develop civil standards for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Accordingly the CAA Directorate of Airspace Policy has published the document ‘CAP 722 –Unmanned Air Vehicle Operation in UK Airspace – Guidance’, (which can be accessed via the CAA website — http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP722.pdf). The document itemises the top-level military and civil regulations which impact upon the operation of UAVs in the UK. One of the items listed within the document is ‘Civil Certification’ of UAVs. This particular aspect is the responsibility of the Design and Production Standards Division, (D&PSD), of the CAA Safety Regulation Group. The purpose of this paper is to present and explain the current position of D&PSD regarding the appropriate design standards to be applied for the civil certification of the airworthiness of UAVs.This paper presents the CAA position that UAVs should be granted permission to fly by qualifying for certificates of airworthiness, by demonstration of compliance with defined airworthiness standards comparable to, and derived from, those applied to manned aircraft. The paper also presents a method for determining, to a first approximation, the level of airworthiness standards which should be applied to any particular design of UAV by reference to the existing codes of airworthiness requirements for manned aircraft.
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Wang, Lili, Wanle Wang, Fang Wei, and Yakun Hu. "Research on the Classification of Air Route Intersections in the Airspace of China." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 2 (February 2019): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118825452.
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As the intersecting points of crossing traffic flows, air route intersections are the major bottlenecks in the world’s airspace due to restricted airspace and rapid growth of air traffic. In order to reduce controller workload and maintain traffic safety, air traffic operation units in China devised the idea of “overpasses” at busy intersections. The basic idea is to strategically separate flows of aircraft on intersecting routes vertically by allocating distinct flight levels to them. In practice, aircraft are required to maintain an agreed flight level en route long before they cross the intersection. With more and more “overpasses” being established, the available airspace is becoming more restricted, the result of which is a drop in the overall airspace efficiency. Therefore, the air traffic management community would benefit from a quantification indicator to determine whether an overpass should be established at a particular intersection. In this paper, such an indicator—a classification index—is proposed for air route intersections based on the calculated intersection complexity and collision risk. Additionally, according to the calculation results of the classification index for typical intersections in Chinese airspace, an intersection classification system is presented, which can serve as guidance for the establishment of overpasses in the future. A case study is provided to demonstrate the working of the system. The proposed intersection classification method should help decision makers better understand the operation characteristics of intersections in Chinese airspace and make informed decisions to balance workload and efficiency.
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Haddon, D. R., and C. J. Whittaker. "Aircraft airworthiness certification standards for civil UAVs." Aeronautical Journal 107, no. 1069 (February 2003): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000013750.
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Abstract The CAA has recognised the need to develop civil standards for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Accordingly the CAA Directorate of Airspace Policy has published the document ‘CAP 722 – Unmanned Air Vehicle Operation in UK Airspace – Guidance’, (which can be accessed via the CAA website — http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP722.pdf). The document itemises the top-level military and civil regulations which impact upon the operation of UAVs in the UK. One of the items listed within the document is ‘Civil Certification’ of UAVs. This particular aspect is the responsibility of the Design and Production Standards Division, (D&PSD), of the CAA Safety Regulation Group. The purpose of this paper is to present and explain the current position of D&PSD regarding the appropriate design standards to be applied for the civil certification of the airworthiness of UAVs. This paper presents the CAA position that UAVs should be granted permission to fly by qualifying for certificates of airworthiness, by demonstration of compliance with defined airworthiness standards comparable to, and derived from, those applied to manned aircraft. The paper also presents a method for determining, to a first approximation, the level of airworthiness standards which should be applied to any particular design of UAV by reference to the existing codes of airworthiness requirements for manned aircraft.
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Rezo, Zvonimir, Sanja Steiner, and Tomislav Mihetec. "European Airspace (De)Fragmentation Assessment Model." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i2.3645.
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Airspace fragmentation represents an issue that began to be more frequently mentioned within the Air Traffic Management (ATM) domain in the last two decades. Primarily, it is frequently listed as one of the main causes contributing to inefficiency of the ATM system in Europe. However, even though the issue of the European airspace fragmentation has been recognized back in the 1990s, over the past decades it has neither been frequently studied nor comprehensively addressed. Accordingly, minor progress has been made to describe this issue in more depth. Therefore, this research paper deals with the research of performance-based airspace fragmentation (one of several European airspace fragmentation types). It presents the conceptual and methodological framework of a novel model that can be used to obtain answers to hypothetical questions of where, when, how, and whether it is possible to achieve performance-based airspace defragmentation. Accordingly, it is expected that further studies of the developed model will deliver relevant information that may contribute to a more inclusive, smart, and spatially oriented development of the ATM system in Europe.
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Fellner, Andrzej, and Robert Konieczka. "Rotorcraft in the Performance Based Navigation International Civil Aviation Organization Implementation." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2019, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2019-0005.
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Abstract European Commision adopted in July new regulations about laying down airspace usage requirements and operating procedures concerning performance based navigation. It is next step in realization of the the global program PBN ICAO. At the 36th General Assembly of ICAO held in 2007, the Republic of Poland agreed to ICAO resolution A36-23 which urges all States to implement PBN. In future aviation concepts the use of Performance Based Navigation (PBN) is considered to be a major Air Traffic Management (ATM) concept element. ICAO has drafted standards and implementation guidance for PBN in the ICAO Doc 9613 “PBN Manual”. The Based Performance Navigation Concept represents and shift from sensor-based to performance based navigation connected with criteria for navigation: accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity and functionality depending on the phase of the flight. Through PBN and changes in the communication, surveillance and ATM domain, many advanced navigation applications are possible to improve airspace efficiency, improve airport sustainability, reduce the environmental impact of air transport in terms of noise and emission, increase safety and improve flight efficiency.
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Tian, Yong, Bojia Ye, Marc Sáez Estupiñá, and Lili Wan. "Stochastic Simulation Optimization for Route Selection Strategy Based on Flight Delay Cost." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 35, no. 06 (December 2018): 1850045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595918500458.
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The continuous and strong growth of the civil aviation in the world combined with the severe adverse weather problem have made necessary the collaboration between the different civil aviation agents to improve the management of the capacity-demand imbalances in the airspace. In this paper, we consider a stochastic simulation optimization problem for air route selection strategy based on flight delay cost. The problem takes consideration of airspace capacity and demand uncertainty, three strategies, including collaborative reroute strategy (CRS), full information reroute strategy (FIRS) and hybrid stated route preference strategy (HSR), are employed to mitigate the flight delay cost. To find the best strategy, a discrete event simulation model is built by Arena Software, and the Monte Carlo method combined with the OCBA simulation optimization technique is employed for assessing a common severe convective weather scenario in the Central and Southern China airspace. Simulation results imply that HSR schemes show better system-wide performance than CRS and FIRS, these benefits are supposed to come from the batch allocations method. Although the airline can receive full information in advance, FIRS does not show obvious advantage in reducing the total airborne waiting time than CRS. For the system-wide performance FIRS is better than CRS, but not as good as HSR.
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Lamont, Christopher K. "Conflict in the Skies: The Law of Air Defence Identification Zones." Air and Space Law 39, Issue 3 (June 1, 2014): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2014014.
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Air Defence Identification Zones (ADIZs), designated areas of non-territorial airspace where States impose reporting obligations on civil and military aircraft, constitute a highly contentious security practice, and in the absence of an international legal framework to regulate unilateral ADIZ declarations by States, find themselves increasingly contested with States advancing competing claims on the limits of their scope and reporting obligations. China's 23 November 2013 declaration of an East China Sea ADIZ highlights two important questions that arise from this contested security practice. The first question stems from conflicting positions on the extent to which States can impose reporting obligations on aircraft operating outside of territorial airspace, while the second question revolves around what, if any, impact the exercise of administrative control in airspace can have upon territorial claims advanced by States. In order to explore both of the above questions this article will provide an introduction to the practice and law of ADIZs before examining two distinct ADIZ regimes, those maintained by the United States and China. This article will observe that while international law does not prohibit States from declaring ADIZs in non-territorial airspace, it does prohibit States from restricting air navigation outside of territorial airspace and thus certain reporting requirements demanded on the part of States may extend beyond what is permissible under international law.
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Nesbit, Paul R., Thomas E. Barchyn, Chris H. Hugenholtz, Sterling Cripps, and Maja Kucharczyk. "Reported UAV incidents in Canada: analysis and potential solutions." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2016-0033.
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UAV incidents were analyzed using data from Transport Canada’s Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting System (CADORS). Between 5 November 2005 and 31 December 2016 a total of 355 incidents were reported in Canadian airspace. The largest number involved UAV sightings (66.5%) and close encounters with piloted aircraft (22.3%). These incidents increased markedly after 2013, with the highest number in British Columbia, followed by Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and Manitoba. The vast majority of UAV incident reports were filed by pilots of piloted aircraft. Typically, airspace at altitudes greater than 400 feet above ground level (AGL) is off limits to UAVs; however, of the 270 incidents in the CADORS database with UAV altitude reported, 80.4% were above 400 feet AGL and 62.6% were above 1000 feet AGL. Of the 268 incidents with reported horizontal distance to the nearest aerodrome, 74.6% occurred or likely occurred within five nautical miles (M), and of those 92.4% and 76.6% were reported above 100 and 300 feet AGL, respectively. Collectively, the CADORS data indicate that the overwhelming majority of UAV incidents reported in Canada were airspace violations. These results can guide future risk mitigation measures, hardware and software solutions, and educational campaigns to increase airspace safety.
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Zhu, Yue, and Ho Yin Kan. "Aviation and Airspace Management under Rough Set Theory." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (September 10, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6736884.
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With the development of aviation industry, a series of problems have appeared in aviation and airspace, among which the most prominent problem is the congestion of aviation and airspace. Airspace congestion has become a major problem in the development of civil aviation in China. Especially in the central and eastern regions of China, airspace congestion is becoming more and more serious. To better solve the problem of airspace congestion, rough set theory and the Fuzzy C-means (FCM) model are first analyzed. By analyzing the temporal and spatial characteristics of traffic congestion in the control sector, a multisector traffic congestion identification model is established based on radar track data. Four multisector congestion characteristics including equivalent traffic volume, proximity, saturation, and traffic density are established. FCM and rough set theory are used to classify and identify sector congestion. Finally, the model based on FCM-rough set theory is compared with other methods based on the data of the regional control sector in northwest China. The experimental results show that the congestion recognition rate of the model is 92.6%, 93.5%, and 94.2%, and the congestion misjudgment rate is 1.5%, 1.2%, and 1.3%, respectively. Hence, the multisector congestion recognition model has a high recognition rate and a low misjudgment rate, and the overall discrimination result is relatively stable. By comparing the proposed method with other methods, it is concluded that the recognition accuracy of the model based on FCM theory is superior to other methods. In summary, the congestion situation of the sector is affected by a variety of macro- and micro-characteristics of the sector, and the congestion identification model is feasible and efficient. Multisector traffic congestion identification has certain application value for airspace planning, air traffic control-assisted decision making, and air traffic flow management. This work can optimize the aviation and airspace management system and provide relevant suggestions for the study of aviation and airspace congestion.
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Sun, Xie Sheng, Xin Zhang, and Ji Fu Han. "Research on the Flight Delay Model and Calculation of the Airport`s Punctuality Rate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 1213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.1213.
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With the rapid development of Chinese economy, flight delay happen frequently in many airports. Now, there is an error point in China civil aviation system that is they are all seem to hope expansion airspace to enhance capacity to solving this problem. But in fact, airline company`s service confusion leading to the airspace`s low-effective using is the major cause of delay. Only the more effective using of the existing airspace, the more benefit. This paper analyses the reasons of flight delay, explores the relation of flight delay and air traffic movements mainly, uses the analytical model to calculate the China three major airports ` punctuality rate under the condition of service level reaching the international level, which is higher than the actual data. The result shows that the service quality is the leading cause of influencing punctuality rate. Only improving the service standard, Chinese airports` flight delay can be solved effectively.
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Philpott, Robert, Benjamin Kwasa, and Christina Bloebaum. "Use of a Value Model to Ethically Govern Various Applications of Small UAS." Drones 2, no. 3 (July 30, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones2030024.
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Widespread use of small unmanned aircraft systems is becoming prominent in the US. From structural health monitoring to journalism, small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) are allowing people to gain a view of their surroundings and conduct their jobs in ways like never before. With this come many ethical concerns that must be addressed before the sight of a sUAS flying overhead is a widely acceptable occurrence to a majority of the population. Currently, UAS operations used in civil airspace are governed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Part 107 rules, but these regulations do not address certain ethical considerations. This paper will use the concept of a value model to quantify these ethical concerns so that they may be encoded into the design of a UAS and evaluation of missions before the missions are conducted. This could prove valuable in addressing the ethical challenges that are faced when implementing unmanned aerial systems (UAS) operations into the airspace, especially when UASs are in airspace in densely populated areas.
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Barus, Yan Jefri. "Jurisdiction Of A Country’s Air Territorry In International Law Perspective." Journal of Law Science 3, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/jls.v3i3.1673.
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The sovereignty of a country is no longer absolute or absolute, but at certain limits it must respect the sovereignty of other countries, which are regulated through international law. This is what became known as the relative sovereignty of the state. In the context of international law, a sovereign state must essentially obey and respect international law, as well as the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other countries. The problem in this research is How is the JURISDICTION of a country's airspace? What are the principles of air law adopted by nations in the world (internationally)? How is the JURISDICTION of a country's airspace in the perspective of international law? Its basic function is to show the way to solve research problems. The airspace contained above the land area, inland waters, and territorial sea is included in the jurisdiction of a country. This can be seen from article 1 of the Chicago Convention 1944 concerning International Civil Aviation: "State sovereignty in the air space above its territorial area is complete and exclusive sovereignity". This provision is one of the main pillars of international law governing air space. The principles of international air law include the principle of airspace sovereignty, the principle of JURISDICTION of air space, and the principle of responsibility. The principles in jurisdiction are the principle of territorial, national, passive personality, protection or security, universality, and crime according to applicable legal criteria. In relation to state jurisdiction in airspace, very closely related to law enforcement in the airspace. With jurisdiction, the country concerned has the authority and responsibility in the air to carry out law enforcement in air space.
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Nusyirwan, Istas F., and Kannan Perumah. "RVSM Implementation in Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 225 (November 2012): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.225.522.
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This paper addresses the current scenario of air traffic over Malaysian airspace and its impact on existing routes and capacity. In dealing with the increase of capacity, ICAO has embarked on implementing several new measures that would accommodate more aircrafts and the same time maintaining the highest level of safety. Those measures are outlined in ICAO’s Doc 9574 and 9937. Instead of introducing more routes, which up to one point could reach its maximum saturation point, ICAO has introduced Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM). RVSM increases the number of aircraft that can be accommodated on the given route. The Malaysian airspace is strategically located in the middle of the Westbound and Eastbound routes over the Asia Pacific region. This is an added advantage for the installation the Height Monitoring Unit for RVSM performance of aircraft. Generally, almost all of the aircraft overflying Malaysian airspace are already at their optimum flight levels. This paper uses the trend for year 2010 and 2011 data provided by the Department of Civil Aviation of Malaysia in the analysis. The paper analyses the current scenario of air traffic safety over Malaysian airspace and identifies suggestions to develop a system that could extract information from ADS-B for height monitoring purposes.
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Persiani, Carlo A., and Sara Bagassi. "Route planner for unmanned aerial system insertion in civil non-segregated airspace." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 227, no. 4 (March 19, 2012): 687–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410012439975.
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Kareng, Yaya. "INTERNATIONAL AVIATION/AIRSPACE LAW AN OVERVIEW." International Journal of Law Reconstruction 4, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v4i1.10941.
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Aviation law is the branch of law that concerns flight, air travel, and associated legal and business concerns. Some of its area of concern overlaps that of admiralty law and, in many cases, aviation law is considered a matter of international law due to the nature of air travel. However, the business aspects of airlines and their regulation also fall under aviation law. In the international realm, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) provides general rules and mediates international concerns to an extent regarding aviation law. The ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations. In the United States and in most European nations, aviation law is considered a federal or state-level concern and is regulated at that level. In the U.S., states cannot govern aviation matters in most cases directly but look to Federal laws and case law for this function instead. For example, a court recently struck down New York's Passenger Bill of Rights law because regulation of aviation is traditionally a federal concern. Aviation law, however, is not in the United States held under the same Federal mandate of jurisdiction as admiralty law; that is, while the United States Constitution provides for the administration of admiralty,[1] it does not provide such for aviation law. States and municipalities do have some indirect regulation over aviation. For example, zoning laws can require an airport to be located away from residential areas, and airport usage can be restricted to certain times of day. State product-liabilitys law are not preempted by Federal law and in most cases, aviation manufacturers may be held strictly liable for defects in aviation products. Space law, which governs matters in outer space beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is a rather new area of law but one that already has its own journals and academic support. Much of space law is connected to aviation law.
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Nussberger, A., H. Grabner, and L. van Gool. "ROBUST AERIAL OBJECT TRACKING IN HIGH DYNAMIC FLIGHT MANEUVERS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-1/W1 (August 27, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-1-w1-1-2015.
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Integrating drones into the civil airspace is one of the biggest challenges for civil aviation, responsible authorities and involved com- panies around the world in the upcoming years. For a full integration into non-segregated airspace such a system has to provide the capability to automatically detect and avoid other airspace users. Electro-optical cameras have proven to be an adequate sensor to detect all types of aerial objects, especially for smaller ones such as gliders or paragliders. Robust detection and tracking of approaching traffic on a potential collision course is the key component for a successful avoidance maneuver. In this paper we focus on the aerial object tracking during dynamic flight maneuvers of the own-ship where accurate attitude information corresponding to the camera images is essential. Because the ’detect and avoid’ functionality typically extends existing autopilot systems the received attitude measurements have unknown delays and dynamics. We present an efficient method to calculate the angular rates from a multi camera rig which we fuse with the delayed attitude measurements. This allows for estimating accurate absolute attitude angles for every camera frame. The proposed method is further integrated into an aerial object tracking framework. A detailed evaluation of the pipeline on real collision encounter scenarios shows that the multi camera rig based attitude estimation enables the correct tracking of approaching traffic during dynamic flight, at which the tracking framework previously failed.
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Hoskova-Mayerova, Sarka, Jan Kalvoda, Miloslav Bauer, and Pavlina Rackova. "Development of a Methodology for Assessing Workload within the Air Traffic Control Environment in the Czech Republic." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 7858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137858.
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The increase in civil aviation traffic and, in general, in aviation traffic going through airspace or a military terminal control area, and the increase in military operations in temporarily reserved areas bring higher requirements for airspace throughput and for the workload of military air traffic controllers. For an objective assessment of the military air traffic controllers’ workload, it is desirable to set the maximum level of workload that can be required of such personnel. This assessment is also important for planning staffing and training. In the civil air traffic control environment, the workload of air traffic controllers is clearly determined by the complexity and density of air traffic, i.e., the throughput capacity of sectors. However, this method is not suitable for measuring the workload of military air traffic controllers, because the nature of military flight activities requires solving different situations in the airspace and thus generates a different workload. One way of obtaining more objective data on the actual workload of military air traffic controllers is to accurately determine the difficulty of individual air traffic control activities, i.e., the most common activities carried out by military air traffic controllers in the course of their duty. The difficulty of a selected air traffic control activity will be represented by a weight. A method for determining this weight is presented, including the proposal of specific weights for the calculation of the military air traffic controllers’ workload during simulation training, using the functionality “Workload”.
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Supriyadi, A. A., RAG Gultom, MDM Manessa, and A. Setyanto. "Strategy for the Alignment of Singapore Flight Information Region Over Indonesian Airspace." Open Transportation Journal 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447802014010204.
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Introduction: The violation of the Flight Information Region (FIR) over Indonesian airspace is one of the strategic issues related to the sovereignty of Indonesia. Methods: It requires a strategy for the alignment of the Indonesian FIR. One of the difficulties associated with the alignment process is managing the FIR, which is completely determined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) owing to safety reasons. Results and Discussion: It is necessary to examine the preparedness and strategy of the Indonesian government to convince the ICAO and the international community that Indonesia is capable of controlling, managing, and securing Indonesian FIR airspace. Conclusion: This study proposes a roadmap for this FIR alignment strategy in an effort to maintain the integrity and sovereignty of the Indonesian region.
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Andonov, Andon. "“Open” Category Unmanned Aerial Systems Harmonized Standards and Requirements Complex." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0121.
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Abstract The steadily increasing use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) is an important factor for the military and civil aviation safety on a global scale. One of the critical conditions for the efficient functioning of the European aviation safety system is the establishment and implementation in practice of a comprehensive regulatory framework for the use of unmanned systems in the Common European Airspace. The aviation authorities and industry strive to introduce a set of rules and requirements that adequately and flexibly guarantee a high level of safety without limiting the development of the UAS market. This article proposes a set of standards that should be met by “Open” category UAS with the intention to execute operations in the European airspace.
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Masutti, Anna. "Proposals for the Regulation of Unmanned Air Vehicle Use in Common Airspace." Air and Space Law 34, Issue 1 (February 1, 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2009001.
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In the past UAVs have mainly been used for military purposes. Recently, UAV applications for civil use have been developed, but a clear legal framework is needed so as to permit UAVs to fly outside segregated areas with other traffic, assuring the same safety and security standards as for manned aircraft. Modern UAVs are in effect an entire system, i.e. UAS (Unmanned Air System), which comprises the aircraft and the ground control station. The correct interpretation of EU Regulation 216/08 leads to the conclusion that even UAVs are subject to the same airworthiness requirements as those for manned aircraft. The certification of the system, while a fairly complex exercise, should not penalize this sector with excessive requirements. Beyond the need of a legal framework relating to the airworthiness and operations of UAVs, special attention should be given to further legal implications deriving from the use of these aircraft, such as civil liability regulations for damage to persons or property caused by an incident involving a UAV. The resolution of this problem would be a decisive contribution to increasing the use of UAVs for civil purposes outside segregated areas. One of the aims of this article is to identify the international and European Community legislation established for manned vehicles that could be applied also to UAVs.
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Lestari, Endang Puji. "The Delegation of State Sovereignty over Air Space in the Implementation of Air Navigation: The Analysis of the Agreement between Indonesia and Singapore on Management of the Batam and Natuna Flight Information Region." FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 11, no. 2 (January 4, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v11no2.813.
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The state sovereignty over airspace with its complete and exclusive nature experiences a significant dynamic in both its concept and implementation in the international air law. Sovereignty over the airspace not only provides legislative, executive, and judicialauthorities of the state but also puts an obligation on the state to provide facilities for aviation safety. The reason for aviation safety airspace of a sovereign state can be delegated to other states to manage the service of navigation, for example, Indonesian air spaces in the Natuna and Batam, are maintained by Singapore for the sake of aviation safety. The taking over of the management of FIR in Batam and Natuna had been carried out through several steps. First, establishing Civil Military Aviation Coordination (CMAC) as outlined in the Government Regulation (Ministry of Transportation Regulation Number 55 on 2016) concerning the order of the national airspace. Second, evaluating the implementation of air navigation by reformulating the institutional of LPPNPI, evaluating the cooperation agreement between the Government of Indonesia and Singapore, and providing air navigation service during the transition period in Natuna Islands. Third, conducting the taking over concept phase by phase, in which the first phase, Singapore only provides air navigation service, while Indonesia only monitors. The second phase, Indonesia provides air navigation services, while Singapore only monitors, and for the third phase, as the final implementation, Indonesia provides air navigation services fully. Keywords: Delegation, Sovereignty, Air Space, Air Navigation, Agreement
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Zou, Guoliang, Jia Hou, Xi Geng, Qiang Wang, Yao Luo, and Jihong Liu. "Research on Optimal Allocation of Flight Slots Based on Wake Interval Constraints." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2219, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2219/1/012040.
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Abstract The limited airspace of civil aviation cannot meet the demand for airspace due to the rapid increase in flight volume. This is one of the main reasons for flight delays. This forces us to carry out flight flow management, and the main means of flow management is the resource of flight slots. Optimize the configuration to relieve the moments of “congestion” and the moments of “digging” that are not fully utilized. According to the feature that different types of aircraft need to be equipped with different wake intervals, the article establishes a flight schedule optimization model and develops a flight schedule optimization system. Taking a double runway hub airport as an example, experiments show that the proposed method can effectively alleviate flight delay and reduce flight delay rate.
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Alturbeh, Hamid, and James F. Whidborne. "Visual Flight Rules-Based Collision Avoidance Systems for UAV Flying in Civil Aerospace." Robotics 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics9010009.
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The operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in civil airspace is restricted by the aviation authorities, which require full compliance with regulations that apply for manned aircraft. This paper proposes control algorithms for a collision avoidance system that can be used as an advisory system or a guidance system for UAVs that are flying in civil airspace under visual flight rules. A decision-making system for collision avoidance is developed based on the rules of the air. The proposed architecture of the decision-making system is engineered to be implementable in both manned aircraft and UAVs to perform different tasks ranging from collision detection to a safe avoidance manoeuvre initiation. Avoidance manoeuvres that are compliant with the rules of the air are proposed based on pilot suggestions for a subset of possible collision scenarios. The proposed avoidance manoeuvres are parameterized using a geometric approach. An optimal collision avoidance algorithm is developed for real-time local trajectory planning. Essentially, a finite-horizon optimal control problem is periodically solved in real-time hence updating the aircraft trajectory to avoid obstacles and track a predefined trajectory. The optimal control problem is formulated in output space, and parameterized by using B-splines. Then the optimal designed outputs are mapped into control inputs of the system by using the inverse dynamics of a fixed wing aircraft.
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Mangku, Dewa Gede Sudika, and I. Ketut Radiasta. "Tanggung Jawab Negara terhadap Penembakan Pesawat MH17 berdasarkan Hukum Internasional." Pandecta: Research Law Journal 14, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v14i1.18987.
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The purpose this research were to find out and analyze the form of the State of Ukraina accountability in shooting MH17 Malaysia Air Lines aircraft and knowing and analyzing the accountability of MH17 Malaysia Air Lines airliners to passengers. The type of research used is a type of normative legal research, the approach in this study is the law approach, case approach, and historical approach, the sources of legal material used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. Legal material collection techniques used with document study techniques and legal materials are evaluated, interpreted, argued and discussed descriptively. The results of the study show (1) the responsibility of the Ukraina for Malaysia Air Lines MH17 Aircraft Shooting that the State of Ukraina must be responsible for providing safety and security services for the sovereignty of the air space over its territory by Malaysia Air Lines MH17 in the form of flight navigation services, (2) The Malaysia Airlines airline must be limited to 100,000 SDR for each passenger and Malaysia Airlines. The airline cannot be subject to unlimited liability or exceed 100,000 SDR. Every country is expected to always supervise the airspace which is the sovereignty of the airspace above which becomes the international civil aviation route and to coordinate well with the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organozation) to maintain the security of international civil aviation.
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Tian, Yong, Lili Wan, Chun-hung Chen, and Ye Yang. "Safety assessment method of performance-based navigation airspace planning." Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 2, no. 5 (October 2015): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2015.08.005.
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Ma, Xin, Xiaoqiang Zhang, Huawei Wang, Songbin Ding, and Xia Li. "An Operational Safety Evaluation Method for Manned Transport Aircraft and Large UAV in Mixed Airspace." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (April 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6636794.
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To improve the predictive ability in trajectory of large unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the calculation performance in complicated circumstances with mixed airspace, multiple aircraft types, and joint operations, the concept of phased trajectory deviation (PTD) is introduced and a corresponding minimal interval algorithm (PTD-MI) is set up. This algorithm is capable of deriving the minimal interval between various aircraft types according to the crosswind impacts and the UAV characteristics at different flight phases and thus achieves the effective safety evaluation in airspace operation. To demonstrate the rationality and generality of the proposed algorithm, several simulation experiments are conducted. Based on the experimental results, flight procedure protection area is plotted by PTD-MI algorithm and compared with that generated by Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS). Results indicate that the proposed algorithm is capable of deriving a more scientific basis for airspace assignment and outperform GBAS in dealing with wide-area space problems. And, compared with GBAS, PTD-MI algorithm shows a more stable calculation performance and is easier to output the results. PTD-MI algorithm is proposed under the flight safety regulation designed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and designed to provide effective technical supports for the safe and normal operations of aircrafts.
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Hanafi, Irma Halimah. "Analisis Kasus Penembakan Pesawat Udara Ukraina oleh Militer Iran." Balobe Law Journal 1, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/balobe.v1i2.651.
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Introductioan: Aviation is an activity that many people are interested in at this time, because it can cover one place in a fast time. In international law, aviation is divided into civil aviation and military aviation. The shooting down of the Ukrainian plane by the Iranian military is a unique case because the one shot was a scheduled civilian plane flying over the airspace of a country that is at war or armed conflict.Purposes of the Research: Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze in depth how international air law regulates the shooting of civilian aircraft in the airspace of countries that are in situations of war or armed conflict.Methods of the Research: by using normative legal research methods that use secondary data consists of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials with a statutory approach and historical approach.Results of the Research: The result of this paper is that the shooting of a civilian aircraft gives a lesson that in situations of war and armed conflict, Countries involved in war or armed conflict should establish a no-fly zone in their airspace and notify the international community about their country being in a state of war or armed conflict.
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Brooker, Peter. "Introducing Unmanned Aircraft Systems into a High Reliability ATC System." Journal of Navigation 66, no. 5 (June 21, 2013): 719–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463313000337.
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Civil and military unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations are currently subject to restrictions that put major limits on their use of airspace. There is considerable debate about how to develop the safe, secure and efficient integration of UAS into non-segregated airspace and aerodromes. This paper examines a necessary safety aspect. Airlines and their passengers would obviously ask, “Is it still safe with all these unmanned aircraft around?” The spotlight must be on Air Traffic Control Systems as High Reliability Organizations (HRO). That status comes from industry characteristics: focus on safety, effective use of technological improvements, learning from feedback from accidents/incidents, and an underpinning safety culture. The safety of ATC Systems has improved dramatically: accidents are now the product of rare and complex ‘messes’ of multiple failures. It is therefore a major challenge to preserve the HRO status by ensuring at least current safety performance. The analysis sketches feasible processes of policy decision-making and safety analyses. Key factors are policies on UAS equipage and airspace usage, implementation of a Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)-variant appropriate for UAS, use of an ‘Equivalent Level of Safety’ philosophy, small datalink latencies, proven HRO safety and learning cultures, and stress testing of system resilience by real-time simulations.
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Mao, Yi, Yi Yang, and Yuxin Hu. "Research into a Multi-Variate Surveillance Data Fusion Processing Algorithm." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 4975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224975.
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Targeted information sources include radar and ADS (Automatic Dependent Surveillance) for civil ATM (Air Traffic Management) systems, and the new navigation system based on satellites has the capability of global coverage. In order to solve the surveillance problem in mid-and-high altitude airspace and approaching airspace, this paper proposes a filter-based covariance matrix weighting method, measurement variance weighting method, and measurement-first weighted fusion method weighting integration algorithm to improve the efficiency of data integration calculation under fixed accuracy. Besides this, this paper focuses on the technology of the integration of a multi-radar surveillance system and automated related surveillance system in the ATM system and analyzes the constructional method of a multigeneration surveillance data integration system, as well as establishing the targeted model of sensors and the target track and designing the logical structure of multi-radar and ADS data integration.
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Hobbs, Alan, and Beth Lyall. "Human Factors Guidelines for Unmanned Aircraft Systems." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 24, no. 3 (April 27, 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804616640632.
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The pilot control stations of some unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) have been plagued by poor human–machine interfaces. Human factors guidelines focused on the unique challenges of unmanned aviation will be essential if UASs are to gain unrestricted access to civil airspace. We present a systematic approach that can assist in the development and organization of human factors guidelines for UAS pilot control stations and other human–machine interfaces.
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Corraro, Gianluca, Federico Corraro, Umberto Ciniglio, Edoardo Filippone, Niklas Peinecke, and Erik Theunissen. "Implementation and Real-Time Validation of a European Remain Well Clear Function for Unmanned Vehicles." Aerospace 9, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9100531.
Full textAbstract:
The full integration of Remotely Piloted unmanned vehicles into civil airspace requires first and foremost the integration of a traffic Detect and Avoid (DAA) system into the vehicle. The DAA system supports remote pilots in performing their task of remaining Well Clear from other aircraft and avoiding collisions. Several studies related to the design of a Remain Well Clear function have been performed that served as input for the development of technical standards applicable to non-European countries. In this paper, a Remain Well Clear implementation is proposed that, using the results of past international projects, fits European airspace needs and specificities and can be acceptable to both remote pilots and air traffic controllers, with only minimal impact on the standard operating procedures used for manned aircraft. The proposed Remain Well Clear software has been successfully validated through real-time simulations with pilots and controllers in the loop considering traffic encounters and mission scenarios typically found in European airspace. The achieved results highlight the appropriate situational awareness provided by the proposed RWC function and its effective support to the remote pilot in making adequate decisions in conflict solving. Real-time simulation tests showed that, in almost all cases, an RWC maneuver is successfully performed, giving the RP sufficient time to assess the conflict, coordinate with the controller, if needed, and execute the maneuver. The fundamental role of the proposed RWC function has been especially evident in uncontrolled airspace classes where the controller does not provide any separation provision. Moreover, its effectiveness has also been tested in encounters with aircraft flying under visual flight rules in controlled airspace, where the controller is not informed or has less information regarding these aircraft. The results from validation tests imply two key potential safety benefits, namely: the mitigation of performing a collision avoidance maneuver and the prevention of potential conflict while not disrupting the traffic flow with possible further consequences of generating other potentially hazardous situations.
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Galieriková, Andrea, Matúš Materna, and Andrej Dávid. "Unlawful Acts in Maritime Transport & Civil Aviation." Naše more 68, no. 3 (September 2021): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/nm/2021/3.8.
Full textAbstract:
Maritime and civil aviation security is a global problem posed by terrorism and illegal acts and therefore requires global attention and solutions that can only be provided by relevant international organizations (International Maritime Organization and International Civil Aviation Organization). Nineteen years have passed since the attacks of 11 September 2001 on the World Trade Center, but the threat of another terrorist attack is still just as possible and unacceptable. The series of attacks in the USA have started a new period of history. This period can be characterised as unsteady, unpredictable, and transforming of complex systems, including new types of dangers. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the most serious types of unlawful acts (terrorism and piracy) regarding legislation and jurisdiction. For the sake of comparability of legal phenomena, special attention is paid to illegal acts at sea and in the airspace above the sea.
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Bibolova, M. N., and D. T. Baitenizov. "STATE LEGAL REGULATION OF CIVIL AVIATION SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN." Vestnik of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, no. 3 (52) (April 25, 2022): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54596/2309-6977-2021-3-92-98.
Full textAbstract:
The article considered a number of issues of the current state of the system of state-legal regulation of civil aviation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author studied the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization, the advisory practice of the ICAO, the norms of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of the use of airspace and aviation activities, as well as the legislation of the EAEU member states in this area. Based on the identified problems, taking into account the best foreign experience and the trend of harmonizing the legislation of the EAEU member states, recommendations were developed on the development of state administration in the civil aviation system of the Republic of Kazakhstan.