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Journal articles on the topic 'Citrate electrolyte'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Deribo, Svitlana Hermanivna, Serhii Anatoliiovych Leshchenko, Valrii Pavlovych Gomozov, and Yuliia Ivanivna Kovalenko. "ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION OF TIN–ZINC ALLOY FROM CITRATE–AMMONIA ELECTROLYTE." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, no. 1(5) (May 15, 2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0821.2021.01.10.

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The cathodic processes of electrochemical deposition of a tin–zinc alloy in citrate–ammonia electrolytes have been investigated. The content of the main components of the investigated electrolyte (g/dm3): SnCl2·2H2O – 44, ZnO – 4, NH4Cl – 100, Na3C6H5O7 – 100. Wood glue (1.5 g/dm3) and neonol (4 ml/dm3) were added to the electrolyte as surfactants. It was found that high–quality coatings are deposited without heating and stirring only in the pH range from 6,0 to 7,0. The addition of these substances to the electrolyte is predicted to lead to inhibition of the reduction of metals, an improvement in the crystal structure of the deposit, but decreases the cathodic current efficiency. Hull cell studies showed that an electrolyte containing neonol as a surfactant showed better throwing power compared to other solutions. The dependence of the current efficiency of the alloy on the cathode current density showed that in the range of current densities from 0.5 A/dm2 to 4 A/dm2, the current efficiency decreases nonlinearly from 82 % to 52 %. The experimentally obtained dependence of the zinc content in the alloy on the cathodic current density showed the possibility of obtaining alloys with a zinc content of 8 % to 33 %. The obtained results allowed us to determine that for the deposition of an alloy with a zinc content of 20–25 %, which provides the best anti–corrosion properties of the coating, it is necessary to carry out the process at a cathodic current density of 1,5–2,0 A/dm2, while the current efficiency is about 70 %, and the deposition rate alloy is 0,44–0,54 μm/min. The received coatings have a semi–bright appearance, a fine–grained structure, light gray color, they are strongly adhered to the substrate.

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2

Zrinski, Ivana, Cezarina Cela Mardare, Luiza-Izabela Jinga, Jan Philipp Kollender, Gabriel Socol, Alexey Minenkov, Achim Walter Hassel, and Andrei Ionut Mardare. "Electrolyte-Dependent Modification of Resistive Switching in Anodic Hafnia." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030666.

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Anodic HfO2 memristors grown in phosphate, borate, or citrate electrolytes and formed on sputtered Hf with Pt top electrodes are characterized at fundamental and device levels. The incorporation of electrolyte species deep into anodic memristors concomitant with HfO2 crystalline structure conservation is demonstrated by elemental analysis and atomic scale imaging. Upon electroforming, retention and endurance tests are performed on memristors. The use of borate results in the weakest memristive performance while the citrate demonstrates clear superior memristive properties with multilevel switching capabilities and high read/write cycling in the range of 106. Low temperature heating applied to memristors shows a direct influence on their behavior mainly due to surface release of water. Citrate-based memristors show remarkable properties independent on device operation temperatures up to 100 °C. The switching dynamic of anodic HfO2 memristors is discussed by analyzing high resolution transmission electron microscope images. Full and partial conductive filaments are visualized, and apart from their modeling, a concurrency of filaments is additionally observed. This is responsible for the multilevel switching mechanism in HfO2 and is related to device failure mechanisms.

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3

Hapon, Yuliana, Dmytro Tregubov, Olena Tarakhno, and Victoriia Deineka. "Technology оf Safe Galvanochemical Process оf Strong Platings Forming Using Ternary Alloy." Materials Science Forum 1006 (August 2020): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1006.233.

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Established the possibility of galvanochemical obtaining of a plating stronger than in case of chrome precipitation. Proposed precipitation of ternary alloy Co-Мо-W, which allows using the effect of synergism. Proposed and researched usage instead of sulphate-anhydride electrolyte – citrate-diphosphate and ammonia-citrate one. Achieved an increase in current efficiency of precipitated alloy and decrease in current efficiency of hydrogen, with respect to chrome precipitation, which increased safety of the galvanochemical industry. Selected the optimal ratios of components in citrate-diphosphate and ammonia-citrate electrolytes for ternary alloy Co-Мо-W precipitation. Determined the parameters of electrical effect for the galvanic process: constant current – j = 2–8 А/dm2, pulse unipolar current – j = 4–20 А/дм2. Achieved a high microhardness of this plating and high adhesion to base surface. Achieved greater safety of the galvanochemical technological process of ternary alloy Co-Мо-W application compared with chromium plating.

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4

Sreekanth, D., N. Rameshbabu, K. Ramaswamy Choudary, and K. Prasad Rao. "The Role of Electrolyte Additives on the Corrosion Behavior of Ceramic Coatings Formed on ZM21 Magnesium Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.683.

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The present study emphasizes the effect of addition of sodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7.2H2O) and sodium tungstate (Na2WO4.2H2O) to a silicate based electrolyte system on the corrosion behavior of PEO treated ZM21 magnesium alloy. The phase composition of the as-developed coating was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, while its surface morphology, thickness and elemental distribution were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Potentiodynamic polarization tests were done in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution to analyze the corrosion behavior of the ceramic coatings in simulated marine environment. The results of XRD showed that the phase composition of all coatings comprised of Mg2SiO4 and MgO irrespective of the additive used. In addition to Mg, Si and O, the presence of W, C in EDS spectrum indicated that these elements were incorporated into the coating from the electrolyte system containing tungstate and citrate. The corrosion test results revealed that the PEO coatings obtained in tungstate containing electrolyte solution showed higher corrosion resistance than those formed in citrate containing electrolyte solution.

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5

Krasikov, A. V., A. D. Bykova, M. V. Merkulova, and M. A. Markov. "Electrochemical deposition of nanocrystalline Ni–W coatings from citrate electrolytes." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 1(101) (May 3, 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2020-101-1-111-117.

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In this paper, requirements for wear-resistant coatings of Ni–40%W manufactured by electrochemical deposition are determined, and the electrolyte stability is studied. The influence of temperature and current density on the deposition of the Ni–W alloy from a citrate electrolyte was researched, and the optimal deposition mode was found. The maximum operating time of the electrolyte is established by the dependence of the current efficiency for the Ni–W alloy on the electric power transmission. The necessity of using membrane electrolyzers during the deposition of nickel-tungsten coatings is substantiated.

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6

Ved’, M. V., N. D. Sakhnenko, A. V. Karakurchi, and S. I. Zyubanova. "Electrodeposition of iron-molybdenum coatings from citrate electrolyte." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 87, no. 3 (March 2014): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427214030057.

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7

Yapontseva, Yu S., V. S. Kublanovsky, and O. A. Vyshnevskyi. "Electrodeposition of CoMoRe alloys from a citrate electrolyte." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 766 (October 2018): 894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.018.

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8

Havrylova, A. A., S. V. Surovitskiy, and A. O. Maizelis. "ZINC AND NICKEL CODEPOSITION IN PYROPHOSPHATE-CITRATE ELECTROLYTE." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Technical Sciences, no. 4 (2021): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-5941/2021.4/28.

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9

Peng, Cheng, Ting Ting Huang, and Yi Xiong Zheng. "Comparative Study on Preparation and Properties of BaZr_0.8Y_0.2O_3-_δ Solid Electrolyte." Key Engineering Materials 591 (November 2013): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.591.240.

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The preparation of the BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ solid electrolyte obtained by a nitrate-citrate combustion is reported. This synthesis method is compared with solid state reaction. The phase formation process was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phase evolution during the gel-combustion process and solid state process as a function of heat-treatment temperature was also studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). When using nitrate-citrate combustion method a pure phase was formed at 800°C, which is much lower than that of conventional solid state reaction (at 1200°C). The sinterability of electrolyte powder was also investigated. At 1700°C very dense pellets can be obtained for both samples. The conductivity of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ (BZY20)electrolyte prepared using two different processes was measured by AC impedance spectroscopy. Impedance spectra analyses showed that the grain boundary conductivity is much lower than that of the bulk for BZY20. Furthermore, the grain-boundary resistance of the BZY20 prepared via nitrate-citrate combustion process was reduced markedly compared to that of the BZY20 prepared by conventional solid state reaction.

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10

Jugović, B. Z., T. Lj Trišović, J. S. Stevanović, M. M. Gvozdenović, and B. N. Grgur. "Citrate-based zinc–polyaniline secondary cell: part I: optimization of the citrate/chloride electrolyte." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 39, no. 12 (June 19, 2009): 2521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-9946-7.

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11

van Bommel, Erik J. M., Frank Geurts, Marcel H. A. Muskiet, Adrian Post, Stephan J. L. Bakker, A. H. Jan Danser, Daan J. Touw, et al. "SGLT2 inhibition versus sulfonylurea treatment effects on electrolyte and acid–base balance: secondary analysis of a clinical trial reaching glycemic equipoise: Tubular effects of SGLT2 inhibition in Type 2 diabetes." Clinical Science 134, no. 23 (December 2020): 3107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20201274.

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Abstract Sodium–glucose transporter (SGLT)2 inhibitors increase plasma magnesium and plasma phosphate and may cause ketoacidosis, but the contribution of improved glycemic control to these observations as well as effects on other electrolytes and acid–base parameters remain unknown. Therefore, our objective was to compare the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors dapagliflozin and sulfonylurea gliclazide on plasma electrolytes, urinary electrolyte excretion, and acid–base balance in people with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). We assessed the effects of dapagliflozin and gliclazide treatment on plasma electrolytes and bicarbonate, 24-hour urinary pH and excretions of electrolytes, ammonium, citrate, and sulfate in 44 metformin-treated people with T2D and preserved kidney function. Compared with gliclazide, dapagliflozin increased plasma chloride by 1.4 mmol/l (95% CI 0.4–2.4), plasma magnesium by 0.03 mmol/l (95% CI 0.01–0.06), and plasma sulfate by 0.02 mmol/l (95% CI 0.01–0.04). Compared with baseline, dapagliflozin also significantly increased plasma phosphate, but the same trend was observed with gliclazide. From baseline to week 12, dapagliflozin increased the urinary excretion of citrate by 0.93 ± 1.72 mmol/day, acetoacetate by 48 μmol/day (IQR 17–138), and β-hydroxybutyrate by 59 μmol/day (IQR 0–336), without disturbing acid–base balance. In conclusion, dapagliflozin increases plasma magnesium, chloride, and sulfate compared with gliclazide, while reaching similar glucose-lowering in people with T2D. Dapagliflozin also increases urinary ketone excretion without changing acid–base balance. Therefore, the increase in urinary citrate excretion by dapagliflozin may reflect an effect on cellular metabolism including the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This potentially contributes to kidney protection.

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12

Yaskelchik, V. V., M. V. Ananyev, T. N. Ostanina, N. I. Ostanin, I. M. Zharskiy, and A. A. Chernik. "SEDIMENTATION OF ULTRADISPERSED DIAMONDS IN CITRATE COPPER PLATING ELECTROLYTE." Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional’nye Pokrytiya (Universitiesʹ Proceedings. Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings), no. 4 (January 1, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2017-4-53-61.

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13

Kuznetsov, V. V., K. E. Golyanin, and T. V. Pshenichkina. "Electrodeposition of iron-molybdenum alloy from ammonia-citrate electrolyte." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 48, no. 11 (November 2012): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1023193512110109.

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14

Yapontseva, Yu S., T. V. Maltseva, V. S. Kublanovsky, and O. A. Vyshnevskyi. "Electrdeposition of CoWRe alloys from polyligand citrate-pyrophosphate electrolyte." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 803 (September 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.250.

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15

Schots, J., H. De Raeve, A. Boeyckens, V. Umbrain, F. Verbeek, and F. K. Gorus. "Method-Dependent Differences in Apparent Sodium Concentrations in Plasma after Exchange Transfusions with Citrated Blood." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.4.558.

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Abstract Shortly after exchange transfusions (n = 7) with citrate-dextrose-phosphate (CDP)-treated blood, but not after regular transfusions (n = 9), sodium concentrations in plasma were significantly and paradoxically lower (3-10 mmol/L) by Ektachem 700 XR determination [with use of electrolyte reference fluid (ERF) generation 00] than by flame photometry. Similar between-method differences could also be generated by in vitro supplementation of plasma pools with CDP solution, with trisodium citrate, or to a lesser extent with Na2HPO4. For four potentiometric methods the analytical recovery of sodium added as CDP was significantly lower than by flame photometry. Within each potentiometric method the recovery was also less than the value for sodium added as NaCl. A significant association of sodium ions with citrate3- ions and, to a lesser extent, HPO4(2-) ions could theoretically account for at least part of the observations, conferring greater medical relevance to potentiometric measurements in this particular clinical situation.

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16

Costa, Juliana Moura, and João Bruno Soares. "Symptomatic Hyponatremia after Bowel Preparation: Report of Two Cases and Literature Review." Acta Médica Portuguesa 30, no. 11 (November 29, 2017): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.8794.

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Introduction: Bowel preparation for colonoscopy and/or colorectal surgery can cause electrolyte imbalances. The risk of electrolyte imbalances seems to be related to the type of bowel cleansing solution, age of patients and comorbidities.Case Report: We report two cases of symptomatic hyponatremia (focal neurological signs and coma) after bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate for colonoscopy. In both cases, symptoms related to hyponatremia rapidly disappeared after sodium level correction with intravenous administration of hypertonic saline (3% NaCl).Discussion: Electrolyte imbalances are more common with sodium phosphate-based solutions (NaP) and sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate, in patients older than 65, in patients treated with thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, betablockers or antidepressants and in gastrectomized patients. These patients should use macrogol-based solutions (polyethylene glycol).Conclusion: In patients at risk (patient > 65 years old, patients taking thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers and antidepressants and with previous gastrectomy) we recommend macrogol-based solutions.

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17

Pushpa, B. P., and C. Kempanna. "Development of Hypotonic Electrolyte Rehydration Drinks from Paneer and Cheese Whey." Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 56, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2019.56.1.20813.

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In the present study, development of electrolyte drinks from paneer and cheese whey was carried out by enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose to simple sugars and formulating the sugar to salt ratio to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) requirements (245 mOsmol/L) for Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS). Lactose hydrolyzed whey was diluted (1: 2.3 v/v) using potable quality demineralised water to achieve reduction in osmolarity of 75 mOsmol/L. The salt concentration was adjusted by adding 3.25 g sodium chloride and 0.8 g potassium chloride for paneer whey (per L) and 2.5 g sodium chloride, 0.9 g of potassium chloride and 1.5 g of trisodium citrate for cheese whey (per L) to meet Na, K and citrate levels in the resultant whey drink as per WHO requirement. Other additives used in developing hypotonic electrolyte whey drink from lactose hydrolyzed whey systems were sucralose (sweetener), citric acid (acidulant), orange flavour and orange colour. The formulated hypotonic electrolyte whey based drink had significantly higher sensory scores when compared to the scores of two commercial orange flavour ORS drinks. Cheese whey based electrolyte drink was superior over paneer whey based electrolyte drink in sensory characteristics; former drink had better consistency and mouth feel.

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18

Trakarnvanich, Thananda, Saowanee Thirathanakul, Nongnaphat Sriphueng, Pathitta Thumrongthongjaroon, Sathit Kurathong, Tanun Ngamvichchukorn, and Thananda Trakarnvanich. "The Effect of Citrate on Clot Formation, Dialyzer Reuse, and Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients." Blood Purification 47, no. 4 (December 13, 2018): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495025.

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Background: Citrate anticoagulation is increasingly favored for preventing extracorporeal circuit clotting during renal replacement therapy. This study tested the effect of citrate compared with acetate on heparin avoidance and other parameters. Methods: Sixty-one chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients were switched from conventional dialysis fluid (acetate) to citrate dialysis fluid and were treated in 3 phases, each lasting 4 weeks: 50%, 25%, and no heparin. Visual clotting score, erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) dose, and laboratory parameters were measured. Results: Except for 2 episodes of clotting, the same dialyzers were used throughout each citrate phase. The mean visual clotting scores were comparable across study periods. Hemoglobin decreased slightly in phase 2 despite the constant ESA dose. The ionized calcium levels rose after HD in most sessions. No adverse events occurred during citrate dialysis. Conclusion: During citrate dialysis in chronic HD patients, heparin can be completely avoided. The electrolyte levels, the adequacy of dialysis, and hemoglobin can be maintained without significant adverse events.

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19

Chen, Shao-Feng, and Hongyin Zhang. "Stability and sedimentation of silver nanoparticles in the presence of monovalent, divalent and trivalent electrolyte solutions." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (May 24, 2014): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.238.

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The present study seeks to elucidate the effect of different electrolytes on the stability of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles synthesized by the reduction of the Ag(NH3)2+ complex via Tollens’ method. Time-resolved dynamic light scattering technique was used to measure the aggregation behavior of the nanoparticles over a range of electrolyte (NaCl, CaCl2, and AlCl3) concentrations. From the aggregation kinetic data, the critical coagulation concentration values were calculated as 0.11, 1.7 × 10−3, and 5.06 × 10−6M for NaCl, CaCl2, and AlCl3, respectively. Supernatant of the nanoparticle suspension in presence of the three electrolytes was collected and measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify the sedimentation. It was found that the silver nanoparticle aggregates settled rapidly in the slow aggregation and fast aggregation regimes. Their sedimentation followed a nanoparticle size-dependent manner.

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20

Karabanov, Sergey M., Yulia M. Stryuchkova, Dmitriy V. Suvorov, Gennadiy P. Gololobov, Dmitry Yu Tarabrin, Nikolay B. Rybin, and Evgeniy V. Slivkin. "Electrodeposition of Ni-Mo Defect-Free Alloy from Ammonium-Citrate Electrolyte in Pulse Current Mode." MRS Advances 2, no. 58-59 (2017): 3585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.474.

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ABSTRACT Electrodeposition in pulse current mode of nickel-molybdenum alloy on a nickel substrate was studied. The range of current density variation from 2 to 9 A/dm2 was investigated. The range of pulse and pause step lengths is from tens to hundreds of milliseconds. SEM-images of applied coatings surfaces are obtained. The method of energy dispersive spectroscopy determined that the molybdenum content in the coating is 21-24 wt%. It was found that under transient pulse mode of electrolysis, with the pulse step corresponding to hundreds of milliseconds, the most rigid and smooth coatings of the electrolytic nickel-molybdenum alloy are obtained from ammonium-citrate electrolyte. It is shown that the percentage of nickel in the alloy does not depend on the electrolysis mode.

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21

Yaskelchik, V. V., M. V. Ananyev, T. N. Ostanina, N. I. Ostanin, I. M. Zharskiy, and A. A. Chernik. "Sedimentation of Ultradispersed Diamonds in the Citrate Copper-Plating Electrolyte." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 60, no. 1 (January 2019): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1067821219010152.

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22

Gvozdenović, M. M., B. Z. Jugović, T. Lj Trišović, J. S. Stevanović, and B. N. Grgur. "Electrochemical characterization of polyaniline electrode in ammonium citrate containing electrolyte." Materials Chemistry and Physics 125, no. 3 (February 2011): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.10.011.

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23

Obradović, M. D., R. M. Stevanović, and A. R. Despić. "Electrochemical deposition of Ni–W alloys from ammonia–citrate electrolyte." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 552 (July 2003): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(03)00151-7.

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24

Bonhôte, Ch, and D. Landolt. "Microstructure of NiCu multilayers electrodeposited from a citrate electrolyte." Electrochimica Acta 42, no. 15 (January 1997): 2407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(97)82474-7.

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25

Moussa, S. O., M. A. M. Ibrahim, and S. S. Abd El Rehim. "Induced electrodeposition of tungsten with nickel from acidic citrate electrolyte." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 36, no. 3 (October 25, 2005): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-005-9069-8.

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26

Janusz, Władysław, and Ewa Skwarek. "Comparison of Oxalate, Citrate and Tartrate Ions Adsorption in the Hydroxyapatite/Aqueous Electrolyte Solution System." Colloids and Interfaces 4, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids4040045.

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The kinetics of adsorption/desorption of oxalate, citrate and tartrate anions was investigated using hydroxyapatite from solutions at the initial concentrations of 0.000001 and 0.001 mol/dm3 anions. The adsorption process from a solution with a concentration of 0.001 mol/dm3 takes place in three stages and is well described by the multiexponential equation of adsorption kinetics. The process of tartrate and citrate ion desorption after increasing the pH to 10 is irreversible, while the oxalate ions undergo significant desorption with the increasing pH. The adsorption of oxalate ions decreases with the increasing pH. This effect is weaker in the adsorption of citrate and tartrate ions. Ion adsorption studies were supplemented with the measurements of zeta potential, FTIR and particle distribution of hydroxyapatite particles.

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27

Janusz, Wladyslaw, Anita Sędłak, and Marlena Matysek-Nawrocka. "Experimental Study of the Co-Adsorption of Cadmium and Citrate Ions onto a TiO2 (Anatase)/Electrolyte Solution Interface." Adsorption Science & Technology 26, no. 8 (October 2008): 599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026361708788059875.

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A study of the co-adsorption of cadmium and citrate ions onto the mono-dispersed TiO2 (anatase)/NaClO4 aqueous solution interface is presented. The influence of ionic strength and pH on the adsorption of cadmium and citrate ions in this system was investigated. The surface charge density, the ζ-potential and adsorption-edge (or envelope) parameters such as pH50% and ΔpH10–90% were also determined for different concentrations of adsorbed ions. The presence of citrate anions increased the adsorption of Cd(II) ions at low pH values but led to a corresponding decrease at high pH values. The influence of pH on the shapes of the corresponding adsorption isotherms for citrate anions was characteristic of that for anion adsorption onto metal oxides; this is referred to as the “adsorption envelope”.

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28

Leenheer, Andrew J., Alexander Miedaner, Calvin J. Curtis, Maikel F. A. M. van Hest, and David S. Ginley. "Fabrication of nanoporous titania on glass and transparent conducting oxide substrates by anodization of titanium films." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 3 (March 2007): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0078.

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Nanoporous titania (TiO2) or titania nanotubes could provide a continuous nanostructured electron-conducting anode for organic photovoltaics. In this work, nanoporous titania was formed by anodizing thin films of titanium on both glass and transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrates. Titanium thin films (500–700 nm) were deposited by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Films were anodized in acidic electrolytes containing small amounts of hydrofluoric acid (HF) at constant voltages ranging from 7 to 15 V. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed a nanoporous structure. Nanoporous titania structures were grown on glass in an electrolyte containing sulfuric acid, trisodium citrate, and potassium fluoride, with pore diameters around 50 nm. Analyzing the films at different anodization times, the stages of nanopore formation were elucidated. Additionally, nanoporous titania was formed on a TCO substrate by anodizing in an electrolyte containing acetic acid and hydrofluoric acid. While not completely transparent, the nanoporous titania is promising for use in organic photovoltaics.

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Yar-Mukhamedova, G., M. Ved’, I. Yermolenko, N. Sakhnenko, A. Karakurkchi, and A. Kemelzhanova. "Effect of Electrodeposition Parameters on the Composition and Surface Topography of Nanostructured Coatings by Tungsten with Iron and Cobalt." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 22, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj926.

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The electrodeposition of binary and ternary coatings Fe-W and Fe-Co-W from mono ligand citrate electrolyte has been investigated. The Fe-Co-W coatings were formed from electrolytes, which composition differs in the ratio of the concentrations of the alloying components and the ligand content. The investigation results indicate a competitive reduction of iron, cobalt and tungsten, the nature of which depends both on the ratio of electrolyte components, and electrolysis parameters. The effect of both current density amplitude and pulse on off time on quality, composition and surface morphology of the galvanic alloys was determined. Coatings deposited on a direct current with a density of more than 6.5 A/dm2, crack and peel off from the substrate due to the inclusion of Fe (III) compounds containing hydroxide anions. The use of non-stationary electrolysis allows us to extend the working range of current density to 8.0 A/dm2 and form electrolytic coatings of sufficient quality with significant current efficiency and the content of the refractory component. The presence of the Co7W6, Fe7W6, α-Fe, and Fe3C phases detected in the Fe-Co-W deposits reflects the competition between the alloying metals reducing from hetero-nuclear complexes. The surface of binary and ternary coatings is characterized by the presence of spherical agglomerates and is more developed in comparison with steel substrate. The parameters Ra and Rq for electrolytic alloy Fe-W are of 0.1, for Fe-Co-W are 0.3, which exceeds the performance of a polished steel substrate (Ra = 0.007 and Rq = 0.010). These properties prospect such alloys as a multifunctional layer are associated with structural features, surface morphology, and phase composition.

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Yang, Jing, Zhi Yu Yan, Bing Sun, and Qiao Min Wang. "Study on the Formation of Nanometer Silver Sol by Micro Arc Discharge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.8.

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A preparation of nanometer silver sol by micro arc discharge has been study here through the reduction of Ag3PO4. Sodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone were added respectively into the electrolyte as stabilizer. The results show that, the Ag3PO4 concentration, stabilizer type and concentration have great impacts on the formation of the nanometer silver sol. By means of UV-VIS extinction spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer, it is found that the solid powder extracted from the electrolyte solution after discharge is the aggregation of the silver formed in the solution and their original size maybe less than 20nm. Nanometer silver with smaller size and narrower size distribution can be obtained with sodium citrate as stabilizer than with polyvinylpyrrolidone. But the latter has higher conversion rate. From this experiment, we found that micro arc discharge can be a rapid, stable preparation method of nanometer silver sol.

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31

Sebben, Damien A., Stephanie V. MacWilliams, Long Yu, Patrick T. Spicer, Vincent Bulone, Marta Krasowska, and David A. Beattie. "Influence of Aqueous Phase Composition on Double Emulsion Stability and Colour Retention of Encapsulated Anthocyanins." Foods 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010034.

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Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) emulsions (double emulsions) have often been used for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins. Instability of both anthocyanins and double emulsions creates a need for a tailored composition of the aqueous phase. In this work, double emulsions with a gelled internal water phase were produced and monitored over a 20-day storage period. The effect of the electrolyte phase composition (varying electrolyte components, including adipic acid, citric acid, and varying concentration of potassium chloride (KCl)) on anthocyanin and double emulsion stability was analysed using colour analysis, droplet sizing, and emulsion rheology. The effect of electrolytes on colour retention was shown to differ between the primary W1/O emulsion and the secondary W1/O/W2 emulsion. Furthermore, droplet size analysis and emulsion rheology highlighted significant differences in the stability and structural behaviour of the emulsions as a function of electrolyte composition. In terms of colour retention and emulsion stability, a citrate-buffered system performed best. The results of this study highlight the importance of strict control of aqueous phase constituents to prevent anthocyanin degradation and maximise double emulsion stability. Additional experiments analysed the effect of pectin chemistry on the anthocyanin colour retention and leakage, finding no conclusive difference between the unmodified and amidated pectin.

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32

Kaseem, Mosab, Burak Dikici, and Hongfei Liu. "Improving the Chemical Stability of Al Alloy through the Densification of the Alumina Layer Assisted by SiF62− Anion Hydrolysis." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081354.

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In this work, a high-density alumina layer with high chemical stability was successfully developed by controlling the hydrolysis of hexafluorosilicate (SiF62−) anions through the addition of various concentrations of sodium citrate (SCi) into the electrolyte of plasma electrolysis (PE). To achieve this aim, the substrate samples were anodized in alkaline aluminate–SiF62−-based electrolytes with 0, 5, and 10 g/L of SCi. The presence of SCi anions in the electrolyte led to the formation of a thick adsorbed electrochemical double layer (EDL) on the substrate surface. The EDL not only affected the movement of SiF62− anions towards the anode but also influenced their hydrolysis reaction, which in turn led to a controllable sealing of structural defects with the hydrolysis products, namely SiO2 and AlF3. Among three different oxide layers, the oxide layer obtained from the electrolyte with 5 g/L SCi showed the highest chemical stability in a corrosive solution, which was linked to the fact that a considerable increase in the compactness of the oxide layers was obtained by the incorporation of SiO2 and AlF3. The mechanism underlying the effects of SCi on triggering the hydrolysis of SiF62− anions and factors affecting chemical stability are discussed based on the experimental data and computational analysis.

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Karakurkchi, A. V., M. V. Ved’, I. Yu Yermolenko, and N. D. Sakhnenko. "Electrochemical deposition of Fe–Mo–W alloy coatings from citrate electrolyte." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 52, no. 1 (January 2016): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375516010087.

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Wang, Qian, Jiaxi Wang, Shuai Li, Wankai Wang, Xia Zhao, Huixia Feng, and Heming Luo. "Electrochemical performance of mesoporous carbon FBNC-700 in sodium citrate electrolyte." Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 17, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13738-019-01765-5.

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35

Kuznetsov, V. V., Z. V. Bondarenko, T. V. Pshenichkina, N. V. Morozova, and V. N. Kudryavtsev. "Electrodeposition of a cobalt-molybdenum alloy from an ammonia-citrate electrolyte." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 43, no. 3 (March 2007): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1023193507030135.

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36

Sinkeviciute, Dovile, Jonas Baltrusaitis, and Nijole Dukstiene. "Layered molybdenum oxide thin films electrodeposited from sodium citrate electrolyte solution." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 15, no. 4 (July 21, 2010): 711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-010-1137-2.

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37

Mariño, C., J. Basbus, J. A. Alonso, and L. Troncoso. "Structural characterization and electrochemical properties of (La,Sr)(Al,Mg)O4−δ perovskites." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 27 (2020): 11608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj01682a.

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LaSrAl_1−xMg_xO_4−δ (x = 0.0–0.3) layered perovskites were synthesized by a nitrate–citrate route followed by annealing in air at 1100 °C, and studied as potential electrolyte materials in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).

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Oguejiofor, Patrick, Robert Chow, Kenneth Yim, and Bernard G. Jaar. "Successful Management of Refractory Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis with Amiloride." Case Reports in Nephrology 2017 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8596169.

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A 28-year-old female with history of hypothyroidism, Sjögren’s Syndrome, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) presented with complaints of severe generalized weakness, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. Physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory test showed hypokalemia at 1.6 mmol/l, nonanion metabolic acidosis with HCO3 of 11 mmol/l, random urine pH of 7.0, and urine anion gap of 8 mmol/l. CT scan of the abdomen revealed bilateral nephrocalcinosis. A diagnosis of type 1 RTA likely secondary to Sjögren’s Syndrome was made. She was started on citric acid potassium citrate with escalating dosages to a maximum dose of 60 mEq daily and potassium chloride over 5 years without significant improvement in serum K+ and HCO3 levels. She had multiple emergency room visits for persistent muscle pain, generalized weakness, and cardiac arrhythmias. Citric acid potassium citrate was then replaced with sodium bicarbonate at 15.5 mEq every 6 hours which was continued for 2 years without significant improvement in her symptoms and electrolytes. Amiloride 5 mg daily was added to her regimen as a potassium sparing treatment with dramatic improvement in her symptoms and electrolyte levels (as shown in the figures). Amiloride was increased to 10 mg daily and potassium supplementation was discontinued without affecting her electrolytes. Her sodium bicarbonate was weaned to 7.7 mEq daily.

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Wang, Shu Yan, Yong Ping Xia, and Li Liu. "Effects of Sodium Citrate on MAO Process and Characteristics of Coatings Fabricated on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 502 (April 2012): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.502.320.

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Microarc oxidation (MAO) coatings were prepared on AZ91D magnesium alloy in a novel dual electrolyte containing various concentrations of sodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7). The surface and cross-sectional morphologies, coating thickness and surface roughness were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), layer thickness meter and digital microscope, respectively. The corrosion resistance of coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that both the striking voltage and final voltage decreased gradually with the increase of C6H5Na3O7 concentration. When the C6H5Na3O7 concentration increased, surface roughness increased gradually, while thickness of the coating increased at first and then decreased. The coating formed in the electrolyte containing 5g/L C6H5Na3O7 had a much more uniform and compact microstructure with less micropores and micro-cracks. EIS test showed that the concentration of C6H5Na3O7 mainly affected the corrosion resistance of inner dense layer, and the coating with best corrosion resistance was obtained in the electrolyte containing 5g/L C6H5Na3O7.

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Vargas, Reinaldo Azevedo, Everton Bonturim, Marco Andreoli, Rubens Chiba, and Emília Satoshi Miyamaru Seo. "Physical and Microstructural Characterization of Cathode, Composite Cathode and Electrolyte Ceramics to ITSOFC." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.52.

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The (La0.60Sr0.40)(Co0.20Fe0.80)O3-δ - LSCF, (Ce0.90Gd0.10)O1.95 - CGO composites and LSCF were deposited by wet powder spraying deposition method for the purpose of investigating their potential use in Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. The interlayers are necessary between CGO electrolytes and LSCF cathodes in order to improve the performance of these materials. LSCF powders synthesized by citrate technique were calcined at 900 °C for 4 h and, their LSCFCGO composites and LSCF suspensions deposited on CGO substrate and, sintered in 1100 °C for 1 h, were formed pseudo-perovskite. The ceramics materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical composition of different half-cells layers by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive (SEM-EDS). The results are in agreement with the literature and indicate that route studied is adequate for crystal structures formation compatible with films the 35 μm thick total for study of conductivity between the cathode and the electrolyte.

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Oliveira, M. C. F., M. Azevedo, and A. Cunha. "A voltammetric study of the electrodeposition of CuInSe2 in a citrate electrolyte." Thin Solid Films 405, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(01)01720-5.

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42

Kublanovsky, V. S., and Yu S. Yapontseva. "Electrocatalytic Properties of Co-Mo Alloys Electrodeposited from a Citrate-Pyrophosphate Electrolyte." Electrocatalysis 5, no. 4 (April 30, 2014): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12678-014-0197-y.

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43

Bratoeva, M., and N. Atanasov. "Effect of sulfamate-citrate electrolyte pH on the Ni-W alloy electrodeposition." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 36, no. 1 (January 2000): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02757797.

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44

Nenastina, Tetiana, Мykola Sakhnenko, Valeria Proskurina, Alla Korohodska, and Natalia Horokhivska. "Electrochemical deposition of cobalt alloy." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 3(9) (October 18, 2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2021.03.08.

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Electrodeposition of cobalt alloys with refractory metals makes it possible to obtain coatings with a unique combination of physicochemical properties that are unattainable using other deposition methods. For the deposition of high-quality coatings with a cobalt-vanadium alloy, it is proposed to use a citrate electrolyte. Co-V coating was deposited on steel samples from citrate electrolyte at a temperature of 35-40 °C and a current density of 5-12 A/dm2 using soluble cobalt anodes. The vanadium content in the coating deposited at a ligand concentration of 0.3 mol / dm3 is 0.1-0.5 wt%. An increase in the concentration of the ligand to 0.4 mol / dm3 promotes the binding of cobalt into complexes, and, accordingly, the vanadium content in the coating increases to 0.6-1.2 wt.%. Moreover, the tendency to change the percentage of alloying elements with current density remains. Deposition coatings are dense, shiny, without internal stresses and cracks. The proposed compositions of electrolytes and modes of deposition of Co-V coatings with a vanadium content of up to 1.5 wt.% And a current efficiency of 50%. It was found that Co-V coatings are characterized by increased carbon content and are substitutional solid solutions, and the surface morphology of the obtained coatings depends significantly on the current density and changes from fine-crystalline to globular spheroid. The optimal current density for obtaining high-quality coatings with a cobalt alloy in a galvanostatic mode is ік = 10 A / dm2. Management of the storage of galvanic cobalt alloys in a quite wide range of concentrations of alloy-forming components is achieved by varying the electrolysis parameters, which allows the deposition technology to be adapted to the needs of the modern market.

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45

Nie, Yong Fu, Qian Wang, Hai Tao Yi, Xiang Ying Chen, and Zhong Jie Zhang. "Remarkable capacitive enhancement of templated carbon materials by the redox additive electrolyte of p-phenylenediamine." RSC Advances 5, no. 80 (2015): 65100–65109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11187k.

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Nanoporous carbon materials with hierarchical porosities have been produced via a template carbonization method, in which potassium citrate (or gelatin) serves as the carbon precursor and Mg(OH)₂ powder as the hard template.

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46

Moakhar, R. Siavash, I. Imanieh, Mohammad Ghorbani, and A. Dolati. "Study of the Effect of Frequency in Pulse Electrodeposition on Au-Ni from Cyanide-Citrate Electrolyte by the Aim of Design of Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.377.

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The aim of this paper is to study the influence of frequency in pulse electrodeposition, on the current efficiency, Ni content and surface morphology of deposits from a novel cyanide-citrate electrolyte with 20 mM gold as KAu (CN)2 and 7 mM NiSO4, with the aim of design of experiment by respond surface method (RSM). Frequency was in the range of 1-200 Hz in constant average current density, temperature, and duty cycle of 7 mA/cm2, 59 ◦C and 55% respectively. Composition of the deposits was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Additionally, deposits were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It was shown that from main effect plots, decreasing the level of frequency to 50 Hz resulted in an increase in Ni content of the deposits up to 1.5 %. Additionally, by increasing frequency up to 150 Hz, current efficiency increased to 60%. Besides, by decreasing frequency, grain size decreased. It was also shown that duty cycle and frequency have interaction effect on cathode efficiency. Furthermore, by using cyclic voltammetry techniques, Au-Ni electrodeposition from cyanide-citrate electrolyte has been scrutinized and categorized as a diffusion-control system.

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Hui, Wun Fung, Kam Lun Hon, Alexander K. C. Leung, Kristine Kit Yi Pang, and Michael Wai Yip Leung. "Tubular Dysfunction and Ruptured Ureter in a Child with Menkes Syndrome." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2021 (August 17, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4398456.

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Children with Menkes disease may develop various urological and renal problems that evolve as the disease progresses. A 4-year-old boy with Menkes disease had multiple bladder diverticula and a history of recurrent urinary tract infection caused by urea-splitting organisms. The child developed urosepsis and right pyelonephritis. Subsequent investigations revealed multiple right renal stones and a ruptured right ureter. The child also developed hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and normal anion gap metabolic acidosis that required electrolyte and potassium citrate supplement. Further assessment revealed renal tubular dysfunction. Our case suggests that regular imaging surveillance, monitoring of renal function and electrolyte profile, and tubular function assessment should be considered in children with Menkes disease.

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Anjaneya, K. C., J. Manjanna, G. P. Nayaka, V. M. Ashwin Kumar, G. Govindaraj, and K. N. Ganesha. "Citrate-complexation synthesized Ce0.85Gd0.15O2−δ (GDC15) as solid electrolyte for intermediate temperature SOFC." Physica B: Condensed Matter 447 (August 2014): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2014.04.056.

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Obradović, M. D., G. Ž. Bošnjakov, R. M. Stevanović, M. D. Maksimović, and A. R. Despić. "Pulse and direct current plating of Ni–W alloys from ammonia–citrate electrolyte." Surface and Coatings Technology 200, no. 14-15 (April 2006): 4201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.12.013.

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Asseli, Rabah, Mohamed Benaicha, Sabrine Derbal, Mahdi Allam, and Oualid Dilmi. "Electrochemical nucleation and growth of Zn-Ni alloys from chloride citrate-based electrolyte." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 847 (August 2019): 113261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113261.

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