Relevant bibliographies by topics / Citrate electrolyte

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Citrate electrolyte'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Citrate electrolyte"

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Deribo, Svitlana Hermanivna, Serhii Anatoliiovych Leshchenko, Valrii Pavlovych Gomozov, and Yuliia Ivanivna Kovalenko. "ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION OF TIN–ZINC ALLOY FROM CITRATE–AMMONIA ELECTROLYTE." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, no. 1(5) (May 15, 2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0821.2021.01.10.

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The cathodic processes of electrochemical deposition of a tin–zinc alloy in citrate–ammonia electrolytes have been investigated. The content of the main components of the investigated electrolyte (g/dm3): SnCl2·2H2O – 44, ZnO – 4, NH4Cl – 100, Na3C6H5O7 – 100. Wood glue (1.5 g/dm3) and neonol (4 ml/dm3) were added to the electrolyte as surfactants. It was found that high–quality coatings are deposited without heating and stirring only in the pH range from 6,0 to 7,0. The addition of these substances to the electrolyte is predicted to lead to inhibition of the reduction of metals, an improvement in the crystal structure of the deposit, but decreases the cathodic current efficiency. Hull cell studies showed that an electrolyte containing neonol as a surfactant showed better throwing power compared to other solutions. The dependence of the current efficiency of the alloy on the cathode current density showed that in the range of current densities from 0.5 A/dm2 to 4 A/dm2, the current efficiency decreases nonlinearly from 82 % to 52 %. The experimentally obtained dependence of the zinc content in the alloy on the cathodic current density showed the possibility of obtaining alloys with a zinc content of 8 % to 33 %. The obtained results allowed us to determine that for the deposition of an alloy with a zinc content of 20–25 %, which provides the best anti–corrosion properties of the coating, it is necessary to carry out the process at a cathodic current density of 1,5–2,0 A/dm2, while the current efficiency is about 70 %, and the deposition rate alloy is 0,44–0,54 μm/min. The received coatings have a semi–bright appearance, a fine–grained structure, light gray color, they are strongly adhered to the substrate.
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Zrinski, Ivana, Cezarina Cela Mardare, Luiza-Izabela Jinga, Jan Philipp Kollender, Gabriel Socol, Alexey Minenkov, Achim Walter Hassel, and Andrei Ionut Mardare. "Electrolyte-Dependent Modification of Resistive Switching in Anodic Hafnia." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030666.

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Anodic HfO2 memristors grown in phosphate, borate, or citrate electrolytes and formed on sputtered Hf with Pt top electrodes are characterized at fundamental and device levels. The incorporation of electrolyte species deep into anodic memristors concomitant with HfO2 crystalline structure conservation is demonstrated by elemental analysis and atomic scale imaging. Upon electroforming, retention and endurance tests are performed on memristors. The use of borate results in the weakest memristive performance while the citrate demonstrates clear superior memristive properties with multilevel switching capabilities and high read/write cycling in the range of 106. Low temperature heating applied to memristors shows a direct influence on their behavior mainly due to surface release of water. Citrate-based memristors show remarkable properties independent on device operation temperatures up to 100 °C. The switching dynamic of anodic HfO2 memristors is discussed by analyzing high resolution transmission electron microscope images. Full and partial conductive filaments are visualized, and apart from their modeling, a concurrency of filaments is additionally observed. This is responsible for the multilevel switching mechanism in HfO2 and is related to device failure mechanisms.
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Hapon, Yuliana, Dmytro Tregubov, Olena Tarakhno, and Victoriia Deineka. "Technology оf Safe Galvanochemical Process оf Strong Platings Forming Using Ternary Alloy." Materials Science Forum 1006 (August 2020): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1006.233.

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Established the possibility of galvanochemical obtaining of a plating stronger than in case of chrome precipitation. Proposed precipitation of ternary alloy Co-Мо-W, which allows using the effect of synergism. Proposed and researched usage instead of sulphate-anhydride electrolyte – citrate-diphosphate and ammonia-citrate one. Achieved an increase in current efficiency of precipitated alloy and decrease in current efficiency of hydrogen, with respect to chrome precipitation, which increased safety of the galvanochemical industry. Selected the optimal ratios of components in citrate-diphosphate and ammonia-citrate electrolytes for ternary alloy Co-Мо-W precipitation. Determined the parameters of electrical effect for the galvanic process: constant current – j = 2–8 А/dm2, pulse unipolar current – j = 4–20 А/дм2. Achieved a high microhardness of this plating and high adhesion to base surface. Achieved greater safety of the galvanochemical technological process of ternary alloy Co-Мо-W application compared with chromium plating.
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Sreekanth, D., N. Rameshbabu, K. Ramaswamy Choudary, and K. Prasad Rao. "The Role of Electrolyte Additives on the Corrosion Behavior of Ceramic Coatings Formed on ZM21 Magnesium Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.683.

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The present study emphasizes the effect of addition of sodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7.2H2O) and sodium tungstate (Na2WO4.2H2O) to a silicate based electrolyte system on the corrosion behavior of PEO treated ZM21 magnesium alloy. The phase composition of the as-developed coating was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, while its surface morphology, thickness and elemental distribution were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Potentiodynamic polarization tests were done in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution to analyze the corrosion behavior of the ceramic coatings in simulated marine environment. The results of XRD showed that the phase composition of all coatings comprised of Mg2SiO4 and MgO irrespective of the additive used. In addition to Mg, Si and O, the presence of W, C in EDS spectrum indicated that these elements were incorporated into the coating from the electrolyte system containing tungstate and citrate. The corrosion test results revealed that the PEO coatings obtained in tungstate containing electrolyte solution showed higher corrosion resistance than those formed in citrate containing electrolyte solution.
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Krasikov, A. V., A. D. Bykova, M. V. Merkulova, and M. A. Markov. "Electrochemical deposition of nanocrystalline Ni–W coatings from citrate electrolytes." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 1(101) (May 3, 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2020-101-1-111-117.

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In this paper, requirements for wear-resistant coatings of Ni–40%W manufactured by electrochemical deposition are determined, and the electrolyte stability is studied. The influence of temperature and current density on the deposition of the Ni–W alloy from a citrate electrolyte was researched, and the optimal deposition mode was found. The maximum operating time of the electrolyte is established by the dependence of the current efficiency for the Ni–W alloy on the electric power transmission. The necessity of using membrane electrolyzers during the deposition of nickel-tungsten coatings is substantiated.
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Ved’, M. V., N. D. Sakhnenko, A. V. Karakurchi, and S. I. Zyubanova. "Electrodeposition of iron-molybdenum coatings from citrate electrolyte." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 87, no. 3 (March 2014): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427214030057.

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Yapontseva, Yu S., V. S. Kublanovsky, and O. A. Vyshnevskyi. "Electrodeposition of CoMoRe alloys from a citrate electrolyte." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 766 (October 2018): 894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.018.

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Havrylova, A. A., S. V. Surovitskiy, and A. O. Maizelis. "ZINC AND NICKEL CODEPOSITION IN PYROPHOSPHATE-CITRATE ELECTROLYTE." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Technical Sciences, no. 4 (2021): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-5941/2021.4/28.

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Peng, Cheng, Ting Ting Huang, and Yi Xiong Zheng. "Comparative Study on Preparation and Properties of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ Solid Electrolyte." Key Engineering Materials 591 (November 2013): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.591.240.

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The preparation of the BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ solid electrolyte obtained by a nitrate-citrate combustion is reported. This synthesis method is compared with solid state reaction. The phase formation process was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phase evolution during the gel-combustion process and solid state process as a function of heat-treatment temperature was also studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). When using nitrate-citrate combustion method a pure phase was formed at 800°C, which is much lower than that of conventional solid state reaction (at 1200°C). The sinterability of electrolyte powder was also investigated. At 1700°C very dense pellets can be obtained for both samples. The conductivity of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ (BZY20)electrolyte prepared using two different processes was measured by AC impedance spectroscopy. Impedance spectra analyses showed that the grain boundary conductivity is much lower than that of the bulk for BZY20. Furthermore, the grain-boundary resistance of the BZY20 prepared via nitrate-citrate combustion process was reduced markedly compared to that of the BZY20 prepared by conventional solid state reaction.
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Jugović, B. Z., T. Lj Trišović, J. S. Stevanović, M. M. Gvozdenović, and B. N. Grgur. "Citrate-based zinc–polyaniline secondary cell: part I: optimization of the citrate/chloride electrolyte." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 39, no. 12 (June 19, 2009): 2521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-9946-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Citrate electrolyte"

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Vargas, Reinaldo Azevedo. "Síntese, processamento e caracterização de cátodo para aplicação em células a combustível de óxido sólido de temperatura intermediária." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-03092012-143036/.

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Os filmes micrométricos contendo óxido misto de lantânio, estrôncio, cobalto e ferro (La0,60Sr0,40)(Co0,20Fe0,80)O3-δ - LSCF, misturado com (Ce0,90Gd0,10)O1,95 - CGO, são relevantes para a utilização como camada funcional para o cátodo da Célula a Combustível de Óxido Sólido de Temperaturas Intermediárias. Estes filmes foram depositados no um substrato cerâmico e denso de CGO ou CGO sobre (ZrO2)0.92(Y2O3)0.08 - YSZ. O estudo deste cátodo é fundamental, pois é nele que ocorre a reação de redução do gás oxigênio, e o seu desempenho eletroquímico depende da interface destes dois materiais. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho contribui para a síntese dos particulados de LSCF para o processamento de filmes, utilizando a técnica de deposição com uso de aerógrafo e para sua conformação em camadas contendo porosidade com espessuras entre 30 e 50 μm. Inicialmente, os particulados de LSCF foram sintetizados pela técnica do citratos e de LSCFCGO obtidos por mistura mecânica, sendo caracterizados por DRX para a confirmação da formação da estrutura cristalina ortorrômbica para o LSCF e cúbica para CGO. Em seguida, foram preparadas suspensões orgânicas de LSCF, LSCFCGO e CGO que foram alimentadas por gravidade em um aerógrafo manual para deposição sobre substrato do eletrólito. Para a conformação dos substratos de CGO ou YSZ, utilizou-se prensa uniaxial e isostática, sinterização e retificação. Verificaram-se, pelas micrografias, que os substratos CGO e YSZ apresentaram densidades (> 92%) suficientes para serem utilizados como eletrólitos. Os filmes de LSCF e LSCFCGO apresentaram-se com porosidades adequadas (> 30%) e espessura total de aproximadamente 40 μm, com boa aderência ao eletrólito. A presença do cátodo compósito contendo eletrólito de CGO sobre YSZ possibilitou aumento de 25% no desempenho eletroquímico (2,50 Ω.cm2 para 650ºC) em decorrência da melhora na reação de redução do oxigênio na interface cátodo/eletrólito.
The study of micrometrics films of (La0.60Sr0.40)(Co0.20Fe0.80)O3-δ - LSCF mixture with (Ce0.90Gd0.10)O1.95 - CGO is relevant for use as functional cathode of Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFC). These films were deposited on the CGO or CGO and YSZ dense ceramic substrate, used as electrolyte, structural component of the module. The study of this cathode is fundamental, because is there that occurs oxygen reduction reaction, and the electrochemical performance depends on the interface of these two materials. In this sense, this work contributes for the synthesis of LSCF particulates, for processing films using the wet powder spraying technique, adopted for the conformation of the ceramic films for allowing the attainment porous layers with thicknesses between 30 and 50 μm. Initially, the LSCF particulates were synthesized by the citrate technique and the LSCFCGO produced by solid mixture were characterized by XRD to confirm the formation of LSCF orthorhombic structure and CGO cubic structure. In the stage of formation were prepared organic suspensions of LSCF, LSCFCGO and CGO fed by gravity in a manual airbrush for electrolyte substrate deposition, sintering and grinding for thickness reduction. The micrographs showed that the CGO and YSZ substrates were dense (> 92%) enough to be used as solid electrolyte. The LSCF and LSCFCGO films presented with adequate porosity (> 30%) and total thickness of approximately 40 μm, with good adhesion to electrolyte. The presence of the composite cathode containing CGO or YSZ electrolyte allowed the increase of 25% in the electrochemical performance (2.50 Ω.cm2 to 650ºC) due to improvement in the oxygen reduction reaction at the interface cathode/electrolyte.
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Karakurkchi, A. V., M. V. Ved, N. D. Sakhnenko, I. Yu Yermolenko, and S. I. Zyubanova. "Electroplating and functional properties of amorphous Fe-Mo(W) and Fe-Mo-W coatings." Thesis, Институт химии растворов им. Г. А. Крестова РАН, 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/22618.

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Perry, Richard. "Towards environmentally friendly electrodeposition : using citrate based electrolytes to deposit nickel and nickel-iron." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16184.

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The production of magnetic materials is of great interest for use in the micro-fabrication industry. In particular, Permalloy (Ni80Fe20) is used in the production of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) due to its favourable magnetic properties (high relative permeability, low coercivity and high magnetic saturation). This leads to applications in devices such as inductors, transformers and micro-actuators. The electrodeposition of NiFe is also of fundamental electrochemical interest, as there is anomalous thermodynamic behaviour, with the less noble (iron) metal depositing preferentially to the more noble (nickel) metal. To enable consistent alloy deposition nickel and nickel-iron baths are currently almost exclusively based on boric acid. Boric acid has an important role in the deposition of NiFe films but its role(s) in the electro-deposition mechanism is (are) not wholly understood. Recently (2011) boric acid has been identified as a “substance of very high concern” based on the criteria established by EU chemical regulation, REACH. In anticipation of increased regulation an alternative was sought to provide a benign alternative to boric acid in the NiFe plating bath suitable for use in micro-fabrication. Initial work was performed to benchmark the performance of existing boric acid based electro-deposition baths. Cyclic voltammetry was performed, which demonstrated the deposition of nickel and nickel-iron from boric acid baths. Coulombic efficiencies up to 93 % were measured for the deposition of nickel using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) on platinum electrodes. For nickel-iron deposition control of the film composition was demonstrated on copper electrodes through varying the iron (II) concentration, current density and temperature. A citrate bath for the deposition of nickel-iron was then developed and characterised. Cyclic voltammetry was performed in these citrate baths demonstrating the deposition of nickel and nickel-iron. Optimal conditions for depositing Ni80Fe20 were demonstrated to be an elevated temperature (60 °C) with a current density of 20 mA cm-2 and a pH of 3. Using the EQCM the efficiency for nickel deposition was measured to be > 80 %. The effects of sodium saccharin and sodium dodecyl sulfate as additives were investigated; these were shown to influence morphology but not the coulombic efficiency. Decreasing the pH was shown to lower the efficiency of nickel deposition from the citrate bath. Comparisons of key properties were made between NiFe films deposited from a boric acid bath and the citrate bath developed in this work. Test structures were used to compare the strain in the films; no significant difference was found. For 2.2 μm thick Ni80Fe20 films the sheet resistance was measured using Greek cross structures as 0.078 ± 0.004 Ω/square for films deposited from the boric acid bath and 0.090 ± 0.006 Ω/square from the citrate bath. The magnetic saturation, Ms, was measured as 895 ± 66 emu cm-3 for deposits from the boric acid bath and 923 ± 111 emu cm-3 from the citrate bath. These again show no significant difference in these values within experimental error. Coercivities for these films were measured to be between 20 and 120 A m-1. In combination, this work demonstrates the development and characterisation of a new citrate based electrodeposition bath for nickel and nickel-iron. Similar chemical, electrical, mechanical and magnetic properties were found from films deposited from both baths, thus demonstrating the suitability of the citrate bath for the deposition of nickel-iron films in microfabrication.
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Каракуркчі, Ганна Володимирівна. "Електрохімічне формування функціональних покриттів сплавами заліза з молібденом і вольфрамом." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/21865.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – технічна електрохімія. – Національний технічний університет “Харківський політехнічний інститут”, Харків, 2015 р. Дисертацію присвячено розробці технології електрохімічного формування функціональних покриттів сплавами заліза з молібденом і вольфрамом із цитратних електролітів для одержання матеріалів з високою корозійною стійкістю, фізико-механічними та трибологічними характеристиками. На підставі аналізу кінетичних закономірностей встановлено механізм електрохімічного одержання сплавів Fe-Mo і Fe-Mo-W, за яким співосадження заліза з молібденом і вольфрамом із цитратного електроліту в інтервалі pH 3,0–4,0 відбувається за двома маршрутами: перший – стадійне відновлення металів із гетероядерних комплексів складу [FeHCitMO₄]⁻, (М = Mo, W), розряд яких супроводжується хімічною реакцією вивільнення ліганду, а другий – стадійне відновлення феруму (ІІІ) із цитратних електролітів переважно з адсорбованих комплексів складу [FeHCit]⁺, й частково – з FeOH²⁺, та супроводжується хімічною стадією вивільнення ліганду. Експериментальні дослідження функціональних властивостей електролітичних сплавів довели, що покриття Fe-Mo і Fe-Mo-W володіють підвищеною корозійною стійкістю у кислому середовищі, що зумовлене кислотним характером оксидів тугоплавких компонентів, у нейтральному – опором пітинговій корозії, що загалом перевищує хімічний опір сталі та чавуна. Запропоновані електролітичні сплави переважають за мікротвердістю основу зі сталі у 2–3 рази, а чавуну – у 4–5 рази, причому вміст вольфраму забезпечує зростання механічних та триботехнічних характеристик. Мікротвердість, антифрикційні властивості та зносостійкість електролітичних сплавів Fe-Mo і Fe-Mo-W зростають за рахунок утворення аморфної структури. Запропоновано технологічну схему електрохімічного формування функціональних покриттів сплавами заліза з молібденом і вольфрамом та розроблено технологічні інструкції для процесів їх осадження.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in speciality 05.17.03 – Technical Electrochemistry. – National Technical University “Kharkiv Politechnical Institute”, 2015. The thesis is devoted to the development of technology for iron alloys electrochemical functional coatings with molybdenum and tungsten electrodeposition from citrate electrolyte to produce materials with high corrosion resistance, physical, mechanical and tribological properties. On the basis of kinetic regularities the mechanism of Fe-Mo, Fe-Mo-W alloys’ formation was established as co-precipitation of iron with molybdenum and tungsten in the range pH 3,0–4,0 happening on two routes, one-alloying metals reduction from heteronuclear complexes [FeHCitMO₄]⁻ is accompanied by chemical reaction of ligand releasing, and the second-reduction of iron (III) from the adsorbed complexes [FeHCit]⁺ and in part – from FeOH²⁺ accompanied by the chemical stage of ligand release. Experimental study of the electrolytic alloys functional properties have shown the high corrosion resistance of FeMo and Fe-Mo-W coatings in acidic and neutral media stimulated by acidic nature of refractory oxide components which exceeds the resistance of steel and cast iron. Proposed electrolytic alloys dominated by microhardness steel substrates in 2–3 times, and cast iron – in 4–5 times, the increasing tungsten content provides increasing in physical, mechanical and tribological properties of electrolytic alloys due to the formation of amorphous structure. A technological scheme for electrochemical synthesis of iron alloys functional coatings with molybdenum and tungsten was designed and technological instructions were prepared for implementation.
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SAITO, NEWTON H. "Obtencao de eletrolitos solidos de zirconia-magnesia pela tecnica dos citratos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1998. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9272.

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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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FRANCA, YONE V. "Caracterizacao de ceramicas de zirconia-lantania processadas pela tecnica dos citratos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1999. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10712.

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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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ROCHA, RENATA A. "Obtencao e caracterizacao de eletrolitos solidos de ceria-gadolinia." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10952.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:99/12494-9
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Haung, Jui-Ting, and 黃瑞庭. "Synthesis and properties of SDC nanosize electrolyte for IT-SOFC by EDTA-citrate complexing method." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61622220521583830123.

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碩士
南台科技大學
化學工程與材枓工程系
97
This study was major prepared the nanocrystalline electrolytes of Samarium oxide doped Ceria (SDC) which had high composition uniformity, high sintering property, high ionic conductivity and could be operated at intermediate temperature. The precursor powders were synthetized by using EDTA-citrate complex method with cerium ammonium nitrate, samarium oxide, EDTA and citric acid as a start material. The process was using EDTA-citrate with various parameters to prepare SDC powder with good crystalline, and then the powder pressed under a pressure of 400MPa into the pellet which sintered at high temperature about 1300℃~1400℃-2 hours , finally it can be solid oxide electrolyte. The properties of precursor powders, after calcined powders and electrolytes were measurement by XRD，FTIR，SEM，TEM and impedance analysis. The pH of start solutions were changed from 4 to 10, and there was no obvious change on the crystalline of SDC powder. It could be found from analysis of composition, there was more uniform composition of SDC powder by this method. The SDC powder synthetized under pH=10, the relative density of pellet was about 90% after calcined at 600℃ and sintered at 1400℃ for 2 hours in air. The SDC electrolyte synthetized under this condition, its conductivity arrived 2.3×10-3 Scm-1 with operated temperature at 700℃. To use changed of calcination temperature and calcination time, from 600 ℃to 900 ℃ and 1-3 hours, respectively. The relative densities of electrolyte were obtained above 91% after sintered at 1400 ℃for 2 hours. The best relative density of SDC electrolyte could be arrived to 99% with preparation by pH = 10 condition. Furthermore, the network structure that had been existed in any prepare conditions or calcined conditions expected the condition of pH = 10 and calcining at 900℃. For electrical testing, the precursor powders prepared under pH = 10 by calcining at 900 ℃ for 3 hours, and then sintered at 1400 ℃for 2 hours that could be obtained the best conductivity of 1.0 × 10-2 S/cm with operating temperature at 700 ℃. On the other hand, the grain boundary resistance is much larger than the grain resistance in all prepared conditions of the electrolyte. In particular, the lower relative density of sintered bodies, such as pH = 8 or calcinations under 900 ℃. By EDTA-citrate method prepared electrolytes, we could found the organic components affected on the growth of particles during sintering process and the small particles prepared were all less than 1μm compared with 2μm or more using of the general methods, therefore more grain boundary generated led to obtain lower conductivity.
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Books on the topic "Citrate electrolyte"

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Schetz, Miet, and Andrew Davenport. Continuous renal replacement therapy. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0234.

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After its introduction, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has found widespread acceptance amongst physicians taking care of critically ill patients. Various modalities (haemofiltration, haemodialysis, haemodiafiltration) are used. As for all types of renal replacement therapy, a good functioning vascular access is an absolute requirement. Whether CRRT is to be preferred over intermittent haemodialysis remains a matter of debate, but haemodynamic instability and risk of cerebral oedema are generally considered indications for CRRT. Whereas under-dosing should certainly be avoided, increasing the dose over an actually delivered effluent flow of 20–25 mL/kg/hour does not appear to improve outcome.One of the major drawbacks of CRRT is the requirement for continuous anticoagulation. Citrate anticoagulation is gaining popularity and represents a valuable alternative, especially in patients with bleeding risk. Other potential complications of CRRT include thermal, nutrient, and drug losses, and acid–base and electrolyte disturbances.
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Book chapters on the topic "Citrate electrolyte"

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Holze, Rudolf. "Single ion conductivities of citrate ion in aqueous electrolyte solutions at infinite dilution." In Electrochemistry, 1916. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49251-2_1701.

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Kublanovsky, Valeriy S., Oksana L. Bersirova, Yulia S. Yapontseva, Tetyana V. Maltseva, Vasyl M. Nikitenko, Eugen A. Babenkov, Sergei V. Devyatkin, et al. "Electrochemical synthesis of nanostructured super-alloys with valuable electrochemical, electrocatalytic and corrosion properties." In NEW FUNCTIONAL SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 130–45. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.444.130.

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A study of the electrochemical formation of functional coatings by binary and ternary alloys M1M2, M1M3, M1M2M3 (where M1 is 3d6-8 metal of the iron subgroup: Fe, Co, Ni, and M2 is Mo, W; M3 is Re), from complex aqueous solutions and ionic melts. Such alloys are called "superalloys" due to a wide range of valuable physicochemical (corrosive, electrocatalytic) and functional properties and are designed to operate in extreme temperature and power modes with simultaneous exposure to an aggressive environment. The presence of rhenium in the alloy also simultaneously increases its strength and ductility (the so-called "rhenium effect"). A fundamentally new electrolyte (highly concentrated ammonia-acetate) has been developed for the formation of molybdenum alloys (NiMo, CoMo, FeMo) with a maximum content of a refractory component (about 85 at.%), such as those that exhibit a high electrocatalytic effect in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The deposition of binary CoRe and ternary CoWRe alloys from a citrate electrolyte was carried out. The influence of the composition of solutions and electrolysis parameters on the chemical and phase composition, structure and properties of coatings has been established. The parameters of pulse electrolysis for obtaining multilayer CoMo and CoW coatings from carbamide melts containing cobalt and molybdenum / tungsten oxides have been determined.
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V. Morozova, Olga, and Dmitry V. Klinov. "Nanosilver in Biomedicine: Advantages and Restrictions." In Silver Micro-Nanoparticles - Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96331.

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Nanosilver (in a range 1–100 nm) binds with thyol-, amino- and carboxy-groups of aminoacid residues of proteins and nucleic acids, thus providing inactivation of pathogenic multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Besides antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anti-cancer properties Ag-based nanomaterials possess anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis and antiplatelet features. Drug efficacy depends on their stability, toxicity and host immune response. Citrate coated Ag nanoparticles (NPs) remain stable colloid solutions in deionized water but not in the presence of ions due to replacement of Ag+ by electrolyte ions, potential formation of insoluble AgCl, subsequent catalyzed oxidative corrosion of Ag and further dissolution of surface layer of Ag2O. Protein shells protect core of AgNPs from oxidation, dissolution, aggregation and provide specific interactions with ligands. These nanoconjugates can be used for immunoassays and diagnostics but the sensitivity threshold does not exceed 10 pg Cytotoxicity of AgNPs conjugated with proteins is associated with the rate of intracellular Ag+ release, a ‘Trojan horse’ effect, and exceeds one of Ag+ because of endocytosis uptake of NPs but not ions. Relatively toxic nanosilver causes immunosuppression of the majority of cytokines with a few exceptions (IL-1β, G-CSF, MCP-1) whereas AgNO3 additionally activate TNFα and IL8 gene expression.
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Conference papers on the topic "Citrate electrolyte"

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Zhou, Xiaoxia Sarah, Qi Liu, and Douglas G. Ivey. "Phase analysis of cobalt-iron films electrodeposited from ammonium citrate stabilized electrolytes." In 2008 2nd IEEE International Nanoelectronics Conference. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inec.2008.4585531.

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Ignatova, Katya Nikolova, and Yordanka Stephanova Marcheva. "Effect of saccharine on the properties of Ni-Co alloy coatings deposited in citrate electrolytes." In 2016 XXV International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/et.2016.7753486.

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Reports on the topic "Citrate electrolyte"

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Akinleye, Taiwo, Idil Deniz Akin, Amanda Hohner, Indranil Chowdhury, Richards Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer, James Mueller, and Will Moody. Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-019.

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Soils containing inorganic compounds are frequently encountered by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way, and they pose a threat to human health and the environment. As a result, construction activities may experience project delays and increased costs associated with management of inorganic compounds containing soils required to meet environmental regulations. Recalcitrance of metal-contaminated soils toward conventional treatment technologies is exacerbated in clay or organic content-rich fine-grained soils with low permeability and high sorption capacity because of increased treatment complexity, cost, and duration. The objective of this study was to develop an accelerated in situ electrochemical treatment approach to extract inorganic compounds from fine-grained soils, with the treatment time comparable to excavation and off-site disposal. Three reactor experiments were conducted on samples collected from two borehole locations from a field site in Illinois that contained arsenic (As)(~7.4 mg/kg) and manganese (Mn)(~700 mg/kg). A combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or citrate buffer solution was used to treat the soils. A low-intensity electrical field was applied to soil samples using a bench-scale reactor that resembles field-scale in situ electrochemical systems. For the treatment using 10% H2O2 and citrate buffer solution, average removal of 23% and 8% were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. With 4% H2O2 and citrate buffer, 39% and 24% removal were achieved for Mn and As; while using only citrate buffer as the electrolyte, 49% and 9% removal were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. All chemical regimes adopted in this study reduced the inorganic compound concentrations to below the maximum allowable concentration for Illinois as specified by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. The results from this work indicate that electrochemical systems that leverage low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and citrate buffer can be effective for remediating soils containing manganese and arsenic.
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