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1
Gabe, Todd M. "Establishment Growth in Small Cities and Towns." International Regional Science Review 27, no. 2 (April 2004): 164–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017603262403.
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Thaitakoo, Doosadee. "Toward a Way to Balance Conservation and Development in the Ayutthaya Historic Town Centres." MANUSYA 9, no. 4 (2006): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00904002.
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Disagreements about conservation and development in town centres of historic cities may emerge in a society because different interests have diverse wants in city conservation and development. If not reconciled, these can lead to unfavourable effects on historic towns/cities: urban development may threaten their special character and/or conservation restrictions may make town centres unattractive for investment. Observing these difficulties in the Thai historic cities, this research explores how the desires for conservation and development can be balanced in two historic towns in Ayutthaya, a World Heritage site in Thailand. Main points for discussions: 1) Conservation and development in historic town centres 2) Key concepts for balancing conservation with development including sustainability, viability and physical capacity. 3) The issues of conservation and development in Thailand, particularly in Ayutthaya. 4) A way to balance conservation and development in the case studies towns-Hua Ror and Chao Prom. The research confirms that city conservation is a public concern as well as a technical matter. This points to a significant role for stakeholders in increasing the acceptability and practicality of city conservation/development policy and its implementation.
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J. Gwaleba, Method. "Urban Growth in Tanzania: Exploring Challenges, Opportunities and Management." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 12 (November 20, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i12.3783.
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Tanzania cities and towns are rapidly urbanizing. This urbanization is manifest of rural-to-urban migration as well as natural population increase. The perceived lack of opportunities in rural areas has been identified as the main push factors for Tanzanians to move from rural areas to urban cities and towns. Urban management practice will increasingly need to account for direct and indirect impacts of urban growth in Tanzania cities and towns. The objective of this paper is to pinpoint the challenges and opportunities of the urban growth in cities and towns in Tanzania.The discussion of this paper is mainly based on critical review of the literature and original data derived from Baruti settlement in Dar es Salaam City. The review of the documents whether published or not published depended on its status to provide a critical analysis of urban growth challenges and opportunities in Tanzania. The Primary data were gathered using 79 using semi-structured interviews with both open and closed ended questions. The questionnaires were administered by the researcher through face-to-face sessions with the respondents. A purposive sampling technique was adopted in this study. The reason for selecting the purposive sampling technique was based on the respondents’ involvement in urban development project. The quantitative data collected through the use of questionnaire to supplement qualitative data were summarized and organized by using spread sheet template for detailed analysis. The critical qualitative analysis was built on both the secondary and primary data sources to addresses the research questions. A descriptive technique for data analysis was adopted where findings were represented in tables, graphs and texts.While unperfected urbanization surpass the way inhabitants interact and live in cities and towns, urban management addresses the social, economical and environmental challenges that emerge with the continued urbanization in Tanzania cities and towns such that human activities could be more socially liable, economically sound and environmentally friendly over a long period of time in the future.
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Manaeva, Inna, Alexandra Kanishcheva, and Anna Tkacheva. "Determinants of City Growth in Russia." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 4 (December 2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2020.4.4.
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Today in Russia there are 1120 cities that are located in the territories with varying degrees of concentration. In the federal districts and regions of the Russian Federation, there is a wide disparity not only in the size of cities, but also in their growth rates. At a decrease in the population in small cities, there is an increase in big towns and cities with more than one million inhabitants. This trend shows the “attraction” of the population from regions into capital cities. The aim of the article is to assess the effects of factors that can influence the growth of a city in the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the analysis of the influence of external (infrastructure, security) and internal (economic, social, infrastructure, human capital, environmental situation) factors on the growth of cities. The paper presents a system of factor indicators of urban growth. Cities of different sizes have different levels of life standard, and therefore author’s methodology was tested in terms of urban sizes: towns, medium-sized cities, large cities, million-plus cities. The significant factors in the growth of millionplus cities in the Russian Federation are the initial population size and average monthly wages. The growth in the population of large cities is negatively affected by the spatial concentration of industrial enterprises. A high level of average monthly wages contributes to an increase in the population of this type of cities. A significant positive impact on the growth of large cities depends on the concentration of mining industry, volume of investments in fixed assets, number of doctors. The concentration of mining industrial production has a positive effect on the basic growth rate of medium-sized cities. The concentration of manufacturing and the volume of investment in fixed assets have a significant positive effect on the growth of small towns. The practical significance of the obtained results consists in the possibility of creation of a methodological toolkit for the assessment of urban systems of the region, which can become the basis for the development of an algorithm for the strategic planning of the spatial development of cities in the Russian Federation.
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Guaralda, Mirko, Greg Hearn, Marcus Foth, Tan Yigitcanlar, Severine Mayere, and Lisa Law. "Towards Australian Regional Turnaround: Insights into Sustainably Accommodating Post-Pandemic Urban Growth in Regional Towns and Cities." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410492.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has made many urban policymakers, planners, and scholars, all around the globe, rethink conventional, neoliberal growth strategies of cities. The trend of rapid urbanization, particularly around capital cities, has been questioned, and alternative growth models and locations have been the subjects of countless discussions. This is particularly the case for the Australian context: The COVID-19 pandemic heightened the debates in urban circles on post-pandemic urban growth strategies and boosting the growth of towns and cities across regional Australia is a popular alternative strategy. While some scholars argue that regional Australia poses an invaluable opportunity for post-pandemic growth by ‘taking off the pressure from the capital cities’; others warn us about the risks of growing regional towns and cities without carefully designed national, regional, and local planning, design, and development strategies. Superimposing planning and development policies meant for metropolitan cities could simply result in transferring the ills of capital cities to regions and exacerbate unsustainable development and heightened socioeconomic inequalities. This opinion piece, by keeping both of these perspectives in mind, explores approaches to regional community and economic development of Australia’s towns and cities, along with identifying sustainable urban growth locations in the post-pandemic era. It also offers new insights that could help re-shape the policy debate on regional growth and development.
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Subramanyam, Nidhi. "A small improvement: small cities lag in expanding household water coverage across urban India." Water Policy 22, no. 3 (April 21, 2020): 468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.116.
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Abstract This paper investigates how progress towards meeting the sustainable development goal of providing universal and equitable access to drinking water for all is distributed across the spectrum of urban settlements. The study measures how urban local governments (N = 3,547) in a rapidly urbanizing country, India, have increased their coverage of water supply to households between 2001 and 2011. I use theories on multilevel governance of urban services to develop a multilevel linear regression to model the city- and state-level factors associated with growth in water supply coverage. The results show that 68% of cities and towns have recorded water coverage growth, but the extent of this progress is unequally distributed across cities in different states and between cities of different sizes. Small cities and towns, which house over two-thirds of India's urban population, have recorded significantly lower water coverage growth rates as have cities in low-income states. These findings suggest that policies for urban water infrastructure development should focus on smaller cities and towns if we are to achieve spatial equity in access to water for all in an increasingly urban world.
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Antonova, Irina S., Evgeny A. Pchelintsev, and Svetlana N. Popova. "Spatial clustering of single-industry towns and a dynamic model of economic growth." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 5, no. 4 (2019): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2019-5-4-138-154.
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This article studies the problems of economic growth and spatial development of regions with a high concentration of single-industry towns. The authors aim to identify the factors of development of single-industry towns at the microeconomic level on the basis of clustering and dynamic modeling of single-industry towns in three regions with the highest concentration — Kemerovo, Sverdlovsk, and Chelyabinsk Regions. This paper performs the clustering of single-industry towns by entropy indicators and the number of newly created enterprises, which allows distinguishing three “central” single-industry towns in each of the respective regions: Novokuznetsk, Nizhniy Tagil, and Magnitogorsk. The clustering of single-industry towns with the use of the population-normalized index of the number of newly created enterprises allows us to refer these cities to two different clusters: Novokuznetsk against Nizhniy Tagil and Magnitogorsk with different parameters dominating. The correlation analysis of aggregate revenue, fixed assets, the share of the single industry, the entropy of revenue, the number of newly created enterprises of three single-industry towns allows suggesting a dynamic regression model. The peculiarity of this model is the inclusion as a variable of the number of the newly created enterprises in Nizhniy Tagil for all the cities under consideration, as well as the inclusion of a dummy variable reflecting the year of introduction of the program for the development of single-industry towns. Using the bootstrap method for Novokuznetsk, the authors have confirmed the significance of the introduction of this variable. The results of the study have revealed both common patterns of regional development — the positive effect of reducing the share of monaurally and monocentric provision of single-industry towns in the regions for economic growth — and their differences — a contradictory effect of diversity in the central towns, as well as the assignment of Novokuznetsk and Nizhniy Tagil with Magnitogorsk from different clusters. In conclusion, the authors justify the early completion of the program of diversification of single-industry towns, designed to be ineffective in 2019.
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Terfa, Berhanu Keno, Nengcheng Chen, Xiang Zhang, and Dev Niyogi. "Urbanization in Small Cities and Their Significant Implications on Landscape Structures: The Case in Ethiopia." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031235.
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Fundamental ideas concerning urbanization are primarily based on studies performed in large cities. It is of interest to study whether or not similar phenomena take place in smaller cities. Small cities are an inherent component of urbanization, and in the future, the majority of globalization is expected to occur in small and mid-sized cities. Understanding the effects of small cities on landscape structures is, therefore, an essential component in planning city land expansion. Accordingly, this study focused on six towns of the Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinnee, Ethiopia, which is broadly known to be experiencing dramatic growth. Time-series Landsat images from 1987 to 2019 with an integrated method, landscape metrics, and built-up density analysis were employed to characterize and compare the dynamics of landscape structures, urban expansion patterns, process, and overall growth status in the towns. The results highlight that all the towns experienced accelerated growth in the built-up areas and highly scattered nature in spatial growth. Landscape ecology analysis confirmed a highly fragmented urban landscape, a significant loss of natural land covers, and disconnected and complicated agro-vegetation patches in all towns, suggesting a lack of rigorous implementation of the master plan. Results also indicated that the Oromia Special Zone surrounding Finfinnee has failed to control urban sprawl to surrounding ecological sensitive areas. The study results, more broadly, highlight that the small cities would have a limited physical and demographic footprint and relatively less contribution to the national economic agglomeration; nonetheless, they can have a notable and important impact in terms of their ecological and environmental influence. Hence, the study suggests policies for monitoring such dynamics and protecting agro-environmental connectivity with particular focus on the small cities.
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Parysek, Jerzy J. "The socio-economic and spatial transformation of Polish cities after 1989." Dela, no. 21 (December 1, 2004): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.21.109-119.
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The aim of this paper is to present the socio-economic and spatial transformation of Polish cities after 1989. The Polish changes reached the structures of the three basic subsystems of the state: political (power), social (society), and economic (the economy). The systemic transformation that has taken place in Poland after 1989 is most readily visible in towns, although it was introduced in the country as a whole. For the development and transforma-tion of towns, the most important were the introduction of local government structures and the market model of the economy. The restitution of local government has ensured towns an authentic manager authorised to perform his function by the local community. The in-troduction of the market model to the economy has resulted in its privatisation and the ap-pearance of enterprise and competition. Towns, especially the biggest cities, have become attractive locations for investment. Cities with a balanced economic structure and well-de-veloped infrastructure had much better chances for growth to start with. Unfortunately, the transformation period has also had some detrimental effects, the most important being un-employment and all kinds of social deviance. However, Polish cities are certainly different today and resemble Western cities to a greater extent than did the so-called socialist towns built along theoretically beautiful but practically ineffectual ideological lines.
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Diaz, Daniel, and Paul Green Gary. "Fiscal Stress and Growth Management Effort in Wisconsin Cities, Villages, and Towns." State and Local Government Review 33, no. 1 (April 2001): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x0103300101.
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Guin, Debarshi. "Urban Transition in West Bengal, India." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 8 (August 28, 2016): 1258–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616649211.
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Contemporary urbanization in India is in transition and this, along with the continuation of a ‘top heavy’ urban structure and gradual deindustrialization, is characterized by faster growth of informal employment, a declining trend of urban-ward migration of males, the slow down in the growth of cities and towns and the emergence of new urban centres. Given this immediate backdrop, this paper examines the contemporary processes and emerging forms of urban transition in West Bengal, with its longstanding history of ‘mono-centric’ urbanization. It reveals that urbanization in the state is no longer confined to a few pockets, as many new urban centres have emerged away from them and small towns are growing at relatively faster rates compared to the cities. But the underlying factors of this transition are not associated with the dispersal of economic activities and employment opportunities away from the metropolises. Furthermore, the study is sceptical about the significance of this emerging form of urbanization fuelled by the growth of small cities and towns which have a weak economic base, a crisis of urban governance and inadequate access to basic amenities.
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Mookherjee, Debnath. "Cities in transition: monitoring growth trends in Delhi urban agglomeration 1991-2001." Dela, no. 21 (December 1, 2004): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.21.195-203.
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An analysis based on census data for the decade 1991-2001 indicates change in the urban structure of the Delhi Urban Agglomeration, India. The number and rate of growth of cen-sus towns and the urban core are examined. The pattern shows emerging traits of urban spread and provides an investigative framework for future research.
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Sahoo, Dipsikha. "Creating the Urban Corridors: The Role of Colonial Railways in India." Sociological Bulletin 69, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022920923207.
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This article argues that the pattern of urbanization in India has kept pace with the growth of railways during the British period. The colonial railways transformed India’s circulatory regime, which resulted in the emergence of social space. Towns and cities in the hinterlands of the port cities under the railways network became more urbanised. Railways, as a biggest British capitalist manoeuvre, helped in the process of industrialization and growth of trade and commerce. Some towns and cities grew up as major railway stations, terminals or junctions, divisional and zonal headquarters during the British period. The growth of railways is demonstrated in relation to the expansion in transportation of goods, passengers and employment opportunities generated. The article discerns the pattern of railway transportation and infrastructural development, which will help us to comprehend as one of the forces underlying the pattern of urbanisation in India during the British rule.
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Rubtsov, Gennadiy, and Aleksandr Litvinenko. "Development of single-industry towns as a factor of economic and regional growth." E3S Web of Conferences 208 (2020): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020808005.
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Single-industry towns occupy a special place in the system of regional economic development of Russia. To date, domestic practice has accumulated significant experience in the management of mono-profile areas. In fact, its own model of mono-education management, which includes an individual set of tools for socio-economic impact, has been developed. The institute of development of single-industry towns was formed into a complete system of tested mechanisms and organizational forms of their implementation. The basic directions of support of monoprofile territories are defined, the bodies of development of single-industry towns are created, the complex programs of development of monoformations are tested and adjusted. The process of development of mono-territories has passed to the “post-institutional” stage, when the system of institutions for single-industry towns management (Single-Industry Towns Development Fund), tested in practice, has been subjected to scientific and public criticism, and to date is able to effectively generate a qualitatively different level of influence on the socio-economic situation of cities of the mono-profile type.
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Siddiqui, Saniya, Mohammad Nadeem Akhtar, Jamal K. Nejem, and Mastour Saud Alnoumasi. "Evaluating Public Services Delivery on Promoting Inclusive Growth for Inhabitants of Industrial Cities in Developing Countries." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091648.
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It has been debated that effective essential public services delivery is crucial to inculcate inclusive growth in cities over the past decades. Cities continue to be central to the debate; however, the current study focuses on industrial towns. As industrial towns' development around cities attract investment and promote economic growth, the present research studies the impact of essential public services delivery on promoting inclusive growth for inhabitants of industrial towns in developing countries. Human Capabilities Dimension Approach and its parameters (Social and Physical Infrastructure) have been employed to explore the role of basic amenities in transferring growth levels across all population sections. The idea explored is studied through Mandideep Industrial Town's case study, where six parameters (Physical and socioeconomic status, water supply, sanitation, health care facilities, education facilities), and perceived inclusive growth have been considered for data collection and analysis. Indicators under each parameter are analyzed based on the 4A's-Availability, Accessibility, Awareness, and Affordability. Site selection revolved around a city reconnaissance survey and Household survey for 200 households. Aggregated analysis for the city and ward-wise comparative analysis and statistical correlation tools were used to establish a relationship between basic public services delivery and perceived inclusive growth. The research aims to study and establish a correlation between public service delivery and perceived inclusive growth by the industrial town's inhabitants. Discussions following data analysis led to recommendations for city and ward-level. The importance of efficient service delivery for increased perception of inclusive growth is established. Along with the six parameters considered for the study, physical and environmental planning emerge as crucial parameters that impact other public services for enhanced inclusive growth in industrial cities. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091648 Full Text: PDF
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Mitra, Arup, and Sabyasachi Tripathi. "Rural Non-farm Sector: Revisiting the Census Towns." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 12, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425321990324.
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The last decade (2001–2011) has witnessed a surge in the number of census towns (CTs) in India, which account for 30% of the country’s urban growth. Though several studies have tried to understand the spatial patterns and factors determining the emergence of these CTs, the all India level has been neglected. Due to an increase in non-farm activities, villages have been transformed into CTs. By considering 2,328 CTs at the all India level, this article investigates the relevant economic determinants of such transformation. To group similar CTs we use cluster analysis by considering several factors such as the size of the population of CTs, rural specific changes, climatic conditions, the growth dynamics of large cities which may spill over to rural hinterland, economic potential, the availability of infrastructures and job opportunities. The analysis suggests that the availability of infrastructure and the growth dynamics of the large cities are important for the emergence of these CTs, whereas rural poverty and unemployment rates do not seem to matter significantly. Finally, we suggest that for higher economic development, the rural to urban transformation is essential. For this purpose, the new CTs can offer an opportunity for increasing non-farm activities and the overall prospects for India. Hence, the policy directives will have to address the requirements of the CTs to emerge as centres of growth.
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Anwar, Nausheen H. "THINKING BEYOND 'ENGINES OF GROWTH':RE-CONCEPTUALIZATION URBAN PLANNING DISCOURSE IN PAKISTAN." Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 15, no. 2 (December 25, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap1522013_1.
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Ring towns, twin-cities, city regions, peri-urban, intermediate cities and more, the vast nomenclature captures the unrelenting interest in secondary cities as 'engines of growth', capable of surmounting the challenges of urbanization in Pakistan. This conceptually-driven article examines the bourgeoning interest in secondary cities and proposes alternate ways of thinking about such conurbations. It underscores the need to go beyond technocratic discourse and capitalist assumptions of infinite growth and modernization as conventionally applied in regional and urban planning discourse in Pakistan. The article calls for re-orienting planning discourse in Pakistan to incorporate tile substantive theme of 'urbanism', which is crucial for comprehending how citizens experience urban life across a diverse and shifting landscape, where the city fades into the countryside, or where 'urban sprawl' and 'ribbon developments' defy categorization.
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Kovalenko, Vladimir V., and Lidiya A. Davydova. "Tourism as one of the Directions of Socio-Economic Development of Small Cities in Russia." Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics. Electronic Journal 10, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/2078-3809-2018-10-3-38-45.
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Socio-economic problems of small cities is a multi-factor phenomenon. One of the problems of small towns is the insufficient use of local resources, both natural and man-made. Possible points of growth of the socioeconomic situation of small cities is the development of various types of tourism with the attraction of unique tourist resources. One of the examples of the organization of tourism in some small cities can be medical tourism and its sanatorium-resort direction.
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Ransubhe, Srikant A. "Integrated Town Development Plan: Kurduwadi." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 15, 2021): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37516.
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The nature and economic development of Indian urbanization is characterized by metropolitan domination and polarization. The country's total population increased from 361 million in 1951 to 1,027 million in 2001, while the urban population increased from 62 million to 285 million during the same period. From 23 megacities in 1991 to 35 in 2001, the number has increased considerably. Therefore, it is clear that there is a clear movement towards large cities, possibly as a result of a lack of employment opportunities in small and medium cities and a deficient urban infrastructure. In 1979, the centrally supported scheme for the integrated development of small and medium cities (IDSMT) began and continued through 2004-05 and was incorporated into the UIDSSMT scheme in December 2005. It is important to invest in the development of small urban centers in order to reduce migration to large cities as well as to support the growth of surrounding rural areas. Small and medium towns are generally viewed as a means of balancing urban hierarchy and reducing pressure on primate cities, moderate spatial inequality, and foster factors that may assist in reversing the trend. Kurduwadi city is one of them, such as improper or uncertain use of available land, rising unemployment and migration to cities, unsatisfactory development plans to improve urban development. In this context, through integrated planning, efforts have been measured to obtain the resources needed to achieve each goal and improve strategy. Also by allowing institutions to plan and collaborate in departments, they can create efficiency and pursue new opportunities and help reduce migration to nearby large and metropolitan cities by strengthening the Kurduwadi towns as regional growth centers. Establishing complementary links between nearby villages, towns and cities will create a harmonious settlement pattern. An integrated development plan for the Kurduwadi town reduces some of the ideological concerns and working uncertainties emerging around this initiative through this study. The assessment of integrated town development may be appropriate to determine the future orientation and guidelines for Kurduwadi town.
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Шерешева, Марина, Marina Sheresheva, Игорь САВЕЛЬЕВ, Igor SAVELIYEV, Матвей Оборин, and Matvey Oborin. "SYNERGY OF ACTIVE AND EDUCATIONAL TOURISM: OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMALL RUSSIAN CITIES." Service & Tourism: Current Challenges 11, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22412/1995-0411-2017-11-3-71-83.
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The article explores the prospects for combining benefits of active and educational tourism with the aim to create an attractive tourism product, especially for young people. The example of Vladimir region and Perm Krai shows that the synergy of active and educational tourism makes it possible to open new opportunities for the development of small Russian cities. It is concluded that inclusion of educational programs with elements of active tourism in regional event calendars allows ensuring a steady and more evenly distributed tourist flow to regions, and also contributes to the growth of youth’s interest in Russian small towns as tourist destinations and places for living. The research was supported financially by Russian Science Foundation (project № 17-18-01324) «Sustainable economic development of territories on the basis of network interaction of small towns and regional centers».
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Prihatin, Rohani Budi. "ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN DI PERKOTAAN (STUDI KASUS DI KOTA BANDUNG DAN YOGYAKARTA)." Jurnal Aspirasi 6, no. 2 (September 19, 2016): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/aspirasi.v6i2.507.
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Over the past four decades the cities and towns of Indonesia have experienced dramatic population growth. Population growth makes crisis in land use and agriculture that could undermine the health, security, and sustainability of those cities. The purpose of this study is to determine the land use patterns and its changes over time in Bandung City and Yogyakarta City. The research has been done in 2014, by using qualitative method. By considering urbanization and demographic aspect, this study concludes that decision maker in those cities are inconsistent in implementing Regional Development and Spatial Planning. Generally, local city tempted to allocate land use for housing and real estate for short term reasons.
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Dahal, Kedar, and Krishna Prasad Timalsina. "New Towns Development: A Wave of the Future Planning Practices in Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 31, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2017): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v31i1-2.25346.
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Increasing urbanization has been a major challenge to tackle issues relating to population growth, housing, infrastructure development and urban management in Nepal. Initiatives have been taking by the stakeholders of urban sectors in different course of action plans. New town development, smart city development, preparation and implementation of various strategic plans and action plans are some of the initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of Nepal. At present, the Ministry of Urban Development is preparing intervening plans and programmes to 40 towns for planned urban development in Nepal. Some of these towns are already in pace of development and some others are in infancy stages. Balance urban development strategy so far is a strategy of government of Nepal however theory of political economy of development is inherently coming in selection of the towns, and basically in implementing the plans. Therefore, most of the prepared action plans are in question of effective implementation. Among the prioritized new towns of Nepal, some of these towns particularly smart cities are in very infancy stages of infrastructure development in which ‘smartness’ itself falls into huge dilemma. Therefore, more challenges are added in implementing the smart cities into action plan. However, new towns of Hilly and Tarai-Madhesh area will definitely provide the opportunities to cater population and create more opportunities. In this context, this study focus on the new town development and their spatial distribution in Nepal through the collection of primary information and review of previous literature.
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Ponomarev, Evgeny, Ekaterina Pokka, and Anna Yudakova. "Effectiveness of the cluster approach for sustainable development of small historical towns and settlements of the Republic of Tatarstan." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 10019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127410019.
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One of the key issues of modern architecture and urban development is the decline of urban life in small towns and settlements, which are experiencing the negative consequences of the new socioeconomic reality. The urbanization process, characterized by rising large cities and mega-cities is provided by an increasing influx of migration from small historical cities and settlements. However, small urban settlements, preserving features of historical architecture, natural attraction and provincial coziness are important factors in restraining the uncontrolled growth of mega-cities and as a condition for the preservation of local culture and traditions of sustainable ecological balance of the regional settlement system. Obviously, the issue of integrated development of small historical settlements is coming to the fore. To solve this problem the authors propose a cluster approach that effectively develops the architectural environment of such cities and creates attractive living and tourism environments. The purpose of the research is to develop a method of the cluster approach for sustainable development of small historical towns and settlements, aimed at a comprehensive transformation of their architectural environment while preserving of valuable historical, cultural and architectural heritage. The limitation of the research is the Republic of Tatarstan.
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Du, Ningrui, Ming Zhang, Jingnan Huang, and Guoen Wang. "A Conflict-Detecting and Early-Warning System for Multi-Plan Integration in Small Cities and Towns Based on Cloud Service Platform." Smart Cities 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities2030024.
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Multi-plan integration (MPI) is a major effort initiated by China’s State Council for the purpose of streamlining development plans made by various public agencies in provincial and city governments. Small cities and towns are facing challenges to achieve MPI goals due to lack of technological infrastructure and professional expertise. This article presents a system to assist small cities and towns to carry out their MPI tasks. The system, named conflict-detecting and early-warning for MPI (CDEW4MPI) is developed based on a cloud service platform. CDEW4MPI enables small cities and towns in remote locations to detect inconsistency and conflicts among multiple plans. The system includes two modules. One is conflict-detecting, which identifies spatial conflicts in boundary designation among different plans from different agencies. The other is early-warning, which analyzes and reports potential encroachment of proposed local plans to urban growth boundary, the baseline for ecological protection, and the farmland under permanent preservation. CDEW4MPI was implemented as a demo project in Shennongjia Forestry District, a municipality in the western mountainous region of Hubei Province, China. The paper presents the design of CDEW4MPI and its implementation in Shennongjia and draws lessons from the Shennongjia case for broad interests in smart management of spatial resources.
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WEI, Houkai. "The Administrative Hierarchy and Growth of Urban Scale in China." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748115500013.
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Chinese cities are characterized with administrative hierarchy. According to administrative hierarchy and government seat, Chinese cities can be divided into seven levels including municipality, vice-provincial city, general provincial capital, general prefecture-level city, county-level city, county town, and general designated town. As the analysis result shows, urban scale and growth is closely related to their administrative hierarchy, and with the upgrading of administrative hierarchy, both the urban population and land scale present a tendency of exponential increase. From the perspective of population and land scale growth, cities with higher administrative hierarchy grow faster than those with lower administrative hierarchy. The differentiation of urban scale and growth is greatly influenced by administration-center bias of governmental resource allocation because cities with different administrative hierarchies make diverse administrative power, resource allocation and institutional arrangement. Under the existing urban system, administration-center bias is also a kind of metropolis bias, and both of them reinforce each other which lead to overexpansion of cities with higher administrative hierarchy and the failure of the policy of urban scale control. To promote the harmonious development of small towns and cities, medium and large cities, we should radically change the administration-center bias in resource allocation, weaken the influence of administrative hierarchy, control the urban scale according to comprehensive carrying capacity and stimulate the development of economy strong town through focusing power expansion to impulse the equality of intercity development and interest equality.
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Zokirov, Rakhimdzhon Sharifovich, and Bekmurod Validzhonovich Normurotov. "Principles of Functional Planning of House Zoning in Small Towns of Tajikistan." Interactive science, no. 1 (47) (January 20, 2020): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-519499.
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The article discusses the basic principles of functional planning of house zoning native to small towns in Tajikistan, taking into account the national specifics and demographic features. The dynamic population growth in the region allows the development of existing settlements and the emergence of new cities.
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Pannell, Clifton W. "China's Continuing Urban Transition." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 9 (September 2002): 1571–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a34201.
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Urban growth in China has proceeded in step with the growth and transition of the socialist economy. Year 2000 Census data indicate an urban population of 456 million; this is 36% of the total population and is increasing much more rapidly than the overall population. Several factors drive this rapid urbanization and growth of cities and towns: continuing, although diminishing, population growth; migration of rural people, as regulations on rural and urban household registration change; rapid structural shift in employment activities and the decline of farm employment; foreign trade and foreign investment, especially in coastal areas; restructuring of state-owned enterprises and growth of private enterprises and activities; and allocation of domestic funds in fixed assets for urban infrastructure, also concentrated in coastal areas. Key issues for continuing urbanization focus on the capacity of the emerging private sector in parallel with the state and collective sectors to generate new jobs, and the willingness of the central state to reconcile the subsidies and privileges of state-sector urban employees with other recent migrants in cities and towns who do not enjoy the state-sector subsidies.
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Аксянова, А., A. Aksianova, С. Чехломин, and S. Chekhlomin. "METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC ATTRACTIVENESS OF SINGLE-INDUSTRY TOWNS FOR POPULATION." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2018, no. 2 (March 25, 2018): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2018-2-52-58.
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<p>Reducing the number of city-forming enterprises in single-industry towns leads to a decrease in the standard of living and migration of the population to other cities. From the economic point of view in many cases, the support of such cities is inappropriate, and there is a need to support the most rapid migration of the population to<br />more favorable cities. But on the other hand, the dispersal system in Russia is characterized by sparseness, and in many cases isolated monocities are important for the integrity of the territorial structure of the country. The article identifies the main factors that can<br />influence the increase in the attractiveness of single-industry towns for the population. This approach can be an effective tool for assessing the potential of single-industry urban settlements. Approbation of the proposed campaign in the Republic of Tatarstan<br />and the Kemerovo region made it possible to conclude that the strategic direction in the development of single-industry cities should be connected with the economic diversity of the city. Acceleration of economic growth, as well as sustainability of business can be<br />achieved by the development of small and medium-sized businesses</p>
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Camparano, Alessandra, and Joanna Masic. "Municipal asset management in China’s small cities and towns: Findings and strategies ahead." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 2, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v2i1.161.
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Chinese municipalities have developed a large stock of capital assets during a period of rapid growth and urbanization, but have yet to modernize asset management practices. Cities face challenges such as premature decline of fixed assets and spiking liabilities related to operating and maintaining assets. This paper evaluates the asset management practices in three selected small cities and towns in China, using a benchmarking assessment tool followed by an in-depth field assessment. The paper finds that overall performance is below half the international benchmark for good practice in all three cities. Management practices are considerably more advanced for land than for buildings and infrastructure. Key deficiencies in data availability and reporting, governance, capacity, and financial management indicate increased risks for local government finance and the delivery of public services. For small cities and towns where public revenues are often uncertain and limited, urban public services will be at risk of deterioration unless good asset management practices are put in place. The paper recommends strategic actions for upper and lower levels of government, to advance local asset management practices and facilitate the reform agenda.
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Schlappa, Hans. "Co-producing the cities of tomorrow: Fostering collaborative action to tackle decline in Europe’s shrinking cities." European Urban and Regional Studies 24, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776415621962.
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Investments through the 2014–2020 European structural funds pursue goals of smart, inclusive and sustainable growth, while many towns and cities in Europe are shrinking rather than growing. Policy makers and practitioners therefore face challenges in ensuring that places with very limited growth potential will not fall further behind. While scholars argue that cities in long-term decline would benefit from enhancing their capacity to develop collaborative initiatives that draw on local resources and assets, in practice local decision makers seem to struggle to engage their communities in the fight against the causes and consequences of decline. This paper advances the argument that the concept of co-production is well suited to explore and explain how collaborative actions unlock new strategic choices that are based on capabilities and resources over which local actors have control. A case study from a small manufacturing town in Germany is used to illustrate how co-production at different levels can lead to tangible, long-term improvements in a context of ongoing shrinkage.
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Brand, Andre DW, Johannes E. Drewes, and Maléne Campbell. "Differentiated outlook to portray secondary cities in South Africa." AIMS Geosciences 7, no. 3 (2021): 457–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/geosci.2021026.
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<abstract> <p>Cities are playing an increasingly important role in the development and growth of countries. A country's growth and prosperity is largely dependent on the efficient functioning of its cities. The reliance of countries on the ability of their cities to perform crucial central functions, for national growth, continues to rise. South Africa has a long-standing network of cities, towns and localities. These have developed and become hierarchised over the course of history during which population settlements and their distribution have been influenced by colonisation, segregation, industrialisation and globalisation. Since 1911, South Africa has undergone an extended phase of intense urban growth, with areas such as Johannesburg, Cape Town and eThekwini (Durban) agglomerating into dominating economic spaces. There are, however, no universally accepted, distinct criteria that constitute the general characteristics of secondary cities. The common assumption is that secondary cities are those cities that find themselves below the apex of what are considered primary cities. Furthermore, internationally, secondary cities appear to be considered as important catalysts for balanced and dispersed economic growth. In the South African context, the notion of what constitutes secondary cities is to a large extent underdeveloped. The aim of the paper is to appraise interconnected regional networks as a differentiated and novel outlook when determining secondary cities in South Africa. What is evident from the paper is that there are different potential alternatives with which to portray secondary cities.</p> </abstract>
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Satheendran S., S., S. Chandran S., and A. Varghese. "SPACE BASED SPATIO-TEMPORAL ASSESSMENT OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN KARUNAGAPPALLY MUNICIPALITY, A FAST GROWING CITY IN THE WESTERN COAST OF INDIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-773-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Urbanization is the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas. According to 2001 census, the urban population of the country was 286.11 million, living in 5161 towns, which constitutes 27.81% of the total country’s population. However, the same as per 2011 census has risen to 377.16 million viz. 32.16% of the total country’s population and the number of towns has gone up to 7935. The rate of urban growth in the country is very high as compared to developed countries, and the large cities are becoming larger mostly due to continuous migration of population to these cities. India’s current urban population exceeds the whole population of the United States, the world’s third largest country. By 2050, over half of India’s population is expected to be urban dwellers. This creates enormous pressure on existing urban infrastructure.</p><p>Urbanization trend in the State of Kerala shows marked peculiarities. The main reason for urban population growth is the increase in the number of urban areas and urbanization of the peripheral areas of the existing major urban centers. However, unlike the other parts of the country the Urbanization in Kerala is not limited to the designated cities and towns. The difference between rural and urban agglomerations is very negligible as far as Kerala is concerned. The Kerala society by and large can be termed as urbanized. Kerala has been witnessing rapid urbanization since 1980.</p><p>The present study, is an attempt to analyses the extent of land use/ land cover changes in the Municipality over the years from 2012 to 2017 and land surface variation over the years from 2000 to 2017.The land use/ land cover pattern of 2012 to 2017 was extracted from High resolution images of the study area were downloaded from Google Earth API and the Land Surface Temperature changes were analyzed from the thermal bands of the Landsat Imageries.</p>
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Bater, James H. "Urban Industrialization in the Provincial Towns of Late Imperial Russia." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 503 (January 1, 1985): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1985.24.
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Modernization in Russia was intimately associated with the process of urban-industrialization, with the penetration of capitalism into a society which had evolved under the conditions of an absolute autocracy. While the level of employment in industry certainly did not figure prominently in the economy of most Russian cities on the eve of the Great War, industrialization-- and with it rapid urban growth-nonetheless did serve as a catalyst in the general process of economic development. The process started late in Russia, of course, gathering momentum only toward the close of the nineteenth century. Many cities were metamorphosed during the years of rapid industrialization, not least of which being the Empire's capital, St. Petersburg. Here, as elsewhere in Russia, modern industrialism was not easily accommodated by the existing, largely antedeluvian, urban infrastructure. Nor were the demands of the factory, with its emphasis on regularity of habit and labour discipline, readily accommodated by workers whose prevailing socio-cultural values were more often those of the countryside than the city.
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O’Donoghue, Daniel. "The Rise and Fall of the Celtic Tiger and the evolution of an Urban System: 1996–2011." Urban Development Issues 64, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2019-0023.
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Abstract During the 1990s the Celtic Tiger era began in the Republic of Ireland. This article tracks the response of the Irish Urban System to that remarkable period of growth ended abruptly with the Global Economic Crisis of 2008. Using Small Area Population Statistics from Ireland’s Central Statistics Office for the years 1996, 2002, 2006 and 2011 it was possible to record growth across the towns and cities of Ireland that constituted the Irish Urban System. The location, size, type and rates of change were recorded and mapped with a view towards discovering the extent to which the urban hierarchy and the spatial distribution was being altered, and by what geographical processes. Over 15 years the national population grew by 26% with most of that growth taking place in urban centres. A clear diffusion outwards from the Dublin region is noticeable and the capital’s role in systemic change is explored alongside other factors. The article highlights the changing nature of growth over time and, based on the empirical observations made, identifies a sequence of clear stages in the growth of the urban system. The article concludes with a proposal for a Model of Urban System Evolution under conditions of Rapid Economic Growth based on the distinct phases, or stages, of growth identified in Ireland’s towns and cities from 1996–2011.
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Kassens-Noor, Eva, and Arend Hintze. "Cities of the Future? The Potential Impact of Artificial Intelligence." AI 1, no. 2 (May 13, 2020): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ai1020012.
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Artificial intelligence (AI), like many revolutionary technologies in human history, will have a profound impact on societies. From this viewpoint, we analyze the combined effects of AI to raise important questions about the future form and function of cities. Combining knowledge from computer science, urban planning, and economics while reflecting on academic and business perspectives, we propose that the future of cities is far from being a determined one and cities may evolve into ghost towns if the deployment of AI is not carefully controlled. This viewpoint presents a fundamentally different argument, because it expresses a real concern over the future of cities in contrast to the many publications who exclusively assume city populations will increase predicated on the neoliberal urban growth paradigm that has for centuries attracted humans to cities in search of work.
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FANG, CAI, and WANG MEIYAN. "Irregular Employment and the Growth of the Labor Market : An Explanation of Employment Growth in China's Cities and Towns." Chinese Economy 37, no. 2 (March 2004): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2004.11033490.
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Mietule, Iveta, and Lienīte Litavniece. "EVALUATION CRITERIA OF CITY ATTRACTIVENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2010vol1.2.1790.
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Investigation of city development issues and strategic planning issues of spatial development are essential factors of the city growth. Both academic researchers in economy and geography and professionals in the field of city development policy are involved in exploration of these topics. Various city development theories are elaborated and assimilated in a result of comprehensive researches. The current article examines attractiveness criteria of cities modernized in theoretical and practical researches as well as explores methodology of city attractiveness research with the aim to identify attractiveness criteria of cities and towns of Latgale region.
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Mietule, Iveta, and Iveta Graudiņa. "INTERPRETATION OF CONCEPTS “OF ANOTHER KIND” AND “DIFFERENT” IN LATGALE REGION FROM TOURISTS’ POINT OF VIEW." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 3 (June 23, 2011): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2011vol1.3.1814.
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Investigation of city development issues and strategic planning issues of spatial development are essential factors of city’s growth. Both academic researchers in economic and geography and professionals in city development policy are involved in examination of these topics. Various city development theories were elaborated and assimilated as a result of comprehensive research. The current article examines cities’ attractiveness criteria updated in theoretical and practical research as well as explores methodology of city attractiveness research with the aim to identify attractiveness criteria of cities and towns of Latgale region.
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Aderogba, Kofo. "Qualitative Studies of Recent Floods and Sustainable Growth and Development of Cities and Towns in Nigeria." International Journal of Basic and Applied Science 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2012): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17142/ijbas-2012.1.2.4.
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Hautaniemi, Susan I., Alan C. Swedlund, and Douglas L. Anderton. "Mill Town Mortality: Consequences of Industrial Growth in Two Nineteenth-Century New England Towns." Social Science History 23, no. 1 (1999): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017983.
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Recent research has considerably increased our understanding of the factors associated with the American epidemiological transition in the late nineteenth century. However, uncertainty remains regarding the impact on mortality of specific changes ancillary to urbanization and industrialization in American cities and towns. The broad objective of the Connecticut Valley Historical Demography Project is to examine changing relationships between socioeconomic status, the rise of new urban-industrial communities, and cause-specific mortality trends during the rapid development of New England manufacturing. To address these issues, the present analysis examines two emergent urban centers in Massachusetts, adopting a micro-demographic approach to explore late-nineteenth-century and turn-of-the-century determinants of mortality.
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Abdullah, Keizrul, Apichart Anukularmphai, Tadashige Kawasaki, and Dolora Nepomuceno. "A tale of three cities: water disaster policy responses in Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Metro Manila." Water Policy 17, S1 (February 10, 2015): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.005.
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Floods and typhoons are two of the greatest water disasters affecting South East Asia, causing misery and death to people, damaging properties, infrastructure and crops, and causing disruption to commerce and industry. In many cases the impact can be widespread, affecting not only individual households but also large parts of a country including agriculture areas, towns and cities, and sometimes even beyond national borders. The rapid pace of development has resulted in a disproportionate increase in runoff and a many-fold increase in river discharges leading to more frequent and more intense flooding. This situation is expected to be further aggravated due to the impact of global warming and climate change. To cope with such challenges, countries in South East Asia are developing their policy responses tailored to suit their local conditions and environment. This paper looks at the water disaster situation and the policy responses in three cities in South East Asia: Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Metro Manila, the capital cities of the Kingdom of Thailand, the Federation of Malaysia and the Republic of the Philippines, respectively. Although all three countries are in the same climatic zone, due to their geographical locations, water disasters impact differently on them and the remedial measures also differ.
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Orellana, Marjorie, María Meza, and Kate Pietsch. "Mexican Immigrant Networks and Home-School Connections." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.3.r613112065772466.
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As the 2000 census makes clear, the Latino population in the United States is growing faster than any other group. Much of the growth is due to immigration from Mexico and other countries in Latin America, and many immigrants are settling in cities and towns far from traditional "receiving communities," in areas of the country that have historically had little contact with non-English speakers.
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Golovanov, Ya M., and L. M. Abramova. "Regularities of sinantropization processes of the vegetation cover in the cities of the south Cis-Urals (Bashkortostan Republic)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 28 (2016): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2016.28.28.
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Increase of anthropogenic pressure on nature ecosystems leads to synanthropization of flora and vegetation. A replacement of native species in communities with synanthropic ones, including alien species, takes place as well as a change of native plant communities by synanthropic ones, decrease of biodiversity, simplification of structure, decrease in efficiency and stability of plant communities (Gorchakovskij, 1999). Synanthropization as an indicator of anthropogenic transformation of vegetation is a traditional object of studies (Sudnik-Wojcikowska, 1988; Abramova, 2010; Abramova, Mirkin, 2000; Abramova, Mikhailova, 2003; etc.). The ratio of synanthropic and native flora species for an assessment of synanthropization level is usually used. The assessment of synanthropization level is the most important element of monitoring as it helps to estimate a degree of ecosystems disturbance and to develop a system of their rational use and protection. Processes of synanthropization are most expressed in the towns. The towns are the heterotrophic ecosystems including uniform group of anthropogenically transformed communities formed on the residential, industrial, transport, agrarian, recreational territories where the florogenesis and the phytocoenogenesis are highly specific (Burda, 1991; Ilminskikh, 1993). The urban environment can have the leveling impact on climatic factors therefore the floras of towns in different nature zones quite often have the common features (Ilminskikh, 1993). An increase of a syntaxonomic variety due to destruction of native vegetation is compensated by increase of synanthropic syntaxa number from the synanthropic classes of vegetation, and also communities of aggressive alien species which are combined with species of local flora. The regularities of synanthropization of urban flora and vegetation are less studied (Kowarik, 1990; Burda, 1991; etc.). Due to a growth of urbanization process around the world the studying of anthropogenic transformation of vegetation cover is required. The article is devoted to the analysis of regularities of synanthropization of plant cover in towns of the southern Cis-Urals belonging to the Southern industrial zone of Bashkortostan Republic. 3 towns — Sterlitamak, Salavat and Ishimbay representing different categories by their population size were chosen for an assessment of synanthropization level.
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Song, Yun, Dominic Stead, and Martin de Jong. "New Town Development and Sustainable Transition under Urban Entrepreneurialism in China." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 25, 2020): 5179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125179.
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New towns are a major form of urban growth in China. In recent years, increasing numbers of large new town projects have been planned and built in and around existing cities. These new town projects have frequently been employed by city governments as central elements of pro-growth strategies, based on ideas of urban entrepreneurialism, which seek to promote economic growth, project a dynamic city image, and increase urban competitiveness. This article studies how the pro-growth, urban entrepreneurial approach affects the planning and development of Chinese megacities. A conceptual framework focusing on land-leasing revenue and new town development strategies is employed to explore the linkages between urban growth mechanisms and urban outcomes. Empirical material from four cities in the Pearl River Delta—Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, and Zhuhai—is presented. The analysis indicates that new town developments in these cities have different levels of dependency on spatial expansion and land revenue, and emphasize different issues of sustainable development in their plans. Cities with a lower dependency on physical and economic growth are be more likely to emphasize the quality of the built environment and address issues of sustainable urban development more closely when planning and implementing new town projects.
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Crncevic, Branko. "New directions in development of city energy systems." Thermal Science 16, suppl. 1 (2012): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120127060c.
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At the world level, the 20th century saw an increase from 220 million urbanites in 1900 to 2.84 billion in year 2000. The present century will match this absolute increase in about four decades. Developing regions, as a whole, will account for 93% of this growth [1]. Until now humankind has lived and worked primarily in rural areas. But the world is about to leave its rural past behind. Today we are witness, for the first time, that more than half of the globe?s population is living in towns and cities. The number and proportion of urban dwellers will continue to rise quickly. Urban population will grow to 4.9 billion by 2030. At the global level, all of future population growth will be in towns and cities [1]. Two centuries ago there was only one city on the planet that could say it had a million inhabitants - that was London. Today more than 400 cities can boast that - 408 to be precise, according to the Earth Policy Institute. But today a population of 1 million people means nothing; we are moving into the era of megacities of 10 million (and more) people. Today, there are 20 so-called megacities, whose population, and therefore energy needs, easily exceed some countries population, according to Earth Policy Institute. More people now live in Tokyo than Canada, for example [2]. Despite only occupying 2% of the world's surface area, they are responsible for 75% of the world's energy consumption.
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Nevarez, Leonard, and Joshua Simons. "Small–City Dualism in the Metro Hinterland: The Racialized “Brooklynization” of New York's Hudson Valley." City & Community 19, no. 1 (March 2020): 16–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12429.
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How does the metropolis influence population change and amenity development in small cities of the adjacent hinterland? We examine one scenario in five cities of New York state's Hudson Valley, a region north of metropolitan New York City that reveals dual trajectories of urban change. In some cities, immigrant revitalization brings population growth, revitalizes main street economies, and extends cities’ majority–minority legacies. In other cities, amenity development attracts metropolitan newcomers, triggers residential and retail gentrification, sustains majority–white demographics, and fails to offset out–migration associated with rustbelt decline. These dual trajectories are connected through a metropolitan process of “Brooklynization”: sociospatial changes in hinterland regions set in motion by racialized amenity pursuits. Culturally, metropolitan outsiders encounter small cities through ‘rural’ frameworks that emphasize outdoor/agricultural amenities, small–town ‘authenticity,’ and the implicit whiteness of the hinterland landscape. Economically, immigrant revitalization and amenity development are connected via linked migration that channels an immigrant proletariat to some cities and the amenity migrants they labor for to other cities and towns.
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INGLESON, JOHN. "Fear of the kampung, fear of unrest: urban unemployment and colonial policy in 1930s Java." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 6 (January 6, 2012): 1633–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000679.
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AbstractThis paper discusses the responses of The Netherlands Indies colonial government to the rise in urban unemployment in Java brought about by the 1930s Depression. At least one in six of the large European/Eurasian population in the colony, and an even larger proportion of urban Indonesian workers, became unemployed as a result of the Depression. The colonial government and the European community were greatly concerned that the growth of unemployment among Europeans would lead to destitution for many, ultimately forcing them into the native kampung1. They were also concerned about what they saw as the moral decay of local-born European/Eurasian youth who were unemployed in unprecedented numbers. Furthermore, the European community feared that the growth in unemployment among western-educated Indonesians in the towns and cities in Java would create a fertile recruitment ground for nationalist political parties leading to urban unrest. Fear of the kampung for destitute Europeans, and fear of urban unrest from unemployed western-educated Indonesians, shaped the colonial government's responses to urban unemployment. The impact of the Depression on both Indonesian and European unemployed in the towns and cities in Java triggered lengthy debates on the role of the state in the provision of social security.
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Fraile, Pedro. "Putting order into the cities: the evolution of ‘policy science’ in eighteenth-century Spain." Urban History 25, no. 1 (May 1998): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800012621.
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ABSTRACTUrban growth revealed problems associated with the administration of mid-sixteenth-century cities. In the Mediterranean area, and especially in Spain and France, a discrete discourse emerged in the late seventeenth century as to how towns and cities should be organized and administered. Contained in numerous tracts and manuals were ‘policy science’ recommendations to deal with environmental health and related matters. This article examines the evolution of ‘policy science’ in Spain which achieved its greatest prominence during Carlos III's reign (1759–88). It is a field of study which offers insights into urban customs, behaviour and beliefs, and had important implications for the subsequent morphology of the Spanish city.
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Burova, Olha. "Settlement differentiation of vital comfort factors in Ukraine." Ukrainian society 2012, no. 4 (2012): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2012.04.019.
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The article analyzes settlement differentiation of vital comfort factors in Ukraine. Found that every aspect of vital comfort is due to special configuration factors in settling a separate group. The analysis found that in major cities vital comfort depends on the ecological and socio-psychological problems that are caused by processes of urbanization. In large and medium-sized cities for vital comfort necessary conditions are social relations embodied in favorable conditions for the growth of social status. Among the residents of small towns and villages significant conditions of vital comfort acquisition are as income and financial status, and satisfaction with democracy and evaluation of socio-economic situation.
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Shchehlyuk, Svitlana. "Tools to stimulate the creation of amalgamated territorial communities based on the cities of oblast significance." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 4(138) (2019): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2019-4-7.
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Existing instruments to stimulate the creation of urban ATCs on the basis of the cities of oblast significance are examined, including financial subventions for infrastructure development, intermunicipal cooperation, voluntary consolidation of territorial communities with the cities of oblast significance, public-private partnership. Major incentives to use intermunicipal cooperation and advantages of consolidation of territorial communities with the cities of oblast significance are defined based on the list of cooperation agreements concluded between the cities of oblast significance. The fact that financial and staff resources are the major additional resources obtained from consolidation with COS for a rural community and spatial and infrastructural – for a city is verified. Substantial increase of the area for an urban ATC contributes to activation of entrepreneurship and investment capacity of cities and improvement of spatial planning in the perspective, leading to post-industrial agglomeration, strengthening of spatial and institutional cohesion of population, etc. Despite the positive aspects of forming of ATCs on the basis of the cities of oblast significance, some problems faced in rushed consolidation are outlined, namely the non-compliance with the criteria of the methodics of ATCs forming, shown in deformation of location of the community center and incompact configuration, which should be considered and compensated at this stage of decentralization. Small towns with adjoined communities of suburban area prevail among the cities of oblast significance due to the fact that they prevail among other urban settlements (82 small towns of oblast significance) and due to substantial growth of financial resource, which requires new areas for investment and infrastructural projects and creation of new jobs. Main incentives and obstacles for further successful consolidation of rural and town territorial communities with the cities of oblast significance are defined. Recommendations for further development of cities of oblast significance in the context of three groups of the cities of oblast significance existing at current decentralization stage are suggested and perspectives of organization of the communities’ economic activity in order to strengthen their financial capacity are outlined.