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Journal articles on the topic 'City substation'
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Said Ali El-Quliti, Said Ali El-Quliti. "Economic Scheduling of the Electric Transmission/ Distribution Substations in Jeddah City with Parametric Results." journal of King Abdulaziz University Engineering Sciences 23, no. 1 (February 2, 2012): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/eng.23-2.7.
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This paper is devoted to economically scheduling the number of electric transmission/ distribution substations for long-term time horizon (2011 – 2020). The schedule aims at minimizing the total costs while maintaining the problem constraints based on a dynamic programming model. There are many parameters affecting the solution of the problem, these parameters are: initial value of the substation building cost, percentage of yearly increase in the substation building cost, percentage of discount for buying more than one substation, and present and future values of the operation cost. The proposed dynamic programming model will provide Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) with a systematic procedure to arrive at the best decision based on the optimal combination of the number of substations to be built in each year during the planning time horizon. It gives also an overview for the sensitivity range of parameter changes for the same optimal solution, and gives other optimal solution ranges for more changes in the parameters.
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Xu, Rui, Zhong Min Mei, Tian Long Mei, Ting Fang Yu, Jing Ping Wu, and Hong Fan. "VA One Applied in the Noise Control Numerical Simulation of an Indoor Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.801.
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Due to the city indoor substations have caused serious noise pollution to the environment, a compatible model has been established to simulate the sound field at the main transformer chamber of a substation indoor and outdoor. Appling the software VA One, based on statistical energy analysis method, the sound filed of one 110kv substation transformer chamber in Nan Chang is taken as an example. Make appropriate noise control program according to the simulation results. Found that the sound pressure level, after reforming the inlet position, has met the requirements compared with the one before. The pressure level conforms to the requirements of the Urban Regional Environmental Noise Standards. Verify the rationality and reliability of the model and method.
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Mei, Zhong Min, Rui Xu, Tian Long Mei, Ting Fang Yu, Jing Ping Wu, and Hong Fan. "Application of VA One Statistical Energy Analysis Method in an Indoor Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.261.
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Due to the city indoor substations have caused serious noise pollution to the environment. Appling the software VA One based on statistical energy analysis method, a compatible model has been established to simulate the sound field at the main transformer chamber of a substation indoor and outdoor. Compared the results of simulation and experiment, the validity of the model is confirmed. Consequently, the subsystems partition method and the noise exposure forecast method are proposed based on the results. Giving a reference to analyze similar models.
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Cai, Gui Hua, Tian Min Song, and Zhi Gang Wang. "Analysis of the Key Technologies and Information Security of the 220kV Digital Information Substation." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.100.
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Due to its unique advantages in the construction, operation, maintenance and management and other aspects, the digital information substation has achieved rapid development in China in recent years, and many areas are conducting the pilot actively. According to the design features of the Baiyangdian 220kV digital information substation in Baoding City of Hebei Province in China, this paper analyzes some key technologies in the engineering design and implementation. The digital substation is mainly hierarchically constructed by the optoelectronic transformer, the intelligent primary devices and the network secondary devices on the basis of IEC61850 communication protocol, and it is the modern substation that can achieve information sharing and interoperability between the devices. Finally, the paper proposes solutions to the information security issue of the digital information substation.
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Xu, Heng Bo, Jun Hui Liu, and Xue Jia. "Substation Inspection System Based on RFID Technology." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 2846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.2846.
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In the inspection work, inspecting not in time often lead to equipment abnormal and failure. In order to solve the problem, this paper developed an inspection program with the use of RFID technology and a PDA. In order to realize the function of inspection task assignment, equipment information collection, inspection results uploaded and data analysis, a substation inspection management system based on B/S architecture was also designed. Both the inspection program and the management system had been tested in the Yingzhang 220Kv Substation of the Luohe City. The trial operation results conformed to the actual requirements of substation inspection. And the standardized management of the substation inspection could be also realized.
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Huang, Yang Qi, Nian Liu, and Jian Hua Zhang. "Study on Main Electrical Connection of 500kV Smart Terminal Substation." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2850.
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With the rapid development of city construction, contradiction between power supply and demand becomes more marked, so the idea of building 500kV terminal substation is put forward. This paper analyzes the design principle of main electrical connection of 500kV terminal substation, introduces several typical main electrical connection forms and compares the reliability and economy of referred forms between traditional schemes with circuit breakers and disconnecting switches and new schemes with disconnecting circuit breakers (DCB). The new scheme of transformer line block connection with disconnecting circuit breaker is recommended as the prior of 500kV main electrical connection in 500kV smart terminal substation.
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Gadalov, А. В., and S. V. Kosyakov. "Design of power substation placement with GIS tracing tools." Vestnik IGEU, no. 4 (2019): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2019.4.075-083.
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Analytical methods that are currently used to determine transformer substation placement in the process of planning the development of low-voltage distribution networks are based on calculating the lengths of future power lines by Euclidean distance, or methods for comparing several alternative placement options taking into account the routes of power lines. Assumptions made in this case lead to the fact that for the selected location of the substation, the total cost of the power lines connected to it may exceed the possible minimum. The use of modern GIS technologies allows simulating the routes of laying power lines on the map bypassing the existing obstacles or finding the cheapest routes for crossing them. These opportunities can be used to improve the quality of designing urban distribution networks through minimizing the construction cost of new power lines. However, the methods of organizing the solution to such a design problem have not yet found practical applications. The aim of the work is to develop a practical method of designing the placement of power substations in the GIS environment and its verification using real data. The paper uses methods of spatial modeling in the GIS environment, including methods of overlay, finding optimal paths on graphs and power grid inventory, as well as discrete optimization methods. A method of computer-aided design of transformer substation placement in urban distribution low-voltage networks is proposed and implemented as a GIS software module, which allows finding the optimal options of the placement cost at the stages of network scheme selection. The paper presents the results of the method analysis based on studying the design of the power grid scheme of Ivanovo city quarters as an example. The results confirm the possibility of using GIS to improve the quality of decisions on the choice of placement of low voltage distribution substations when designing urban electrical networks and can be used in the electrical networks CAD.
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Majidov, Abdullo. "Studying self-starting of 0.4 kV induction motors of power plant auxiliary needs." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 24, no. 5 (October 2020): 1053–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2020-5-1053-1068.
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The purpose of this work is to study the self-starting of induction motors for the auxiliary needs of power plants and substations as well as the mutual influence of motors on each other under short-term voltage dips and after voltage recovery on the buses to which these motors are connected. The object of the research is the operating VIII section with the capacity of 0.4 kV of the auxiliary service system with 9 induction motors of the heat and power plant no.1 in the city of Dushanbe (Republic of Tajikistan). Simulation modeling was carried out in the software package Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (USA) using algebraic and simplified differential equations to determine the values of indicators of static and dynamic stability of auxiliary needs of power plants and substations. As a result of modeling, the values of indicators of static and dynamic stability of the auxiliary needs system of power stations are determined. Based on the results obtained the margins of static and dynamic stability of auxiliary needs of power plants and substations are constructed and the conditions for implementing the optimal self-start, which allow to ensure uninterrupted operation of responsible mechanisms with induction motors at voltage dips are determined. The developed methods for studying the self-starting of power plant and substation auxiliary need induction motors ensures more accurate determination of the values of static stability voltages and dynamic stability time. The developed simulation model allows to specify and determine the success of induction motor self-starting in the systems of power plant and substation auxiliary needs. The developed methods are recommended for more precise selection of operating values for relay protection and automation as well as technological protection in the systems of auxiliary needs of power plants and substations with induction motors for more reliable operation of the main and auxiliary technological equipment.
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Hu, Jingting, Ye Yuan, Daming Zhu, Kai Wang, and Shitao Feng. "Several Typical Indexes Assessment for City Area Substation Power Quality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 267 (June 8, 2019): 052043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/267/5/052043.
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Arastounia, M., and D. D. Lichti. "Segmentation of planar surfaces in LiDAR point clouds of an electrical substation by exploring the structure of points neighbourhood." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5 (June 5, 2014): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-55-2014.
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According to the Department of Energy of the USA, today’s electrical distribution system is 97.97% reliable. However, power outages and interruptions still impact many people. Many power outages are caused by animals coming into contact with the conductive elements of the electrical substations. This can be prevented by covering the conductive electrical objects with insulating materials. The design of these custom-built insulating covers requires a 3D as-built plan of the substation. This research aims to develop automated methods to create such a 3D as-built plan using terrestrial LiDAR data for which objects first need to be recognized in the LiDAR point clouds. This paper reports on the application of a new algorithm for the segmentation of planar surfaces found at electrical substations. The proposed approach is a region growing method that aggregates points based on their proximity to each other and their neighbourhood dispersion direction. PCA (principal components analysis) is also employed to segment planar surfaces in the electrical substation. In this research two different laser scanners, Leica HDS 6100 and Faro Focus3D, were utilized to scan an electrical substation in Airdrie, a city located in north of Calgary, Canada. In this research, three subsets incorporating one subset of Leica dataset with approximately 1.7 million points and two subsets of the Faro dataset with 587 and 79 thousand points were utilized. The performance of our proposed method is compared with the performance of PCA by performing check point analysis and investigation of computational speed. Both methods managed to detect a great proportion of planar points (about 70%). However, the proposed method slightly outperformed PCA. 95% of the points that were segmented by both methods as planar points did actually lie on a planar surface. This exhibits the high ability of both methods to identify planar points. The results also indicate that the computational speed of our method is superior to that of PCA by 50%. It is concluded that our proposed method achieves better results with higher computational speed than PCA in the segmentation of planar surfaces.
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Li, Tie Liang, Li Tian, Guang Zheng Qi, Cheng Luo, Ming Yu Li, and Chang Guo. "Design of AT89C52-Based Flood Prevention System Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 4117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.4117.
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This paper designs AT89C52-based flood prevention system substation. This system aims to gain accurate flood prevention information in real time and convey the information to the central station. The project is designed on the basis of the climate and geographic features of the city. The rainfall and water level information is collected and uploaded to the central station via GSM industrial mobile phone for flood prevention. After this substation is put into use, unmanned monitoring of flood prevention information is realized.
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Zhang, Longxiang, Peng Chen, and Haitao Sun. "Prediction and analysis of 220kV substation based on geometric acoustic simulation." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2978.
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With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the city has gradually formed a residential community with high residential density. In order to meet the power demand of the community, each new community basically needs to establish a supporting indoor substation according to the power load of the residents. Considering the residents' electricity habits, the electricity room of the supporting substation in the residential area works 24 hours a day, resulting in frequent noise nuisance incidents. Therefore, the detailed analysis of the indoor noise distribution and the radiated noise from the envelope surface of the substation has a positive significance for the reasonable control of substation noise. In this paper, the method of combining indoor and outdoor simulation is used to predict the 220 kV indoor substation noise. The indoor noise is simulated by Odeon software, and the outdoor noise is simulated by Cadna / a software, the two kinds of software are also based on the virtual sound source and sound ray tracking method of geometric acoustics. Firstly, the noise spectrum of each wall is calculated by Odeon software, and then the noise spectrum is interpolated and attenuated according to the sound insulation spectrum of the composite wall. The calculated spectrum is used as the plane source intensity for noise prediction in Cadna / a software, and finally the noise value of sensitive points at the boundary of substation can be predicted.
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Karapidakis, Emmanuel, Antonis Tsikalakis, Alexandros Paspatis, Emmanuel Fotakis, George Stavrakakis, Christina Chatzipoulka, and Panagiotis Zervas. "Grid Operation Assessment under a Specific EV Chargers Deployment Plan in the City of Heraklion." Electronics 10, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 2831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222831.
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The development of electric vehicles (EVs) as part of the electrification of the transportation sector plays a significant role in energy transition to a low-carbon and highly renewable society. The use of EVs has been promoted through the development of inclusive strategies for electromobility in the recent years. Apart from actions directed and funded by the European Union, national strategies have also been employed to support electromobility. Such a strategic plan has already been enacted by the Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy, funding municipalities to prepare siting and sizing plans for electric vehicle chargers. In this paper, the final study of this strategic plan for the municipality of Heraklion in Crete is used as a case study to investigate the effect of EV chargers on the operation of the Cretan power system. Their selected siting points are evaluated by performing a power flow analysis at the level of 150 kV. Thus, they are aggregated in each 20 kV/150 kV distribution substation of the electrical grid with the aim of investigating their effect on substation loading and transmission line losses. Generally, extensive fast charging should be avoided to minimize the risk of sudden stress of the existing cities’ grids and control strategies should be implemented to mitigate the need for upscale substation equipment or even postpone reinforcements.
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Quan, Zhaolong, Jie Xing, and Ruilin Cao. "A Multilayer Path Planning Method for High Voltage Distribution Network Based on the Floyd-Warshall Algorithm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2121, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2121/1/012006.
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Abstract With the development of the city, a huge number of distribution networks are waiting for planning. A reasonable planning scheme can meet the power demand and reduce the investment cost. In this paper, a life cycle cost model including the investments of substation and wiring is established with the constraints about load flow calculation and maxi-mum load of wiring. Additionally, a multilayer planning method based on the Floyd-Warshall algorithm has been proposed to solve the model. The area of the city containing substations is divided based on the position of load through the hybrid clusters algorithm in the method. Then, using the divided result of power supply area, the cost matrix for the multilayer path planning method can be constructed through the principle of the method. Lastly, with the cost matrix, the planning scheme in each area will be provided by the Floyd-Warshall algorithm. The result on the actual planning area between the two algorithms shows the total cost of the investment is decreased through using the planning method in this paper.
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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "ANALISA PEMBANGUNAN SALURAN TRANSMISI 275 kV ANTARA GI KILIRANJAO DAN GI PAYAKUMBUH." Energi & Kelistrikan 9, no. 1 (November 23, 2018): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/energi.v9i1.50.
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Electrical energy is very important role in human life. rapid population growth resulting in increased electricity needs in Indonesia. Based on the current state of power supply capacity of the next few years will not be able to meet the electricity demand in a number of regions in Indonesia. Therefore PLN as a provider of electrical energy as possible to meet those needs. One step is made by planning to build Transmission Line T / L 275 kV substation Kiliranjao - GI Payakumbuh. With the construction of the substation, it is also necessary distribution of electrical energy that is supplying power to a great everincreasing burden on the city through the transmission line (SUTET) 275 kV. In this study will discuss the environmental feasibility study of development of the transmission line T / L 275 kV Kiliranjao - Payakumbuh and substation. Environmental feasibility study is to obtain accurate information in anticipation of environmental problems that arise and will occur as a result of the construction of the transmission T / L 275 kV, which is useful for various parties, such as PT. PLN as the initiator, the Local Government and Communities.
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Haladin, Ivo, Stjepan Lakušić, and Ivan Duvnjak. "Evaluation of tramway overhead line system in city of Osijek." MATEC Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818006003.
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Overhead line system is a vital element of any electrified railway infrastructure. Its performance reflects to all vital parameters such as traction, reliability, availability and safety of railway infrastructure. Operator GPP Osijek runs a 27.5 km long tramway network which plays a key role in transit system of the city of Osijek, Croatia. In 2016 GPP Osijek applied to a tender for acquisition of new rolling stock with 85% EU investment. Mayor requirement prior to rolling stock acquisition was to document, analyse and upgrade current infrastructure (including track structure, electric substations and catenary) to an optimal level. Task of measurement and evaluation of tram track structure and catenary has been appointed to University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering. Overhead line analysis comprised from several measuring procedures, including supporting columns evaluation, catenary stagger, height, shocks and wear. Such extensive analysis included GPS positioning and on-site evaluation of 1214 supporting columns of overhead line, as well as overhead line measurements using an instrumented tram vehicle on 18 km of track. For conducting overhead catenary wire measurements, a tram pantograph has been fitted with equipment for measuring catenary height, accelerometers for shock measurement, camera, ruler and GPS for stagger measurement. Catenary wire wear was checked manually from catenary inspection vehicle. To conduct measurements, power had to be switched off on all electric substation along the route and tram vehicle had to be towed by a catenary inspection vehicle. All the data has been analysed and presented to end user in a user-friendly and intuitive GIS environment capable of further updates and detailed analyses. Evaluation of overhead line based on direct measurement results pointed out all the defects and weak spots on the system. It resulted in a series of recommendations for reconstruction and upgrade of the catenary system to fit the need of existing state and further development of tramway network.
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França dos Santos, Carlos Gilmar, Livia Da Silva Oliveira, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Francisco Carlos Tavares Amorim. "Grounding Measurement Applied to a 13.8 kV Substation in Manaus - Amazonas." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss10.1804.
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The aim of this study is to show a practical grounding measurement method for 13.8 kV step-down sheltered substation to serve as support material for use in the area.If required, an analytical comparative method for groundmeasurementthroughtheterrometer measurement equipment in the ground measurement process of a step down 13.8 kV substation with its equipment,comparing the data obtained referring to the commonly used methods, thus identifying among the most efficient grounding processes.The development of this study was based on the measurement of electrical grounding with a terrometer in a factory located in the city of Manaus. The procedure used was to perform resistance measurements, to record through measurements and images all the system measurements, to compare the values through Conventional measurement method, with electrical ground ohmic resistance meter, displaying tables and graphs to demonstrate whether the electrical grounding of the entire system would be at adequate levels.
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Li, Ti Yin, Jing Zhang, and Hai Yan Yao. "On-Line Monitoring Systems for Power Cable Junctions in City Zone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 595 (July 2014): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.595.185.
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The current on-line monitoring systems for power cable junctions have some disadvantages, such as difficulty of the power supply of detecting devices, the restricted distance of data transmission and the high cost of devices. Because of the disadvantages, they are just suitable for the substation or the power plant. In this paper, a novel monitoring system which combines with the practical running situation of the power cable in the city is achieved. The monitor system uses the low consumption microcontroller C8051F020 as a data acquisition terminal, Wavecom Q2406A as data transfer equipment, and transmits the data collected to the control center by short message of GSM. The monitoring system is especially adequate to big and medium city. The equipment has been practically applied with good effect.
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Li, Yu, Xiu Ying Tang, Xue Mei Leng, and Yun Jiang Xu. "Analysis of Rural Power Distribution Automation Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.34.
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Urbanization construction requirements of smart grid,and distribution automation is the foundation of smart grid.Because of its own characteristics of the rural power grid, the construction of distribution network is not the same of city construction. This paper from the rural development trend and its characteristics, analysis of the function of rural distribution automation system, and put forward the suitable for rural distribution automation mode from the aspects of main station system,substation,distribution terminal,communication system and feeder automation of several.
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Antônio Brandão, Marco, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Manoel Henrique Reis Nascimento. "An analysis of the compliance aspects of NR 10: a case study in a substation of the Manaus Metropolitan Region - AM." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 1128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1977.
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The Regulated Standard (NR-10) is a standard that establishes minimum requirements and conditions with the stated objective of guiding the adoption of preventive systems control measures. The objective of this study is to analyze the compliance of NR 10 in a substation, analyzing as inherent activities to the enterprise according to the standards of standardization. A research was conducted based on a descriptive and observational study, and was implemented through an on-site study based on data collection and information gathering in a substation located in the southern region of Manaus - AM. It is responsible for the distribution of energy throughout the south and center-south of the city, feeding about 450,000 people with the availability of 188,890 kW of power. It was concluded that it is essential that the electricity supply companies are fully in compliance with the requirements and surveillance standards in the country, given that the conservation of workers who deal with direct work in high and low pressure spaces be observed with a much more accurate strategic look.
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Bo, Huai Shi, and Hua Kuan Liu. "Analysis of Construction Risk Control Project for Shaft Close to Current Iron Tower." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2264.
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Though engineering compares and numerical analysis, the analysis of construction risk control project for shaft close to current iron tower is carried on, which relies on the engineering of electric cable sending-out of 110kv transformer substation in XiGuan Intersections, the city of LanZhou (the section of underground excavation in the west of LeiTan river).The result shows that the method of isolated steel pipe and grouting technique applied for stratum consolidation can effectively control the iron tower’s deformation and decrease the construction risk.
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Pellegrino, Arcangelo, and Francesco Villecco. "Design Optimization of a Natural Gas Substation with Intensification of the Energy Cycle." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/294102.
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Natural gas is currently the natural substitute of petroleum as an energy source, since the foreseen ending up of this latter in the next decades. As a matter of fact, natural gas is easier to handle, less dangerous to be transported, somehow environmentally more friendly. The gas ducts operate with large flow rates over very long distances at high pressures, which are usually lowered in proximity of the final substations by lamination valves which, in fact, dissipate energy. However, a careful management of the pressure reduction may allow an energy recovery while using the gas expansion to operate a turbine. In this case, gas must be preheated to compensate for the energy required by the expansion. A proper control of all the parameters involved becomes crucial to an intelligent use of these resources. In this paper, the possibility of using a pre-heating system has been examined as a way to intensify the energy cycle in an expansion substation of the city gas network. Fuzzy logic has been used to optimize the natural gas expansion in a turbine to produce electrical energy. A fuzzy system has been designed and realized to control the whole process of gas expansion, from the gas pre-heating to the pressure reduction. The system operates over the whole year, accounting for the pressure, temperature, and gas flow rate variations experienced in the gas line. The exit values of the latter and the inlet value of the gas pressure are selected as input variables, being the output variable the temperature of the pre-heating water at the heat exchanger inlet.
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Shevchenko, Yu L., Yu M. Stoyko, S. I. Trikhina, E. K. Mazayshvili, V. N. Pavlov, and I. O. Sayunov. "Alexander Nikolaevich Vedensky – the «good genius» of Russian phlebology (to the 90th anniversary of the birthday)." Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery 180, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2021-180-1-123-132.
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A. N. Vedensky was born on December 6, 1931 in a family of employees. Relatives and family members of A.N. Vedensky, by their merits to the motherland had a significant impact on his development as a doctor and teacher. He excellently graduated from the paramedic school in Bobruisk and the First Medical Institute of Leningrad named after Academician I. P. Pavlov. After graduation, the Institute sent him to Velikiye Luki, Pskov region, where he worked in regional and city hospitals, at an ambulance substation. In 1960, he entered and went to study at the postgraduate course of the Institute of Blood Transfusion (LPIK) in Leningrad.
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Hu, Liwen, Dequan Yao, and Yin Hua. "Power Loss Reduction Practices in the Supply Area of a Typical Substation in Huangshan City in China." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1646 (September 2020): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1646/1/012025.
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Latyshev, R. N., E. Y. Abramov, and L. I. Tolstobrova. "Charging stations for electric cars using hybrid energy storage systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2061, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012010.
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Abstract In this article, it is proposed to use energy storage devices as a part of charging stations to reduce the powerful load for the power system during the hours of the greatest energy consumption. This is due to the analysis results for the growth trends of the electric vehicles. By the example of the city Novosibirsk, according to the forecasts of analytical companies about the trend of increasing the number of electric cars (ECs) in Russia, the average energy consumption per day for charging ECs has been calculated. Based on the calculation results, the influence of charging stations on the daily schedule of the active load for the industrial power grid is shown and the capacity lack problem is identified. The experimental measurements results at traction substation No. 29 in Novosibirsk are presented.
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Žuljević, Sandro. "Transformation of the city of Split industrial heritage into a science center." St open 2 (December 23, 2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.2.10.
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Background: Split is a city in the Mediterranean, situated on Croatia’s coastline. Split’s northern coast has a long-stand-ing industrial function and harbors the city’s first electri-cal substation, designed by modernist architect Josip Maria Kodl. Objective: The goal of this work was to envision a science center in Split’s industrial zone in Dujmovača (the northern coast of the Split peninsula), comprising a science museum with a research and congress center. The programmatic and spatial analyses of the science center’s amenities and the proposal as a whole demonstrate the potential of this forgotten space in Split and breathe new life into Kodl’s ar-chitectural heritage. Methods: The proposed solution uses a dialogical narrative between a conservation, contextual, programmatic, and theoretical approach within a strict orthogonal structure, fostering the development of alternative associations and elaboration of architectural details.Results: The proposed solution constitutes a complex of multiple interconnected and flexible elements. This al-lows different parts of the Science Center to function inde-pendently of each other. This paper provides an analysis of design steps and methods, the proposal’s advantages and limitations, and the way the repurposing of industrial heri-tage was approached. Conclusion: The position of the Science Center in Dujmovača would provide one of the first impressions when entering Split on the future metro line. By reconcil-ing landscape and industrial architecture, the proposed building complex offers a framework for presenting various kinds of modifiable content, for both the pres-ent and the future.
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Koliushko, D. G., S. S. Rudenko, and A. N. Saliba. "Method of integro-differential equations for interpreting the results of vertical electrical sounding of the soil." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 5 (October 18, 2021): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2021.5.09.
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The paper is devoted to the problem of determining the geoelectric structure of the soil within the procedure of testing the grounding arrangements of existing power plants and substations to the required depth in conditions of dense development. To solve the problem, it was proposed to use the Schlumbergers method , which has a greater sounding depth compared to the Wenner electrode array. The purpose of the work is to develop a mathematical model for interpreting the results of soil sounding by the Schlumberger method in the form of a four-layer geoelectric structure. Methodology. To construct a mathematical model, it is proposed to use the solution of a particular problem about the field of a point current source, which, like the observation point, is located in the first layer of a four-layer soil. Based on this expressions, a system of linear algebraic equations of the 7-th order with respect to the unknown coefficients ai and bi was compiled. On the basis of its analytical solution, an expression for the potential of the electric field was obtained for conducting VES (the point current source and the observation point are located only on the soil surface). Results. Comparison of the results of soil sounding by the Schlumberger installation and the interpretation of its results for the same points shows a sufficient degree of approximation: the maximum relative error does not exceed 9.7 % (for the second point), and the average relative error is 3.6 %. Originality. Based on the obtained expression, a test version of the program was implemented in Visual Basic for Applications to interpret the results of VES by the Schlumberger method. To check the obtained expressions, the interpretation of the VES results was carried out on the territory of a 150 kV substation of one of the mining and processing plants in the city of Kriviy Rih. Practical significance. The developed mathematical model will make it possible to increase the sounding depth, and, consequently, the accuracy of determining the standardized parameters of the grounding arrangements of power stations and substations.
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Park, Jin Kyu. "A Study on the Optimal Police Workforce Distribution at the Patrol Division and the Police Substation: Focused on Busan City." Korean Journal of Local Government Studies 21, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 353–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20484/klog.21.2.15.
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Giler, Steven Ruben Briones, Carlos Javier Sailema Loor, Jean Carlos Maciás Moreira, and Bryan Alexander Muñoz Zambrano. "Technical-economic impact of low voltage secondary lines to pre-assembled." International journal of physical sciences and engineering 3, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijpse.v3n2.325.
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Distributed generation is understood as all those sources of electrical energy that are connected in the electricity distribution networks. These distribution networks have been planned with wide operating margins, which together with the characteristic that energy flows are unidirectional (from the substation to consumers) allow them to be operated passively. This means that they are not subject to constant monitoring of the network status variables (ie voltages, flows), so these networks are managed with little supervision since that is more economical. The objective of this research is to investigate the economic impact that is presented within the university for a better presetting in the low voltage lines for them, the causes and effects that can be committed when installing them have been investigated, in addition to making a bibliographic review of how in other countries and within our city Portoviejo is distributed in low voltage and its consequences or benefits.
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Phan, Binh Thi Thanh, and Manh Van Luong. "Load forecasting by regression model based on fuzzy rules." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i1.1267.
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The forecasting models by traditional regression function have the crisp functions such as Y=f(x1, x2 ,….,xn) or logY=f(logx1, logx2 ,….,logxn). Here f has the linear form and xi are the factors such as GDP, temperature, industrial output, population… But these models are able to be used only when the linear correlation existed (expressed by the correlation coefficient). This paper introduced the regression model based on the fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno rules. These rules are built by using the subtractive clustering. The model is used for the general case, even when there are no the crisp function f. Examining shows that the good results are obtained in the case of traditional correlation such as linear or linear by logarithm. The results are also satisfactory for the case of unknown correlation. The electricity consumption forecasting due to the temperature factor for one substation of HochiMinh city was carried out.
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Vasenko, V. "SYSTEM OF CONTROL OF OPERATING MODES OF ELECTRIC TRACTION NETWORKS ON THE BASIS OF FUZZY DESCRIPTION OF THEIR CONDITION." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 163 (June 29, 2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-3-163-117-125.
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Given the need to save energy and reduce the cost of passenger transport on urban electric transport, the greatest effect (from 5 to 15%) is achieved through the introduction of comprehensive information technologies based on rational modes of traction of electric rolling stock and traction and external power supply. The criterion for assessing the modes of operation of power supply systems of urban electric transport is the energy consumption of traction substations, which reflects most of the influencing factors, including the inseparable relationship of traction and external power supply systems. An approach to the implementation of energy-saving technologies of traction power supply of urban electric transport is proposed, which uses fuzzy models and methods of representation for analysis and selection of controls. It is proposed to implement the control of the power supply system operation modes and the selection of modes on the basis of a vague description of their states. When forming the rules, the following parameters are set: deviation of the daily number of transported passengers on the i-th interstation zone of the two-track section, for the characterization of which the values of fuzzy values "lag (strong, weak, absent)" and "advance (absent, weak, strong)" deviation of daily active energy losses for the substation zone and with the values "strong, absent, weak"; the difference between the daily energy consumption of the i-th substation zone, for the actual mode of operation of the power supply system and the reference mode of uniform loading of the power supply system. When constructing a control model in the form of fuzzy rules, each fuzzy characteristic is approximated by N fuzzy quantities with triangular membership functions. For the fuzzy characteristic the minimum and maximum values of an interval in which there are its admissible values are set. Approximate quantities have a triangular degree of belonging: the vertex lies in the center, it corresponds to the degree of belonging 1, and the other two vertices - on the sides of it with degrees of belonging 0. The fuzzy conclusion is based on the rule of fuzzy Mamdani implication. The constructed base of fuzzy rules, which replaces the model of modes of the power supply system, can be used as a guide to the energy dispatcher to select control for the next time period, taking into account the conditions of uncertainty. The principles of formation of algorithms and filling of databases and knowledge of expert systems are developed and problems of maintenance of modes of energy saving in systems of traction power supply of city electric transport are solved. The proposed algorithms for creating databases of expert systems can be implemented after the modernization of power supply control systems based on new integrated systems. Expert systems must be included in the software of the automated workplace of the energy dispatcher. Their inclusion is planned after introduction of new microprocessor systems of telemechanics of regional control points.
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Tryapkin, Evgeny, Ivan Ignatenko, and Maxim Keino. "Development of “digital substation” technology for power supply of railways." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901051.
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The paper considers the application of the “Digital Railway” project at the traction substation. The “Digital Railway” project should become a centralized system uniting the programs for the control of railway elements. In the traction power supply system, the application of digital technologies is often understood as the application of data transfer protocols of the International Energy Commission “IEC 61850”. The substations that switched to this information protocol are usually called “digital”. An attempt to introduce the “digital substation” technology only by completing a set of corresponding equipment can give a negative result of its application. The efficiency achieved through the technical upgrading of equipment (reduction of losses for own needs, reduction of electromagnetic influence, reduction of analog signal input channels, reduction in the number of cable products used, and improvement of the measurement accuracy class) may not be sufficient to pay for the project. The qualitative integration of all involved services in a single information process of monitoring and controlling the digital substation will increase the efficiency of its application. As a positive experience when considering the use of digital technologies in traction power supply systems, one can cite the Automated system for monitoring the railway transport infrastructure developed and implemented by the staff of the Far Eastern State Transport University at a number of traction substations of the Far Eastern operating domain and at the 2ES5K “Ermak” electric locomotive. In addition, this system already has a support of IEC 61850 protocols.
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Avdakovic, Samir, and Adnan Bosovic. "Continuous Wavelet and Hilbert-Huang Transforms Applied for Analysis of Active and Reactive Power Consumption." Metrology and Measurement Systems 21, no. 3 (August 21, 2014): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2014-0035.
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Abstract Analysis of power consumption presents a very important issue for power distribution system operators. Some power system processes such as planning, demand forecasting, development, etc.., require a complete understanding of behaviour of power consumption for observed area, which requires appropriate techniques for analysis of available data. In this paper, two different time-frequency techniques are applied for analysis of hourly values of active and reactive power consumption from one real power distribution transformer substation in urban part of Sarajevo city. Using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with wavelet power spectrum and global wavelet spectrum some properties of analysed time series are determined. Then, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) are applied for the analyses of the same time series and the results showed that both applied approaches can provide very useful information about the behaviour of power consumption for observed time interval and different period (frequency) bands. Also it can be noticed that the results obtained by global wavelet spectrum and marginal Hilbert spectrum are very similar, thus confirming that both approaches could be used for identification of main properties of active and reactive power consumption time series.
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Pan, Zeyu, Jianyong Shi, and Liu Jiang. "A Novel HDF-Based Data Compression and Integration Approach to Support BIM-GIS Practical Applications." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 17, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8865107.
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Constructing a fully mapped virtual world is the premise of establishing the digital twin system; thus, the integration of BIM (Building Information Modeling) and GIS (Geographic Information System) constitutes a fundamental part of the mature digital twin. Although quite a few theoretical unified data models of BIM and GIS integration have been presented in precedent research, the practical web-based applications and software support for real-world city information modeling are still difficult to achieve. One of the challenges is storage inefficiency. It thence leads to burdens in exchange and analysis, which hugely impede the realization of virtual-real fusion. To address that issue, in this research, we contribute to exploring an HDF- (Hierarchical Data Format-) based, innovative, and synthesized scheme with three significant technical processes. First, data reorganization trims the original data with efficient redundancy elimination and reordering for IFC-SPF (IFC STEP Physical File) and XML-encoded CityGML (City Geography Markup Language). Next, bidirectional transformation methods for BIM and GIS modeling data, images, and analytical data into HDF are proposed. They retain the entities and relationships in modeling data and can further improve the compactness and accessibility by ultimately 60%–80% which saves 497,612 KB from 565,152 KB in the test of ZhongChun transformation substation. Finally, data aggregation enhances the bond of the integrated model and heterogeneous data resources from the transformed HDF files. The case studies show that the approach proposed in this paper could reach high efficiency for practicability of the BIM + GIS integration model. This light-weight integration method can further improve the front-end service responsiveness in digital twin applications.
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Ramos, Diogo Nunes da Silva, Roberto Fernando da Fonseca Lyra, Rosiberto Salustiano da Silva Júnior, Geórgenes Hilário Cavalcante Segundo, and Gerson Ernesto Varela Lopes. "Wind Power in Girau do Ponciano, Alagoas, Brazil Using Anemometric Data and Microscale Modeling." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 33, no. 2 (June 2018): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-7786332007.
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Abstract The wind potential in the Agreste region of Northeastern Brazil has important features for energy exploration, but, stills unexplored. This work analyzes 3.1 yrs anemometer tower measurements in the Girau do Ponciano, Alagoas state. The observational data was recorded from October 2007 to October 2010. Three periods were defined to constrain the seasonal wind patterns: Annual, Dry (October-January) and Wet (May-August). Hourly and monthly series showed the average wind speed was higher than 7 m s-1, reaching 8.5 m s-1 during the dry season. Further, the wind direction was also favorable with less variability, concentrated between NE and SE. During nighttime the wind speed ≥ 10 m s-1 were more frequent. The Weibull fit is more distributed (concentrated) during the dry (wet) season close to 8 m s-1 (7 m s-1). The AEP (Cf) parameter estimated by the WAsP model varied between 3 to 10 GWh (35% to 65%). Nevertheless, Girau do Ponciano domain was positioned nearby two highways and close to an electrical substation in the Arapiraca city. Other geographic conditions (topography inclination < 15°, the absence of obstacles, and low vegetation) are also favorable to future wind farm installation in this area.
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Guo, Li, Runze Li, and Bin Jiang. "A Data-Driven Long Time-Series Electrical Line Trip Fault Prediction Method Using an Improved Stacked-Informer Network." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 4466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134466.
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The monitoring of electrical equipment and power grid systems is very essential and important for power transmission and distribution. It has great significances for predicting faults based on monitoring a long sequence in advance, so as to ensure the safe operation of the power system. Many studies such as recurrent neural network (RNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network have shown an outstanding ability in increasing the prediction accuracy. However, there still exist some limitations preventing those methods from predicting long time-series sequences in real-world applications. To address these issues, a data-driven method using an improved stacked-Informer network is proposed, and it is used for electrical line trip faults sequence prediction in this paper. This method constructs a stacked-Informer network to extract underlying features of long sequence time-series data well, and combines the gradient centralized (GC) technology with the optimizer to replace the previously used Adam optimizer in the original Informer network. It has a superior generalization ability and faster training efficiency. Data sequences used for the experimental validation are collected from the wind and solar hybrid substation located in Zhangjiakou city, China. The experimental results and concrete analysis prove that the presented method can improve fault sequence prediction accuracy and achieve fast training in real scenarios.
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Liu, Cun Guo, Yu Peng Wang, Qing Ye, Tao Liu, Bai Chao Shu, Hao Yu, Shu Han Wang, and Jia Yong Chen. "Analytical Study on the Effect of Coordinated Application of Distributed Grid Connection and SVG on Wind Farms to Increase Power Quality in Fuxin Rural Power Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1028.
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power quality problems such as high line loss, low voltage exist commonly in rural power grid of China due to few supply points, long power transmission and distribution line. Huge fund is required to increase the quantity of supply points in rural power grid; installation of var compensators on line nodes could not solve power quality problems on the whole line. At the same time, as distributed power supply, wind power is also restricted by peak regulation, insufficient line output capacity and other factors in large scale centralized grid-connected output, wind curtailment often occurs. In order to solve the above-mentioned two problems simultaneously, electric power of wind farm may be output via nearby rural power grid line, thus not only utilization rate of wind power is increased, but also power quality of rural power grid is improved.This paper takes an example of a district in Fuxin City, summarizes power quality change data of relevant rural power grid before and after the distributed grid connection of wind farm is made, the analysis shows that distributed grid connection of wind power could improve load flow distribution of the power system, reduce system transmission loss in this district obviously, increase economical efficiency of the system operation effectively. At the same time, effectiveness of static var generator in substation to overcome the impact of such grid connection mode on power grid is verified.
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Guseva, Svetlana, Olegs Borscevskis, Nataly Skobeleva, and Lubov Kozireva. "Load Determination and Selection of Transformer Substations' Optimal Power for Tasks of Urban Networks' Development." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-010-0016-0.
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Load Determination and Selection of Transformer Substations' Optimal Power for Tasks of Urban Networks' DevelopmentIn this paper an approach to solving the some problem of urban 110/10-20 kV network development until 2020 in Riga city in conditions of information uncertainty are considered. The following steps are considered in the paper: forecast of the total load of the Riga city until 2020, the definition of loads of existing and new substations until 2020, choice of 110/10-20 kV substations' the optimal power, determine the location of new substations.
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Babouri, Abdessalem, and Wafa Tourab. "Monitoring of Electromagnetic Pollution inside Switchyard Substation : Case Study : El-Hadjar Electrical Post in Annaba City , Algeria = Contrôle de la Pollution Électromagnétique à l’Intérieur d’un Poste d’Interconnexion : Cas Étudié : Poste Électrique El Hadjar , Annaba , Algérie." Synthèse : Revue des Sciences et de la Technologie, no. 31 (2015): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0027861.
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Kozłowski, Maciej. "Simulation method for determining traction power of ATN–PRT vehicle." Transport 33, no. 2 (October 20, 2016): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2016.1217429.
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The construction of Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) vehicle made within the framework of Eco-Mobility project has been described in the present paper. Key features of the vehicles were identified – e.g. drive with three-phase linear motor with winding on the vehicle and fixed rotor in the road surface, contactless dynamic vehicle powering. Attention was paid to the difference in dynamic properties compared to rail vehicles, related to the lack of the so-called ‘centering mechanism’. A development of a nominal model for the analysis of vehicle drive properties was presented. Results of simulation studies were presented for a vehicle with running-drive system construction, planned for implementation in the city of Rzeszów (Poland). While discussing the problems of building a PRT system, there was a focus on the issue of determining power and traction of the vehicle. A methodology for determining the power and traction energy consumption of the vehicle was presented for assumed conditions of travel on road segments. Input values for the calculation of power are variables describing the curvature (or bends radii) of paths of movement between stops and the course of the current speed. Output values are total traction power or traction energy (where ‘traction’ refers to the power or mechanical work of drive forces). Three basic elements of traction power were isolated: the power of kinetic energy (for acceleration/delay of vehicle movement) basic (to offset the aerodynamic force of motion resistance at constant speed) and additional losses (to offset additional motion resistance forces operating in turns at constant speed). Due to the lack of vehicle prototypes with assumed structure, it was proposed that these components are determined via simulation. The presented results relate to the calculation of demand for power and energy for the planned test section. The scope of further work was indicated: determining the required traction characteristics of electric drive, selecting the best values for supercapacitor’s capacity in the drive system, determining the technical parameters of substation.
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Guseva, S., N. Skobeleva, N. Breners, and O. Borscevskis. "Determination of Service Areas of Urban Transformer Substations and Distribution Using Geometrical Templates." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 46, no. 6 (January 1, 2009): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-009-0025-y.
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Determination of Service Areas of Urban Transformer Substations and Distribution Using Geometrical Templates In the work, a general and theoretically substantiated approach is proposed for the arrangement and determination of service areas for the future transformer substations (TSs). The modelling of TS service area has been performed, with geometrical templates designed to arrange TSs in the city building territory. The sizes of templates have been obtained depending on the TS capacity and load density in TS service area. The geometrical templates are to help in TS arrangement in view of rational use of the city territory and to re-arrange the existing stations for the reconstruction time. As a result, the urban power supply system will develop not chaotically but in a purposeful manner.
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Hanley, Patrick, Thomas Healy, and Nancy Shannon. "Con Edison's Success in Reducing Risk: Applying Real-World Lessons Learned to Broaden Spill Planning and Response Programs and Build Personnel Competencies." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1910–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1910.
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ABSTRACT Con Edison's service territory covers more than 1,000 miles of inland and coastal shoreline in one of the most heavily regulated and scrutinized areas of the Unites States: New York City. In November 2009, the company experienced a catastrophic failure of a large transformer at a high-voltage electric substation, resulting in approximately 200 gallons of dielectric oil impacting the Bronx River. While the volume of oil was relatively small, the duration of the cleanup lasted nearly one month with costs of approximately $1.75 million, plus a nearly $1 million compliance order issued by New York State for violation of state regulations. Following this event, and through a study of all historical spill incidents, it was clear that the primary risk of spills to the environment came from the more than 30 million gallons of oil contained in the company's high-voltage transformers and oil-filled electric transmission and distribution system, which were not covered by existing Facility Response Plans developed as part of implementing OPA 90. Given these results, the company sought to refine existing spill response program elements to further reduce risks and enhance environmental stewardship. Using the existing Spill Management Team (SMT) model in the OPA 90 program, a company-wide SMT approach was created to better prepare for and reduce the risks associated with potential spills from all company sources. The team consists of more than 50 personnel from the various business units of the company, providing direct access to a wide spectrum of skill-sets and specialties. In addition, the company has developed Oil Spill Contingency Plans (OSCP)—also covered under OPA 90—with detailed response tactics for over 300 locations. On the heels of the program implementation, a large spill of dielectric oil from an underground high-voltage electric distribution line resulted in more than 2,000 gallons impacting the Hutchinson River. While the impact to the waterway was greater than in the 2009 event, the response duration was only 6 days with clean-up costs just over $300,000 with no state issued compliance order, a significant improvement. This result was due, in large part, to implementation of the OSCP and SMT programs. Through these experiences, the many benefits of establishing a company-wide SMT and the OSCP's were realized, including developing spill response and Incident Command System expertise, refined coordination, and improved cost management. These efforts have significantly reduced the company's spill risk exposure by improving response capabilities.
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Lykin, A. V., and E. A. Utkin. "Calculations, norming and reducing of electrical energy losses in city electrical networks." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 21, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2019-21-3-46-54.
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The article considers the feasibility of changing the structure of a distribution electrical network by transferring points of electricity transformation as close to consumers as possible. This approach is based on installation of pole-mounted transformer substations (PMTS) near consumer groups and changes the topology of the electrical network. At the same time, for groups of consumers, the configuration of sections of the low-voltage network, including service drops, changes. The efficiency of approaching transformer substations to consumers was estimated by the reduction in electrical energy losses due to the expansion of the high-voltage network. The calculation of electrical losses was carried out according to twenty-four hour consumer demand curve. To estimate the power losses in each section of the electrical network of high and low voltage, the calculated expressions were obtained. For the considered example, the electrical energy losses in the whole network with a modified topology is reduced by about two times, while in a high-voltage network with the same transmitted power, the losses are reduced to a practically insignificant level, and in installed PMTS transformers they increase mainly due to the rise in total idle losses. The payback period of additional capital investments in option with modified topology will be significantly greater if payback is assessed only by saving losses cost. Consequently, the determination of the feasibility of applying this approach should be carried out taking into account such factors as increasing the reliability of electricity supply, improving the quality of electricity, and increasing the power transmission capacity of the main part of electrical network.
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DINIZ, F., and P. ZANNIN. "Noise impact caused by electrical energy substations in the city of Curitiba, Brazil." Science of The Total Environment 328, no. 1-3 (July 26, 2004): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.02.007.
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Saigustia, Candra. "Forecasting Load on PT PLN (Persero) Metro Substations (GI) Using Combined Methods for Electrical Needs in Metro City 2019 - 2029." Electrician 13, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/elc.v13n2.2106.
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Abstract — Electricity consumption in Metro City has increased along with the increase in population, economic activity, technological progress and growth of households. Electrical energy is needed for the interests of industry, households and other activities as well as to support increasingly advanced technological developments The researcher used load forecasting with a combined method based on economic growth, population growth, and the growth of households in Metro City. The data used in this study are growth data that occurred from 2014 to 2018. The results of this paper is forecasting the number of customers, load energy consumption (MWh), total energy requirements (MWh), connected power (kVA), and peak load (MW). Energy consumption growth every year has the same tendency as in previous years. In the household sector, energy consumption will grow higher each year than other sectors. In 2029, it estimated that the peak load that will occur at Metro substations, PT PLN (Persero) Rayon Metro City is 92.62 MW.Keywords — Forecasting, Electrical Energy Needs, Combined Method, PT PLN, Metro City
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Fursanov, M. I., and A. A. Zalotoy. "Improvement of the Method of Calculation of Steady-State Modes of Urban Electric Networks Taking into Account Consumer Energy Sources." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 62, no. 6 (November 29, 2019): 514–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-62-6-514-527.
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The method of calculation of the steady-state mode of the open city distribution electric network with small generation sources is offered. It is shown that the city electric network consists of passive and active physical elements. Passive elements include power transformers and linear regulators, overhead and cable power lines, current-limiting reactors, etc. Active elements of networks are power sources (transformer inputs of low voltage of feeding substations and distributed small generation sources) and loads, mathematical models of which can be various. Power sources in urban distribution networks of 10 kV and below are classified by type and power and can be of two kinds, viz. power feeding centers of the network and small generation sources. Consumer loads are modeled by current sources connected to network nodes. The parameters of the current sources are usually graphs of the change of the module of the actual current value and the power factor in time. The values of these parameters in single-line substitution schemes of 6–10 kV distribution networks with isolated neutral are assumed to be average for three phases. The power centers are transformer inputs of low voltage power substations of the main electric networks of 35 kV and above, equipped with digital devices of the account of the electric power connected to the automated system of control and accounting of power resources. The developed technique allows receiving the refined balanced calculation model of the steady mode of the open city network for the set time of the daily schedule. It includes the sequential distribution of the specified power of each network power supply between its loads, followed by clarification of flows and power losses in the sections, as well as voltages and actual loads in the nodes of the scheme by the overlay method.
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Bao, Hai Long, Chen Fang, Jian Lin Yang, and Qiang Yin. "Research and Application of the Power Network Planning Methods Oriented to the Clustered City Planning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2636.
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As the urbanization of cities is rapidly developing in China, metropolitan regions establish the clustered power network planning scheme on the background of the clustered city planning of the adjacent areas. Base on the functional orientation and difference of clusters, as well as the theory of hierarchical clustered city planning, the article puts forward the power network planning thoughts and methods. As cluster becomes a planning unit, the load density method is applied in the differential load forecast and the location of substations as well as the path of transmission lines is selected with the thoughts of separation according to different layers and areas. And then, the results will be compared and verified with the planning scheme of the other clustered cities which have the similar function orientation and planning strategy. Finally, the planning methods will be standardized. The application in the power network of Cluster of Livable Education City in Zhengzhou has proved that the methods and steps of the power planning method proposed is able to meet the demand of the network development under the situation of the rapid growth of load.
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Naumov, I. V., and E. V. Karpova. "Analysis of causes of failures in 10 kV electrical power distribution networks (on the example of the Southern electrical networks of the city of Irkutsk)." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 11, no. 4 (January 21, 2019): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2018-11-4-299-304.
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Disconnection of power consumers from power grids is quite a common event, with a wide range of consequences. Power supply interruptions can be caused by both casual events, and planned shutdowns. Disruptions in systems of power supply of consumers lead to a variety of adverse events (under-delivery of products, large-scale product rejection, failure of production equipment, etc.), which inflicts a significant economic damage. The retrospective analysis of the failure rate of electrical networks of the Right Bank and Left Bank districts of Irkutsk over 2013–2017 has been carried out. The analysis was based on the data from dispatching logs of observations on events of failures caused by emergency damage to the Southern electrical networks. It is established that the greatest number of failures occurs for such reasons as damage at substations, damage to consumer electrical networks, wire breakage in air and cable power lines as well as damage of switching equipment. Failures related to wind load, damage at packaged transformer substations, insulators and surge arresters are also analysed. The percentage rate of failures of electrical power networks caused by specific reasons from the total number of failures is presented. Besides, the analysis is performed of the duration of interruptions of power supply owing to damage of individual elements of power network equipment as well as the amount of electric energy undelivered for these reasons, and financial losses caused by these failures due to under-delivery of electric energy, with the average wholesale electricity prices taken into account.
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Junussova, Lyazzat, Andrey Zhuikov, Anatoly Matiushenko, Stanislav Chicherin, and Anna Ilicheva. "Assessing building energy efficiency with the help of specific heat demand characteristics: boreal regions of Russia case study." E3S Web of Conferences 208 (2020): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020802011.
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When data on certain variables is not available for the construction of a building, generalized models are used to assess their heat consumption. However, buildings and their associated substations in the district heating (DH) network of a city have pretty different parameters. Therefore, an error up to 30% is achieved and moreover that type of assessing results into illogical conclusions. To deal with it, the feasibility and validity of the heat demand characteristics should be verified by a handheld thermal camera at the ground level. The primary way is to improve overall DH system efficiency by reducing distribution losses and ensuring correct supply and return temperatures, other ways are related to reduction of heat losses at a demand side.
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Jajang Atmaja, Elvi Roza Syofyan, and Anne Fadillah. "Perbandingan Cost Significant Model Dengan Metode Parametrik Untuk Estimasi Biaya Gedung Bertingkat 2 di Provinsi Sumatera Barat." Jurnal Ilmiah Poli Rekayasa 14, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jipr.14.1.104.
Full textAbstract:
The estimated cost at the initial or conceptual stage is an estimate made when there is still little information about the image, description and specifications of the work to be done. This estimate is needed to provide information on the initial description of the total construction costs. Estimated costs must be accurate so as not to cause problems in the future. To obtain a method that meets these needs, we compare two estimation methods, namely the Cost Significant Model and the Metode Parametrik. This study aims to determine the components of the calculation needed by the Cost Significant Model and Parametric Method and the comparison of the two in making cost estimates and for determining the most accurate method. This research was applied to the construction of a 2-storey building in the province of West Sumatra. Data related to the study were collected from consultants in the city of Padang with 9 (nine) RAB data complete with project information originating from 2013 s.d. 2016Based on the Cost Significant Model analysis, the regression analysis formula is obtained: Y = 1,340,187,179 + 3,175 X2 + 0,295 X10 + 7,072 X11 + 1,881 X4 - 4,134 X13, where X2 is Foundation Work Cost, X10 is Wall Work Cost, X11 is Door Work Cost and Window, X4 is Column Work Costs, X13 is Floor Work Costs. This cost estimation model has been validated with an average error percentage of 0%. Metode Parametrik Analysis using the formula set out in Presidential Regulation No. 73 of 2011 Article 14: Total Project Costs = HSBGN x K x Project Area, where HSBGN is the Price of the State Building Building Unit and K is the multiplier multiplier for multi-storey buildings. This cost estimation model has been validated with an average error percentage of 32%. Based on the results of this error percentage, it is concluded that the most accurate method is the Cost Significant Model.To obtain a small earth (near zero) resistivity value is determined by the number of planted electrodes and soil type properties. Difficulty in obtaining this small resistivity value often errors in estimating soil properties or soil type resistance so that failure to obtain soil barriers often occurs.To determine the desired amount of material can be measured soil type resistor value, by measuring the soil resistivity value so that the estimated material cost estimation can be achieved well. then in this research using geoelectric method with Schlumberger configuration. Schlumberger method is a method with a constant system of spacing rules with the note of the 'n' multiplier is the comparison of the distance between the C1-P1 or (C2-P2) electrodes with P1-P2. The instrument used is a resistivity meter ( Naniura) equipped with four electrodes which have the ability to read output voltage response due to current injected into the ground surface through two current electrodes and two potential electrodes. In this study used progress to map the 2D isoresistivity beneath the measured surface. .The results of this soil resistivity measurement can be determined with certainty the amount of material used and the cost of workmanship provided to establish the proper grounding system to be attached to a 20 kV Distribution substation at the State Polytechnic Padang State Electricity Laboratory. So that the grounding system in pairs meet the standards that have been determined and can be categorized both and safe for humans and equipment for grounding Distribution Distributors 20 kV Electricity Engineering Laboratory at the State Polytechnic Campus Padang.