Journal articles on the topic 'Citizenship Study and teaching Victoria History'

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of the Russian state-civil identity in comparison with other macro-identities. The current state of the Russian identity and the significance of the components of its structure in the views of respondents are analyzed on the materials of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, WCIOM, RLMS-HSE, in-depth and expert interviews and focus groups. The experts were humanities scientists, university and school teachers, journalists, public and ethnic activists from different cities of Russia. In 2020 COVID-19 has affected people’s moods, and the willingness to associate themselves with Russians has greatly decreased, which could be affected by insufficient support from the state, combined with strict restrictions. The analysis of mass perceptions of Russians about the role of civil, historical, cultural and emotional components of Russian identity was carried out. The study showed that the common state remains the basic consolidator of Russian identity, and in less than a year the share of Russians who consider the “historical past” and “native land” to be important unifying components has increased. The memory of the military victories won by our people is currently the main historical consolidator of the identity of Russians. The tragedies experienced together turn out to be a little less important, although they are not completely forgotten. Young people and creative intelligentsia in interviews spoke about the importance of a versatile approach in teaching history: “it is necessary to study both ups and downs.” Culture is still an important integrator of Russian society, but we are not talking about “high culture”, but rather about mass culture. In the “culture”, Russians are most united by common holidays, wellknown songs, works of literature and films. But the civil component of Russian identity is still poorly developed – people practically do not associate participation in elections, referendums, meetings, rallies and volunteer movements with Russian citizenship.

The Medieval Studies program at the University of Victoria is an interdisciplinary unit whose members come from the Faculty of Humanities and the Faculty of Fine Arts. The idea of creating an undergraduate program in Medieval Studies was developed in 1986-87; since that date faculty members teaching in the Departments of English, French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, Greek and Roman Studies, History, Philosophy, Music, and History in Art have offered courses leading to a Major in Medieval Studies (The program began as a Minor and changed to a Major in 1994). Undergraduates are introduced to key concepts in the study of medieval culture and society in Europe, as well as the medieval Islamic world.

This research aims to recognize the notion of citizenship owned by university students enrolled in the career of History and Geography Teaching at Bío-Bío University (Chile), in 2015. It is based on the methods of education for political, social, and active citizenship from a critical position. It is a descriptive, quantitative approach, with a single study case. A survey aimed at the entire population (census) was used. Thus, it is concluded that the future teaching staff seems to adhere to training methods for social citizenship, corresponding with Marshallian notions of citizenship. However, this notion is not entirely pure, because as reflected in the results, it is importantly present in training for active and critical citizenship.

The aim of this study is to review the current situation with history teaching in Turkey after the education reform introduced in 2004. Accordingly, this study mainly focuses on the structure and problems of history teaching in Turkey bothat primary and secondary levels after the education reform, following confrontational debates about the role of history teaching in the construction of citizenship, and in the context of international relations, which is related to collaborative projects undertaken with a number of countries to rewrite history textbooks in a peaceful way. Current research trends in this field are also mentioned briefly. Some researches show that in history teaching in Turkey the common issues that occur are related to text books, the intensity of knowledge/objectives relationships, insufficient weekly course hours and the unfamiliarity of teachers with both new history and constructivist approaches. New history textbooks and curricula continue to be a conflict area between their respective defenders who claim in turn that history teaching should either be a vehicle for constructing national identitity or that it should be a vehicle for constructing global, pluralist and democratic citizenship. On the other hand, mutual work with some Arabian countries to rewrite the common past in textbooks,is on Turkey's current agenda to enhance the international context of this perspective. Some researches also show that apart from debates about the nature of history's social aims and the problems of history teaching as already indicated, teachers seem ready to adopt the new history approach. In addition to this, every passing day there is a marked and rapid increase in research into history teaching and the variety of related research subjects are hopeful improvements.

In secondary education, the focus of history teaching must be on the development of global citizenship. The present research was a study contextualized in the Fiesta de la Historia Youth Congress in Seville (Spain). A documentary analysis with a descriptive and interpretive design was made of 63 projects of inquiry that pupils carried out. The main objectives were to assess the incidence of the proposal in terms of participation, and to determine whether the pupils’ projects followed a logic of inquiry about socially relevant problems which favors the construction of global citizenship. The results point to a low incidence of schools participating in this initiative. The projects of inquiry analyzed present, for the most part, themes related to the historical and social heritage of the locality. The proposals are approached as problems of a specific discipline and are worked on through a method based on a pseudoscientific research process. The findings indicate the need to continue implementing initiatives based on school inquiry that allow the teaching of history to be articulated around relevant social problems, with the objective being to develop citizenship skills.

The carried out research aims to identify and understand the main advantages and challenges for history and social sciences teaching in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this study recognizes the work spaces that allow teachers to develop historical empathy and the teaching of participatory citizenship through this new school context. This is done through a case study of a group of teachers who belong to an educational centre in the Metropolitan Region of Chile; we have been able to collect the perceptions, emotions, feelings and views of history and social sciences teachers on how they develop their educational practice in a setting of pandemic. The methodology followed is of qualitative nature under a case study design. The results stand out concerning the interrelation that is generated. On the one hand, it interrelates in the complexity that teaching during the pandemic implies with the context of inequalities that the school faces highlighting the efforts of educational innovation to generate significant learning for and the students. Amongst the main conclusions there are the efforts made by teachers to generate educational innovation in the complex context of the pandemic, where the school and all the social problems that arise are inserted. Teachers have found the spaces and raised new perspectives of teaching that promote historical empathy and education for citizenship in students.

Immediately after the events of September 11, 2001, there was a dramatic upsurge in exhibitions of patriotism, most generally in the form of flags prominently displayed on houses, storefronts, and automobiles. There also was a renewed zeal for inculcating patriotic feelings in children at public schools across the country. This paper, based on a study of teacher credential candidates at a large urban midwestern university, suggests that there may be a need to create a new discourse of patriotism. Such a project might integrate patriotism, the discourse on citizenship education, and the discourse of multicultural education, into a coherent whole. This new discourse on patriotism might, then, ground the emotionalism of patriotism in the responsibility of citizenship, employing the critical thought generated in discourses of multiculturalism.

The present study makes an exhaustive review of the conditions and challenges faced by society to transform the school into a truly inclusive, coeducational, and democratic space. It proposes a theoretical model, of a bottom-up nature, to achieve gender equality in the school environment, giving special importance to teacher training. This study evaluates the training in gender equality and coeducation that students with degrees related to teaching are receiving. An analysis is conducted of the presence of attitudes that support the gender/sex system and the identification of relevant female references in a sample of 452 students in the Degree in Primary Education or the University Master’s Degree in Teacher Training for Compulsory Secondary Education, Upper Secondary Education, Vocational Training, and Language Teaching (MUPES). For the collection of information, an ad hoc questionnaire was used that contemplates formative and cultural aspects, together with the Inventory of Ambivalent Sexism (ASI), the Attitudes of Heterosexuals toward Homosexuals (HATH), and the Women in History (WH) scales. Among the main results, the important lack of training in aspects related to gender equality and coeducation, as well as a general lack of knowledge of historical female references, stands out. It can be concluded that, at present, teacher training is still in the early stages of the proposed model.

This review article attempts to review current studies related to Citizenship Education (CE) in order to shed light on the provisions of citizenship education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The review examines the significance of CE in the KSA. It also explores the history of CE in the KSA followed by its national identity, as this too, affects the nature of the CE offered in the country. Then the article identifies and explores the implementation of CE in the KSA. In addition, the article discusses the approaches of introducing Citizenship Education in the KSA, its content and implementation. It can be argued that Islam has played a crucial role in shaping Saudi citizens’ private and national identities and their national values. The study also found that CE in Saudi Arabia faces multiple challenges. It emphasizes citizens’ responsibilities, duties, identity formation, and obedience towards the system and how one can achieve them. It also appears that promoting freedom, equality, fairness, freedom of expression and participation in the decision making process is poorly addressed. Moreover, lack of teaching aids and lack of specialist teachers and training are some major challenges to implement CE in the KSA. The article ends by drawing some conclusions.

he History and Citizenship Education curriculum (HEC) currently in place in the province of Quebec requires teachers to teach the discipline using a concept-based approach. How do teachers adapt their teaching to this particular demand? Is there a significant difference between how experienced teachers incorporate concept-based learning to their usual teaching and how novice teachers deal with the same demands. To our knowledge, no study has examined, to this day, the influence of teaching experience on the integration of a concept-based approach in History class. In this article, we discuss the theoretical foundations on which this question is based and propose an illustration of the influence of experience on the implementation of a concepts-based approach in the particular context of the province of Québec.

The History and Citizenship Education curriculum (HEC) currently in place in the province of Quebec requires teachers to teach the discipline using a concept-based approach. How do teachers adapt their teaching to this particular demand? Is there a significant difference between how experienced teachers incorporate concept-based learning to their usual teaching and how novice teachers deal with the same demands. To our knowledge, no study has examined, to this day, the influence of teaching experience on the integration of a concept-based approach in History class. In this article, we discuss the theoretical foundations on which this question is based and propose an illustration of the influence of experience on the implementation of a concepts-based approach in the particular context of the province of Québec.

There are permanent approaches regarding the role and purpose of history in the context of the 3rd millennium. The idea that history should and can be studied was strongly emphasized because people need to know themselves. Three sources of fundamental knowledge of history were mentioned for the 20th and 21st centuries: school, family, mass media. Contemporary specialists warn that the success of teaching history in school should not be based on a strictly mechanical assimilation of historical data and events, but above all on the understanding by the subjects of history learning of the significance of historical processes, events and progress over time, but and to the contribution of history to the formation of national identity. This explains why the study of history is closely linked to education for democratic citizenship and human rights.

A brief history of the teaching profession is related to the development of teacher education and the institutions associated with professional teacher training in Nigeria. The study adopts a qualitative research approach with a phenomenological research design and purposively selects 18 participants from 6 Geo-political zones of Nigeria with three participants from each zone. (South-South, North-East, South-East, North-Central, South-West, and North-West). A thematic approach is used to analyse the data from a semi-structured interview. The research engaged educators on thematic approaches to global citizenship education (GCE). A pilot study conducted by the researchers made a case for the de-colonisation of GCE in Nigeria to be embedded in a Continuous Professional Teacher Development (CPTD) program, for educators and stakeholders to acquire the skills that can support them to identify and manage disparities in knowledge sharing, values, ethics and social responsibility. While recommending a national adoption of UNESCO’s 2030 Sustainable Development Goals in professional teaching policy and praxis, the paper argues that homegrown CPTD programmes should be a core activity in the process of de-colonising GCE.

Purpose – An adapted version of lesson study (peer micro-teaching lesson study (PMLS)) was used in a one-year initial teacher education (ITE) programme for prospective secondary school teachers of geography, history, citizenship and social science in England. The purpose of this paper is to support student-teachers through an opportunity to share knowledge, skills and practice from their first teaching placements. Design/methodology/approach – In cross-curricular groups (of three or four), the student-teachers co-designed lessons that focused on developing thinking skills when teaching advanced-level content. Two “research lessons” were designed following the use of an initial questionnaire. Feedback from student-teachers was sought through a post-PMLS questionnaire. Participants’ discussions were recorded between the two “research lessons” to capture references to subject knowledge (SK), placement experiences and exploratory talk. Findings – Principal findings to emerge from the project were: cross-curricular PMLS helped to support student-teachers’ development between their two school environments. The collaborative process allowed them to build on their first school experiences by sharing and reflecting on their placements, learning from each other’s pedagogical practice and by improving SK both within and outside of their own specialism. Originality/value – The work is the first known use of PMLS in ITE in the UK, demonstrating that it can be used as a bridge between the first and second school placements. It elaborates a cross-curricular collaborative vision for the use of modified forms of LS in the preparation of new teachers in programmes that are now largely school-led.

<p class="apa">T.R. Revolution History and Kemalism courses have a crucial function in our educational system in terms of making people embrace governmental ideology, teaching them recent national history, and constituting citizenship acquisition. In constituting the acquisition of behavioural and cognitive changes in these three target areas, the topics that are covered in T.R. Revolution History and Kemalism course books, and format and presentation of these topics have altered in time, whilst the existence of historical characters have not changed. This study is a qualitative study, and the data were gathered through document analysis. The study presents important data about historical characters that take place in T.R. Revolution History and Kemalism course books published in 1993-2012. The results of the study show that the number, frequency and use of historical characters in each book are different.</p>

The aim of this study is to measure the attitudes of Bahrain University (BU) students towards the "New History of Bahrain and Citizenship" Course and to show differences in students' attitudes based on certain variables developed specifically for this study. To achieve this, the author developed a 50-item questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale, based on literature review available on this field, with half of the questionnaire items worded negatively. Adequate methods were used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The developed tool was then administered to 220 students enrolled in the above-mentioned course in the summer semester of the academic year 2015/2016. Overall, the findings of the study show that BU students demonstrated positively-oriented neutral attitudes towards the said course. Moreover, the findings show statistically significant differences in students' attitudes towards the "New History of Bahrain and Citizenship" Course. This can be attributed to the average time students spend at home to study the course and to the section which the students register in. No statistically significant differences, however, were observed between students' attitudes that could be attributed to gender, college, year of study and grade point average (GPA). In view of this, it is recommended that the course specifications are to be reconsidered, and the methods of teaching and assessment be improved. Students should also be encouraged to connect the course to their real life.

Portrait of a not so common ‘Romanist’: Jean Acher (1880–1915) – Jean Acher, known to only a few specialists in Medieval Roman law, was an unusual scholar of Roman law. He was born in Lodz (Poland) in 1880. He studied first at St Petersburg, then in Berlin, where he attended B. Kübler’s teaching, and continued his studies at Montpellier, where he was awarded a law degree. He obtained a licence in law in 1904. At the same time, Acher also studied Romanic languages and literature. Legal and Romanic studies were the subjects of the many articles and reviews he then started publishing in several distinguished journals. In 1906, he settled in Paris. Acher became involved in the (at the time, highly controversial) issues around the methods of legal teaching, appearing as a harsh critic of the then prevailing approach to Roman law teaching. A great admirer of H.H. Fitting, he criticised specifically the exclusive focus on classical Roman law. In turn, Acher was the target of criticism by V. Arangio Ruiz and Ch.L. Appleton, which led to a confrontation with legal scholars. J. Bédier, professor at the Collège de France, supported him and, as a result, Acher devoted his work almost exclusively to the study of Romanic philology and literature. He obtained French citizenship in September 1914 and died the following year as a soldier on the frontline.

Historian opetuksen yhteydessä on viimeisten kahden vuosikymmenen aikana puhuttu erityisesti opetuksen suuntaamisesta sisältöjen opettamisesta historian taitojen ja demokraattisena kansalaisena toimimisen suuntaan. Tavoitteet edellyttävät myös käytäntöjen muuttumista. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan lukion historian opetusta opetuskokeilun kautta. Kokeilussa hyödynnettiin pelillisyyttä sekä historiallista empatiaa. Kahdeksan tuntia kestäneen pelin aikana opiskelijoiden tehtävänä oli konstruoida tietoa vuonna 1957 tapahtuneesta ampumavälikohtauksesta presidentin kesäasunnolla Kultarannassa. Aineisto kerättiin opetuskokeilun yhteydessä (N = 30 lukiolaista) kyselylomakkeen ja haastattelun avulla. Aineisto analysoitiin James Endacottin ja Sarah Brooksin historiallisen empatian määritelmän avulla. Tulosten mukaan opiskelijat pitäytyivät historian tulkinnassa vahvasti kognitiivisessa prosessissa, vaikka historiallisen empatian perustaan ja näin historian ymmärtämiseen kuuluu Endacottin ja Brooksin mukaan myös affektiivisuus eli kyky ymmärtää historiassa toimineen ihmisen kokemuksia omien, samankaltaisten kokemusten avulla. Tämä ulottuvuus näyttää kuitenkin lähes kokonaan puuttuvan lähestymistapana historian kouluopetuksesta. Sen vahvempi mukaan tuominen osaksi historian opetusta vahvistaisi myös opiskelijoiden tulokulmia historian ymmärtämiseen. What’s the name of the game? Historical empathy and gamification in history teaching Abstract Objectives of history teaching has been under changes in curricula of basic education and general upper secondary school during the past two decades in Finland. Alongside with history contents, history skills and active, democratic citizenship are emphasized in the curricula. In addition, new teaching methods have been implemented. In this article we study history teaching in general upper secondary school based on a teaching experiment, in which historical empathy and gamification were used. In an eight-hour game students solved the mystery of Kultaranta shootings in 1957. Data was collected via on-line questionaire and interviews. Data was analysed from the viewpoint of James Endacott and Sarah Brooks' definition for historical empathy. According to the results, students’ interpretations were based on cognitive process, and perspective taking as well as affective connection were in margin. Keywords: gamification, historical empathy, history learning, history teaching, upper secondary school

Henry A. Giroux and Peter McLaren argue that many of the recently recommended public-school reforms either sidestep or abandon the principles underlying education for a democratic citizenry developed by John Dewey and others in the early part of this century. Yet, Giroux and McLaren believe that this historical precedent suggests a way of reconceptualizing teaching and public schooling which revives the values of democratic citizenship and social justice. They demonstrate that teachers, as "transformative intellectuals," can reclaim space in schools for the exercise of critical citizenship via an ethical and political discourse that recasts,in emancipatory terms, the relationships between authority and teacher work, and schooling and the social order. Moreover, the authors outline a teacher education curriculum that links the critical study of power, language, culture, and history to the practice of a critical pedagogy, one that values student experience and student voice. In presenting this essay, the editors of HER hope to initiate a dialogue that will continue in the November special issue, "Teachers, Teaching, and Teacher Education." We believe that Giroux and McLaren's provocative ideas serve well to usher in this discussion; they remind us also of the complexity of the issues which we as educators and as students confront in attempting to promote progressive forms of social, political, and intellectual life.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the development of vocational education for girls, focusing on how curriculum and pedagogy developed to accommodate changing expectations of the role of women in the workplace and the home in mid-twentieth century Australia. As well as describing how pedagogical changes were implemented through curriculum, it examines the way a modern approach to girls’ education was reflected in the built environment of the school site and through its interactions with its changing community. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes a case study approach, focusing on the example of the J.H. Boyd Domestic College which functioned as a single-sex school for girls from 1932 until its closure in 1985. Oral history testimony, private archives, photographs and government school records provide the material from which an understanding of the school is reconstructed. Findings – This detailed examination of the history of J.H. Boyd Domestic College highlights the highly integrated nature of the school's environment with the surrounding community, which strengthened links between the girls and their community. It also demonstrates how important the school's buildings and facilities were to contemporary ideas about the teaching of girls in a vocational setting. Originality/value – This is the first history of J.H. Boyd Domestic College to examine the intersections of gendered, classed ideas about pedagogy with ideas about the appropriate built environment for the teaching of domestic science. The contextualized approach sheds new light on domestic science education in Victoria and the unusually high quality of the learning spaces available for girls’ education.

This is a study of the key role of Hugh Blair, a Scottish Enlightened scholar and minister, in the understanding and teaching of rhetoric in a quarrelsome 19th-Century Mexico. His role as a master of multiple rhetorical forms, including legal prose, literary production and the sermon, emphasized effective communication to a broadening public audience in an age of expanding citizenship. First his Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, and then several selections of his sermons, were introduced in Spanish to the Mexican public. Somewhat surprisingly, his works were highly celebrated and widely recommended, by persons on the whole political spectrum, with virtually no discussion of Blair’s political concerns or religious faith. His approach was useful, it was made clear, in a more fluid society aimed at modernization, but simultaneously contained a top-down view of life in society which seriously restricted sensitivity to the voice of common people. This article discusses his general acclaim and those limitations within the context of local and Atlantic history, taking into account the critical views of some of the numerous authors who have studied Blair’s work and his enormous influence during the 19th century. In the perspectives offered, his impact can be judged more critically in terms of an undoubtedly changing Mexican political culture, but one simultaneously opening and closing admission to effective citizenship.

The issue aims to analyse how the theme of the Shoah and the persecution of Jews is dealt with in recent history books for Italian high schools, currently used in class in secondary schools in the Canton Ticino. On the basis of certain criteria, such as the space assigned in terms of pages, the inclusion in the teaching programme, the presence of a reference to current events, it is possible to carry out a comparative analysis and launch a didactic reflection on the potential of the subject. The volumes that pay most attention to it are those that link the study of the Shoah and the persecution of the Jews to the education to citizenship and democratic values.

The issue aims to analyse how the theme of the Shoah and the persecution of Jews is dealt with in recent history books for Italian high schools, currently used in class in secondary schools in the Canton Ticino. On the basis of certain criteria, such as the space assigned in terms of pages, the inclusion in the teaching programme, the presence of a reference to current events, it is possible to carry out a comparative analysis and launch a didactic reflection on the potential of the subject. The volumes that pay most attention to it are those that link the study of the Shoah and the persecution of the Jews to the education to citizenship and democratic values.

Abstract This is a study of mosque pedagogies and their relevance for the formation of the moral and political identity of Turkish-Dutch youth. Based on fieldwork in two mosques affiliated with Milli Görüş and Diyanet in the Netherlands, the study identifies three different pedagogies practiced in the mosque classrooms: pedagogy of national identity building, unorthodox pedagogies of bonding, and pedagogies of moral formation. The findings show that teaching activities in both mosques contain messages pertaining to citizenship norms and values in areas such as interaction between different genders, ideas of crime, justice and punishment, relationship to authority and boundaries of individual autonomy. Apart from auxiliary use of Dutch and copying Dutch schools’ motivation and discipline strategies, we did not find specific Dutch aspects of the education that was provided. The intention to create a pious and nationalist diaspora youth was a common denominator for the pedagogies of both mosques.

In this paper, representations of Spanish Secondary Education trainee teachers (n = 163) are analyzed with regard to the socio-environmental problematic, end-purposes, and strategies of education for sustainable development (ESD). Likewise, the study seeks to identify the potential influence of sociodemographic variables on those representations and, in particular, possible differences between either the perceptions or the beliefs of trainee teachers of Geography and History and those from other disciplines. The study can be classified as a non-experimental ex post facto investigation based on a questionnaire, yielding results that reflected the commitment of the students towards teaching through the implementation of strategies directed at conflict resolution for social transformation, and towards teaching the development of critical and creative thinking skills for social interventions. Likewise, the study reports the promotion of specific socio-educational actions leading to sustainable development. These results show the absence of differences in terms of the sex, age, institutional affiliation, background discipline or specialism, or previous training in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the students. Despite the identification of greater tendencies towards the conceptualized development of social awareness and active citizenship among trainee teachers of Geography and History, these results reflected the pertinence and the educational need for ESD in higher education from a holistic and transversal perspective.

Nigeria had accomplished its aged - long goal of revitalizing as well as restoring the teaching – learning of historical studies in the realm of schools system, purposely to utilize the tenets implicit in its curriculum design to stimulate universal prospective citizenship characteristics amongst generation of youths. However, the lingering existence of some difficulties in learning history among the senior secondary students seems to doom the aforementioned Nigeria’s hope to failure. This study therefore, surveyed the influence of counselling services rendered by school counselling masters on students to overcome learning difficulties of Post-Basic schools 2010 history curriculum. The research hypothesizes that: i. there is no significant influence of counseling service on resolving students’ difficulties in learning 2010 Post-Basic history curriculum. ii. there is no significant influence of counseling service on resolving teachers’ instructional challenges in implementing 2010 Post-Basic curriculum. Some 380 students offering history, 30 history teachers and 4 Post-Basic schools in Katsina Zonal Education Quality Assurance were randomly sampled for the study. The findings revealed insignificant influence of counselling service in resolving students’ learning difficulties and in resolving the teachers’ challenges in implementing the 2010 Post-Basic history curriculum.

This paper aims at the analysis of basic geographical education standards transformation in Ukraine and foreign countries in the XXI century, and their influence on the public image of geography. The volume and duration of compulsory geography education in Ukraine have gradually reduced. Moreover, in the standards of basic secondary education it was partly included into integrated courses and broad academic fields. It have caused significant transformations of public perception and awareness of geography as a science, academic field, and sphere of career opportunities, led to a decline of public demand for geographers. However, world experience shows that geographical literacy is recognized as an essential condition that increase territorial competitiveness and quality of life, contributes to environment protection, and ensure national security through the development of unique cognitive skills, as spatial thinking, spatial culture, and spatial citizenship. It is argued that transformation and renovation of geography teaching methods and content should include: a) implementation of learning approaches that stimulate interest to study local, regional and international issues and support decision making based on understanding of space and spatial relationships; b) development of educational strategies using innovations and practices of geomedia resources implementation as a digital learning environment; c) regular cartographic support of academic process in geography on the principle of “teaching with GIS, not about GIS”; d) use of active learning techniques for the development of spatial thinking/literacy/ citizenship; e) implementation of projects on landscape structure and perception analysis, based on both traditional techniques (fieldworks, observations, reading and interpreting maps), and new technologies of geomedia resources; f) strengthening the emphasis on understanding of human-environmental interactions in school geography program as a particularly important topic in terms of education for sustainable development.

This special issue of the Victoria University of Wellington Law Review is published in recognition of Gordon Anderson's outstanding contribution to the study of the academic and socio-economic policy field of labour law in New Zealand since the mid-1970s. During this period of time Gordon's work has informed both teaching and learning in labour law scholarship and legal practice, charted the shifts in labour law policy, and examined the implications of these shifts for industrial and employment relations and human resource practices in business. This impressive output has included the publication of several full-length accounts of New Zealand labour law, incorporating background history, economic and political contexts and institutional arrangements, accompanied by analytical accounts of the general principles of individual and collective regulation. At the same time his research work, and his extensive engagement with labour lawyers internationally, has considerably expanded the international understanding and interest in New Zealand's labour law system, drawing it more immediately and closely into comparison with other national systems and sets of laws.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of national identity, as imparted to students by the Western Australia Education Department, in the early part of the twentieth century. By specifically examining The School Paper, as a part of a broader investigation into the teaching of English, this paper interrogates the role “school papers” played in the formation of the citizen subject. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on all available editions of Western Australia’s Education Department school reader, The School Paper, between 1909 and 1911, and on the Department’s Education Circular publication between the years 1899 and 1911. These are read within the context of the prevailing education philosophy, internationally and domestically, and the extent to which it was shaped by Australia’s cultural heritage and the desire to establish a national identity in the years post-federation. Findings The School Paper featured stories, poems, songs and articles that complimented the goals of the new education. Used in supplement to a revised curriculum weighted towards English classics, The School Paper, provided an important site for citizenship training. This publication pursued dual projects of constructing a specific Australian identity while defining a British imperial identity from which it is informed. Originality/value This research builds on scholarship on the role of school readers in other states in the construction of national identity and the formation of the citizen subject. It is the first research conducted into Western Australia’s school paper, the school reader, and provides a new lens through which to view how the processes of national/imperial identities are carried out and influenced by state-sanctioned study of English.

Nearly a decade into the new millennium, the teaching of political literacy as a strand of education for citizenship has taken on a new urgency throughout much of the world. In most developed countries there is now a feeling that young people need to develop a healthy respect for democratic procedures and consequent methods of participating to shape modern society and an understanding that real political literacy means moving beyond the strictures of traditional civics courses. The introduction into places as far apart as Scotland and Hong Kong of aspects of political education in primary schools (Cheung & Leung 1998; Maitles 2005) has itself reflected a worry (almost a moral panic) in government circles about youth alienation, albeit with some debate as to whether schools should be the places where this is developed. This paper examines the attitudes of young people towards politics, explains some peculiarities of education in Scotland and reports on research into the knowledge, interest, cynicism/trust and values/attitudes of approximately 1600 pupils – 50% of whom study Modern Studies whilst the others study history or geography. The paper explores whether those pupils studying Modern Studies have a stronger basis in some elements of political literacy than those who do not study it. The results suggest that Modern Studies students have more knowledge, greater interest and are less cynical but, that in terms of values, there is no discernible difference.

Introduction: Pediatric bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening illness that results from bacterial infection of the meninges and leaves some survivors with significant sequelae. More than 2/3 cases of meningitis occur in the 1st 2 years of life, owing to decreased immunity and high vascularity of the brain.This study was conducted to determine the frequency of hemophilus influenzae type b, streptococcus pneumonia and neisseria meningitidis and outcome in culture proven meningitis in children 6 months to 24 months. Study Design: Case series. Setting: Paeds Unit 1, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur and Paeds Unit of District Headquarter (DHQ) Teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan. Period: 1st April 2017 to 30th September 2018. Material and Methods: A total of 220 children (110 from each center) of either sex with culture proven meningitis, aged 6 months to 24 months, were included in the study. Demographics, duration of fever, history of seizures, weight of child, vaccination status and bacteria isolated from CSF and outcome were analyzed. The outcome in the form of mortality was noted during the first 10 days of hospital stay. Results: Amongst a total of 220 children, 123 (55.9%) were male. There were 130 (59.1%) children who were less than or equal to 1 year of age. There were 154 (70.0%) children who were having a weight of 7 to 10 kg. Vaccination status was, 111 (50.5%) were fully vaccinated, 59 (26.8%) partially vaccinated and 50 (22.7%) not vaccinated. Duration of fever was, 141 (64.1%) had fever for more than 5 days. There were 139 (63.2%) children who had a history of seizures. Streptococcus pneumonia was the commonest bacteria found in 110 (50%) children followed by neisseria meningitides 53 (24.1%), H. Influenza 37 (16.8%). Overall mortality was noted in 34 (15.5%) children. Conclusion: In children with bacterial meningitis, mortality was high and most common bacteria were found to be s.pneumoniae followed by neisseria meningitidis and h.influenzae. Awareness about the empiric and directed antimicrobial therapy will help to lower the burden of morbidity and mortality related to bacterial meningitis.

The countryside enjoys a long tradition in secondary and baccalaureate teaching and learning in spite of no research having been done on its use in teaching social sciences. The present study views teaching about rural areas as part of a depiction of society where the countryside and the city are opposed in various ways. A study based on the theory of the social representations combines qualitative and quantitative techniques under the interpretive paradigm. A table composed of different categories was designed reflecting a hypothesis of progression that allows an integrated analysis of the data obtained through questionnaires, focus group and textbooks. The information was collected from secondary-education and baccalaureate teachers in the Valencian Community and from the social-sciences textbooks (geography and history) for secondary education and baccalaureate. The results offer an approach to the concept of the countryside and its teaching and learning in secondary education and baccalaureate in the Valencian Community. This study also highlights the relations between the rural environment and its social representation in education, as well as the obstacles that currently make it hard to counter the idealization of the countryside in education. The predominance of low-to-medium-level activities in textbooks and the poor connection of teachers with the local context make it difficult to promote citizenship among students. El medio rural es un contenido de gran tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje en Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato, pese a que no haya sido objeto de investigación desde la didáctica de las ciencias sociales. En este trabajo se concibe la enseñanza del medio rural como parte de una representación social más compleja, que se ha visto condicionada por los relatos variados de oposición entre el campo y la ciudad. El estudio fundamentado en la teoría de las representaciones sociales, combina técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas desde el paradigma interpretativo. Se diseña una tabla de categorías a modo de hipótesis de progresión que permite un análisis integrado de los datos obtenidos a partir de cuestionarios, grupos de discusión y el análisis de libros de texto. La información proviene del profesorado de Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato de la Comunidad Valenciana y de los libros de texto del área de Ciencias Sociales (Geografía e Historia) para Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato. Los resultados ofrecen una aproximación a la concepción del medio rural y de su enseñanza-aprendizaje en Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato en la Comunidad Valenciana. Se destacan las relaciones entre el medio rural y su representación social en la enseñanza, así como los obstáculos existentes para revertir la idealización de estos espacios en la educación. El predominio de actividades de nivel medio-bajo en los libros de texto y la escasa conexión del profesorado con el contexto local dificultan el fomento de la ciudadanía entre el alumnado.

There have been significant changes in social studies textbooks through time. Especially since the 2005 syllabus entered into force, these textbooks have seen important changes both in content and form. While comprising of a little citizenship knowledge and mostly history and geography subjects before, since 2005 these textbooks came to contain many fields of knowledge including science and technology, psychology, sociology and economy, in addition to the history and geography subjects before. This new form of the textbooks has also passed through many changes until today. Finally, social studies textbooks were updated in 2018-2019 academic year based on the changes in the program. The goal of this study is to assess the contents of this updated grade 5 social studies textbook in line with opinions of the teachers.In scope of this study an interview form mostly comprised of open-ended question was applied with 28 teachers working in various provinces in order to assess the contents of the grade 5 social studies textbook put into use in the 2018-2019 academic year. The responses given to these open-ended questions are processed by content analysis method, which is a qualitative research technique. The study process was conducted in a planned and transparent manner. This is also important for reliability and validity of the study.It is found that teachers are generally satisfied with the content of grade 5 social studies textbook. There are some problems cited in regard of the language of the book not being suitable for the student level in context of some subjects. In particular, teachers have important suggestions regarding use of a storytelling language in regard of culture and heritage subjects in the textbook. The textbook is found adequate in regard of actuality and inner circle teaching. The teacher largely think compatibility of visuals with the content of textbook is sufficient; however, the textbook used in the previous year was also deemed agreeable in this regard.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The object of this study is to assess the interdisciplinary teaching approach in social studies education, based on the historical development in Turkey. In the study, the curriculum programs of the Republican period, the national education council decisions and the related <em>tebligler</em> journals were examined with document analysis method. The study is carried out according to qualitative research techniques. The obtained documents were subjected to content analysis. Findings based on descriptive analysis technique were discussed with local and foreign literature and specific evaluations were made and some suggestions related to social studies programs were put forward. Social studies classes in primary schools in Turkey in 1962 as the first "Society and Country Studies" are combined in a course titled. In 1968, the name "Social Studies" was adopted for this course. In middle schools, this combination was realized in 1971. In 1985, the Social Studies course was removed from the middle school and replaced by <em>National History</em>, <em>National Geography,</em> and <em>Citizenship </em>courses. In 1998, these lessons were combined as Social Studies, covering the 4th to 7th-grade classes. In 2005, a constructivist approach was adopted and a new social studies program was announced. However, it is observed that the subjects of different disciplines cannot be adequately related to each other in the course programs until 2005 and an interdisciplinary approach cannot be implemented sufficiently. For the first time in social studies program updated in 2018, all areas of social sciences such as history, geography, law, economics, sociology, anthropology, political science, ethnography, archeology, and psychology could be handled with an interdisciplinary approach. It is suggested that the interdisciplinary approach in the future curriculum should be determined by identifying the current problems of society.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Bu araştırmanın amacı Türkiye’de sosyal bilgiler eğitiminde disiplinlerarası öğretim yaklaşımını tarihsel bir bakış açısı ile değerlendirmektir. Araştırmada cumhuriyet dönemindeki öğretim programları, millî eğitim şura kararları ve ilgili tebliğler dergileri doküman analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma problemine yanıt bulmak için amaca yönelik doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılarak güncel öğretim programlarına ilişkin bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Türkiye’de ilkokul düzeyinde ilk disiplinlerarası müfredat girişimi 1962 yılında tarih, coğrafya ve yurttaşlık bilgisi derslerinin Toplum ve Ülke İncelemeleri adlı bir ders ile birleştirilmesi ile başlamıştır. 1968 yılında bu dersin adı Sosyal Bilgiler olarak değiştirilmiştir. Ortaokullarda ise bu birleştirme 1971 programı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1985 yılında ortaokul düzeyinde sosyal bilgiler dersi programdan kaldırılmış, yerine Millî Tarih, Millî Coğrafya ve Vatandaşlık Bilgisi dersleri getirilmiştir. 1998 yılında Sosyal Bilgiler dersleri programa tekrar konulmuş ve 4. Sınıftan başlayarak 7. Sınıf dahil öğretim kademelerinde okutulmuştur. 2005 yılında ise yapılandırmacılığın etkisiyle ilkokuldan üniversiteye kadar tüm programlarda bir güncelleme faaliyeti başlamış ve bu kapsamda Sosyal Bilgiler öğretim programı da yenilenmiştir. Bu süreç aynı zamanda disiplinler arası öğretim açısından bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. 2005 yılı öncesindeki öğretim programlarında da disiplinler arası öğretime zaman zaman kuvvetli vurgu yapılmış olmasına rağmen gerek program geliştirme sürecinde gerekse uygulamada disipliner yaklaşımın çok daha baskın olduğu görülmektedir. 2005 yılı itibariyle öğretim programlarında ünite ve konu bazlı program yaklaşımı yerine öğrenme alanı ve kazanım ekseninde öğretim programları ele alınmış ve disiplinler arası bir yaklaşım ile programlar hazırlanmıştır. Hali hazırda Türkiye’deki güncel sosyal bilgiler programlarında Tarih, Coğrafya, Sosyoloji, Ekonomi, Hukuk, Etnografya, Arkeoloji, Psikoloji ve Siyaset Bilimi gibi sosyal bilimlerin çok farklı alanlarından elde edilen bilgiler disiplinler arası, bütünleşik bir yaklaşımla ele alınmıştır. Ancak disiplinler arası öğretiminin sürdürülebilmesi için ülkenin toplumsal sorunlarının belirlenmesi, bu sorunların bir öncelik sırasına konulması, toplumun tüm kesimleri ile tartışılması ve de en önemlisi program geliştirme sürecine imkânlar çerçevesince tüm paydaşlarının dâhil edilmesi gerekir.</p>

I artikeln diskuteras en lärarstudie om vad som utmärker samhällskunskaps-ämnet på svenskt mellanstadium. Det sker mot bakgrund av en skandinavisk ämnesdidaktisk diskussion om ämnets tydlighet med fokus riktad mot svenska förhållanden. Här har ämnet beskrivits som otydligt i läroplans- och läroboks-forskning medan det framträder som mer tydligt i lärarforskning. Denna lärarforskning har dock oftast studerat grundskolans högstadium och gymnasium. Studier på mellanstadiet saknas och min studie visar, till skillnad från dessa studier, att ämnet är otydligt när lärarna talar om det. Det är ett stadie som också skiljer sig från högstadiets och gymnasiets ämnescentrerade ämneslärarkultur genom att det är mer elevcentrerat och klasslärarbundet med högre grad av ämnesintegration. Artikeln fokuserar därför samhällskunskapsämnets relationer till övriga samhällsorienterande (SO) ämnen – geografi, historia och religionskunskap – och vad det innebär för ämnets otydlighet. Genom intervjuer med lärare om deras SO-undervisning och samhällskunskapsämnets del i den, illustrerat med hjälp av begreppen ”ämnesmarkörer”, ”ämnesväxlingar” och ”ämnesöverlappningar”, framträder ämnet som underordnat och undanskymt i relation till särskilt geografi och historia. De har en dominerande position inom gruppen och bidrar till att samhällskunskapsämnet förblir otydligt. I artikelns konklusion och diskussion argumenteras för betydelsen av en rekonstruktion av relationerna inom gruppen, inte endast för att göra samhällskunskapsämnet tydligare, utan för att också övriga ämnen skall ge ett starkare bidrag till elevers lärande om samhället och dess frågor både som enskilda ämnen och tillsammans.Nyckelord: samhällskunskap, samhällsorienterande ämnen, ämnesmarkörer, ämnesväxlingar, ämnesöverlappningarAbstractThis article reports on a practice-related study of the characteristic features of the civics subject in Swedish upper primary education. The discussion takes place against the background of a Scandinavian subject-specific pedagogical debate on the lack of clarity in the civics subject in relation to the other social studies subjects. In Sweden, curriculum and textbook research has pointed out that civics seems to have a vague and unspecified role in primary education, while it seems to have a more prominent role in practice-related research. However, the latter research has often focused on lower and upper secondary education, and so far there have been no studies of the role of civics in primary education. In contrast to the studies of civics in secondary education, my study shows that civics in primary education emerges as very obscure in teachers’ talk about it. At this stage of education, civics is not as subject-centred as it is in the subject-teaching culture of secondary education, but rather a pupil-centred subject with a high degree of integration with other subjects. The article has a focus on civics in relation to the other social studies subjects (SO), namely geography, history and religious studies, and on how the interrelations affect the perception of civics. The study is based on interviews with teachers on their SO teaching and the role of civics with the help of the concepts of ”subject marker”, ”subject-switching”, and ”subject-overlapping”. The result of the analysis is that civics emerges as a subordinated and inconspicuous subject in relation to geography and history, in particular. These two subjects have a dominant position in the subject cluster and contribute to relegating civics to a vague and unclear backseat. In conclusion, the article argues for the need of reconstructing the interrelations in the subject cluster, not only for the sake of clarifying the role and content of civics, but also to ensure that the other subjects can also contribute more to pupils’ learning about community and citizenship issues, as separate subjects and together.Keywords: civics, social studies subjects, subjects, subject marker, subject-switching, subject-overlapping

ResumenEn este artículo se presenta una propuesta pedagógica para los niveles de 5° y 6° básico, con el objetivo de rediseñar las actividades en la sala de clases sobre las implicancias del cambio climático en la configuración de los climas de Chile. Para ello se utiliza la nueva cartografía climatológica de Chile, siguiendo la metodología de Köppen–Geiger. Se postula, además, la necesidad de adoptar estas sugerencias no solo en la enseñanza de la asignatura de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, sino también en aquellas actividades relacionadas con el Plan de Formación Ciudadana. Esta propuesta se fundamenta en la idea de que la aproximación en el aula al estudio del cambio climático debe ser considerada una oportunidad para que los docentes contextualicen el currículo escolar en la interacción con el entorno natural e incluyan otras formas de aprendizaje incorporando nuevas tecnologías y cartografías.AbstractThis article presents a pedagogical proposal for 5th and 6th grade levels aimed at redesigning classroom activities related to the implications of climate change in the configuration of Chilean climates. For this, the new Chilean climatological cartography is used following the Köppen-Geiger methodology. It also postulates the need to adopt these suggestions not only in the teaching of History, Geography and Social Sciences, but also in those activities related to the Citizenship Forming Plan. This proposal is based on the idea that the study of climate change in the classroom should be considered as an opportunity for teachers to contextualize the school curriculum in interaction with the natural environment and include other forms of learning with new technologies and cartographies.Keywords: climate change, Chilean climates, geography, classroom activities.ResumoNeste artigo apresenta-se uma proposta pedagógica para os níveis de 5° e 6° ano do ensino fundamental com o objetivo de redesenhar as atividades na sala de aula sobre as implicações da mudança climática na configuração dos climas do Chile. Para aquilo, utiliza-se a metodologia de Köppen–Geiger. Propõe-se, também, a necessidade de adotar estas sugestões não só no ensino da disciplina de História, Geografia e Ciências Sociais, mas também naquelas atividades relacionadas com o Plano de Formação Cidadã. Esta proposta fundamenta-se na ideia de que a aproximação ao estudo da mudança climática na sala de aula deve ser considerada uma oportunidade para que os professores contextualizem o currículo escolar na interação com o entorno natural e incluam outras formas de aprendizagem incorporando novas tecnologias e cartografias.Palavras-chave: Mudança climática, climas do Chile, geografia, atividadesna sala de aula.

En este artículo se presenta una propuesta pedagógica para los niveles de 5° y 6° básico, con el objetivo de rediseñar las actividades en la sala de clases sobre las implicancias del cambio climático en la configuración de los climas de Chile. Para ello se utiliza la nueva cartografía climatológica de Chile, siguiendo la metodología de Köppen–Geiger. Se postula, además, la necesidad de adoptar estas sugerencias no solo en la enseñanza de la asignatura de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, sino también en aquellas actividades relacionadas con el Plan de Formación Ciudadana. Esta propuesta se fundamenta en la idea de que la aproximación en el aula al estudio del cambio climático debe ser considerada una oportunidad para que los docentes contextualicen el currículo escolar en la interacción con el entorno natural e incluyan otras formas de aprendizaje incorporando nuevas tecnologías y cartografías.AbstractThis article presents a pedagogical proposal for 5th and 6th grade levels aimed at redesigning classroom activities related to the implications of climate change in the configuration of Chilean climates. For this, the new Chilean climatological cartography is used following the Köppen-Geiger methodology. It also postulates the need to adopt these suggestions not only in the teaching of History, Geography and Social Sciences, but also in those activities related to the Citizenship Forming Plan. This proposal is based on the idea that the study of climate change in the classroom should be considered as an opportunity for teachers to contextualize the school curriculum in interaction with the natural environment and include other forms of learning with new technologies and cartographies.Keywords: climate change, Chilean climates, geography, classroom activities.ResumoNeste artigo apresenta-se uma proposta pedagógica para os níveis de 5° e 6° ano do ensino fundamental com o objetivo de redesenhar as atividades na sala de aula sobre as implicações da mudança climática na configuração dos climas do Chile. Para aquilo, utiliza-se a metodologia de Köppen–Geiger. Propõe-se, também, a necessidade de adotar estas sugestões não só no ensino da disciplina de História, Geografia e Ciências Sociais, mas também naquelas atividades relacionadas com o Plano de Formação Cidadã. Esta proposta fundamenta-se na ideia de que a aproximação ao estudo da mudança climática na sala de aula deve ser considerada uma oportunidade para que os professores contextualizem o currículo escolar na interação com o entorno natural e incluam outras formas de aprendizagem incorporando novas tecnologias e cartografias.Palavras-chave: Mudança climática, climas do Chile, geografia, atividadesna sala de aula.

Frantsev Vladimir Andreevich (April 4 (16), 1867 – March 19, 1942) – a Russian Slavicist, who authored more than 300 works on Slavic studies. He graduated from a Warsaw grammar school, then studied in the Imperial Warsaw University. In 1893–1895, V. Frantsev made several journeys abroad with the academic pupose. In 1895, he began to prepare for the master’s degree. In 1897, he went abroad and spent three years there. In 1899, V.A. Frantsev made a trip to Ugrian Rus, after which published an article “Review of the most important studies of Ugric Rus” in the Russian Philological Bulletin (1901, Nr. 1–2) in Warsaw. During his trip, V.A. Frantsev met and subsequently maintained contacts with prominent figures in the revival of Ugrian Rus. In 1899, he became Associate Professor of the Department of the History of Slavic Dialects and Literatures of the Imperial Warsaw University, in 1903 – an extraordinary professor, in 1907 – an ordinary professor. In 1900–1921, V.A. Frantsev lectured at the University of Warsaw, which in 1915 moved to Rostov-on-Don in connection with WWI. Teaching actively at the University, he devoted his free time to archival studies, working mainly in the Slavic lands of Austria-Hungary, where he went “for summer vacations” from 1901 to 1914. Sometimes he continued his work during the winter vacations and Easter holidays, as in 1906/07 and in 1907/08, when the university did not function due to student unrest. V.A. Frantsev reported to the “Society of History, Philology and Law” at the University of Warsaw, of which he was an active participant. In 1902–1907, Frantsev published almost all of his major works (except P.Y. Shafarik’s correspondence, published much later). Among them were his master’s thesis “An Essay on the History of the Czech Renaissance” (Warsaw, 1902), doctoral dissertation “Polish Slavic Studies in the late 18th and first quarter of the 19th century” (Prague, 1906), “Czech dramatic works of the 16th – 17th centuries” (Warsaw, 1903), etc. In 1909, during heated discussions on the future structure of Chełm-Podlasie Rus, he published “Maps of the Russian and Orthodox population of Chełm Rus with statistical tables”. In 1913, V.A. Frantsev became a member of the Czech Royal Society of Sciences. Since 1915, he was a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in the Department of Russian Language and Literature. He did not accept the October Revolution, yet never publicly opposed the new government. At the end of 1919, he received an offer from the Council of Professors of the Prague Charles University (Czechoslovakia) to head the Russian branch of the Slavic Seminar. In Czechoslovakia, he became a professor at Charles University. In 1927, he took Czechoslovak citizenship. V.A. Frantsev’s life was associated with the Russian emigration. He was a full member and chairman of the Russian Institute, as well as chairman of the “Russian Academic Group in Czechoslovakia”, deputy chairman of the “Union of Russian Academic Organizations Abroad”, a member of the Commission for the Study of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus. In 1924, the Uzhhorod “A. Dukhnovich Cultural and Educational Society” republished V.A. Frantsev’s From the Renaissance Era of Ugric Rus under the title On the Question of the Literary Language of Subcarpathian Rus and a brief From the History of Writing in Subcarpathian Rus (1929). In 1930, The Carpathian Collection was published in Uzhhorod, with Frantsev “From the history of the struggle for the Russian literary language in Subcarpathian Rus” in the preface. He spent his last years in Czechoslovakia occupied by Nazi Germany. V.A. Frantsev died on March 19, 1942, a few days before his 75th birthday. He is buried in the Olshansk cemetery in Prague.

<p>臺灣的十二年國民基本教育課程綱要將探究納為中小學的核心課程之一，許多前導學校被官方指派發展示範性探究課程。由於探究是一個可同時指涉不同意涵的字詞，教師可能因對探究的認識不一，而在嘗試合作實施探究教學的過程中遭遇困難。發掘探索不同學科背景教師對「探究」概念之差異，使師資培育單位／師資培育相關教師以之規劃合適的教師專業發展活動。本研究旨在探索實際開發示範性課程的情境與過程中，教師對探究與探究教學的看法與實務。我們於一所開發並試行跨學習領域探究課程的前導高中，對課程開發團隊中十一位不同學科背景（歷史、地理、公民、資訊、生物、物理和化學）的教師進行半結構訪談。繼而運用開放編碼技術分析訪談轉錄稿、教案與課室錄影。訪談結果發現，多數教師認為探究是問題解決。然而，自然科學教師視探究為方法，社會科學教師視探究為過程。自然科學教師通常會設計情境，讓學生確認研究問題並執行研究，且認為英文閱讀理解是進行探究的必要技能；時間是其發展課程時的主要考量。社會科學教師傾向於提供問題並引導討論；特定主題的專業諮詢為其進行課程發展之主要需求。課室觀察結果顯示傳統講述平均佔三成以上的課程時間，操作或執行研究是自然科學課程的主要探究活動。研究建議，相關師資培育單位／師資培育相關教師應深化教師探究相關知識，並根據教師持有的學科特質觀點協助他們進行相關專業發展。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>All elementary, junior high and senior high schools must provide inquiry as one of the core requirements according to the 12-year curriculum for basic education. Several pioneer schools were officially appointed to develop exemplary inquiry courses. On the account of inquiring being a term that connotes different meanings at the same time, teachers may encounter many challenges when they attempt teaching collaboratively due to their different views about inquiry. Exploring different beliefs of teachers teaching different subjects allows educators to provide appropriate professional development activities. This study explored the views and practices of inquiry and inquiry-based instruction of teachers in the context and process of developing exemplary courses. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 teachers with different subject backgrounds (history, geography, citizenship, information technology, physics, chemistry, and biology) in a pioneer high school, where cross-learning areas inquiry courses were developed and piloted. We then applied the open coding technique to analyze interview transcripts, teaching plans, and class videos from these teachers. Findings from interviews show that most teachers considered inquiry as a form of problem solving. Nevertheless, natural science teachers viewed inquiry as a process, whereas social science teachers equated inquiry as content. Most natural science teachers preferred offering contextualized learning activities for students to frame research questions and conduct investigations. They also considered reading comprehension in English as the main threshold for retrieving references, and time and equipment were critical factors for curriculum development. Social science teachers usually emphasized providing research questions and guiding a whole-class discussion. Moreover, professional consultation on specific topics was a major demand for curriculum development. The results from classroom observation reveal that teachers spent more than 30% of classroom time on traditional didactic instruction. In addition, carrying out investigations was the main inquiry activities of natural science classes. We suggest that teacher educators should deepen schoolteachers&rsquo; epistemic knowledge and provide them with professional development activities in accordance with their views about the peculiarity of the discipline.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Education in Oceania continues to reflect the embedded implicit and explicit colonial practices and processes from the past. This paper conceptualises a cultural approach to education and leadership appropriate and relevant to the Republic of the Marshall Islands. As elementary school leaders, we highlight Kanne Lobal, a traditional Marshallese navigation practice based on indigenous language, values and practices. We conceptualise and develop Kanne Lobal in this paper as a framework for understanding the usefulness of our indigenous knowledge in leadership and educational practices within formal education. Through bwebwenato, a method of talk story, our key learnings and reflexivities were captured. We argue that realising the value of Marshallese indigenous knowledge and practices for school leaders requires purposeful training of the ways in which our knowledge can be made useful in our professional educational responsibilities. Drawing from our Marshallese knowledge is an intentional effort to inspire, empower and express what education and leadership partnership means for Marshallese people, as articulated by Marshallese themselves. Introduction As noted in the call for papers within the Waikato Journal of Education (WJE) for this special issue, bodies of knowledge and histories in Oceania have long sustained generations across geographic boundaries to ensure cultural survival. For Marshallese people, we cannot really know ourselves “until we know how we came to be where we are today” (Walsh, Heine, Bigler & Stege, 2012). Jitdam Kapeel is a popular Marshallese concept and ideal associated with inquiring into relationships within the family and community. In a similar way, the practice of relating is about connecting the present and future to the past. Education and leadership partnerships are linked and we look back to the past, our history, to make sense and feel inspired to transform practices that will benefit our people. In this paper and in light of our next generation, we reconnect with our navigation stories to inspire and empower education and leadership. Kanne lobal is part of our navigation stories, a conceptual framework centred on cultural practices, values, and concepts that embrace collective partnerships. Our link to this talanoa vā with others in the special issue is to attempt to make sense of connections given the global COVID-19 context by providing a Marshallese approach to address the physical and relational “distance” between education and leadership partnerships in Oceania. Like the majority of developing small island nations in Oceania, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) has had its share of educational challenges through colonial legacies of the past which continues to drive education systems in the region (Heine, 2002). The historical administration and education in the RMI is one of colonisation. Successive administrations by the Spanish, German, Japanese, and now the US, has resulted in education and learning that privileges western knowledge and forms of learning. This paper foregrounds understandings of education and learning as told by the voices of elementary school leaders from the RMI. The move to re-think education and leadership from Marshallese perspectives is an act of shifting the focus of bwebwenato or conversations that centres on Marshallese language and worldviews. The concept of jelalokjen was conceptualised as traditional education framed mainly within the community context. In the past, jelalokjen was practiced and transmitted to the younger generation for cultural continuity. During the arrival of colonial administrations into the RMI, jelalokjen was likened to the western notions of education and schooling (Kupferman, 2004). Today, the primary function of jelalokjen, as traditional and formal education, it is for “survival in a hostile [and challenging] environment” (Kupferman, 2004, p. 43). Because western approaches to learning in the RMI have not always resulted in positive outcomes for those engaged within the education system, as school leaders who value our cultural knowledge and practices, and aspire to maintain our language with the next generation, we turn to Kanne Lobal, a practice embedded in our navigation stories, collective aspirations, and leadership. The significance in the development of Kanne Lobal, as an appropriate framework for education and leadership, resulted in us coming together and working together. Not only were we able to share our leadership concerns, however, the engagement strengthened our connections with each other as school leaders, our communities, and the Public Schooling System (PSS). Prior to that, many of us were in competition for resources. Educational Leadership: IQBE and GCSL Leadership is a valued practice in the RMI. Before the IQBE programme started in 2018, the majority of the school leaders on the main island of Majuro had not engaged in collaborative partnerships with each other before. Our main educational purpose was to achieve accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC), an accreditation commission for schools in the United States. The WASC accreditation dictated our work and relationships and many school leaders on Majuro felt the pressure of competition against each other. We, the authors in this paper, share our collective bwebwenato, highlighting our school leadership experiences and how we gained strength from our own ancestral knowledge to empower “us”, to collaborate with each other, our teachers, communities, as well as with PSS; a collaborative partnership we had not realised in the past. The paucity of literature that captures Kajin Majol (Marshallese language) and education in general in the RMI is what we intend to fill by sharing our reflections and experiences. To move our educational practices forward we highlight Kanne Lobal, a cultural approach that focuses on our strengths, collective social responsibilities and wellbeing. For a long time, there was no formal training in place for elementary school leaders. School principals and vice principals were appointed primarily on their academic merit through having an undergraduate qualification. As part of the first cohort of fifteen school leaders, we engaged in the professional training programme, the Graduate Certificate in School Leadership (GCSL), refitted to our context after its initial development in the Solomon Islands. GCSL was coordinated by the Institute of Education (IOE) at the University of the South Pacific (USP). GCSL was seen as a relevant and appropriate training programme for school leaders in the RMI as part of an Asia Development Bank (ADB) funded programme which aimed at “Improving Quality Basic Education” (IQBE) in parts of the northern Pacific. GCSL was managed on Majuro, RMI’s main island, by the director at the time Dr Irene Taafaki, coordinator Yolanda McKay, and administrators at the University of the South Pacific’s (USP) RMI campus. Through the provision of GCSL, as school leaders we were encouraged to re-think and draw-from our own cultural repository and connect to our ancestral knowledge that have always provided strength for us. This kind of thinking and practice was encouraged by our educational leaders (Heine, 2002). We argue that a culturally-affirming and culturally-contextual framework that reflects the lived experiences of Marshallese people is much needed and enables the disruption of inherent colonial processes left behind by Western and Eastern administrations which have influenced our education system in the RMI (Heine, 2002). Kanne Lobal, an approach utilising a traditional navigation has warranted its need to provide solutions for today’s educational challenges for us in the RMI. Education in the Pacific Education in the Pacific cannot be understood without contextualising it in its history and culture. It is the same for us in the RMI (Heine, 2002; Walsh et al., 2012). The RMI is located in the Pacific Ocean and is part of Micronesia. It was named after a British captain, John Marshall in the 1700s. The atolls in the RMI were explored by the Spanish in the 16th century. Germany unsuccessfully attempted to colonize the islands in 1885. Japan took control in 1914, but after several battles during World War II, the US seized the RMI from them. In 1947, the United Nations made the island group, along with the Mariana and Caroline archipelagos, a U.S. trust territory (Walsh et al, 2012). Education in the RMI reflects the colonial administrations of Germany, Japan, and now the US. Before the turn of the century, formal education in the Pacific reflected western values, practices, and standards. Prior to that, education was informal and not binded to formal learning institutions (Thaman, 1997) and oral traditions was used as the medium for transmitting learning about customs and practices living with parents, grandparents, great grandparents. As alluded to by Jiba B. Kabua (2004), any “discussion about education is necessarily a discussion of culture, and any policy on education is also a policy of culture” (p. 181). It is impossible to promote one without the other, and it is not logical to understand one without the other. Re-thinking how education should look like, the pedagogical strategies that are relevant in our classrooms, the ways to engage with our parents and communities - such re-thinking sits within our cultural approaches and frameworks. Our collective attempts to provide a cultural framework that is relevant and appropriate for education in our context, sits within the political endeavour to decolonize. This means that what we are providing will not only be useful, but it can be used as a tool to question and identify whether things in place restrict and prevent our culture or whether they promote and foreground cultural ideas and concepts, a significant discussion of culture linked to education (Kabua, 2004). Donor funded development aid programmes were provided to support the challenges within education systems. Concerned with the persistent low educational outcomes of Pacific students, despite the prevalence of aid programmes in the region, in 2000 Pacific educators and leaders with support from New Zealand Aid (NZ Aid) decided to intervene (Heine, 2002; Taufe’ulungaki, 2014). In April 2001, a group of Pacific educators and leaders across the region were invited to a colloquium funded by the New Zealand Overseas Development Agency held in Suva Fiji at the University of the South Pacific. The main purpose of the colloquium was to enable “Pacific educators to re-think the values, assumptions and beliefs underlying [formal] schooling in Oceania” (Benson, 2002). Leadership, in general, is a valued practice in the RMI (Heine, 2002). Despite education leadership being identified as a significant factor in school improvement (Sanga & Chu, 2009), the limited formal training opportunities of school principals in the region was a persistent concern. As part of an Asia Development Bank (ADB) funded project, the Improve Quality Basic Education (IQBE) intervention was developed and implemented in the RMI in 2017. Mentoring is a process associated with the continuity and sustainability of leadership knowledge and practices (Sanga & Chu, 2009). It is a key aspect of building capacity and capabilities within human resources in education (ibid). Indigenous knowledges and education research According to Hilda Heine, the relationship between education and leadership is about understanding Marshallese history and culture (cited in Walsh et al., 2012). It is about sharing indigenous knowledge and histories that “details for future generations a story of survival and resilience and the pride we possess as a people” (Heine, cited in Walsh et al., 2012, p. v). This paper is fuelled by postcolonial aspirations yet is grounded in Pacific indigenous research. This means that our intentions are driven by postcolonial pursuits and discourses linked to challenging the colonial systems and schooling in the Pacific region that privileges western knowledge and learning and marginalises the education practices and processes of local people (Thiong’o, 1986). A point of difference and orientation from postcolonialism is a desire to foreground indigenous Pacific language, specifically Majin Majol, through Marshallese concepts. Our collective bwebwenato and conversation honours and values kautiej (respect), jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity), and jouj (kindness) (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019). Pacific leaders developed the Rethinking Pacific Education Initiative for and by Pacific People (RPEIPP) in 2002 to take control of the ways in which education research was conducted by donor funded organisations (Taufe’ulungaki, 2014). Our former president, Dr Hilda Heine was part of the group of leaders who sought to counter the ways in which our educational and leadership stories were controlled and told by non-Marshallese (Heine, 2002). As a former minister of education in the RMI, Hilda Heine continues to inspire and encourage the next generation of educators, school leaders, and researchers to re-think and de-construct the way learning and education is conceptualised for Marshallese people. The conceptualisation of Kanne Lobal acknowledges its origin, grounded in Marshallese navigation knowledge and practice. Our decision to unpack and deconstruct Kanne Lobal within the context of formal education and leadership responds to the need to not only draw from indigenous Marshallese ideas and practice but to consider that the next generation will continue to be educated using western processes and initiatives particularly from the US where we get a lot of our funding from. According to indigenous researchers Dawn Bessarab and Bridget Ng’andu (2010), doing research that considers “culturally appropriate processes to engage with indigenous groups and individuals is particularly pertinent in today’s research environment” (p. 37). Pacific indigenous educators and researchers have turned to their own ancestral knowledge and practices for inspiration and empowerment. Within western research contexts, the often stringent ideals and processes are not always encouraging of indigenous methods and practices. However, many were able to ground and articulate their use of indigenous methods as being relevant and appropriate to capturing the realities of their communities (Nabobo-Baba, 2008; Sualii-Sauni & Fulu-Aiolupotea, 2014; Thaman, 1997). At the same time, utilising Pacific indigenous methods and approaches enabled research engagement with their communities that honoured and respected them and their communities. For example, Tongan, Samoan, and Fijian researchers used the talanoa method as a way to capture the stories, lived realities, and worldviews of their communities within education in the diaspora (Fa’avae, Jones, & Manu’atu, 2016; Nabobo-Baba, 2008; Sualii-Sauni & Aiolupotea, 2014; Vaioleti, 2005). Tok stori was used by Solomon Islander educators and school leaders to highlight the unique circles of conversational practice and storytelling that leads to more positive engagement with their community members, capturing rich and meaningful narratives as a result (Sanga & Houma, 2004). The Indigenous Aborigine in Australia utilise yarning as a “relaxed discussion through which both the researcher and participant journey together visiting places and topics of interest relevant” (Bessarab & Ng’andu, 2010, p. 38). Despite the diverse forms of discussions and storytelling by indigenous peoples, of significance are the cultural protocols, ethics, and language for conducting and guiding the engagement (Bessarab & Ng’andu, 2010; Nabobo-Baba, 2008; Sualii-Sauni & Aiolupotea, 2014). Through the ethics, values, protocols, and language, these are what makes indigenous methods or frameworks unique compared to western methods like in-depth interviews or semi-structured interviews. This is why it is important for us as Marshallese educators to frame, ground, and articulate how our own methods and frameworks of learning could be realised in western education (Heine, 2002; Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014). In this paper, we utilise bwebwenato as an appropriate method linked to “talk story”, capturing our collective stories and experiences during GCSL and how we sought to build partnerships and collaboration with each other, our communities, and the PSS. Bwebwenato and drawing from Kajin Majel Legends and stories that reflect Marshallese society and its cultural values have survived through our oral traditions. The practice of weaving also holds knowledge about our “valuable and earliest sources of knowledge” (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019, p. 2). The skilful navigation of Marshallese wayfarers on the walap (large canoes) in the ocean is testament of their leadership and the value they place on ensuring the survival and continuity of Marshallese people (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019; Walsh et al., 2012). During her graduate study in 2014, Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner conceptualised bwebwenato as being the most “well-known form of Marshallese orality” (p. 38). The Marshallese-English dictionary defined bwebwenato as talk, conversation, story, history, article, episode, lore, myth, or tale (cited in Jetnil Kijiner, 2014). Three years later in 2017, bwebwenato was utilised in a doctoral project by Natalie Nimmer as a research method to gather “talk stories” about the experiences of 10 Marshallese experts in knowledge and skills ranging from sewing to linguistics, canoe-making and business. Our collective bwebwenato in this paper centres on Marshallese ideas and language. The philosophy of Marshallese knowledge is rooted in our “Kajin Majel”, or Marshallese language and is shared and transmitted through our oral traditions. For instance, through our historical stories and myths. Marshallese philosophy, that is, the knowledge systems inherent in our beliefs, values, customs, and practices are shared. They are inherently relational, meaning that knowledge systems and philosophies within our world are connected, in mind, body, and spirit (Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014; Nimmer, 2017). Although some Marshallese believe that our knowledge is disappearing as more and more elders pass away, it is therefore important work together, and learn from each other about the knowledges shared not only by the living but through their lamentations and stories of those who are no longer with us (Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014). As a Marshallese practice, weaving has been passed-down from generation to generation. Although the art of weaving is no longer as common as it used to be, the artefacts such as the “jaki-ed” (clothing mats) continue to embody significant Marshallese values and traditions. For our weavers, the jouj (check spelling) is the centre of the mat and it is where the weaving starts. When the jouj is correct and weaved well, the remainder and every other part of the mat will be right. The jouj is symbolic of the “heart” and if the heart is prepared well, trained well, then life or all other parts of the body will be well (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019). In that light, we have applied the same to this paper. Conceptualising and drawing from cultural practices that are close and dear to our hearts embodies a significant ontological attempt to prioritize our own knowledge and language, a sense of endearment to who we are and what we believe education to be like for us and the next generation. The application of the phrase “Majolizing '' was used by the Ministry of Education when Hilda Heine was minister, to weave cultural ideas and language into the way that teachers understand the curriculum, develop lesson plans and execute them in the classroom. Despite this, there were still concerns with the embedded colonized practices where teachers defaulted to eurocentric methods of doing things, like the strategies provided in the textbooks given to us. In some ways, our education was slow to adjust to the “Majolizing '' intention by our former minister. In this paper, we provide Kanne Lobal as a way to contribute to the “Majolizing intention” and perhaps speed up yet still be collectively responsible to all involved in education. Kajin Wa and Kanne Lobal “Wa” is the Marshallese concept for canoe. Kajin wa, as in canoe language, has a lot of symbolic meaning linked to deeply-held Marshallese values and practices. The canoe was the foundational practice that supported the livelihood of harsh atoll island living which reflects the Marshallese social world. The experts of Kajin wa often refer to “wa” as being the vessel of life, a means and source of sustaining life (Kelen, 2009, cited in Miller, 2010). “Jouj” means kindness and is the lower part of the main hull of the canoe. It is often referred to by some canoe builders in the RMI as the heart of the canoe and is linked to love. The jouj is one of the first parts of the canoe that is built and is “used to do all other measurements, and then the rest of the canoe is built on top of it” (Miller, 2010, p. 67). The significance of the jouj is that when the canoe is in the water, the jouj is the part of the hull that is underwater and ensures that all the cargo and passengers are safe. For Marshallese, jouj or kindness is what living is about and is associated with selflessly carrying the responsibility of keeping the family and community safe. The parts of the canoe reflect Marshallese culture, legend, family, lineage, and kinship. They embody social responsibilities that guide, direct, and sustain Marshallese families’ wellbeing, from atoll to atoll. For example, the rojak (boom), rojak maan (upper boom), rojak kōrā (lower boom), and they support the edges of the ujelā/ujele (sail) (see figure 1). The literal meaning of rojak maan is male boom and rojak kōrā means female boom which together strengthens the sail and ensures the canoe propels forward in a strong yet safe way. Figuratively, the rojak maan and rojak kōrā symbolise the mother and father relationship which when strong, through the jouj (kindness and love), it can strengthen families and sustain them into the future. Figure 1. Parts of the canoe Source: https://www.canoesmarshallislands.com/2014/09/names-of-canoe-parts/ From a socio-cultural, communal, and leadership view, the canoe (wa) provides understanding of the relationships required to inspire and sustain Marshallese peoples’ education and learning. We draw from Kajin wa because they provide cultural ideas and practices that enable understanding of education and leadership necessary for sustaining Marshallese people and realities in Oceania. When building a canoe, the women are tasked with the weaving of the ujelā/ujele (sail) and to ensure that it is strong enough to withstand long journeys and the fierce winds and waters of the ocean. The Kanne Lobal relates to the front part of the ujelā/ujele (sail) where the rojak maan and rojak kōrā meet and connect (see the red lines in figure 1). Kanne Lobal is linked to the strategic use of the ujelā/ujele by navigators, when there is no wind north wind to propel them forward, to find ways to capture the winds so that their journey can continue. As a proverbial saying, Kanne Lobal is used to ignite thinking and inspire and transform practice particularly when the journey is rough and tough. In this paper we draw from Kanne Lobal to ignite, inspire, and transform our educational and leadership practices, a move to explore what has always been meaningful to Marshallese people when we are faced with challenges. The Kanne Lobal utilises our language, and cultural practices and values by sourcing from the concepts of jouj (kindness, love), kautiej (respect), and jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity). A key Marshallese proverb, “Enra bwe jen lale rara”, is the cultural practice where families enact compassion through the sharing of food in all occurrences. The term “enra” is a small basket weaved from the coconut leaves, and often used by Marshallese as a plate to share and distribute food amongst each other. Bwe-jen-lale-rara is about noticing and providing for the needs of others, and “enra” the basket will help support and provide for all that are in need. “Enra-bwe-jen-lale-rara” is symbolic of cultural exchange and reciprocity and the cultural values associated with building and maintaining relationships, and constantly honouring each other. As a Marshallese practice, in this article we share our understanding and knowledge about the challenges as well as possible solutions for education concerns in our nation. In addition, we highlight another proverb, “wa kuk wa jimor”, which relates to having one canoe, and despite its capacity to feed and provide for the individual, but within the canoe all people can benefit from what it can provide. In the same way, we provide in this paper a cultural framework that will enable all educators to benefit from. It is a framework that is far-reaching and relevant to the lived realities of Marshallese people today. Kumit relates to people united to build strength, all co-operating and working together, living in peace, harmony, and good health. Kanne Lobal: conceptual framework for education and leadership An education framework is a conceptual structure that can be used to capture ideas and thinking related to aspects of learning. Kanne Lobal is conceptualised and framed in this paper as an educational framework. Kanne Lobal highlights the significance of education as a collective partnership whereby leadership is an important aspect. Kanne Lobal draws-from indigenous Marshallese concepts like kautiej (respect), jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity), and jouj (kindness, heart). The role of a leader, including an education leader, is to prioritise collective learning and partnerships that benefits Marshallese people and the continuity and survival of the next generation (Heine, 2002; Thaman, 1995). As described by Ejnar Aerōk, an expert canoe builder in the RMI, he stated: “jerbal ippān doon bwe en maron maan wa e” (cited in Miller, 2010, p. 69). His description emphasises the significance of partnerships and working together when navigating and journeying together in order to move the canoe forward. The kubaak, the outrigger of the wa (canoe) is about “partnerships”. For us as elementary school leaders on Majuro, kubaak encourages us to value collaborative partnerships with each other as well as our communities, PSS, and other stakeholders. Partnerships is an important part of the Kanne Lobal education and leadership framework. It requires ongoing bwebwenato – the inspiring as well as confronting and challenging conversations that should be mediated and negotiated if we and our education stakeholders are to journey together to ensure that the educational services we provide benefits our next generation of young people in the RMI. Navigating ahead the partnerships, mediation, and negotiation are the core values of jouj (kindness, love), kautiej (respect), and jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity). As an organic conceptual framework grounded in indigenous values, inspired through our lived experiences, Kanne Lobal provides ideas and concepts for re-thinking education and leadership practices that are conducive to learning and teaching in the schooling context in the RMI. By no means does it provide the solution to the education ills in our nation. However, we argue that Kanne Lobal is a more relevant approach which is much needed for the negatively stigmatised system as a consequence of the various colonial administrations that have and continue to shape and reframe our ideas about what education should be like for us in the RMI. Moreover, Kannel Lobal is our attempt to decolonize the framing of education and leadership, moving our bwebwenato to re-framing conversations of teaching and learning so that our cultural knowledge and values are foregrounded, appreciated, and realised within our education system. Bwebwenato: sharing our stories In this section, we use bwebwenato as a method of gathering and capturing our stories as data. Below we capture our stories and ongoing conversations about the richness in Marshallese cultural knowledge in the outer islands and on Majuro and the potentialities in Kanne Lobal. Danny Jim When I was in third grade (9-10 years of age), during my grandfather’s speech in Arno, an atoll near Majuro, during a time when a wa (canoe) was being blessed and ready to put the canoe into the ocean. My grandfather told me the canoe was a blessing for the family. “Without a canoe, a family cannot provide for them”, he said. The canoe allows for travelling between places to gather food and other sources to provide for the family. My grandfather’s stories about people’s roles within the canoe reminded me that everyone within the family has a responsibility to each other. Our women, mothers and daughters too have a significant responsibility in the journey, in fact, they hold us, care for us, and given strength to their husbands, brothers, and sons. The wise man or elder sits in the middle of the canoe, directing the young man who help to steer. The young man, he does all the work, directed by the older man. They take advice and seek the wisdom of the elder. In front of the canoe, a young boy is placed there and because of his strong and youthful vision, he is able to help the elder as well as the young man on the canoe. The story can be linked to the roles that school leaders, teachers, and students have in schooling. Without each person knowing intricately their role and responsibility, the sight and vision ahead for the collective aspirations of the school and the community is difficult to comprehend. For me, the canoe is symbolic of our educational journey within our education system. As the school leader, a central, trusted, and respected figure in the school, they provide support for teachers who are at the helm, pedagogically striving to provide for their students. For without strong direction from the school leaders and teachers at the helm, the students, like the young boy, cannot foresee their futures, or envisage how education can benefit them. This is why Kanne Lobal is a significant framework for us in the Marshall Islands because within the practice we are able to take heed and empower each other so that all benefit from the process. Kanne Lobal is linked to our culture, an essential part of who we are. We must rely on our own local approaches, rather than relying on others that are not relevant to what we know and how we live in today’s society. One of the things I can tell is that in Majuro, compared to the outer islands, it’s different. In the outer islands, parents bring children together and tell them legends and stories. The elders tell them about the legends and stories – the bwebwenato. Children from outer islands know a lot more about Marshallese legends compared to children from the Majuro atoll. They usually stay close to their parents, observe how to prepare food and all types of Marshallese skills. Loretta Joseph Case There is little Western influence in the outer islands. They grow up learning their own culture with their parents, not having tv. They are closely knit, making their own food, learning to weave. They use fire for cooking food. They are more connected because there are few of them, doing their own culture. For example, if they’re building a house, the ladies will come together and make food to take to the males that are building the house, encouraging them to keep on working - “jemjem maal” (sharpening tools i.e. axe, like encouraging workers to empower them). It’s when they bring food and entertainment. Rubon Rubon Togetherness, work together, sharing of food, these are important practices as a school leader. Jemjem maal – the whole village works together, men working and the women encourage them with food and entertainment. All the young children are involved in all of the cultural practices, cultural transmission is consistently part of their everyday life. These are stronger in the outer islands. Kanne Lobal has the potential to provide solutions using our own knowledge and practices. Connie Joel When new teachers become a teacher, they learn more about their culture in teaching. Teaching raises the question, who are we? A popular saying amongst our people, “Aelon kein ad ej aelon in manit”, means that “Our islands are cultural islands”. Therefore, when we are teaching, and managing the school, we must do this culturally. When we live and breathe, we must do this culturally. There is more socialising with family and extended family. Respect the elderly. When they’re doing things the ladies all get together, in groups and do it. Cut the breadfruit, and preserve the breadfruit and pandanus. They come together and do it. Same as fishing, building houses, building canoes. They use and speak the language often spoken by the older people. There are words that people in the outer islands use and understand language regularly applied by the elderly. Respect elderly and leaders more i.e., chiefs (iroj), commoners (alap), and the workers on the land (ri-jerbal) (social layer under the commoners). All the kids, they gather with their families, and go and visit the chiefs and alap, and take gifts from their land, first produce/food from the plantation (eojōk). Tommy Almet The people are more connected to the culture in the outer islands because they help one another. They don’t have to always buy things by themselves, everyone contributes to the occasion. For instance, for birthdays, boys go fishing, others contribute and all share with everyone. Kanne Lobal is a practice that can bring people together – leaders, teachers, stakeholders. We want our colleagues to keep strong and work together to fix problems like students and teachers’ absenteeism which is a big problem for us in schools. Demetria Malachi The culture in the outer islands are more accessible and exposed to children. In Majuro, there is a mixedness of cultures and knowledges, influenced by Western thinking and practices. Kanne Lobal is an idea that can enhance quality educational purposes for the RMI. We, the school leaders who did GCSL, we want to merge and use this idea because it will help benefit students’ learning and teachers’ teaching. Kanne Lobal will help students to learn and teachers to teach though traditional skills and knowledge. We want to revitalize our ways of life through teaching because it is slowly fading away. Also, we want to have our own Marshallese learning process because it is in our own language making it easier to use and understand. Essentially, we want to proudly use our own ways of teaching from our ancestors showing the appreciation and blessings given to us. Way Forward To think of ways forward is about reflecting on the past and current learnings. Instead of a traditional discussion within a research publication, we have opted to continue our bwebwenato by sharing what we have learnt through the Graduate Certificate in School Leadership (GCSL) programme. Our bwebwenato does not end in this article and this opportunity to collaborate and partner together in this piece of writing has been a meaningful experience to conceptualise and unpack the Kanne Lobal framework. Our collaborative bwebwenato has enabled us to dig deep into our own wise knowledges for guidance through mediating and negotiating the challenges in education and leadership (Sanga & Houma, 2004). For example, bwe-jen-lale-rara reminds us to inquire, pay attention, and focus on supporting the needs of others. Through enra-bwe-jen-lale-rara, it reminds us to value cultural exchange and reciprocity which will strengthen the development and maintaining of relationships based on ways we continue to honour each other (Nimmer, 2017). We not only continue to support each other, but also help mentor the next generation of school leaders within our education system (Heine, 2002). Education and leadership are all about collaborative partnerships (Sanga & Chu, 2009; Thaman, 1997). Developing partnerships through the GCSL was useful learning for us. It encouraged us to work together, share knowledge, respect each other, and be kind. The values of jouj (kindness, love), kautiej (respect), and jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity) are meaningful in being and becoming and educational leader in the RMI (Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014; Miller, 2010; Nimmer, 2017). These values are meaningful for us practice particularly given the drive by PSS for schools to become accredited. The workshops and meetings delivered during the GCSL in the RMI from 2018 to 2019 about Kanne Lobal has given us strength to share our stories and experiences from the meeting with the stakeholders. But before we met with the stakeholders, we were encouraged to share and speak in our language within our courses: EDP05 (Professional Development and Learning), EDP06 (School Leadership), EDP07 (School Management), EDP08 (Teaching and Learning), and EDP09 (Community Partnerships). In groups, we shared our presentations with our peers, the 15 school leaders in the GCSL programme. We also invited USP RMI staff. They liked the way we presented Kannel Lobal. They provided us with feedback, for example: how the use of the sail on the canoe, the parts and their functions can be conceptualised in education and how they are related to the way that we teach our own young people. Engaging stakeholders in the conceptualisation and design stages of Kanne Lobal strengthened our understanding of leadership and collaborative partnerships. Based on various meetings with the RMI Pacific Resources for Education and Learning (PREL) team, PSS general assembly, teachers from the outer islands, and the PSS executive committee, we were able to share and receive feedback on the Kanne Lobal framework. The coordinators of the PREL programme in the RMI were excited by the possibilities around using Kanne Lobal, as a way to teach culture in an inspirational way to Marshallese students. Our Marshallese knowledge, particularly through the proverbial meaning of Kanne Lobal provided so much inspiration and insight for the groups during the presentation which gave us hope and confidence to develop the framework. Kanne Lobal is an organic and indigenous approach, grounded in Marshallese ways of doing things (Heine, 2002; Taafaki & Fowler, 2019). Given the persistent presence of colonial processes within the education system and the constant reference to practices and initiatives from the US, Kanne Lobal for us provides a refreshing yet fulfilling experience and makes us feel warm inside because it is something that belongs to all Marshallese people. Conclusion Marshallese indigenous knowledge and practices provide meaningful educational and leadership understanding and learnings. They ignite, inspire, and transform thinking and practice. The Kanne Lobal conceptual framework emphasises key concepts and values necessary for collaborative partnerships within education and leadership practices in the RMI. The bwebwenato or talk stories have been insightful and have highlighted the strengths and benefits that our Marshallese ideas and practices possess when looking for appropriate and relevant ways to understand education and leadership. Acknowledgements We want to acknowledge our GCSL cohort of school leaders who have supported us in the development of Kanne Lobal as a conceptual framework. A huge kommol tata to our friends: Joana, Rosana, Loretta, Jellan, Alvin, Ellice, Rolando, Stephen, and Alan. References Benson, C. (2002). Preface. In F. Pene, A. M. Taufe’ulungaki, & C. Benson (Eds.), Tree of Opportunity: re-thinking Pacific Education (p. iv). Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific, Institute of Education. Bessarab, D., Ng’andu, B. (2010). Yarning about yarning as a legitimate method in indigenous research. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, 3(1), 37-50. Fa’avae, D., Jones, A., & Manu’atu, L. (2016). Talanoa’i ‘a e talanoa - talking about talanoa: Some dilemmas of a novice researcher. AlterNative: An Indigenous Journal of Indigenous Peoples,12(2),138-150. Heine, H. C. (2002). A Marshall Islands perspective. In F. Pene, A. M. Taufe’ulungaki, & C. 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Researchers in the teaching of modern global history generally focus on historical issues that have reshaped our world, including decolonization, social democracies, revolutions, terrorism, religions, competition in labour markets and the role of superpowers. This article attempts to explore global study through which young people may understand both the outside world and themselves. The aim is to reframe the way in which history is taught in schools, seeing it as part of the whole curriculum that makes a contribution to both the values of personal development and to citizenship with a focus on the world's history. History needs to develop a political intelligence through teaching global history. Based upon the paper's theoretical framework, curriculum developers can create global history syllabuses and pedagogies.

Abstract Orthography and education of the citizens in texts for dictation by Gouzien. During the 19th century, dictation was probably the most current exercise in French schools and therefore the content of the texts dictated must not be neglected. Hence, we here intend to examine how they can contribute to constructing France, building national identity and forming citizenship during the first years of the French Third République. The first part of the study will give a historical background to the teaching of spelling. Then, we will present the theoretical and methodological frame of the study, before examining the double aim of dictation (to instruct and to educate) and the themes contributing to the discursive construction of the nation and the pupil’s education to citizenship, i.e. History, Homeland and National imaginary. Keywords Third Republic, citizen, education, teaching of French, national imaginary, nation, spelling.

This article explores how British Columbia and Québec high school students construct and understand their citizenship in light of their history/social studies experience. Two multi-ethnic high schools, one in Montréal and one in Vancouver, provided a window into Québec history (grade 10) and B.C. social studies (grade 11). Key citizenship concepts (rights, participation, cultural pluralism, and identity) developed in political theory guided this study. Using a multiple case study design, this qualitative study employed multiple data collection: document analysis, school and classroom observations, and semi-structured interviews with key participants. The findings suggest that, despite different programs and teaching approaches, students in both sites accord an importance to citizenship. Yet, contrasts emerge between francophone Québécois and anglophone British Columbians, particularly in terms of identity.

This paper investigates the elements in ancient Greek myths that refer to the 'other' in the recently reformed Greek Cypriot history curriculum's primary phase programmes of study (MoEd, 2016). The article's opening section analyses the conceptual nature of such myths and their presence in modern curricula. It goes on to identify in these myths the presence of any foreign, different or genderbased 'other', and whether they are included in Greek Cypriot textual or visual teaching material about myths and legends. The article also considers the extent to which this material refers to characteristic, dominant female figures who play a leading role in classical myths and local historical narratives – figures associated with numerous Cypriot place names, traditions, historical accounts and fiction. The paper builds on Said's (1989) concept of otherness, post-colonial theory and Foucault's discourse analysis (Given, 2002) to consider in particular how the myth of Aphrodite, the gendered woman 'other', was marginalized during Venetian, Ottoman and British colonial rule of Cyprus from 1489 to 1960. More generally, it examines the significance of teaching ancient Greek myths as an aspect of Greek Cypriot citizenship education.

The teaching of History in primary school must integrate education for active global citizenship in the face of inequalities and social injustice caused by the constant violation of human rights in the present. The transformative framework at school promotes global citizenship from a humanizing perspective and a respect for diversity. All of this comes in a context marked by the effects of the capitalist economic dimension of globalization, which translates into a crisis in the exercising of fundamental democratic values. Below, we show the first-phase results of educational research comprising a qualitative exploratory study that investigates what primary school students think about and know. The participants come from a public school in the city of Almería, south-eastern Spain. Given the volume of information obtained from the semi-structured group interviews conducted on a total of 126 students (male and female) and seven teachers at the school, a qualitative content analysis has been carried out to extract relevant meaning regarding the research objectives; these focused on what the students know and feel about human rights, social problems and injustices, and the role of girls and boys throughout history. Hearing, listening to and recognizing the voices of primary school boys and girls has provided us, first of all, with ethical cues to design professional teacher development experiences in line with the new times of change and uncertainty, from the framework of a critical teaching of the contents of school history. Secondly, it has guided us in the configuration of training opportunities to cover the weaknesses caused by the democratic deficit and strengthen democracy by increasing child citizen participation. In this way, we hope to contribute to the education of a global citizenry that is more critical and committed to the common good in collective decision-making in an interconnected world.

We have studied how eliciting historical empathy in a class of 13th grade students through using the film 12 Years a Slave (McQueen, 2013) supported their in-depth understanding of slavery in nineteenth-century USA. Historical empathy is one of the core elements of the new curricular reform implemented from 2020 in Norway, and it is believed to have potential to strengthen: (1) students’ future citizenship and participation in democratic and multicultural societies; and (2) students’ in-depth understanding of history. We implemented a five-week lesson plan with different activities based around the film, and used students’ assignments to evaluate their feelings about the lessons and their historical understanding of slavery. The results confirmed the potential of film to enhance historical empathy when the screening is well prepared and combined with relevant activities. Students demonstrated a high level of engagement and managed to perform complex tasks. Both their ability to contextualise and to ‘care’ improved. Particularly, students’ historical understanding of slavery was boosted by the group conversations and the dialogic nature of the activities in the classroom. In addition, we observed a greater positive influence on boys’ achievements compared with girls’ – a finding which is interesting in a wider educational context and which needs further exploration.

AbstractCompetency-based education is one of the challenges currently faced by social science teachers. At present, there is an abundance of research on competencies relating to the social sciences which favour the development of historical thinking among learners. The ongoing training of teachers is of vital importance when it comes to shifting the method of teaching towards approaches which focus more on the learner, which favour the teaching of historical contents and competences aimed at forming a critical citizenship. For this reason, the two objectives of this study are to discover which disciplinary contents are considered by teachers to be most relevant for the teaching of history and what training is required by teachers who give social science classes in primary and secondary education in Spain. The research is a non-experimental mixed-methods study. In order to achieve the first objective, a quantitative analysis has been carried out of the data obtained from a questionnaire with a Likert-type scale administered to 332 primary and secondary teachers in Spain. To achieve the second objective, the information obtained from 12 interviews with primary and secondary school teachers in Spain has been analysed in a qualitative way. The results obtained indicate that teachers update their disciplinary knowledge via scientific journals and that they are interested in receiving training in historical thinking skills, active learning methods and ICT resources. Based on these training needs, it is concluded that teachers currently envisage a teaching model in the social sciences which is more competency-based and focused on the active participation of the learner.

AbstractThe role and significance of schooling in maintaining and renewing social disadvantage is particularly evident in upper secondary education, and especially so in the high-stakes final examination at the end of Year 12. This paper focusses on Senior English in this context, with specific regard to the Australian state of New South Wales. Building on a recent study of the outcomes of the Higher School Certificate (HSC) in 2017, it analyses what the data reveal about the relationship between Senior English and social inequality in this instance. It does so with reference to a brief account of the history of English teaching and senior secondary curriculum policy in New South Wales and also, comparatively, a now well-established comprehensive study of senior secondary schooling in Victoria. It concludes with some implications of this account for further investigations of Senior English and subject English more generally, as well as of the social meaning of senior secondary education in Australia, in particular with regard to the nexus between curriculum and assessment, knowledge, and power.