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Journal articles on the topic 'City and gender'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Poli, Corrado. "Gender, Nature and the City." Human Geography 7, no. 3 (November 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861400700301.

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An ecological and eco-feminist critique may promote an innovative environmentalist urban policy. A new relation between humanity and nature implies a different aesthetic and architecture of the city. In the past, in control of the public sphere, men built their cities according to their attitudes and values. Traditional (masculine) behavior produced an efficiency based in dominating a resilient nature. This approach is no longer viable given the environmental crisis. Women are the privileged subjects of radical change, assuming a leadership role in the environmentalist movement and proposing cities envisaged according to a new way of thinking and feeling that accords with a reconsidered relationship between humanity and nature.

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2

de Madariaga, Inés Sánchez, and Michael Neuman. "Mainstreaming gender in the city." Town Planning Review 87, no. 5 (September 2016): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2016.33.

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3

Parker, Brenda. "Material Matters: Gender and the City." Geography Compass 5, no. 6 (June 2011): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00424.x.

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4

WonSookYeon. "Gender-Governance? Gender-Governance? : A Critical Study on the Women Friendly City Project of Seoul Metropolitan City." Women's Studies Review 28, no. 2 (December 2011): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18341/wsr.2011.28.2.3.

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5

Alkadry, Mohamad G., Sebawit G. Bishu, and Susannah Bruns Ali. "Beyond Representation: Gender, Authority, and City Managers." Review of Public Personnel Administration 39, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 300–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x17718030.

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For the last 50 years, the U.S. government has worked to address the sex pay gap in the workforce. Nevertheless, the pay gap remains persistent across sectors and organizational hierarchies. This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of sex and authority profile on the pay gap of city managers in the United States. The study uses ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis to predict the relationship between a city manager’s sex and authority profile variables as well as the relationship between authority profile variables and a city manager’s annual salary. Our OLS analysis shows that sex (being a male city manager) along with workplace authority variables are all positive and significant predictors of pay. The study also finds that, on average, female city managers earn 73% of what male city managers earn. They also manage 60% of the number of employees and oversee 62% of the annual budget compared with male city managers.

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6

Madan, Neha Verma. "Gender Inclusive Urban Planning in Pune City." International Journal of Engineering Research 7, special2 (2018): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2319-6890.2018.00049.1.

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7

Accampo, Elinor. "Gender Relations in the City: A Response." French Historical Studies 18, no. 1 (1993): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/286951.

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8

Earl, Catherine, and Ann Marie Leshkowich. "Vietnam's New Middle Classes: Gender, Career, City." Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 30, no. 2 (July 30, 2015): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/sj30-2m.

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9

Foxhall, Lin, and Gabriele Neher. "Gender and the City before Modernity: Introduction." Gender & History 23, no. 3 (November 2011): 491–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01662.x.

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10

Ahmed, Rabab, Nazek Abd El-Ghany, and Mariam Haggag. "Gender Equity within Families in Mansoura City." Journal of High Institute of Public Health 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 117–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jhiph.2006.161866.

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11

Sandberg, Linda, and Malin Rönnblom. "Imagining the ideal city, planning the gender-equal city in Umeå, Sweden." Gender, Place & Culture 23, no. 12 (November 4, 2016): 1750–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2016.1249346.

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12

Utomo, Priyo. "GENDER ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL CITY." Review of Management and Entrepreneurship 4, no. 2 (October 8, 2020): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37715/rme.v4i2.1282.

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is gender economic development, labor force participation, unemployment, and education. The research method uses descriptive qualitative supported by quantitative data. the results of this study that the community understood enough about the concept of gender, gender equality and gender mainstreaming. women and men seem to understand women better than men. This can be seen from the results of data analysis. In terms of the notion of gender, there are still varied opinions, signifying the struggle for a variety of understandings about gender concepts. In terms of whether or not they agree with gender equality, there are still those who say disagree even though the number is small at 20.50% and when compared to that number men are greater (13.67%) than women (6.83%). because most men mentioned because women would feel no longer uncomfortable with men. From this it can be said that there is still a patriarchal culture, which considers women to feel uncomfortable facing men, men should be more authoritative, than women, where it should not have happened if they understood the concept of gender. In the end, it can be said that in general, they are conceptually aware of the concept of gender equality or gender mainstreaming but in reality, their perceptions are still influenced by the culture of male domination. Keywords: Gender, Equality, Justice, PUG.

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13

Lafontaine, Y. "CITY OF FESTIVALS." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 12, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10642684-12-4-603.

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14

Campos and Campos-Juanatey. "Gender Differences in the Rotation of City Maps." American Journal of Psychology 132, no. 3 (2019): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.3.0303.

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15

McCaa, Robert. "Ethnic Intermarriage and Gender in New York City." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 24, no. 2 (1993): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205357.

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16

Meyer, Imke. "Gender and the City: Schnitzler’s Vienna around 1900." Literatur für Leser 40, no. 3 (January 1, 2017): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/lfl032017k_219.

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At first glance, Arthur Schnitzler’s narratives Die Toten schweigen and Lieutenant Gustl seem to be rather different from each other, both with regard to their respective sujets and with regard to form. Die Toten schweigen relates the horrific end of an illicit affair between a married bourgeois woman and a young man from her social circles. Lieutenant Gustl opens a window onto the emotional turmoil that engulfs a young lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian army who fears that an insult he experienced has taken away his honor. The story of Die Toten schweigen is related to us by a third-person figural narrator who at various points utilizes both of the text’s main characters, Franz and Emma, as reflector figures.1 Lieutenant Gustl, by contrast, does away with the agency of a narrator and introduces to German-language literature the radically new concept of the Monolognovelle, a narrative presented in interior monologue, and entirely from the perspective of its central character.2 And yet, for all their differences, the two texts also share certain characteristics. They were published in fairly close chronological proximity to each other—in 1897 (Die Toten schweigen) and 1900 (Lieutenant Gustl), respectively. Moreover, both texts represent characters who move through the cityscape of Vienna while they live through personal crises. Thus, as Schnitzler allows his readers to access the inner lives of the characters at the centers of his stories, his narratives capture images of Vienna as a conflicted imperial city suspended between its past and the threshold of modernity.3 Most strikingly, though, the mapping of the topography of figural consciousness onto the chronotopography of Vienna4 makes plain that Schnitzler’s texts render the experience of urban spaces as distinctly marked by gender. On the following pages, then, I want to elucidate what I believe to be a particular kinship between Die Toten schweigen and Lieutenant Gustl, namely the representation of a gendered experience of the imperial city that was Vienna as the 19th century drew to a close.

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17

Wolff, Janet. "keynote: unmapped spaces – gender, generation and the city." Feminist Review 96, no. 1 (October 2010): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.2010.12.

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18

Ashraf, Javed, and Birjees Ashraf. "Estimating the gender wage gap in Rawalpindi city." Journal of Development Studies 29, no. 2 (January 1993): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389308422279.

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19

Spain, Daphne, and Linda McDowell. "Capital Culture: Gender at Work in the City." Contemporary Sociology 27, no. 5 (September 1998): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654495.

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20

Oza, Rupal. "Gender and class violence in the intimate city." Urban Geography 37, no. 3 (January 22, 2016): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1079404.

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21

Fondevila, Gustavo, and Rodrigo Meneses-Reyes. "Lethal Violence, Childhood, and Gender in Mexico City." International Criminal Justice Review 29, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567717743303.

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This article analyzes a total of 255 interviews with inmates in Mexico City prisons, all of whom were prosecuted for killing someone else (first-degree murder). A comparison is made between two groups of incarcerated murderers: men and women. Our aim is to illustrate and explain how gender interacts with other social groups in the composition of lethal violence in Mexico City, one of the largest cities in Latin America. Research findings suggest that, in Mexico City, women are more likely to use lethal violence against young victims, usually family members, and in closed spaces, especially at home.

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22

Thakur, Laxmi. "Gender based violence : A study of Ajmer city." Social Change 31, no. 3 (September 2001): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570103100305.

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23

Pain, Rachel. "Gender, Race, Age and Fear in the City." Urban Studies 38, no. 5-6 (May 2001): 899–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980120046590.

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24

SIBLEY, DAVID. "Gender, Science, Politics and Geographies of the City." Gender, Place & Culture 2, no. 1 (March 1995): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09663699550022071.

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25

McMillin, Divya C. "Television, Gender, and Labor in the Global City." Journal of Communication 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02604.x.

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26

van den Heuvel, Danielle. "Gender in the Streets of the Premodern City." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 4 (May 21, 2018): 693–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218768493.

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27

Hilaldo, Zaindy Roby, Eko Suwargono, and L. Dyah Purwita Wardani. "GENDER STRUGGLE IN DEBORAH ELLIS’ PARVANA MUD CITY." SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra dan Linguistik 20, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/semiotika.v20i1.10816.

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This article dicusses the gender struggle of Shauzia in Mud City by Ellis. The struggle implies the gender condition and critical point of view of the author based on the theory of representation and gender oppression. The representation theory based on Stuart Hall helps to uncover the dominating cultural codes which oppress Shauzia as a person while the gender theory contributes to analyze the layer of dominationin the level of individual, interactional and institutional. This study results in several findings as:the cultural codes represented in the novel are giving benefit the man by the power of military and powerful patriarchy where Shauzia finds hard to go out from camp and work as woman. Furthermore, gender theory plays on scrutinizing the idea as individual woman lacks of rights, and influence her interactional competence as well to stay inside the compound. The institutional system determines her exixtence only to accept what the compound has given to her and not more. Thus she is rejected when she wants to go to France. Ellis poses her self to tell the reader that the value of women in Afganistan at war is unworthy compare to what happens in Europe.

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28

Kidder, Jeffrey L. "Parkour, Masculinity, and the City." Sociology of Sport Journal 30, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.30.1.1.

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Parkour is a new, and increasingly popular, sport in which individuals athletically and artistically negotiate obstacles found in the urban environment. In this article, I position parkour as a performance of masculinity involving spatial appropriation. Through ethnographic data I show how young men involved in the sport use the city (both the built environment and the people within it) as a structural resource for the construction and maintenance of gender identities. The focus of my research highlights the performance of gender as a spatialized process.

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29

Machová, Zuzana, and Lenka Filipová. "Gender Wage Gap." International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jissc.2013010104.

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This paper was written as a part of a research project studying problem of wage determinant measuring and wage discrimination considering different wage requirements of men and women. The wage determinants and gender wage discrimination are analyzed using a probit model. The whole analysis is methodologically based on Mincer’s Wage Regression and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of gender wage gap. The wage variables include, aside from standard personal characteristics, dummies for institutional and firm characteristics and dummies for family status and family roles. The data were gained by a questionnaire survey carried out in Ostrava city. The results of the analysis, representative for the city, show statistically significant differences between wage determinants of men and women. The survey concluded in 2 statements: (1) family role is an important wage determinant and its inclusion to Mincer’s Wage Regression leads to better explanation of wages; and (2) including family characteristics in Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition can significantly reduce unexplained part of gender wage gap, i.e., a part of a wage difference usually ascribed to gender wage discrimination can be explained by different preferences of men and women on a labor market.

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30

Caro Reina, Javier, and Jessica Nowak. "Diachronic development of gender in city names in Spanish." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 72, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 505–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0020.

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Abstract This paper examines the gender assignment rules that apply to city names in the history of Spanish, relying for the first time on extensive corpus-based material. The empirical data show that gender assignment changed from a referential principle that consistently assigned city names to the feminine (due to the feminine basic level noun for ‘city’) to a phonologically driven assignment rule, with city names ending in -a generally being assigned to the feminine (e.g. Barcelona) and those ending in -o or -C to the masculine (e.g. Toledo, Madrid). However, the overall picture is much more complicated than previously suggested in the literature since there is still a high degree of gender variation in Modern Spanish. The use of the feminine is still possible in city names ending in -o or -C. Interestingly, the change from referential to phonological gender assignment occurs first within the NP (mainly with quantifiers such as tod- o/-a ‘all-m/-f’). It is in this morphosyntactic context that city names with final -a most commonly shift from the feminine to the masculine gender. This case of “evasive gender” will be discussed from a typological perspective.

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31

Barbosa, Aline R., José M. P. Souza, Maria L. Lebrão, Ruy Laurenti, and Maria de Fátima N. Marucci. "Anthropometry of elderly residents in the city of São Paulo, Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 21, no. 6 (December 2005): 1929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2005000600043.

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The article presents gender and age-specific selected anthropometric data for a representative sample of elderly Brazilians in the city of São Paulo. This was a cross-sectional, population-based household survey. A total of 1,894 older adults (men and women, > 60 years) were examined from January to March 2001. Data were presented as means and percentiles for body mass (BM); height or stature (ST); body mass index (BMI); waist (WC), hip (HC), arm (AC), and calf (CC) circumferences; triceps skinfold thickness (TST); and arm muscle circumference (AMC), and differences were described according to age (all variables) and gender (BMI). Except for HC (men), all anthropometric variables were lower in the oldest than in the youngest individuals (p < 0.01) in both genders. BMI was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in women than men (all age groups). The observations suggest that there is loss of muscle mass and redistribution and reduction of fat mass with age (both genders). The data can be used in clinical practice and epidemiological studies based on interpretation of anthropometric measurements in the elderly in São Paulo.

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32

Tummers, Lidewij, and Heidrun Wankiewicz. "Gender mainstreaming planning cultures: Why ‘engendering planning’ needs critical feminist theory." Raumstrukturen und Geschlechterordnungen 12, no. 1-2020 (March 17, 2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/gender.v12i1.02.

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This contribution looks at strategies for gender mainstreaming (GM) in planning practice applying gender/diversity design criteria. It offers a critical discussion of the ‘city of proximity’ (CoP) as a guiding principle for genderaware planning. Examples of guidelines and handbooks from different planning cultures show that the CoP is a widely adopted model, not only in gender mainstreaming, however it is seldom associated with its feminist origin. As planning professionals and researchers, we consider the role of urban and regional planning to change power relations and gendered norms. Taking two Austrian cities as examples, we illustrate the impact of GM on planning practice, revealing both the strength of the legislative framework and the limitations of Leitbilder that unintentionally reproduce gender stereotypes. The paper concludes with suggestions to move beyond the stage of pilot projects and handbooks, particularly in two fields: first, by looking at the attitudes and competences of professionals, and second, by dissociating the city of proximity from neighbourhoods while implementing gender criteria at a larger scale, e.g. in regional development plans.

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33

Hudson, Christine, and Linda Sandberg. "Narrating the Gender-equal City - Doing Gender-equality in the Swedish European Capital of Culture Umeå2014." Culture Unbound 11, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 30–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.201911129.

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There is a powerful narrative of Umeå as a progressive, gender-equal, tolerant city which has been important in relation to the investments in culture that the city has made, including the European Capital of Culture Year 2014. Viewing the city as process, as negotiated and contested representation, we study how narratives of gender-equality figure throughout Capital of Culture year, Umeå2014, and in the projects that were part of it. We examine how the talk about gender-equality interacts with notions of place and how they are interconnected with each other. We are interested in what happens with a major cultural project when gender-equality is emphasized as one of the key values, at the same time as the meaning and content of this concept is not specified. Studying official documents and municipal webpages concerning Umeå as European Capital of Culture, applications for co-funding of cultural projects and news articles, we scrutinize how gender-equality is used and given meaning by looking at the way it is operationalized both by the city officials and by those engaging in cultural activities. Gender equality became something that was highlighted in the bid to become European Capital of Culture and in the making of the programme for the year, and stories about the Umeå2014’s success in implementing a gender-equality perspective have been repeated and woven together into a yet another narrative of Umeå. They became part of an ongoing negotiation of the city’s identity.

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34

Nuh, Muhammad, Erlita Cahyasari, Niken Anggaini, and Suhartono Winoto. "Gender Adjustment for Sustainable City (Case of 3G (Glintung Go Green) in Malang City)." Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiap.2018.004.01.11.

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35

Nuh, Muhammad, Erlita Cahyasari, Niken Lastiti Veri Anggaini, and Suhartono Winoto. "Gender Adjustment for Sustainable City (Case of 3G (Glintung Go Green) in Malang City)." Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiap.2019.004.01.11.

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36

Rahbari, Ladan, and Mahmoud Sharepour. "Gender and Realisation of Women’s Right to the City in Tehran." Asian Journal of Social Science 43, no. 3 (2015): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04303002.

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The right to the city consists of the right to appropriate spaces and participate in processes therein. Appropriation is referred to having share of the space, using it, owning it and valuing it because it has use value. Participation in the city includes decision making, constructing and living in the urban space. Components of right to the city can be approached from three dimensions, namely the politico-economic, physical and socio-anthropological. Based on the three levels of urban analysis introduced by Henry Lefebvre, the three dimensions can be further categorised. The right to the city has not been realised equally for men and women. Structural constraints have limited women’s participation and appropriation of the city. By extracting the components of the two dimensions of the right to the city, and by applying a quantitative methodological approach, this article aims to investigate gender differences in realisation of right to the city in the Iranian capital city.

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37

Garvey, Johanna X. K. "City Limits: Reading Gender and Urban Spaces in Ulysses." Twentieth Century Literature 41, no. 1 (1995): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/441717.

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38

Worrall, Janet E. "Labor, Gender, and Generational Change in a Western City." Western Historical Quarterly 32, no. 4 (2001): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3650801.

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39

Austin, Shannon. "Batman's Female Foes: The Gender War in Gotham City." Journal of Popular Culture 48, no. 2 (April 2015): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.12257.

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40

Udayagiri, Mridula. "City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and the Politics of Poverty." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 3 (May 2004): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610403300308.

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41

ARCHER, LOUISE, and HIROMI YAMASHITA. "Theorising Inner-city Masculinities: 'Race', class, gender and education." Gender and Education 15, no. 2 (June 2003): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540250303856.

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42

Crewe, Louise, and Annie Wang. "Gender inequalities in the City of London advertising industry." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 3 (January 30, 2018): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17749731.

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This paper explores gender relations in the City of London advertising industry. It argues that the gender imbalance in the highest ranking positions and the stifled career progression of women in the industry are a result of social, structural and institutional factors rather than individual choice, lack of ‘talent’ or the absence of mentors or appropriate role models. We discuss the organisation and spatiality of the advertising industry in London, significance of social networking within and beyond the firm, and problematise the notion that female childbearing and caring are the primary determinants of women’s truncated career trajectories in advertising. The research reveals that whilst age, gender and domestic divisions of labour combine to reinforce occupational sexual divisions of labour in the advertising industry in London, these inequality regimes are amplified by the industry’s precariousness, informality and requirements for flexibility. Attempting to explain away gendered divisions of labour solely on the basis of women’s role in social reproduction deflects attention away from other key determinants of inequality, most notably the pace of advertising work and the geographical concentration of the industry within London. These are further accentuated by deep-rooted forms of homophily and homosociality – those unspeakable inequalities that call into question the dominant post-feminist rhetoric that ‘all the battles have been won’ . We analyse the ways in which homosociality has been crucial in maintaining insidious sexism which has made it very difficult for female creatives to obtain the most prestigious roles at work. Taken together, the organisation and geography of the sector, the rhetoric of buzz and egalitarianism, the ‘motherhood myth’ and the homophilic practices at work within advertising combine to create deep and enduring gendered inequalities.

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43

Greenberg, Amy S., and Bruce Dorsey. "Reforming Men and Women: Gender in the Antebellum City." Journal of the Early Republic 22, no. 4 (2002): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124770.

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44

Goff, Barbara E. "Gender and the City in Euripides' Political Plays (review)." American Journal of Philology 125, no. 2 (2004): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajp.2004.0017.

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45

LaVeist, Thomas A., and Katrina Bell McDonald. "Race, Gender, and Educational Advantage in the Inner City." Social Science Quarterly 83, no. 3 (September 2002): 832–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00117.

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46

England, Kim V. L. "Gender relations and the spatial structure of the city." Geoforum 22, no. 2 (1991): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(91)90003-9.

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47

Cohen, Carl I., Jay Sokolovsky, Jeanne Teresi, and Douglas Holmes. "Gender, networks, and adaptation among an inner-city population." Journal of Aging Studies 2, no. 1 (March 1988): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4065(88)90013-8.

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48

Rasmussen, Anthony W. "Whistling, Gender, and the Aesthetic Turn in Mexico City." Latin American Music Review 42, no. 1 (June 2021): 30–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/lamr42102.

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49

Tambling, Jeremy. "`Savage Nights': Sexuality and the City." Sexualities 5, no. 1 (February 2002): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460702005001007.

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50

Mupotsa, Danai S. "Feeling backwards: temporal ambivalence in An African City." Feminist Theory 20, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700119831542.

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Abstract:

The turn to optimism makes figures of progress, consumption, self-making and empowerment appear in various genres of chick-lit. These narratives, however, are often still shaped by a depressive tone that is distinct from one that says that women have more options than happy-ever-after, even while heterosexual romance remains a structuring force. This article takes the Ghanaian web-series An African City as its example to explore this ambivalence. An African City offered its first season in 2014 and was immediately received as ‘Africa’s own Sex and the City’, praised for challenging the image of a backward Africa, while criticised for offering an unrealistic account of life for urban African women. The series is set around the lives of five women, one of whom plays the leading role as narrator. The ‘African city’ serves as another character, rather than a mere backdrop for the action to unfold. I argue that the various characters perform an ongoing ambivalence towards progress, always stuck in a look backward. It is not simply that the quest for romance fails as part of the drama, but that the drama of failure itself folds onto both the African city and African women as figures that remain eternally stuck in their relation to the temporalities that accrue around modernity.

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