Journal articles: 'Citrus fruits Physiology'

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Lu, Suwen, Junli Ye, Kaijie Zhu, Yin Zhang, Mengwei Zhang, Qiang Xu, and Xiuxin Deng. "A fruit ripening-associated transcription factor CsMADS5 positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis in citrus." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 8 (February 5, 2021): 3028–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab045.

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AbstractCarotenoids in citrus contribute to the quality of the fruit, but the mechanism of its transcriptional regulation is fairly unknown. Here, we characterized a citrus FRUITFULL sub-clade MADS gene, CsMADS5, that was ripening-inducible and acted as a nucleus-localized trans-activator. Transient overexpression of CsMADS5 in citrus induced fruit coloration and enhanced carotenoid concentrations. The expression of carotenogenic genes including phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), and lycopene β-cyclase 1 (LCYb1) was increased in the peels of fruits overexpressing CsMADS5. Similar results were observed from stable overexpression of CsMADS5 in tomato fruits and citrus calli, even though the effect of CsMADS5 on carotenoid metabolism in transgenic citrus calli was limited. Further biochemical analyses demonstrated that CsMADS5 activated the transcription of PSY, PDS, and LCYb1 by directly binding to their promoters. We concluded that CsMADS5 positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis in fruits by directly activating the transcription of carotenogenic genes. Moreover, CsMADS5 physically interacted with a positive regulator CsMADS6, indicating that CsMADS5 may form an enhancer complex with CsMADS6 to synergistically promote carotenoid accumulation. These findings expand our understanding of the complex transcriptional regulatory hierarchy of carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit ripening.

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Saini, Ramesh Kumar, Arina Ranjit, Kavita Sharma, Parchuri Prasad, Xiaomin Shang, Karekal Girinur Mallikarjuna Gowda, and Young-Soo Keum. "Bioactive Compounds of Citrus Fruits: A Review of Composition and Health Benefits of Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Limonoids, and Terpenes." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020239.

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The increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains contributes to the reduced risk of many diseases related to metabolic syndrome, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and cancer. Citrus, the genus Citrus L., is one of the most important fruit crops, rich in carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, limonoids, and many other bioactive compounds of nutritional and nutraceutical value. Moreover, polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), a unique class of bioactive flavonoids, abundantly occur in citrus fruits. In addition, citrus essential oil, rich in limonoids and terpenes, is an economically important product due to its potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and flavoring properties. Mechanistic, observational, and intervention studies have demonstrated the health benefits of citrus bioactives in minimizing the risk of metabolic syndrome. This review provides a comprehensive view of the composition of carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and limonoids of citrus fruits and their associated health benefits.

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Setyadjit and D. A. Setyabudi. "Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Fruits (Indonesia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1024, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1024/1/012052.

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Abstract Indonesia is tropical country and has many islands, thus, postharvest problem arises from both inter-island and export in order shipping the tropical fruit from center of production to consumers. This review is an effort in making a contribution to solve the postharvest of fruit problem such as perishable short storage life. After review study, there are facts and recommendation been made. First one durian, citrus, mango, pineapples, papaya, banana, and salacca have big amount of production annually, thus, it required the most effort in distributing products. The potential but still lower production to boost the export. Second to study postharvest physiology properly of star fruit, duku, durian, citrus siam, pamelo, mango, mangosteen, jackfruit, rambutan, sapodilla, salacca, breadfruit, water melon, and grapes which true topical, mostly still limited data. Even though passion fruit, apple, and papaya have plenty research data there are still some needs of study. Third one, to study the senescent behaviour i.e. respiration and ethylene production, is still relevant in quick check for choosing postharvest treatment.

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Costanzo, Giulia, Ermenegilda Vitale, Maria Rosaria Iesce, Daniele Naviglio, Angela Amoresano, Carolina Fontanarosa, Michele Spinelli, Martina Ciaravolo, and Carmen Arena. "Antioxidant Properties of Pulp, Peel and Seeds of Phlegrean Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at Different Stages of Fruit Ripening." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020187.

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In this work, we assess the potential of waste products of Phlegrean mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), namely seeds and peel, to be reutilized as a source of bioactive compounds beneficial for the human diet. Starting from the evidence that the by-products of this specific cultivar are the most powerful sources of antioxidants compared to pulp, we have investigated if and how the bioactive compounds in peel and seeds may be affected by fruit ripening. Three stages of fruit ripening have been considered in our study: unripe fruits = UF, semi-ripe fruits = SRF, ripe fruits = RF. The overall results indicated that RF showed the highest concentration of antioxidants. Among fruit components, peel was the richest in total antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, total flavonoids, total chlorophylls and carotenoids, while seeds exhibited the highest concentration of total condensed tannins and ascorbic acid. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay indicates the occurrence, in peel extracts, of 28 phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (FLs); in seeds, 34 derivatives were present in the first stage (UF), which diminish to 24 during the ripening process. Our data indicated that the content of phytochemicals in citrus strongly varies among the fruit components and depends on the ripening stage. The higher antioxidant activity of peel and seeds, especially in RF, encourage a potential use of by-products of this specific citrus cultivar for industrial or pharmacological applications. However, to maximize the occurrence of desired bioactive compounds, it is important also to consider the ripening stage at which fruits must be collected.

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Hussain, Syed Bilal, Cai-Yun Shi, Ling-Xia Guo, Wei Du, Ying-Xing Bai, Hafiz Muhammad Kamran, Alisdair R. Fernie, and Yong-Zhong Liu. "Type I H+-pyrophosphatase regulates the vacuolar storage of sucrose in citrus fruit." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 19 (June 26, 2020): 5935–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa298.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the general role of the vacuolar pyrophosphatase proton pump (V-PPase) in sucrose accumulation in citrus species. First, three citrus V-PPase genes, designated CsVPP-1, CsVPP-2, and CsVPP-4, were identified in the citrus genome. CsVPP-1 and CsVPP-2 belonging to citrus type I V-PPase genes are targeted to the tonoplast, and CsVPP-4 belonging to citrus type II V-PPase genes is located in the Golgi bodies. Moreover, there was a significantly positive correlation between transcript levels of type I V-PPase genes and sucrose, rather than hexose, content in fruits of seven citrus cultivars. Drought and abscisic acid treatments significantly induced the CsVPP-1 and CsVPP-2 transcript levels, as well as the sucrose content. The overexpression of type I V-PPase genes significantly increased PPase activity, decreased pyrophosphate contents, and increased sucrose contents, whereas V-PPase inhibition produced the opposite effect in both citrus fruits and leaves. Furthermore, altering the expression levels of type I V-PPase genes significantly influenced the transcript levels of sucrose transporter genes. Taken together, this study demonstrated that CsVPP-1 and CsVPP-2 play key roles in sucrose storage in the vacuole by regulating pyrophosphate homeostasis, ultimately the sucrose biosynthesis and transcript levels of sucrose transport genes, providing a novel lead for engineering or breeding modified taste in citrus and other fruits.

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CONSTANTINIDOU, H. A., and O. MENKISSOGLU. "Characteristics and Importance of Heterogeneous ice Nuclei Associated With Citrus Fruits." Journal of Experimental Botany 43, no. 4 (1992): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/43.4.585.

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Zhu, Kaijie, Quan Sun, Hongyan Chen, Xuehan Mei, Suwen Lu, Junli Ye, Lijun Chai, Qiang Xu, and Xiuxin Deng. "Ethylene activation of carotenoid biosynthesis by a novel transcription factor CsERF061." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 8 (February 5, 2021): 3137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab047.

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Abstract Chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb2) is a critical carotenogenic enzyme, which controls the massive accumulation of downstream carotenoids, especially provitamin A carotenoids, in citrus. Its regulatory metabolism is largely unknown. Here, we identified a group I ethylene response factor, CsERF061, in citrus by yeast one-hybrid screen with the promoter of LCYb2. The expression of CsERF061 was induced by ethylene. Transcript and protein levels of CsERF061 were increased during fruit development and coloration. CsERF061 is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, which directly binds to the promoter of LCYb2 and activates its expression. Overexpression of CsERF061 in citrus calli and tomato fruits enhanced carotenoid accumulation by increasing the expression of key carotenoid pathway genes, and increased the number of chromoplasts needed to sequester the elevated concentrations of carotenoids, which was accompanied by changes in the concentrations of abscisic acid and gibberellin. Electrophoretic mobility shift and dual-luciferase assays verified that CsERF061 activates the promoters of nine other key carotenoid pathway genes, PSY1, PDS, CRTISO, LCYb1, BCH, ZEP, NCED3, CCD1, and CCD4, revealing the multitargeted regulation of CsERF061. Collectively, our findings decipher a novel regulatory network of carotenoid enhancement by CsERF061, induced by ethylene, which will be useful for manipulating carotenoid accumulation in citrus and other plants.

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Alva, A. K., S. Paramasivam, K. H. Hostler, G. W. Easterwood, and J. E. Southwell. "EFFECTS OF NITROGEN RATES ON DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN CITRUS FRUITS AND FRUIT YIELD." Journal of Plant Nutrition 24, no. 3 (February 28, 2001): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pln-100104980.

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SRILAONG, Varit, and Yasuo TATSUMI. "Effects of various oxygen atmospheres on physiology and quality in Cavendish banana and 'Hebezu' citrus fruits." food preservation science 28, no. 6 (2002): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5891/jafps.28.307.

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Alas, T., A. Akın, and İ. Kahramanoğlu. "Symptomological identification of Citrus Psorosis Virus (CPsV) in citrus orchards of Northern Cyprus." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 183, no. 2 (June 24, 2022): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2022-2-149-158.

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This study was conducted to perform symptomological identification of Citrus Psorosis Virus (CPsV) in Northern Cyprus. This is the oldest known citrus virus disease, which causes huge decrease in citrus fruits’ quality. The first symptoms of the disease were found in Florida and California in the 1890s. The most important and well known symptoms of CPsV are dehiscence and spalling of the trunk and branches of old trees. Chlorotic spotting and ringspot may also be caused on the leaves of infected young trees.There were reports not to kill the infected trees in the Mediterranean basin and America, but the disease leads to an important reduction in yield and fruit quality in time. Recent available verbal information among the farmers in Northern Cyprus claims that there is an increase in the symptoms of chlorotic spotting on leaves and spalling on tree trunks, which are thought to be caused by CPsV. Grafting is a common management technique on citrus trees in Northern Cyprus, where most of the varieties have been grafted on sour orange; and grafting is among the major ways of transmitting this virus, together with other mechanical practices.The results of the present study showed that the virus disease in different citrus species and varieties of Northern Cyprus are mostly symptomatic. In the current work, citrus orchards which showed disease symptoms were all recorded and a detailed database was prepared for future molecular analyses. Thus, it is revealed that further molecular studies should be carried in order to perform a scientific investigation into the presence of this virus disease in Northern Cyprus and prove it molecularly.

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Carullo, Gabriele, Anna Ramunno, Eduardo Maria Sommella, Michele De Luca, Emilia Lucia Belsito, Luca Frattaruolo, Matteo Brindisi, Pietro Campiglia, Anna Rita Cappello, and Francesca Aiello. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Chemical Characterization, and Impact on Cell Viability of Food Wastes Derived from Southern Italy Autochthonous Citrus Fruits." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2022): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020285.

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Citrus fruits are one of the principal fruits used to produce juices. Over the years, these fruits have been recognized as new health-promoting agents. In this work, food wastes derived from autochthonous citrus fruits of Southern Italy, named Limone di Rocca Imperiale, Arancia Rossa Moro, and Arancia Bionda Tardivo from Trebisacce, were analyzed. After fresh-squeezing juice, peel and pomace were employed to obtain six different extracts using an ultrasound-assisted method in a hydroalcoholic solvent. The extracts were analyzed in terms of qualitative composition, antioxidant properties, and antiproliferative activity on MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and BJ-hTERT cell lines. GC-MS and LC-ESI-MS analyses showed different compounds: of note, limonin-hexoside, neodiosmin, obacunone glucoside, and diacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside have been identified as limonoid structures present in all the samples, in addition to different polyphenols including naringenin-glucoside, hesperetin-O-hexoside-O-rhamnoside-O-glucoside, diferuloyl-glucaric acid ester, chlorogenic acid, and the presence of fatty acids such as palmitic, myristic, and linoleic acids. These extracts were able to exert antioxidant activity as demonstrated by DPPH and ABTS assays and, although at higher doses, to reduce the cell viability of different solid tumor cell lines, as shown in MTT assays.

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Liang, Shejian, Haiyang Wang, Ming Yang, and Hong Wu. "Sequential actions of pectinases and cellulases during secretory cavity formation in Citrus fruits." Trees 23, no. 1 (July 25, 2008): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-008-0250-7.

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Pan, Tengfei, Muhammad Moaaz Ali, Jiangmei Gong, Wenqin She, Dongming Pan, Zhixiong Guo, Yuan Yu, and Faxing Chen. "Fruit Physiology and Sugar-Acid Profile of 24 Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Cultivars Grown in Subtropical Region of China." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122393.

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In the present study, the fruit physiology and sugar-acid ratio of 24 pomelo cultivars grown in ten different locations of the subtropical region of China were measured. The contents of soluble sugars and organic acids were quantified using high-performance (HPLC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), respectively. The results revealed that the physiological and basic quality attributes of 24 pomelo cultivars, including fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, peel thickness, number of segments, pulp weight, pulp color, soluble solids, and Vitamin C, ranged between 264.63–1945.85 g, 8.60–19.56 g, 7.40–20.70 g, 0.46–3.33 mm, 11–18.66, 210.25–1351.66 g, 8.59–15.14 Brix°, and 34.79–84.58 mg/100 g, respectively. Soluble sugars, i.e., fructose, glucose, and sucrose, ranged between 16.25–24.25, 16.17–24.22, and 19.90–55.28 mg/g, respectively. Similarly, Organic acids, i.e., pyruvate, fumaric acids, succinic acid, tartaric acid, quinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and cis-aconitic acid, in 24 pomelo cultivars ranged between 0.48–1.84, 0.02–0.45, 0–0.05, 0.01–0.1, 0–0.14, 3.01–11.85, 0.18–1.42, and 0.01–0.16 mg/g, respectively. The pomelo cultivars ‘Hongzuanmi’, ‘Minihong’, and ‘Hangwanmi’ exhibited maximum contents of citric acid and pyruvate and showed ultimately excessive organic acids. Overall, the ‘Guanximi’ and its budding cultivars, i.e., ‘Hongroumi’, ‘Huangjinmi’, and ‘Sanhongmi’, had the best quality fruits having maximum sugar-acid ratio. Correlation analysis showed that total soluble sugars had a significantly positive correlation with sucrose contents, while citric acids, malic acid, and pyruvate were positively correlated with total organic acids. The determined sugar-acid profile of pomelo cultivars provides the basis for future elucidation of key mechanisms regulating sugars and acids biosynthesis in pomelo.

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Kaur, Jaswinder, Manish Vyas, Joginder Singh, Ram Prasad, and Jeena Gupta. "Therapeutic Applications of Naringenin, a Flavanone Enriched in Citrus Fruits, for Disorders beyond Diabetes." Phyton 89, no. 4 (2020): 795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2020.09420.

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Chen, Jiebiao, Yue Wang, Tailin Zhu, Sijia Yang, Jinping Cao, Xian Li, Li-Shu Wang, and Chongde Sun. "Beneficial Regulatory Effects of Polymethoxyflavone—Rich Fraction from Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) Fruit on Gut Microbiota and Identification of Its Intestinal Metabolites in Mice." Antioxidants 9, no. 9 (September 6, 2020): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090831.

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Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are special flavonoids in citrus fruits that have been suggested to be beneficial to human health. However, whether PMFs in citrus fruit alter human gut microbiota is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PMF-rich fraction from Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) on gut microbiota and evaluate the intestinal metabolic profile of PMFs in Institute of Cancer Research mice. The main components of the PMF-rich fraction were nobiletin, tangeretin, and 5-demethylnobiletin. The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. The results showed that after oral administration, the composition of mice gut microbiota was significantly altered. The relative abundance of two probiotics, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, were found to increase significantly. A total of 21 metabolites of PMFs were detected in mice intestinal content by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and they were generated through demethylation, demethoxylation, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation. Our results provided evidence that PMFs have potential beneficial regulatory effects on gut microbiota that in turn metabolize PMFs, which warrants further investigation in human clinical trials.

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Zeng, Yunliu, Zhiyong Pan, Yuduan Ding, Andan Zhu, Hongbo Cao, Qiang Xu, and Xiuxin Deng. "A proteomic analysis of the chromoplasts isolated from sweet orange fruits [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]." Journal of Experimental Botany 62, no. 15 (August 12, 2011): 5297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err140.

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Serna-Escolano, Vicente, María José Giménez, Salvador Castillo, Juan Miguel Valverde, Domingo Martínez-Romero, Fabián Guillén, María Serrano, Daniel Valero, and Pedro Javier Zapata. "Preharvest Treatment with Oxalic Acid Improves Postharvest Storage of Lemon Fruit by Stimulation of the Antioxidant System and Phenolic Content." Antioxidants 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060963.

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Lemon trees (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F) were treated monthly with oxalic acid (OA) at 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM from initial fruit growth on the tree until harvest in2019. The experiment was repeated in 2020, with the application of OA 1 mM (according to the best results of 2019). In both years, fruit from OA-treated trees and the controls were stored for 35 days at 10 °C. Results showed that all treatments reduced weight loss (WL) and maintained higher firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acidity (TA) than in the controls. Meanwhile, colour (hue angle) did not show significant differences. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD) in the flavedo of the fruit from the OA-treated trees was higher than in the controls at harvest and after 35 days of storage. Similarly, the total phenolic content (TPC) in the flavedo and juice of the fruit from the OA-treated trees were higher than in the controls. The increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and TPC started with the first preharvest OA treatment and were maintained during fruit development on the tree until harvest. Preharvest OA treatments enhanced the antioxidant system of the lemon fruits, reducing the postharvest incidence of decay. Thus, OA could be a useful tool to increase the quality and functional properties of lemon fruits.

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Zacarías-García, Jaime, Laura Pérez-Través, José-Vicente Gil, María-Jesús Rodrigo, and Lorenzo Zacarías. "Bioactive Compounds, Nutritional Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of the Red-Fleshed Kirkwood Navel and Ruby Valencia Oranges." Antioxidants 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101905.

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Kirkwood Navel and Ruby Valencia are two spontaneous bud-mutations of the ordinary Washington Navel and Valencia late oranges characterized by the red coloration of their flesh. The purpose of this study was to analyze the physiological features, internal fruit quality, contents of relevant bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in the pulps of the red-fleshed fruits compared with the ordinary oranges during late development and maturation. In general, the content of sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, tocopherols, total phenolics and flavonoids, the hydrophilic antioxidant capacity and their changes during maturation were similar in the red-fleshed oranges and in the corresponding blond oranges. However, the mature Ruby fruits contained lower concentrations of sugars, malic and succinic acid and higher levels of citric acid than the ordinary Valencia. The major difference between the pulps of the Kirkwood and Ruby oranges and those of the ordinary oranges was the higher lipophilic antioxidant capacity and SOAC (singlet oxygen absorption capacity) of the former. Together, the high and unique content and composition of carotenoids in Kirkwood and Ruby may contribute to an enhanced antioxidant capacity without any detrimental effects on other fruit-quality attributes, making these varieties good sources of phytochemicals for the fresh-fruit and juice-processing citrus industries.

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Castillo, J., O. Benavente, and J. A. del Rio. "Naringin and Neohesperidin Levels during Development of Leaves, Flower Buds, and Fruits of Citrus aurantium." PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 99, no. 1 (May 1, 1992): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.99.1.67.

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Bellavite, Paolo, and Alberto Donzelli. "Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Function of Citrus Fruits." Antioxidants 9, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080742.

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Among the many approaches to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention, the possible role of nutrition has so far been rather underestimated. Foods are very rich in substances, with a potential beneficial effect on health, and some of these could have an antiviral action or be important in modulating the immune system and in defending cells from the oxidative stress associated with infection. This short review draws the attention on some components of citrus fruits, and especially of the orange (Citrus sinensis), well known for its vitamin and flavonoid content. Among the flavonoids, hesperidin has recently attracted the attention of researchers, because it binds to the key proteins of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several computational methods, independently applied by different researchers, showed that hesperidin has a low binding energy, both with the coronavirus “spike” protein, and with the main protease that transforms the early proteins of the virus (pp1a and ppa1b) into the complex responsible for viral replication. The binding energy of hesperidin to these important components is lower than that of lopinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir, suggesting that it could perform an effective antiviral action. Furthermore, both hesperidin and ascorbic acid counteract the cell damaging effects of the oxygen free radicals triggered by virus infection and inflammation. There is discussion about the preventive efficacy of vitamin C, at the dose achievable by the diet, but recent reviews suggest that this substance can be useful in the case of strong immune system burden caused by viral disease. Computational methods and laboratory studies support the need to undertake apposite preclinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies on the potential benefits of citrus fruit components for the prevention of infectious diseases, including COVID-19.

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Fontana, Gianfranco, Maurizio Bruno, Francesco Sottile, and Natale Badalamenti. "The Chemistry and the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Polymethoxyflavonoids from Citrus Genus." Antioxidants 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010023.

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Polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs) are a large group of compounds belonging to the more general class of flavonoids that possess a flavan carbon framework decorated with a variable number of methoxy groups. Hydroxylated polymethoxyflavonoids (HPMFs), instead, are characterized by the presence of both hydroxyl and methoxy groups in their structural unities. Some of these compounds are the aglycone part in a glycoside structure in which the glycosidic linkage can involve the −OH at various positions. These compounds are particular to Citrus genus plants, especially in fruits, and they are present mainly in the peel. A considerable number of PMFs and HPMFs have shown promising biological activities and they are considered to be important nutraceuticals, responsible for some of the known beneficial effects on health associated with a regular consumption of Citrus fruits. Among their several actions on human health, it is notable that the relevant contribution in controlling the intracellular redox imbalance is associated with the inflammation processes. In this work, we aim to describe the status concerning the chemical identification and the anti-inflammatory activity of both PMFs and HPMFs. In particular, all of the chemical entities unambiguously identified by isolation and complete NMR analysis, and for which a biochemical evaluation on the pure compound was performed, are included in this paper.

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Pepe, Giacomo, Emanuela Salviati, Shara Francesca Rapa, Carmine Ostacolo, Stella Cascioferro, Michele Manfra, Giuseppina Autore, Stefania Marzocco, and Pietro Campiglia. "Citrus sinensis and Vitis vinifera Protect Cardiomyocytes from Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress: Evaluation of Onconutraceutical Potential of Vegetable Smoothies." Antioxidants 9, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050378.

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The interest towards nutraceuticals able to counteract drug side effects is continuously growing in current chemotherapeutic protocols. In the present study, we demonstrated that smoothies containing mixtures of Citrus sinensis and Vitis vinifera L. cv. Aglianico N, two typical fruits of the Mediterranean diet, possess bioactive polyphenols that protect cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress. The polyphenolic extracts isolated from Citrus sinensis- and Vitis vinifera-based functional smoothies were deeply characterized by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry methods. Subsequently, the functional smoothies and relative mixtures were tested to verify their ability to affect cellular viability and oxidative stress parameters in embryonic cardiomyocyte cells (H9c2), and human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) exposed to doxorubicin. Interestingly, we found that the mix resulting from Citrus sinensis and Vitis vinifera association in ratio 1:1 was able to reduce cardiomyocytes damage induced by anthracyclines, without significantly interfering with the pro-apoptotic activity of the drug on breast cancer cells. These results point out the potential use of vegetable smoothies as adjuvants functional foods for chemotherapeutic anticancer protocols.

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Ballester, Ana-Rosa, Marina Marcet-Houben, Elena Levin, Noa Sela, Cristina Selma-Lázaro, Lourdes Carmona, Michael Wisniewski, Samir Droby, Luis González-Candelas, and Toni Gabaldón. "Genome, Transcriptome, and Functional Analyses of Penicillium expansum Provide New Insights Into Secondary Metabolism and Pathogenicity." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 3 (March 2015): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0261-fi.

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The relationship between secondary metabolism and infection in pathogenic fungi has remained largely elusive. The genus Penicillium comprises a group of plant pathogens with varying host specificities and with the ability to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites. The genomes of three Penicillium expansum strains, the main postharvest pathogen of pome fruit, and one Pencillium italicum strain, a postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit, were sequenced and compared with 24 other fungal species. A genomic analysis of gene clusters responsible for the production of secondary metabolites was performed. Putative virulence factors in P. expansum were identified by means of a transcriptomic analysis of apple fruits during the course of infection. Despite a major genome contraction, P. expansum is the Penicillium species with the largest potential for the production of secondary metabolites. Results using knockout mutants clearly demonstrated that neither patulin nor citrinin are required by P. expansum to successfully infect apples. Li et al. ( MPMI-12-14-0398-FI ) reported similar results and conclusions in MPMI's June 2015 issue.

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Ma, Qiaoli, Yuduan Ding, Jiwei Chang, Xiaohua Sun, Li Zhang, Qingjiang Wei, Yunjiang Cheng, Lingling Chen, Juan Xu, and Xiuxin Deng. "Comprehensive insights on how 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid retards senescence in post-harvest citrus fruits using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches." Journal of Experimental Botany 65, no. 1 (November 8, 2013): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert344.

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Jiménez-Padilla, Yanira, Laura V. Ferguson, and Brent J. Sinclair. "Comparing apples and oranges (and blueberries and grapes): fruit type affects development and cold susceptibility of immature Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)." Canadian Entomologist 152, no. 4 (June 22, 2020): 532–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.36.

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AbstractDrosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a cosmopolitan polyphagous pest on unripe soft-skinned fruits. We sought to determine (1) temperature treatments that could be used to kill immature D. suzukii in fruit or packaging and (2) whether development on different fruits led to differences in cold tolerance of immature D. suzukii. We reared animals from egg on a banana-based laboratory diet and diets made of apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen; Rosaceae), blueberry (Vaccinium Linnaeus; Ericaceae), cherry (Prunus avium Linnaeus; Rosaceae), grape (Vitis Linnaeus; Vitaceae), orange (Citrus × sinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck; Rutaceae), raspberry (Rubus Linnaeus; Rosaceae), or strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne; Rosaceae) homogenate in agar and measured development time, adult body size, and cold tolerance. Diet type had complex effects on development time; in particular, D. suzukii reared on apple-based or blueberry-based diets developed more slowly to a smaller adult body size than those on other diets. Cold exposure killed eggs and both first and second instars. Survival of 24 hours at +4 °C by feeding third instars was lowest in blueberry and cherry. Five days at +0.6 °C killed all feeding third instars; this treatment is likely sufficient for targeting D. suzukii in fruit. Two hours at −5 °C or −6 °C killed all wandering third instars and pupae; this exposure could be sufficient for sanitation of packaging.

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Carmona, Lourdes, Maria Sulli, Gianfranco Diretto, Berta Alquézar, Mónica Alves, and Leandro Peña. "Improvement of Antioxidant Properties in Fruit from Two Blood and Blond Orange Cultivars by Postharvest Storage at Low Temperature." Antioxidants 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030547.

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Numerous studies have revealed the remarkable health-promoting activities of citrus fruits, all of them related to the accumulation of bioactive compounds, including vitamins and phytonutrients. Anthocyanins are characteristic flavonoids present in blood orange, which require low-temperature for their production. Storage at low-temperature of blood oranges has been proven to be a feasible postharvest strategy to increase anthocyanins in those countries with warm climates. To our knowledge, no studies comparing the effect of postharvest storage effect on phenylpropanoid accumulation in cultivars with and without anthocyanins production have been published. We have investigated the effect of postharvest cold storage in flavonoid accumulation in juice from Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck in two different oranges: Pera, a blond cultivar, and Moro, a blood one. Our findings indicate a different response to low-temperature of fruit from both cultivars at biochemical and molecular levels. Little changes were observed in Pera before and after storage, while a higher production of phenylpropanoids (3.3-fold higher) and flavonoids (1.4-fold higher), including a rise in anthocyanins from 1.3 ± 0.7 mg/L to 60.0 ± 9.4 mg/L was observed in Moro concurrent with an upregulation of the biosynthetic genes across the biosynthetic pathway. We show that postharvest storage enhances not only anthocyanins but also other flavonoids accumulation in blood oranges (but not in blond ones), further stimulating the interest in blood orange types in antioxidant-rich diets.

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Zheng, P., M. Bai, Y. Chen, P. W. Liu, L. Gao, S. J. Liang, and H. Wu. "Programmed cell death of secretory cavity cells of citrus fruits is associated with Ca2+ accumulation in the nucleus." Trees 28, no. 4 (May 22, 2014): 1137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1024-z.

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Bhargava, Poorva, Jagriti Bhatia, and Ds Arya. "INVESTIGATION OF BIOACTIVE FLAVONOID SOURCED FROM CITRUS FRUITS ON ITS EFFECT UPON CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY." Journal of Hypertension 39, Supplement 1 (April 2021): e280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000747672.39225.20.

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Taqarort, Naima, Abdelouahed Echairi, Remi Chaussod, Rachida Nouaim, Hassan Boubaker, Abdellah A. Benaoumar, and Elhassan Boudyach. "Screening and identification of epiphytic yeasts with potential for biological control of green mold of citrus fruits." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 24, no. 12 (September 11, 2008): 3031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-008-9849-5.

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Choi, Moon-Hee, Seung-Hwa Yang, Nam Doo Kim, and Hyun-Jae Shin. "Nomilin from Yuzu Seed Has In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Downregulates Melanogenesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells through the PKA/CREB Signaling Pathway." Antioxidants 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091636.

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Yuzu (Citrus junos) is a citrus plant native to Asian countries, including Korea, Japan, and China. Yuzu peel and seed contain abundant vitamin C, citric acid, and polyphenols. Although the antioxidative and antimelanogenic activities of other citrus fruits and yuzu extract have been reported, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the limonoid aglycone contained in yuzu seed extract is unknown. We separated yuzu seeds into the husk, shell, and meal and evaluated antioxidant activity of each. The limonoid glucoside fraction of the husk identified nomilin, a novel tyrosinase inhibitor. We performed tyrosinase inhibitory activity and noncompetitive inhibition assays and docking studies to determine nomilin binding sites. Furthermore, we evaluated the antioxidative mechanism and antimelanogenic activity of nomilin in B16F10 melanoma cells. The concentration of nomilin that did not show toxicity was <100 µg/mL. Nomilin suppressed protein expression of TYR, TRP-1, TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in a concentration-dependent manner. Nomilin significantly reduced the levels of p-CREB and p-PKA at the protein level and decreased the levels of skin-whitening-related factors MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 at the mRNA level in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, nomilin from yuzu seed husk can be used as a skin-whitening agent in cosmetics.

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Huai, B., M. Bai, P. P. Tong, H. J. He, M. J. Liang, C. Y. Chen, and H. Wu. "CgPBA1 may be involved in nuclear degradation during secretory cavity formation by programmed cell death in Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’ fruits." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 160 (March 2021): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.018.

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Barkai-Golan, Rivka, and Rachel Karadavid. "Cellulolytic Actitivity of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum Related to Fungal Growth and to Pathogenesis in Citrus Fruits." Journal of Phytopathology 131, no. 1 (January 1991): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1991.tb04572.x.

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Marcos, Jose F., Luis González-Candelas, and Lorenzo Zacarías. "Involvement of ethylene biosynthesis and perception in the susceptibility of citrus fruits to Penicillium digitatum infection and the accumulation of defence-related mRNAs." Journal of Experimental Botany 56, no. 418 (June 27, 2005): 2183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri218.

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Shivalik, Yatin, and Amit Goyal. "Treatment of Domestic Waste Water Using Organic Bio-Enzymes Extracted from Seasonal Citrus Fruits." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46327.

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Abstract: Humankind has significantly degraded the quality of the world's water supplies as a result of massive industrialization in emerging nations like India. Due to these high levels of pollution, not just humans but all other life forms are now at jeopardy from the water's quality. Several measures have been taken to preserve the ongoing cycle of survival as water is a necessity for all life forms to flourish. Researchers have been working on new methods for water reclamation for a several years already, focusing on biological or physical wastewater treatment rather than chemical treatment, which degrades the quality of groundwater and damages the ecosystem. The wastewater is digested for 3, 5, and 8 days by mixing it with (1:1000) bio enzyme solution. COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD (biological oxygen demand), alkalinity, pH, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, phosphorus, and e. coli were measured. Organic biocides were found to be capable of removing COD, BOD, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen from samples while lowering the phosphorus content to acceptable levels specified by Indian Standard Codes. There were no significant differences in the pH characteristics observed. Organic biocides can be used as a cost-effective option for wastewater treatment in both urban and rural areas to improve water quality and make it suitable for various agricultural uses.

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López-García, Belén, Luis González-Candelas, Enrique Pérez-Payá, and Jose F. Marcos. "Identification and Characterization of a Hexapeptide with Activity Against Phytopathogenic Fungi That Cause Postharvest Decay in Fruits." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, no. 8 (August 2000): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.8.837.

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A hexapeptide of amino acid sequence Ac-Arg-Lys-Thr-Trp-Phe-Trp-NH 2 was demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits. The peptide synthesized with either all D- or all L-amino acids inhibited the in vitro growth of strains of Penicillium italicum, P. digitatum, and Botrytis cinerea, with MICs of 60 to 80 μM and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 30 to 40 μM. The inhibitory activity of the peptide was both sequence- and fungus-specific since (i) sequence-related peptides lacked activity (including one with five residues identical to the active sequence), (ii) other filamentous fungi (including some that belong to the genus Penicillium) were insensitive to the peptide's antifungal action, and (iii) the peptide did not inhibit the growth of several yeast and bacterial strains assayed. Experiments on P. digitatum identified conidial germination as particularly sensitive to inhibition although mycelial growth was also affected. Our findings suggest that the inhibitory effect is initially driven by the electrostatic interaction of the peptide with fungal components. The antifungal peptide retarded the blue and green mold diseases of citrus fruits and the gray mold of tomato fruits under controlled inoculation conditions, thus providing evidence for the feasibility of using very short peptides in plant protection. This and previous studies with related peptides indicate some degree of peptide amino acid sequence and structure conservation associated with the antimicrobial activity, and suggest a general sequence layout for short antifungal peptides, consisting of one or two positively charged residues combined with aromatic amino acid residues.

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Nie, Zhengpeng, Chunpeng Wan, Chuying Chen, and Jinyin Chen. "Comprehensive Evaluation of the Postharvest Antioxidant Capacity of Majiayou Pomelo Harvested at Different Maturities Based on PCA." Antioxidants 8, no. 5 (May 17, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8050136.

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Majiayou pomelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck, MP) is a famous local red pulp pomelo from the Jiangxi province in China that is rich in natural active substances. In order to investigate the postharvest antioxidant capacities of MP pulp and determine the optimal harvesting time, fruits that were harvested at three different maturities (185, 200, and 215 days after full bloom) were observed for 180 days of preservation at ambient temperature. An abundance of ascorbic acid and lycopene in the MP pulp was found during storage, and in Harvest I, these substances were significantly higher than in Harvest II and Harvest III fruit (p < 0.05). The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and catalases (CAT) in Harvest I and Harvest II were far higher after 90 days. The radical scavenging ability of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion radical (O2−•), and hydroxyl radical (•OH) in Harvest I and Harvest II were higher. There was a significantly positive correlation (p < 0.01) between the antioxidant components (ascorbic acid, lycopene, carotenoids, total phenols, and total flavonoids), enzyme activity, and radical scavenging ability. The comprehensive scores determined by principal component analysis (PCA) in Harvest I and II were higher than those in Harvest III. Therefore, the optimal harvesting period of MP for each year is determined to be early November. The study provides a theoretical basis for the maintenance of the postharvest fruit value and the regulation of fruit functional components.

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Wang, Dawei, Wenpu Ma, Fu Wang, Jinlei Dong, Dan Wang, Bo Sun, and Bomin Wang. "Stimulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling to Improve Bone Development by Naringin via Interacting with AMPK and Akt." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 36, no. 4 (2015): 1563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430319.

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Background/Aims: Naringin is a naturally existing compound in citrus fruits and has been elucidated to promote bone development and maintenance. Methods: The biological roles of naringin were investigated in vitro using osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells, and in vivo through performing ovariectomy to mimic osteoporosis in female mice. Since Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in osteoblastogenesis, the effect of naringin on Wnt/β-catenin signaling was studied. Results: Naringin promoted the mRNA and protein expressions of β-catenin, and improved Ser552 phosphorylation on β-catenin in UMR-106 cells, which leads to the activation of lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)/ T-cell factor (TCF) transcription factors. The recruitments of protein kinase B (Akt) inhibitor (Akti-1/2) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor (Dorsomorphin) reduced the influence of naringin on β-catenin phosphorylation, suggesting naringin activates β-catenin via regulating Akt and AMPK. In ovariectomized (OVX) mice naringin treatment improved the bone strength while AMPK and Akt inhibitors partly reversed the effect, which further proved the involvements of Akt and AMPK in the action of naringin in vivo. Conclusion: Our study points to a novel finding on the mechanism of naringin in facilitating bone formation via Akt and AMPK signaling.

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Khan, Amjad, Muhammad Ikram, Jong Ryeal Hahm, and Myeong Ok Kim. "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Citrus Flavonoid Hesperetin: Special Focus on Neurological Disorders." Antioxidants 9, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070609.

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Neurodegenerative disorders have emerged as a serious health issue in the current era. The most common neurodegenerative disorders are Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases involve progressive impairment of neurodegeneration and memory impairment. A wide range of compounds have been identified as potential neuroprotective agents against different models of neurodegeneration both in vivo and in vitro. Hesperetin, a flavanone class of citrus flavonoid, is a derivative of hesperidin found in citrus fruits such as oranges, grapes, and lemons. It has been extensively reported that hesperetin exerts neuroprotective effects in experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this systematic review, we have compiled all the studies conducted on hesperetin in both in vivo and in vitro models of neurodegeneration. Here, we have used an approach to lessen the bias in each study, providing a least biased, broad understanding of findings and impartial conclusions of the strength of evidence and the reliability of findings. In this review, we collected different papers from a wide range of journals describing the beneficial effects of hesperetin on animal models of neurodegeneration. Our results demonstrated consistent neuroprotective effects of hesperetin against different models of neurodegeneration. In addition, we have summarized its underlying mechanisms. This study provides the foundations for future studies and recommendations of further mechanistic approaches to conduct preclinical studies on hesperetin in different models.

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Cioni, Emily, Chiara Migone, Roberta Ascrizzi, Beatrice Muscatello, Marinella De Leo, Anna Maria Piras, Ylenia Zambito, Guido Flamini, and Luisa Pistelli. "Comparing Metabolomic and Essential Oil Fingerprints of Citrus australasica F. Muell (Finger Lime) Varieties and Their In Vitro Antioxidant Activity." Antioxidants 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102047.

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Comparative chemical analyses among peel and pulp essential oils (EOs) and methanolic extracts of four Citrus australasica varieties (Red, Collette, Pink Ice, and Yellow Sunshine), and the hybrid Faustrime, were performed using GC-MS and UHPLC-DAD-HR-Orbitrap/ESI-MS. Peel and pulp extracts were also analysed for their in vitro antioxidant activity on a Balb/3T3 clone A31 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line. The results of peel and pulp EOs were mainly characterised by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. All peels displayed a higher total phenol content (TPC) than pulps, and consequently a greater antioxidant activity. Collette peels and Pink Ice pulps showed the highest amount of identified flavonoids (e.g., luteolin, isosakuranetin, and poncirin derivatives). Collette and Red peels were rich in anthocyanins (delphinidin and petunidin glycosides), exhibiting the maximum protective activity against induced oxidative damage. In conclusion, finger lime fruits are good sources of health-promoting phytocomplexes, with the Red, Collette, and Pink Ice varieties being the most promising.

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Heo, Seong, and Won-Pyo Park. "Effects of Nitrogen Deficiency and Resupply on the Absorption of Mineral Nutrients by Tangor Cultivar ‘Shiranuhi’ (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) Grown in a Hydroponic System." Plants 11, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11182351.

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Tangor (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) cultivars obtained through interspecific hybridization have gained popularity in various countries, including South Korea. However, tangor has a relatively short history of cultivation and thus has been less well researched in terms of physiology and opping technology compared to mandarin. In addition, although tangor grows more vigorously than mandarin and thus has high nutrient demands and longer harvest time, it is more prone to various physiological disorders. Furthermore, the demand for nutrients could vary depending on the cultivars even within the same species. Thus, the current study examined the effects of nitrogen deficiency and resupply on the uptake of mineral nutrients using a specific cultivar ‘Shiranuhi’ as a case study. In this study, the tangor cultivar ‘Shiranuhi’ was cultivated in a hydroponics system, which allows the control of nutrient contents, and changes in mineral nutrient contents under nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen resupply were examined. Based on this, the results show the straightforward relationship between nitrogen and other mineral nutrients under a hydroponic system applying the cultivation of tangor. This implies that the hydroponics system can be applied to tangor cultivation and efficiently and widely expanded in Northeast Asia, and the income of growers will increase through the production of high-quality fruits.

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Fideles, Simone Ortiz Moura, Adriana de Cássia Ortiz, Daniela Vieira Buchaim, Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira, Maria Júlia Bento Martins Parreira, Jéssica de Oliveira Rossi, Marcelo Rodrigues da Cunha, Alexandre Teixeira de Souza, Wendel Cleber Soares, and Rogerio Leone Buchaim. "Influence of the Neuroprotective Properties of Quercetin on Regeneration and Functional Recovery of the Nervous System." Antioxidants 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010149.

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Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid present in vegetables, fruits, and beverages, such as onions, apples, broccoli, berries, citrus fruits, tea, and red wine. Flavonoids have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, acting in the prevention of several diseases. Quercetin also has neuroprotective properties and may exert a beneficial effect on nervous tissue. In this literature review, we compiled in vivo studies that investigated the effect of quercetin on regeneration and functional recovery of the central and peripheral nervous system. In spinal cord injuries (SCI), quercetin administration favored axonal regeneration and recovery of locomotor capacity, significantly improving electrophysiological parameters. Quercetin reduced edema, neutrophil infiltration, cystic cavity formation, reactive oxygen species production, and pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, while favoring an increase in levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, minimizing tissue damage in SCI models. In addition, the association of quercetin with mesenchymal stromal cells transplantation had a synergistic neuroprotective effect on spinal cord injury. Similarly, in sciatic nerve injuries, quercetin favored and accelerated sensory and motor recovery, reducing muscle atrophy. In these models, quercetin significantly inhibited oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, favoring Schwann cell proliferation and nerve fiber remyelination, thus promoting a significant increase in the number and diameter of myelinated fibers. Although there is still a lack of clinical research, in vivo studies have shown that quercetin contributed to the recovery of neurological functions, exerting a beneficial effect on the regeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system.

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Lourkisti, Radia, Yann Froelicher, Raphaël Morillon, Liliane Berti, and Jérémie Santini. "Enhanced Photosynthetic Capacity, Osmotic Adjustment and Antioxidant Defenses Contribute to Improve Tolerance to Moderate Water Deficit and Recovery of Triploid Citrus Genotypes." Antioxidants 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030562.

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Currently, drought stress is a major issue for crop productivity, and future climate models predict a rise in frequency and severity of drought episodes. Polyploidy has been related to improved tolerance of plants to environmental stresses. In Citrus breeding programs, the use of triploidy is an effective way to produce seedless fruits, one of the greatest consumer expectations. The current study used physiological and biochemical parameters to assess the differential responses to moderate water deficit of 3x genotypes compared to 2x genotypes belonging to the same hybridization. Both parents, the mandarin Fortune and Ellendale tangor, were also included in the experimental design, while the 2x common clementine tree was used as reference. Water deficit affects leaf water status, as well as physiological and detoxification processes. Triploid genotypes showed a better ability to maintain water status through increased proline content and photosynthetic capacity. Moreover, less oxidative damage was associated with stronger antioxidant defenses in triploid genotypes. We also found that triploidy improved the recovery capacity after a water deficit episode.

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Leporini, Mariarosaria, Monica Rosa Loizzo, Vincenzo Sicari, Teresa Maria Pellicanò, Antonella Reitano, Annabelle Dugay, Brigitte Deguin, and Rosa Tundis. "Citrus × Clementina Hort. Juice Enriched with Its By-Products (Peels and Leaves): Chemical Composition, In Vitro Bioactivity, and Impact of Processing." Antioxidants 9, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040298.

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This work investigated a model for the reuse of Citrus × clementina Hort. by-products for the development of a functional drink able to exert antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, and hypolipidemic effects. Juice obtained from fruits collected in three different areas of Calabria (Italy) was analysed. C. × clementina juice from Corigliano Calabro (JF), characterized by the highest content of bioactive compounds and bioactivity, was chosen as a matrix to be enrichment with hydroalcoholic ultrasound-assisted maceration of C. × clementina leaf from Corigliano Calabro (CO2) and ethanol ultrasound-assisted maceration of C. × clementina peel from Cetraro (BC3) extracts at different concentrations. The highest phytochemical content and bioactivities were found in juice enriched with leaf and leaf + peel extracts, with particular reference to antioxidant activity. In order to estimate the effects of pasteurization, 20% (mg/100 mL) enriched juice was subjected to this process. Based on obtained data of bioactivity and sensorial analysis, C. × clementina by-products could be proposed as a promising source of bioactive compounds useful for the formulation of a functional drink for preventing diseases associated with oxidative stress such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.

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Iglesias, Domingo J., Manuel Cercós, José M. Colmenero-Flores, Miguel A. Naranjo, Gabino Ríos, Esther Carrera, Omar Ruiz-Rivero, et al. "Physiology of citrus fruiting." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 19, no. 4 (December 2007): 333–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202007000400006.

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Citrus is the main fruit tree crop in the world and therefore has a tremendous economical, social and cultural impact in our society. In recent years, our knowledge on plant reproductive biology has increased considerably mostly because of the work developed in model plants. However, the information generated in these species cannot always be applied to citrus, predominantly because citrus is a perennial tree crop that exhibits a very peculiar and unusual reproductive biology. Regulation of fruit growth and development in citrus is an intricate phenomenon depending upon many internal and external factors that may operate both sequentially and simultaneously. The elements and mechanisms whereby endogenous and environmental stimuli affect fruit growth are being interpreted and this knowledge may help to provide tools that allow optimizing production and fruit with enhanced nutritional value, the ultimate goal of the Citrus Industry. This article will review the progress that has taken place in the physiology of citrus fruiting during recent years and present the current status of major research topics in this area.

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Rojas-Lema, Sandra, Sergio Torres-Giner, Luis Quiles-Carrillo, Jaume Gomez-Caturla, Daniel Garcia-Garcia, and Rafael Balart. "On the Use of Phenolic Compounds Present in Citrus Fruits and Grapes as Natural Antioxidants for Thermo-Compressed Bio-Based High-Density Polyethylene Films." Antioxidants 10, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010014.

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This study originally explores the use of naringin (NAR), gallic acid (GA), caffeic acid (CA), and quercetin (QUER) as natural antioxidants for bio-based high-density polyethylene (bio-HDPE). These phenolic compounds are present in various citrus fruits and grapes and can remain in their leaves, peels, pulp, and seeds as by-products or wastes after juice processing. Each natural additive was first melt-mixed at 0.8 parts per hundred resin (phr) of bio-HDPE by extrusion and the resultant pellets were shaped into films by thermo-compression. Although all the phenolic compounds colored the bio-HDPE films, their contact transparency was still preserved. The chemical analyses confirmed the successful inclusion of the phenolic compounds in bio-HDPE, though their interaction with the green polyolefin matrix was low. The mechanical performance of the bio-HDPE films was nearly unaffected by the natural compounds, presenting in all cases a ductile behavior. Interestingly, the phenolic compounds successfully increased the thermo-oxidative stability of bio-HDPE, yielding GA and QUER the highest performance. In particular, using these phenolic compounds, the onset oxidation temperature (OOT) value was improved by 43 and 41.5 °C, respectively. Similarly, the oxidation induction time (OIT) value, determined in isothermal conditions at 210 °C, increased from 4.5 min to approximately 109 and 138 min. Furthermore, the onset degradation temperature in air of bio-HDPE, measured for the 5% of mass loss (T5%), was improved by up to 21 °C after the addition of NAR. Moreover, the GA- and CA-containing bio-HDPE films showed a high antioxidant activity in alcoholic solution due to their favored release capacity, which opens up novel opportunities in active food packaging. The improved antioxidant performance of these phenolic compounds was ascribed to the multiple presence of hydroxyl groups and aromatic heterocyclic rings that provide these molecules with the features to permit the delocalization and the scavenging of free radicals. Therefore, the here-tested phenolic compounds, in particular QUER, can represent a sustainable and cost-effective alternative of synthetic antioxidants in polymer and biopolymer formulations, for which safety and environmental issues have been raised over time.

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Lee, Jonghwa, Kyeonga Kim, Jemin Son, Hyeseon Lee, Jin Han Song, Taek Lee, Heungbae Jeon, et al. "Improved Productivity of Naringin Oleate with Flavonoid and Fatty Acid by Efficient Enzymatic Esterification." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020242.

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Naringin is a flavonoid found in citrus fruits. It exhibits biological activities, such as anticancer and antioxidant effects, but it suffers from low solubility and low stability in lipophilic systems. These drawbacks lead to difficulties in the commercial application of naringin, but they can be overcome through esterification. In this study, naringin oleate was synthesized by enzymatic esterification and optimal conditions for the reaction were investigated. Experiments were conducted focusing on the following parameters: enzyme type, enzyme concentration, molar ratio of naringin to oleic acid, reaction temperature, and reaction solvent. We further confirmed the degree of esterification based on the difference in the initial and the final naringin concentrations. A conversion of 93.10% was obtained under optimized conditions (Lipozyme TL IM 10 g/L, molar ratio 1:20, reaction temperature 40 °C, acetonitrile as solvent, and 48 h reaction time). Thus, naringin oleate, a high value-added material that overcomes the low hydrophobicity of naringin and enhances its performance, was obtained through esterification of naringin using oleic acid. This study presented a method for the efficient enzymatic synthesis that could ensure high conversion within a shorter reaction time compared with that required in previously reported methods.

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David, Iulia Gabriela, Simona Carmen Litescu, Raluca Moraru, Camelia Albu, Mihaela Buleandra, Dana Elena Popa, Sorin Riga, Adela Magdalena Ciobanu, and Hassan Noor. "Electroanalysis of Naringin at Electroactivated Pencil Graphite Electrode for the Assessment of Polyphenolics with Intermediate Antioxidant Power." Antioxidants 11, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122306.

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A simple and rapid differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method using a single-use electroactivated pencil graphite electrode (PGE*) is proposed for the rapid screening of the total content of polyphenolics (TCP) with intermediate antioxidant power (AOP) in grapefruit peel and fresh juice. The results were compared and correlated with those provided by the HPLC-DAD-MS method. NG voltammetric behavior at PGE* was studied by cyclic voltammetry and an oxidation mechanism was suggested. The experimental conditions (type of PGE, electroactivation procedure, pH, nature and concentration of supporting electrolyte) for NG DPV determination were optimized. The NG peak current varied linearly with the concentration in the ranges 1.40 × 10−6–2.00 × 10−5 and 2.00 × 10−5–1.40 × 10−4 mol/L NG and a limit of detection (LoD) of 6.02 × 10−7 mol/L NG was attained. The method repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation was 7.62% for the concentration level of 2.00 × 10−6 mol/L NG. After accumulation for 240 s of NG at PGE* the LoD was lowered to 1.35 × 10−7 mol/L NG, the linear range being 6.00 × 10−7–8.00 × 10−6 mol/L NG. The developed electrochemical system was successfully tested on real samples and proved to be a cost-effective tool for the simple estimation of the TCP with intermediate AOP in citrus fruits.

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48

Bussmann, Allan J. C., Tiago H. Zaninelli, Telma Saraiva-Santos, Victor Fattori, Carla F. S. Guazelli, Mariana M. Bertozzi, Ketlem C. Andrade, et al. "The Flavonoid Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone Targets Cytokines and Oxidative Stress to Reduce Diclofenac-Induced Acute Renal Injury: Contribution of the Nrf2 Redox-Sensitive Pathway." Antioxidants 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071261.

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Hesperidin is derived from citrus fruits among other plants. Hesperidin was methylated to increase its solubility, generating hesperidin methyl chalcone (HMC), an emerging flavonoid that possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a powerful regulator of cellular resistance to oxidant products. Previous data evidenced HMC can activate Nrf2 signaling, providing antioxidant protection against diverse pathological conditions. However, its effects on kidney damage caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have not been evaluated so far. Mice received a nephrotoxic dose of diclofenac (200 mg/kg) orally followed by intra-peritoneal (i.p.) administration of HMC (0.03–3 mg/kg) or vehicle. Plasmatic levels of urea, creatinine, oxidative stress, and cytokines were assessed. Regarding the kidneys, oxidative parameters, cytokine production, kidney swelling, urine NGAL, histopathology, and Nrf2 mRNA expression and downstream targets were evaluated. HMC dose-dependently targeted diclofenac systemic alterations by decreasing urea and creatinine levels, and lipid peroxidation, as well as IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-33 production, and restored antioxidant properties in plasma samples. In kidney samples, HMC re-established antioxidant defenses, inhibited lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulated IL-10, reduced kidney swelling, urine NGAL, and histopathological alterations. Additionally, HMC induced mRNA expression of Nrf2 and its downstream effectors HO-1 and Nqo1, as well as reduced the levels of Keap1 protein detected in renal tissue. The present data demonstrate HMC is a potential compound for the treatment of acute renal damage caused by diclofenac, a routinely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

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Jeong, Seon Ae, Changwon Yang, Jisoo Song, Gwonhwa Song, Wooyoung Jeong, and Whasun Lim. "Hesperidin Suppresses the Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing Oxidative Stress and Disrupting Ca2+ Homeostasis." Antioxidants 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091633.

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Although androgen deprivation therapy is mainly used for its treatment, the mortality rate of prostate cancer remains high due to drug resistance. Hence, there is a need to discover new compounds that exhibit therapeutic effects against prostate cancer with minimum side effects. Hesperidin is a flavonoid carbohydrate isolated from citrus fruits. It has antiproliferative effects in various cancer types; however, whether it can modulate cell proliferation by modulating the key targets of cancer therapy, including intracellular signaling pathways and oxidative stress, remains unknown. Therefore, we confirmed that hesperidin suppressed the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, PC3 and DU145. Hesperidin induced cell death by regulating the cell cycle and inhibited the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a cell proliferation marker. Hesperidin also promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species and induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and endoplasmic reticulum stress in prostate cancer cells. Moreover, as hesperidin increased Ca2+ levels in prostate cancer cells, we co-treated the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor inhibitor, 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borate (2-APB), with hesperidin. Notably, 2-APB restored cell proliferation, which was reduced to control levels by hesperidin. In addition, hesperidin inhibited the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Hesperidin also enhanced the anticancer effects of the chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, in both PC3 and DU145 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that hesperidin can be used as a potential therapeutic adjuvant in prostate cancer as it can inhibit cell proliferation by mediating oxidative stress and increasing Ca2+ levels.

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50

Gomes, Francielly R., Cláudia D. M. Rodrigues, Angelita L. S. L. Ragagnin, Bruna S. Gomes, Gabriel S. Costa, Isabelly da S. Gonçalves, João P. S. M. Guimarães, et al. "Genetic Diversity and Characterization of Sweet Lemon (Citrus limetta) Fruits." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 8 (July 15, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n8p181.

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Citrus fruit tree has great importance in Brazil. Despite having many commercial cultivars, the lemon crop in Brazil is basically from “Tahiti” cultivar and there is a lack of studies about the characterization and assay of genetic diversity of sweet lemon (Citrus limetta) fruits. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize and evaluate the genetic diversity from nine stock plants produced in Porto Nacional-TO. Fruits in fully physiologic ripening were harvested and evaluated for weight, length, diameter, juice yield, soluble solids content, and color of peel and pulp. The experimental design was completely randomized with 9 treatments (stock plants) and five replications. For the characterization, the data were subjected to Tukey’s test and similarity measure and clustering of the stock plants were performed by Tocher’s method and UPGMA dendrogram. Weight, length, and diameter of all stock plants have not differed from each other. The coordinate b* indicated that stock plant 1 had fruits with peel and pulp clear when compared to the yellow color of the other stock plants. There was genetic diversity between the assessed stock plants and three groups were created, which stock plant 1 and 2 were the most divergent and compose group 3, according to Tocher’s method. The features contributed similarly to total variation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Citrus fruits Physiology'

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