Journal articles on the topic 'Cities and towns – Mexico – Environmental aspects'
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1
Gutiérrez Galicia, Francisco, Ana Lilia Coria Páez, and Ricardo Tejeida Padilla. "A Study and Factor Identification of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mexico City." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 9, 2019): 6305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226305.
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Mexico City generates 12 thousand tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) per day, which places it as one of the cities that produces the most MSW in the world. However, the treatments used in the city are not enough for recycling materials and organics valorization of at least 45% of the MSW, which is the minimum for a medium-high-income city. To put in a global context the deficiency in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Mexico City and evaluate the policies that have been implemented thus far, Wasteaware benchmark Indicators for Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) were used to obtain a desired profile for the comprehensive MSWM in Mexico City. The Wasteaware Benchmark Indicators have been tested in more than 50 cities around the world. The results showed that in Mexico City, certain aspects of governance present the most considerable delay and, at the same time, that there are certain areas of opportunity to improve the efficiency of MSWM in its physical aspects, such as collection systems or treatment services.
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Burton, Elizabeth. "Measuring Urban Compactness in UK Towns and Cities." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, no. 2 (April 2002): 219–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2713.
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Although promotion of the compact city is now enshrined in land-use planning policy in many countries, including the United Kingdom, there is little evidence to support the many claims in its favour. In seeking to provide empirical data to advance the debate, one of the key problems researchers face is the task of measuring urban compactness. Research on the compact city is hampered both by a lack of consensus on its meaning and by the absence of recognised indicators for measuring it. This paper describes the development of a large set of urban compactness indicators used in an investigation of social sustainability outcomes in twenty-five English towns and cities. The paper begins by identifying and defining the different aspects of urban compactness, then outlines the indicators (including sources and methods) used for measuring each of these aspects. Finally, the values of these indicators for a range of English towns and cities are presented and reviewed. The aim of the paper is to contribute methodological tools to the compact city debate and provide a model for further research, essential in this field.
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Flinchpaugh, Steven G. "Economic Aspects of the Viceregal Entrance in Mexico City." Americas 52, no. 3 (January 1996): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008005.
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On November 4, 1640, a ship two months out of Cádiz entered the harbor of Veracruz and dropped anchor opposite the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa. On board was the new Viceroy of the Kingdom of New Spain, the Duque de Escalona, Diego López Pacheco. The viceroy’s arrival in Veracruz was but the first act in the elaborate drama of colonial government. Escalona and his party tarried in the port, passing the time inspecting the king’s troops and fortifications while they recuperated from the crossing and prepared for the journey to Mexico City. Accompanied by a mounted escort, gentlemen from the towns and cities of New Spain, a retinue of priests, servants and relatives, a herd of sheep, cattle, and other livestock, and by a baggage train carrying the stores of food and wines he brought with him from Spain, the viceroy would climb from sea level to the central meseta of New Spain, an ascent of nearly 8000 feet. The trip to Mexico City was a time for introductions, feasts, toasts, and pageants; but, it was also a time for politics, as the local notables, merchants, and government officials who accompanied the viceroy’s party vied for a favorable processional position and attempted to arrange a place at court for themselves, their relatives, and clients. Each village or town through which the viceroy passed would welcome him according to local custom and means. In larger towns like Puebla, this meant sumptuous entertainment, a procession to the cathedral followed by a reception and banquet. The viceroy could expect a more humble, but no less colorful reception when he passed through one of the dozens of smaller Indian communities along the route.
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Derr, Victoria, Yolanda Corona, and Tuline Gülgönen. "Children’s Perceptions of and Engagement in Urban Resilience in the United States and Mexico." Journal of Planning Education and Research 39, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x17723436.
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Resilience planning is increasingly employed as a means for cities to anticipate and plan for environmental and social challenges. Children’s perspectives are underrepresented in this domain. Through drawings, murals, photographs, videos, and dialogues, children shared their perspectives on resilience in two disparate cities—Boulder, Colorado, USA, and Mexico City, Mexico. Elements that support and negate resilience were consistent between cities. However, the negative aspects of physical and social safety were more acutely felt in Mexico City. While children were clear about what composes a resilient city, integration of these ideas into resilience planning was more challenging, especially in Mexico City.
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Song, Yuanwen, Lei Gao, Haipin He, and Juan Lu. "Analysis of Geoecological Restoration in Mountainous Cities Affected by Geological Hazards with Interval Intuitive Fuzzy Information." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (October 15, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6555005.
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With the progress of the industrial revolution and the development of modern science and technology, China’s urbanization process has been promoted. Urban and rural economic and social construction has greatly improved the local appearance and social structure. Human activities and natural ecology have affected the whole geological-ecological process, further aggravated the geological-ecological damage, and caused more serious geological disasters, especially in some places (especially in mountainous areas). In recent years, strong geological disasters have occurred in Wenchuan, Yushu, and Lushan regions of China, which not only seriously endanger the life safety and social life of the affected people, but also damage the geological-ecological structure and social functions of the region, especially in the geographically sensitive Alpine urban areas. It also produced many secondary disasters, such as landslides and land collapses. Mountainous cities and towns have special requirements for construction land, which is difficult to construct. Industrial land resources are in short supply, urban and rural comprehensive construction land is not active, and cultivated land area resources are tight. Compared with plain towns with superior geological conditions, mountain towns are more vulnerable to adverse geological environment such as geological ecology, landform, ecological vegetation, and hydrology. The geographical natural environment, as an organic whole that combines and interacts with the geomorphic natural environment, the biological-ecological environment, and the human social management environment, is the main reason that affects the development of mountain towns. Once the mountain geological ecology is destroyed, a series of geological disasters will often be induced, which will seriously restrict the healthy development of mountain towns. Scientific management of the geological environment plays an important role in the assessment of the geological environment restoration of mountain towns after disasters. Therefore, taking the most beautiful counties in China, Baoxing City, and Tianquan County as examples, on the basis of studying the complex geological-ecological theory of geological disasters, this paper further improves the traditional ecological footprint model in China, and using the interval direct fuzzy information constructs the metric index of ecological restoration scheme of mountain towns, and determines the evaluation index and optimal scheme of ecological restoration. From the aspects of landscape layout construction, disaster prevention and mitigation planning and improvement, and environmental restoration project, the future geoecological restoration and response strategy of Lushan County are pointed out, which provide guidance for the postdisaster geoecological safety layout construction.
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FROLOVA, Elena Victorovna, Olga Vladimirovna ROGACH, Elena Evgen'evna KABANOVA, and Tatyana Mikhailovna RYABOVA. "Domestic Tourist Market in the Population Estimates: A Sociological Analysis." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 7, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v7.4(16).16.
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This article is devoted to the assessment of satisfaction among different social groups with the tourism service rendered within the framework of cultural and educational trips over Russia. This work is based on the results of the investigations of the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (WCIOM), the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM). As the main research method we have chosen questionnaire which has allowed us to reveal preferences of the tourists from different social categories. This questionnaire is based on the main components forming tourists’ satisfaction with the trips over Russia. In the course of the mentioned-above investigation we have found dependence between the number of the trips in different cities and towns of Russia, and the level of satisfaction with the quality of the tourist service of the domestic tourism industry.
The authors have conducted analyses of the main problems with which tourists usually encounter while travelling over the country. These problems include the following aspects: lack of well-developed tourism infrastructure in the Russian cities and towns, dissatisfaction with variety of animation programs, most part of package tours does not render efficient full service. At the same time, we can conclude that increasing number of the Russians acknowledge the historic and cultural importance of the cities heritage. They assess the level of arrangement of the holidays, entertainments as a quite high. Almost a half of the respondents gave positive assessment to the level of satisfaction with such tourism service as the level and quality of traditional folk craft, an opportunity to immerge into the history and culture of a region, contribute to the revival of cultural values.
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Nkemdirim, Lawrence C., and D. Venkatesan. "Urban-induced Increase in Length of the Freeze-free Season and Its Environmental Implications." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 4 (1986): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035402.
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There has been a systematic increase in the length of the freeze-free season in several Canadian cities since 1940. This increase is believed to be due mainly to urbanization. Although the rate of urbanization during the period 1940–70 was not significantly higher than the rates in the preceding decades, urban growth during those thirty years was accompanied by higher levels of fossil-fuel conversion, which produced higher temperatures in towns and cities than in surrounding rural areas, and a generally reinforced ‘greenhouse effect’. The higher temperatures in turn combined with other urban factors to enhance the length of the freeze-free season.In a northern climate where the growing-season is already precariously short, a longer freeze-free season should have beneficial effects on agriculture and affect other aspects of the environment. There is general agreement among research workers that the energetics of solar variability are too small to affect tropospheric or stratospheric processes directly to any significant degree. This study reinforces belief in the importance of local factors; such influences tend to override any subtle connection between solar variability and the weather.
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Csóka, M., G. Rózsa, I. Marko, and Š. Stanko. "Alternatives how to mitigate urban flooding and CSO in urbanized areas used in European cities and towns." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1209, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1209/1/012017.
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Abstract Urban flooding and combined sewer overflow in city, or town areas represents potential risk in environmental, economic, or social aspects. The goal of this study is to process and evaluate efficiency of individual solutions to reduce occurrence of flooding in urban areas caused by intense rainfall events. The known conventional solutions are stormwater chambers, or storage drains. The new trend in reduction of stormwater drainage into combined sewer system are parts of blue-green infrastructure. Blue-green infrastructure represents environmental urban infrastructure which consists of sensitively selected urban vegetation combined with ingenious hydrological elements of urban city drainage. The study also deals with experimental usage of decentralized real time control, based on a gossip-based algorithm of moveable gates in sewage network. Experiment was proposed for drainage system of the city of Cosenza in Italy. Evaluation will assess application value of individual proposed solutions for the reduction of combined sewer overflow for Slovak republic and its urban cities, or towns.
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Brázdová, Adéla, and Jiří Kupka. "The Objectivization of the Living Green Walls Concept as a Tool for Urban Greening (Case Study: LIKO-S a.s., Slavkov u Brna, Czech Republic)." Land 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010229.
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The improvement of human well-being and the urban environment in cities and towns around the world will always be at the forefront of our interests. After all, the resilience of the urban environment to climate change is very important now. For example, the residents’ well-being can be improved in terms of environmental aspects. The opportunities for improving the urban environment are, of course, closely interconnected with other aspects, i.e., economic, technical and social. One of the ways to increase the resilience of cities is by progressive urban greening with small urban greenery elements. Exterior green walls are attractive, often used in urban areas, and are also the key issue of our paper. They represent at first sight (concerning their usual size) only a small instrument, but they can have a significant environmental, techno-economic and socio-cultural impact. Potential stakeholders may not be aware of this consequence. Our research focuses not only on a model exterior green wall (LIKO-S a.s., Czech Republic), where selected environmental aspects were measured for one year to confirm or deny the cooling effect of the exterior green wall on the surrounding environment, but also to objectify the issue of green walls. We also present proposals for tools that consider other aspects (technical-economic and socio-economic aspects): objectivization-decision scheme and guided interview for stakeholders’ motivation. These tools can serve future stakeholders in the pre-implementation phase of the intended exterior green wall. Objectivization of exterior green walls is the main goal of the present paper.
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Coronado Martínez, Yasu, Mara Rosas Baños, and Hazael Cerón Monroy. "Ecotourism as a path to sustainable development in an isolated Magic Town." Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico 25, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jta-02-2018-0004.
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Purpose This study aims to reveal the potential for ecotourism of a locality with high marginalisation index in the municipality of Tlalpujahua, a Magic Town in the State of Michoacán, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach This case study was based on several methodologies. First, socioeconomic, environmental, sustainability, geographic and institutional variables were used in the evaluation of 62 localities of the municipality. Geographic information systems identified study areas and determined their potential for ecotourism. Second, participatory diagnosis was used to collect specific information about the locality regarding their organisational aspects, development strategies, current socioeconomic problems, land use and resources availability and interest in developing projects related to ecotourism. Finally, the authors adapted the FAS Model (factors, attractors and support systems) to include environmental and organisational variables contributing to a theoretical approach to ecotourism. To identify attractors, they applied a questionnaire to determine the profile of tourists visiting Magic Towns and their potential interest in ecotourism. Findings The authors conclude that ecotourism is a possible alternative to highly marginalised localities within Magic Town municipalities and would be able to expand the benefits engendered by the program. Ecotourism can therefore represent a new option for tourists visiting marginalised communities in Mexico. Originality/value A diverse methodology applied key elements to identify localities suitable for ecotourism, characteristics of marginalisation and endowment of natural heritage. The authors conclude that the benefits to localities included in the Magic Towns Program can be expanded to surrounding spaces through strategies such as ecotourism.
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Porter, Jeremy R., Evelyn Shu, Michael Amodeo, Ho Hsieh, Ziyan Chu, and Neil Freeman. "Community Flood Impacts and Infrastructure: Examining National Flood Impacts Using a High Precision Assessment Tool in the United States." Water 13, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 3125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213125.
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Changing environmental conditions are driving worsening flood events, with consequences for counties, cities, towns, and local communities. To understand individual flood risk within this changing climate, local community resiliency and infrastructure impacts must also be considered. Past research has attempted to capture this but has faced several limitations. This study provides a nation-wide model of community flooding impacts within the United States currently and in 30 years through the use of high-resolution input data (parcel-level), multi-source flood hazard information (four major flood types), multi-return period hazard information (six return periods), operational threshold integration, and future-facing projections. Impacts are quantified here as the level of flooding relative to operational thresholds. This study finds that over the next 30 years, millions of additional properties will be impacted, as aspects of risk are expected to increase for residential properties by 10%, roads by 3%, commercial properties by 7%, critical infrastructure facilities by 6%, and social infrastructure facilities by 9%. Additionally, certain counties and cities persistently display impact patterns. A high-resolution model capturing aspects of flood risk as related to community infrastructure is important for an understanding of overall community risk.
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Izadi, Maliheh, Hamidreza Varesi, and Mehdi Jafari Vardanjani. "An analysis of key factors affecting New Town Planning with a human-centred approach." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 53, no. 53 (September 1, 2021): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0027.
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Abstract Since new towns are to meet the needs of the metropolitan population, it is required to acquaint the populations with the new scientific-technical methods and take one more step towards civilisation. Given that the New Town seeks to provide the latest facilities for citizens, a human-oriented approach can be proposed. New Urbanism with a humanistic approach requires coherent and dynamic planning. New structures and the various needs of the New Towns require comprehensive and integrated planning to utilise recent facilities to lead New Towns toward a human-centred attitude. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyse the key factors affecting the planning of New Towns with a humanistic approach. The method in this research is a descriptive-analytical survey. In the first step of the research, a list of primary factors involved in planning new cities was identified as research variables, using documentary sources and previous research. Then the research variables were analysed based on the Delphi method. Accordingly, 34 variables were provided in five domains for 50 experts in urban planning issues in the form of questionnaires to be analysed in matrices. The findings of the study are demonstrated in five aspects: cultural-social, physical-spatial, economic, environmental, and governance topics, with 34 components. The results show that citizenship rights, social capital, transparency, accountability, law, participation, consensus, quality of performance and managerial effectiveness, efficiency, economic welfare, sustainable active economy, meeting economic needs, quality of texture, and spirituality have the highest impact and the lowest affectedness on the realisation of human-centred New Urbanism. The results can be useful and effective by establishing integrity and fundamental theoretical principles in planning, implementation and strategic control of New Towns.
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Piña, William Alfonso. "Urbanization: Concepts, Trends and Analysis in Three Latin American Cities." Miscellanea Geographica 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2014-0020.
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Abstract Explanatory models on the urban expansion process have focussed mainly on the dynamic of cities in the developed countries that are characterized by a strong institutional framework, a culture of urban planning, and compliance with the rules. This paper analyses the phenomenon of urban expansion in three Latin American cities (Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile and Mexico City), taking into account cities with a strong process of urbanization and where the local administration does not have enough control over the growth of cities due to the high rate of migration determining sub-urbanization, peri-urbanization, exo-urbanization, and counter-urbanization processes similar to developed countries. However, these processes may be related to hidden or displaced urbanization in rural areas of municipalities and metropolitan areas or intermediate cities due to the dynamics of urban consolidation. In every Latin American country, the participation and combination of these phenomena are different, although the results are similar: the advance of urban expansion with more segmented, disperse and distant patterns of large urban centres. This analysis determine the characteristics of the urbanization process taking into account physical and geographic aspects, urbanization trends and socioeconomic features in cities selected of Latin America and determines their impact determining the importance to formulate adequate policies that integrates environmental and socioeconomic aspects to achieve sustainable development in urban contexts.
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Volkova, G. L., and E. A. Nikishin. "Interregional Mobility Patterns of Russian Scientists and Their Willingness to Move in the Future." Economy of regions 18, no. 1 (2022): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-1-13.
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Mobility of highly skilled personnel is closely related to the issue of human capital distribution, determining innovative development prospects of various regions and countries. The present study focuses on intra-Russian interregional mobility, in particular, the movement of scientists between different cities and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Based on the questionnaire survey of 1880 Russian researchers, we examined the actual movements of scientists (to receive education and gain work experience in other regions and countries) and their attitude to mobility (willingness to move in the future to participate in interesting projects and/ or work expecting satisfying remuneration). Analysis of mobility patterns of these scientists revealed the characteristics of Russian researchers willing to move to small towns. Interregional migration occurs mostly at the time of receiving education or immediately afterwards. At later career stages, the majority of researchers prefer to work in one place for long periods of time. Scientists who already had an interregional mobility experience are more likely to consider moving in the future since they have an attitude to mobility. A certain category of researchers is willing to relocate abroad as well as to major and small Russian cities. Scientists unwilling to move to small towns are concerned about their professional growth, difficulties for the family, a different lifestyle, and a change in professional and personal social networks. Thus, in order to develop regional research and education centres and stimulate intra-Russian academic mobility, relevant programmes and measures should take these aspects into account.
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Hoon Leh, Oliver Ling, Muhammad Hanif Abdul Aziz, Marlyana Azyyati Marzukhi, and Abdul Rauf Abdul Rasam. "An Investigation On The Liveability Of Urban Settlement. Case Study: Mandy Villa, Segambut, Kuala Lumpur City, Malaysia." MATEC Web of Conferences 266 (2019): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926606003.
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Urban areas are the main centres of growth in every country. However, urban areas face challenges such as environmental destruction, social deprivation, insecurity, health problem, and accessibility issue. These problems affect liveability level of the urban settlements. Liveability is influenced by the aspects of physical environment and social. A study had been carried out in Kuala Lumpur city with the Mandy Villa at Segambut as the study area. The purpose of the study is to investigate the liveability level of the study area and the relationship with the urban planning aspects of physical, and social. A questionnaire survey had been carried out. The respondents with different socio-economic background were mostly felt that the study area was liveable. From the relationship analysis by using correlation tests, the study found that some of the physical planning aspects and most of the social aspects were positively and significantly correlated to the liveability level. With the research findings, town planners, developers and government agencies are able to have a better understanding of the physical and social determinants of liveability. However, more future studies should be carried out for different cities and towns to further improve the understanding on the topic of urban liveability.
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Bąk, Joanna, and Matthias Barjenbruch. "Benefits, Inconveniences, and Facilities of the Application of Rain Gardens in Urban Spaces from the Perspective of Climate Change—A Review." Water 14, no. 7 (April 3, 2022): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071153.
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The need to support existing sewage systems is obvious due to the noticeable consequences of climate change, such as extreme rainfall, which is causing more urban flooding. It is believed that these phenomena will intensify in the long-term, and that sewage systems will be overloaded with stormwater. Consequently, cities will need more opportunities to protect themselves from flooding. Moreover, longer periods of drought will increase the temperatures in towns. The use of blue and green infrastructure is being used to adapt to climate change and to limit its effects in cities. However, it is important not to apply these solutions indiscriminately. They have obvious advantages, but are also limited in their uses. Facilities are also being developed for the design and construction of green infrastructure. This article presents the benefits of using rain gardens in urban spaces and in relation to other forms of blue–green infrastructure; it also explored the problems that may occur while using them. More important facilitations in the implementation of rain gardens into urban fabrics are discussed, particularly in the context of the existing inconveniences. A holistic approach to the issue was applied addressing technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects.
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Pampalon, R., D. Hamel, P. Gamache, and G. Raymond. "A deprivation index for health planning in Canada." Chronic Diseases in Canada 29, no. 4 (October 2009): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.29.4.05.
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Administrative databases in the Canadian health sector do not contain socio-economic information. To facilitate the monitoring of social inequalities for health planning, this study proposes a material and social deprivation index for Canada. After explaining the concept of deprivation, we describe the methodological aspects of the index and apply it to the example of premature mortality (i.e. death before the age of 75). We illustrate variations in deprivation and the links between deprivation and mortality nationwide and in different geographic areas including the census metropolitan areas (CMAs) of Toronto, Montréal and Vancouver; other CMAs; average-size cities, referred to as census agglomerations (CAs); small towns and rural communities; and five regions of Canada, namely Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario, the Prairies and British Columbia. Material and social deprivation and their links to mortality vary considerably by geographic area. We comment on the results as well as the limitations of the index and its advantages for health planning.
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Iglesias Ortiz, Ángel. "The Wall and the Politics of Exclusion and Inclusion at Baja California Borderlands: A Pictorial Journey." Imaginations Journal of Cross-Cultural Image Studies/revue d études interculturelle de l image 13, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 145–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17742/image.tp.13.2.7.
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The essay considers the border wall between Mexico and the United States as its primary visual, symbolic, and material reference to reflect on the politics of exclusion and inclusion entangled in everyday discourses and practices in Baja California’s borderlands. Everyday bordering applies not only to governmental technologies of control but also to these sorts of politics. The essay proposes that the wall represents an exclusionary symbol that is nonetheless challenged by those who attempt to embed inclusion in this context. The pictorial journey shows aspects of common situations next to the wall between the Mexican cities of Mexicali and Tijuana.
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Saelzer-Canouet, Gerardo, David Campusano-Brown, and Pablo Gómez-Alvial. "Historic timber buildings restored for public purposes in Southern Chile. A critical analysis and an approach to a cultural landscape." Arquitecturas del Sur 40, no. 62 (July 31, 2022): 94–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07196466.2022.40.062.06.
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The objective of this paper is to update and summarize the arguments behind the Integrated Heritage Rehabilitation (IHR) for Wooden Cities methodology. Building in the Coastal Temperate Rainforest ecoregion relied on native species, and is still characteristic of the towns in southern Chile, including the city of Valdivia. However, the historic town’s urban fabric is vulnerable to natural disasters and neoliberal market practices. Regulations and instruments for architectural restoration hinder IHR since their primary focus lies in social sciences, excluding the fundamental architectonic technical aspects, as well as a broader understanding of the context. Through an analysis of a set of historic buildings restored with public funds, the relationship between social sciences, engineering, architecture, and the theories of public use and landscape is patent. It is evident that there is a need to establish effective practices to extend the service life of buildings through cultural heritage management. Eight key points were identified, that connect history with the material conditions, which today are lacking in the Chilean Public Service. For the restoration processes to be integrated, evaluations must include new dimensions, such as the economic relationship and the material or tangible management, as well as the integration with the surrounding original architectural identity and the ease with which it can be culturally associated. From the harmonization of these eight points within the heritage regulatory framework, an improvement of the integrated rehabilitation of heritage buildings in the southern Chilean towns is expected, with priority given to timber conservation and public contribution.
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Matos, Rita Ventura, Filipa Ferreira, Liliana Alves, Elsa Ramos, Lucrécio Costa, and José Saldanha Matos. "Multi-Criteria Framework for Selection of City-Wide Sanitation Solutions in Coastal Towns in Northern Angola." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105627.
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In this paper, an expedited multi-criteria decision analysis framework, capable of tackling several dimensions for the choice of sanitation services, at an early planning stage is presented. The approach combines geographic information systems aided analysis for onsite solutions, with a multi-criteria decision analysis tool capable of suggesting and ranking several viable offsite treatment alternatives, according to the desired criteria. The framework was applied to four coastal cities in Northern Angola, one of the sub-Saharan countries of the west coast of Africa, thus obtaining an indication for city-wide solutions, as an aid to achieve the goal of ensuring full sanitation coverage in those four locations. It included possible onsite collection and storage interfaces, namely Ventilated Improved Pit latrines, fossa alterna, septic tanks or conventional sewer systems. The study also contributed to an informed decision regarding optimal offsite treatment facility type, namely based on dedicated or combined wastewater and faecal sludge treatment (co-treatment), as well as different options for locations and sanitation technologies. Alternatives were compared and ranked according to ten main criteria concerning social, economic, technological and environmental aspects. This work helped demonstrate the usefulness of decision-aiding tools in the multi-stakeholder and complex context of sanitation in a developing country.
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Bhadane, Pratibha, Radhika Menon, R. K. Jain, Deepa Joshi, and Aboli A. Ravikar. "Integrated Framework for Inclusive Town Planning Using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Method for a Semi Urban Town." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-12-07.
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Planning is a continuous process and must incorporate a regular evaluation of implementation and further revision for effective and efficient utility for the betterment of society through modification of the planning standards. Development plans for cities / towns are criticized for being rigid and static, having little regard for investment planning efforts, and taking a very long time in the process of formulation and approval. In depth analysis and review of the existing situation, covering the demographic, economic, financial, infrastructure, physical, environmental, and institutional aspects, is important so as to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the city overall development. In the present study, an attempt has been made to thoroughly review the existing planning standards adopted for the preparation and implementation of development plans in India, especially in Maharashtra. Since the development plan's objectives are not measurable, this study will use the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess their level of performance. For the purpose of identifying the various viewpoints of various stakeholders, field surveys and questionnaire surveys were conducted. This application can be used as an objective evaluation tool for planners and policy makers to improve planning practices and provide necessary knowledge for revising plans. The results indicated the importance of criteria from the pre-planning, preparation, and implementation stages of DP. These results were used for two semi-urban towns in Maharashtra regions and could also be used by planning engineers for further development of planning standards. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-12-07 Full Text: PDF
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Ul Hassan, Mehmood, and Nazim Ali. "Potential for Blue-Gray Water Trade-offs for Irrigation in Small Towns of Pakistan: A Case Study of Farmers’ Costs and Benefits in Haroonabad." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i2pp.161-177.
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The growing demand and the competition for fresh water in various sectors suggest that the irrigated agriculture will have to release freshwater for more important and valuable uses. This implies that other options would need to be identified to meet water demands for agriculture. Meeting irrigation requirements through non-conventional water sources is one of the options for agricultural uses. Gray water use for irrigation, a pervasive practice in urban and peri-urban areas of many developing countries, could be one of the solutions. The debate on wastewater irrigation from an environmental point of view is already on, focussing more on human and environmental “safety” aspects. The “value” aspect of the wastewater irrigation remains neglected, however. The irrigation users of untreated wastewater in many parts of the world had already traded off and revealed their preference for gray over blue water decades ago, when the water supply systems in towns and cities were set up. Why they would do it despite the high environmental and health risks associated with its use needs an answer. The paper documents the costs and benefits of wastewater irrigation from users’ point of view, and assesses the potential for real blue water savings in a small town setting in the southern Punjab, Pakistan. The data presented in the paper suggest that wastewater irrigation does lead to blue water savings, and it is profitable for farmers. While its potential is not fully exploited, more focus on appropriate approaches to physical and institutional aspects of wastewater disposal planning and management could make wastewater irrigation more productive, profitable, and safe for individuals as well as for the society as a whole.
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López L., Daniel, and Aristides Saavedra G. "Mapping Forest And Agroforestry Units For Environmental Planning. Study Case Transboundary Region Mexico-Guatemala." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-193.
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The cross-border region of Mexico and Guatemala is part of the continuum in the aspects of relief, climate, hydrography, geology, land cover and land use of Mesoamerica, one of the most biologically diverse regions on the planet. Historically, the region has been continuously affected by meteorological phenomena, such as mass movement in the highland and floods in the lowland, which affected cities, communities and production activities year after year and led to the loss and deterioration of the ecosystems. To handle this problem, a proposal for environmental planning is suggested. The final objective is to provide key information that concerns the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals, particularly related to the protection and restoration of forest areas. In this study, spatial analysis and modeling were applied to map homogeneous units for environmental planning in the Mexico-Guatemala trans-border region. Additionally, forest area as a proportion of the total land area, its share inside the natural protected areas and distribution by ecosystem type were calculated for 2010 and 2019. From the data analysis it was found that the total forest area in the region has decreased from 47% in 2010 to 43 % in 2019; 27% and 25% of the total area, respectively, correspond to forests within the natural protected areas. The principal ecosystem type in the Natural Protected Areas corresponds to tropical forest. Two conclusions can be drawn, that agroforestry zoning is an important tool to monitor forest areas in the context of achieving Sustainable Development Goals and that the natural protected areas play a fundamental role in the preservation of the forest in the region.
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Gogina, Elena, and Olga Yantsen. "Energy-efficient solutions for household wastewater treatment using biofilters." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199701021.
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To maintain a comfortable life it is necessary to pay special attention to environmental aspects. This issue is as relevant for small towns as it is for big cities. The most important tasks are studies of wastewater treatment based on the principles of energy efficiency. The article presents research on the choice of loading material (methods of selection and analysis of loading material). Also described is effective wastewater treatment technology from nitrogen compounds, methods of intensification of the biofilters. Technological schemes are given. The main attention is paid to the study of the four-zone scheme, in which the processes of denitrification-nitrification occur sequentially. Along with the control reactors with the sanitary and chemical analyses, implemented regular monitoring of the microbiological investigations of biomass, using light and electron microscopy. An energy-efficient solution for deep wastewater treatment using biofilters has been developed. Calculation methods are given. The studies will significantly reduce the amount of energy consumed, the cost of processing precipitation. And the achieved effect of wastewater treatment will prevent eutrophication of water bodies and therefore reduce the cost of drinking water treatment.
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Syed Zainal Yussof, Sharifah Husna, M. Zainora Asmawi, Illyani Ibrahim, and Wan Nurul Mardhiah Wan Mohd Rani. "Data Collection and Analysis for the Development of Environmental Resilience Index in Selangor." Built Environment Journal 18, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v18i2.13316.
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Over the years, population surges resulted in urban sprawl in meeting the needs and demands of the future generation. However, excessive human activities in the environment cause environmental degradation, which affects cities resilience. In addition, the impact of global climate change has significantly affected the local environmental context in many towns. As a result, we experience constant incidences of natural disasters, such as monsoon floods, flash floods and landslides. The absence of a framework to address the resilience level in Selangor may lead to a problematic situation in planning and managing the development concerning the physical contexts, for instance, the location and topographic aspects. Therefore, this paper introduces the research to develop an Environmental Resilience Index (ERI) to measure Malaysia's level of environmental resilience by selecting Selangor as a case study because of the difference in economic activities that could result in different levels of environmental resilience. This paper also explains the general framework and indicator selected for this study by reviewing environmental systems and reviews of past research and established indicators. Though this study uses secondary data as the basis of data collection, data from authorised departments and agencies are gathered to verify the reliability and validity of data essential in the analysis stage. Lastly, this paper elaborates on the methodology of data collection and data analysis with an example by measuring the ERI level for the component of environmental resources for the district of Kuala Selangor. Considering the latest secondary data, the results demonstrate that Selangor has an ERI of moderate level for the component of environmental resources.
Keywords: resilience, environment, index, Kuala Selangor, methodological
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SKLIARSKA, Oksana. "FUNCTIONING OF CAPABLE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN UKRAINE: SOCIO-GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 53, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.2.9.
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The article analyzes the results of the activities of territorial communities in 2020-2021, as well as the methodology for determining their capacity, from a socio-geographical perspective. The main advantages of reforming the basic level of the administrative and territorial system are indicated, the main trends and factors of the formation of successful communities are revealed.
The methodology of the formation of capable territorial communities, defined by the authors of the reform, contains criteria for the size, population, accessibility zones of new administrative centers, as well as the presence of social, educational and household infrastructure. Such communities of villages, towns, and cities are considered capable, which, as a result of voluntary association, are able to independently ensure the appropriate level of services provision in the field of education, culture, health care, social protection, housing and communal services, while taking into account personnel resources, financial support and infrastructure development of the corresponding administrative and territorial unit. At the same time, the financial capacity and infrastructural security of a territorial community depends on many socio-geographical factors: favorable location, effective use of the socio-economic and demographic potential of community centers, development of transport links, etc.
In particular, it was found that communities of regional centers, large cities, as well as satellite communities of these cities or with a powerful business sector have the best financial indicators. Large enterprises of wealthy communities are the main tax payers and jobs provider for residents, as well as sponsors of the construction of social infrastructure facilities (kindergartens, sports complexes, etc.). An interesting fact is that the rating of the most successful communities in 15 regions of Ukraine is headed by rural communities. A significant number of communities have not benefited from financial decentralization and the level of their subsidy is more than 50%.These are communities in general, with a significant share of the rural population, where there are not enough jobs, the entrepreneurial sector, and, accordingly, tax revenues.These are also large communities of sparsely populated areas with a demographic crisis situation, where there are problems with the transport connection of villages, remoteness from the center of the community. We counted the number of communities by region that at the end of 2021 had a subsidy level of more than 50% and the number of those with a subsidy level higher than the average for Ukraine (14.5%). Thus, the maximum number of subsidized communities is in Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zakarpattia regions. In the Lviv region, only in Strilkivska and Borynska communities, subsidies amount to more than 50%. In general, in the 16 regions of Ukraine, rural communities are the most subsidized: the 5-8 poorest communities in each region are mostly rural and peripheral, only 1 urban - Vatutinska, the rest ones - townships.
The question of the capacity of the community is also related to the controversial changes that are taking place regarding the optimization of the network of secondary education institutions. Support institutions are being created in urban and town communities, as well as in the centers of rural communities, which receive a larger amount of funding and better conditions for development. On the other hand, subsidized communities cannot finance small rural schools. Over 2 years in Ukraine, the status of almost 670 schools was lowered, and 918 schools were closed, and this process will continue in the future.
Therefore, the self-organization of the population and local authorities in communities has become an important factor of self-defense and resistance in the conditions of a full-scale invasion of the Russian aggressor. Thus, after the end of the war, the support and provision of self-government of territorial communities will become an important condition for the reconstruction of the state. At the same time, it will be necessary to improve the mechanism of formation of local budgets, as well as the methodology of determining the capacity of territorial communities
Consequently, in a special period, it is worth providing exclusively state financing of educational and medical institutions, especially in the front-line regions. Obviously, it will not be possible to avoid another stage of consolidation, primarily to ensure the real capacity of territorial communities in areas with a deep crisis demographic situation. Using the potential of capable communities, developing their infrastructural and industrial base will contribute to strengthening the grassroots link of the administrative and territorial system as well as to ensuring the national security of the state.
Key words: capable community, decentralization, financial capability, infrastructural capability.
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Fernald, Lia C., Lynnette M. Neufeld, Lauren R. Barton, Lourdes Schnaas, Juan Rivera, and Paul J. Gertler. "Parallel deficits in linear growth and mental development in low-income Mexican infants in the second year of life." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 2 (April 2006): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005759.
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AbstractObjectiveTo explore anthropometric indicators and mental development in very-low-income children in the second year of life.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingLow-income areas (income <20th percentile) in semi-urban Mexico (defined as towns or cities with 2500–50 000 inhabitants).SubjectsEight hundred and ninety-six children aged 12.5–23.5 months surveyed from September to December 2001.MethodsQuestionnaire survey and anthropometric survey of households. Multivariate regression models evaluated differences across age in anthropometry (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height Z-score) and cognitive function (Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development) while controlling for socio-economic and parental characteristics.ResultsThere was a significant decline in HAZ and in age-adjusted MDI score across the second year of life. Although the children showed MDI scores close to the mean, normed US values at 13–14 months, the scores were significantly lower than expected in older children (P < 0.0001), even after controlling for socio-economic status and parental characteristics. At 13–14 months, only 3% of children received scores below 70 (less than minus two standard deviations), whereas by 19–20 months, almost 17% of children were performing below this level. No socio-economic or parental characteristics were significant predictors of HAZ or MDI.ConclusionsParallel deficits are evident in both height-for-age and cognitive functioning during the second year of life in low-income Mexican infants. The consistency of these growth and development findings further stresses the need for targeted interventions to reduce the vulnerability of low-income Mexican children very early in life.
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Diaz-Sarachaga, Jose Manuel. "Analysis of the Local Agenda 21 in Madrid Compared with Other Global Actions in Sustainable Development." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 3685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193685.
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Over the last two decades, numerous towns have been involved in the Local Agenda 21 program in Spain, which is founded on social participation. In the wake of this initiative, the recent promotion of the new Spanish Urban Agenda by the national government seeks to implement the 2030 Agenda in municipalities nationwide. This research aims to examine the Local Agenda 21 process by using Madrid as a case study to determine the lessons learned to enable the effective application of the new Spanish Urban Agenda. A total of 3712 activities included in the action plans of the 21 districts of Madrid were analyzed to identify linkages with the Sustainable Development Goals and the targets of Sustainable Development Goal # 11 (“Sustainable cities and communities”). Methodologies used were solely oriented to develop an ad hoc Local Agenda 21 plan for each district, hindering the comparison of schemes and findings. Social, institutional, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development were not equally considered by the plans, being the first two aspects the most predominant. Social engagement hardly reached 0.44% of the registered population. The contribution of all action plans to the sustainable development of Madrid was not assessed due to the absence of indicators in the program.
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Mercader-Moyano, Pilar, Oswaldo Morat-Pérez, and Carmen Muñoz-González. "Housing Evaluation Methodology in a Situation of Social Poverty to Guarantee Sustainable Cities: The Satisfaction Dimension for the Case of Mexico." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 11199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011199.
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Currently, one in eight people live in neighborhoods with social inequality and around one billion people live in precarious conditions. The significance of where and how to live and in what physical, spatial, social, and urban conditions has become very important for millions of families around the world because of mandatory confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Today, many homes in poor condition do not meet the basic requirements for residential environments in the current framework. Theoretical models for the urban evaluation of this phenomenon are a necessary starting point for urban renewal and sustainability. This study aims to generate a model for evaluating homes in a situation of social inequality (hereinafter Vrs) with indicators on physical, spatial, environmental, and social aspects. The methodology used in this study evaluates housing, taking into consideration habitability factors (physical, spatial, and constructive characteristics), as well as the qualitative characteristics assessing the satisfaction of users with the adaptation and transformation of the housing and its surroundings. The application of 51 indicators distributed in four previous parameters was established for this study. This quantification identifies the deficiencies of the dwellings and sets the guidelines for the establishment of future rehabilitation policies for adapting the dwellings to current and emergency scenarios. The innovation of this study is the construction of a tool for social research surveys designed to include individual indicators from the dwellings’ users, to provide a more dependable representation of the problems found in Vrs. The results of this research identified the deficiencies of precarious housing and could be used for applying effective proposals for improvement of habitability and their surroundings in the future. Furthermore, the results showed that when all the indicators were considered, the level of lag reached would be similar to that of a real housing situation, further confirming the suitability of the methodology applied in this investigation.
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Barrera-Fernández, Daniel, and Marco Hernández-Escampa. "Events and placemaking: the case of the Festival Internacional Cervantino in Guanajuato, Mexico." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-05-2016-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the Festival Internacional Cervantino, which represents one of the major cultural events in Latin America. Based on theoretical propositions regarding tourism as an experience, perception of visitors was studied focussing on emotional factors. Urban perception was also addressed, especially where public service failure affected the experience and therefore, the placemaking. Design/methodology/approach A mixed methodology was applied. First, the event experience scale (EES) methodology for visitors’ perception was performed in order to collect data directly from tourists. The relationship between the festival and the visit to heritage resources and attractions was especially highlighted and analysed. Urban field work focussed on expressing the location of the most visited areas during festival days. Public services were also assessed where perception was affected negatively. Interviews were applied to public administration officials and public policy-related documents were collected in order to understand the expectation of visitors, previous to the experience itself. Local perception was also contrasted with the rest of the data. Findings Attracted by information about the historic and colonial nature of the city, tourists gather massively in Guanajuato during the festival. This event in particular yields in some aspects to a transient placemaking, mainly related to inner perception and the event as such is highly appreciated. It was also found that the foreign figure of Cervantes was incorporated into the intangible heritage discourse of the city and linked to the event itself. However, some urban spaces and services need improvement to consolidate a positive experience of visitors who complain about specific factors such as traffic, accessibility, waste disposal and environmental noise. Social implications The fact that the event has caused some problems in a number of urban aspects suggests that new policies might be proposed in order to fill these gaps, especially by the corresponding government agencies. Another issue relates to the concentration of the economic profits and its lack of distribution, which right now does not contribute to social sustainability, yet the event demands high actions and costs to the city and local people. Originality/value The research has been useful to give another point of view to existing surveys and conclusions of the impact of the festival. The application of EES has yielded some improvements that could be made in further applications of the same methodology. Application of EES to assess the impact of events in urban spaces and services can be applied to many other cities that host festivals in their city centres.
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Keskin, Fatma Seyma, Pedro Martinez-Vazquez, and Charalampos Baniotopoulos. "An Integrated Method to Evaluate Sustainability for Vulnerable Buildings Addressing Life Cycle Embodied Impacts and Resource Use." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810204.
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The vulnerability of buildings faces further scrutiny as gaps in design, construction, operation, and maintenance remain. Although there has been noticeable progress in the field, the frequency and magnitude of building damage during natural events highlight the fact that sustainable infrastructure has not yet reached all targets. In this study, sustainability aspects of vulnerable buildings are revisited to propose more robust measures to prevent damage and a lack of functionality. Those measured are underpinned by the merging of environmental and structural sustainability for one novel integrated approach. The method devises structural intervention scenarios based on damage levels and service period. It also aims at reducing resource use and embodied impacts through the discretization of standard life cycle analysis into customized stages. The integrated method to evaluate sustainability is tested on two vulnerable buildings in Turkey and Mexico, built with different codes of practice and having experienced low to medium damage during severe earthquake events. Research findings indicate that although embodied impacts form a minor part of the building life cycle environmental impacts, sustainable structural interventions can further reduce both embodied impacts and demands on natural resources. Hence strengthening vulnerable buildings can provide an advantage to help the sustainable transformation of cities.
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Salati, Maryam, Luis Bragança, and Ricardo Mateus. "Sustainability Assessment on an Urban Scale: Context, Challenges, and Most Relevant Indicators." Applied System Innovation 5, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi5020041.
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The concept and practice of sustainability in urban planning have gained worldwide significance since the early 2000s and have become increasingly mainstream in the policymaking process. Adopting global frameworks, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and ISO standards, for sustainable communities provides an opportunity to build more sustainable, innovative, and equitable towns and cities, with regard to natural resources and biodiversity. However, attaining sustainability requires addressing many fundamental issues at various levels, and achieving the goals and objectives of sustainability poses a significant challenge for all segments of society. Several methods for assessing the sustainability of the urban environment have been established in recent years. Therefore, compiling a short and comprehensive list of indicators addressing the broad concept of urban sustainability issues has arisen as a significant challenge. This research reviews four urban sustainability assessment tools—BREEAM-C, LEED-ND, iiSBE SBToolPT Urban, and iiSBE SNTool—to identify a clear set of key sustainability priorities. This study aims to highlight a more consistent list of indicators that are considered the most significant aspects and priorities within the analysed sustainability methods, allowing for a common understanding of the most important principles that must be considered in the design of sustainable urban areas and are compatible with the most recent standardization and sustainability targets. The end product of this study includes a proposal for a set of sustainability indicators to assess environmental, social, and economic issues to implement in the design of sustainable urban environments, independent of the local context.
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Gražulevičiūtė-Vileniškė, Indrė, and Vilma Karvelytė-Balbierienė. "INFLUENCE OF IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 31, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2007.10697122.
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Rural areas cover the largest part of the territory of Lithuania as well as that of the whole Europe. Rural settlements are also the most abundant category in the settlement system of the country. Therefore, their social, economic, and cultural viability- as well as ecologic sustainability playan important role striving towards the goals of sustainable development. During the last years projects promoting various aspects of sustainability are implemented not only in large cities and towns, but also in smaller municipalities, nevertheless many rural settlements still are not influenced by these trends. The tendency of decrease of the population of the country, emigration, migration of young and qualified persons to larger cities and towns, poverty and unemployment cause the threat to the most fragile elements of the rural settlement system, such as steadings, manor residencies and ethnographic village settlements. In order to stop these processes it is necessary to search for means to sustain the social and economic viability of rural settlements. During the last decade significant role of cultural heritage in implementing strategies of sustainable development was universally recognized. It is acknowledged that sustainable preservation, maintenance, and use of cultural heritage, especially immovable, positively influence the social, economic, cultural and even environmental dimensions of sustainable development. Sustainable development opportunities provided by immovable cultural heritage are essential for small rural settlements which are not distinguished by important natural resources or favorable location. In this instance social and cultural viability is as much essential for preservation of immovable cultural heritage of these settlements, as immovable cultural heritage is essential for sustention of their social and economic viability. Nekilnojamojo kultūros paveldo įtaka darniam kaimo gyvenamųjų vietovių vystymuisi Santrauka Didžiąją Lietuvos, kaip ir visos Europos, teritorijos dalį sudaro kaimo vietovės, o didžiąją dalį gyvenamųjų vietovių – kaimo gyvenamosios vietovės, taigi jų socialinis, eko nominis ir kultūrinis gyvybingumas bei eko loginis tvarumas atlieka lemiamą vaidmenį siekiant šalies darnaus vystymosi tikslų. Pastaraisiais metais darnų vystymąsi skatinantys projektai jau įgyvendinami ne tik didžiuosiuose Lietuvos miestuose, bet ir mažesnėse savivaldybėse, tačiau daugelio kaimo gyvenamųjų vietovių šis procesas kol kas nepaliečia. Bendro šalies gyventojų skaičiaus mažėjimo tendencija, emigracija, jaunų ir kvalifikuo tų žmonių migracija į didžiuosius šalies miestus, skurdas ir nedarbo grėsmė kelia sunykimo grėsmę patiems jautriausiems ir kultūriniu požiūriu vertingiausiems šalies kaimo gyvenamųjų vietovių sistemos elementams, tokiems kaip vienkieminės sodybos, buvusių dvarų ir palivarkų sodybos ar etnografinės kaimų gyvenvietės. Siekiant sustabdyti šiuos neigiamus socialinius, eko nominius bei kultūriniu procesus, būtina ieškoti būdų, kaip užtikrinti kaimo gyvenamųjų vietovių socialinį bei eko nominį gyvybingumą. Pastaraisiais metais pasaulyje vis aiškiau suvokiamas kultūros paveldo vaidmuo darnaus vystymosi kontekste. Visuotinai pripažįstama, jog kultūros paveldo, ypač nekilnojamojo, apsauga, priežiūra bei naudojimas turi teigiamos įtakos darniam vystymuisi socialinėje, eko nominėje, kultūrinėje ir kt. dimensijose. Nekilnojamojo kultūros paveldo teikiamos darnaus vystymosi galimybės itin reikšmingos nedidelėms, išskirtinių gamtinių išteklių neturinčioms bei patogia geografine padėtimi nepasižyminčioms kaimo gyvenamosioms vietovėms. Jų socialinis ir eko nominis gyvybingumas kultūros paveldui išsaugoti yra toks pats svarbus, kaip ir kultūros paveldas socialinio ir eko nominio šių gyvenamųjų vietovių gyvybingumo palaikymu.
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Matisovs, Ivars. "URBANIZATION PROCESSES AND ITS SPECIFICS IN LATGALE." Via Latgalica, no. 3 (December 31, 2010): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2010.3.1679.
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<p>Urbanization is an important demo-geographical process and a complex social phenomenon under impact of which changes are made not only to the global, regional or national settlement systems, but all socio-economic processes are also substantially transformed. Changes caused by urbanization have an impact on traditional way of life, cultural particularity, community and individual psychology and other aspects of spiritual life, therefore expressions and regularities of this process might be of interest not only for demographers, geographers and economists, but also for representatives of the field of humanities.</p><p>Paper presents the progress of urbanization processes in Latgale, by covering the period from establishment of the first urban-type settlements in the Eastern Latvia until today, when under impact of the depopulation processes number of inhabitants in all cities of the region decreases dramatically. Particular attention is paid to the course of formation and evolution of the Latgale urban network, successively looking at characteristics of the course of urbanization process during all major stages of the historical process.</p><p>Towns and cities constitute the basis for the Latvian population system, characterized by historically formed relatively dense urban network. Like elsewhere in the country, also in modern Latgale towns and cities are distributed evenly throughout the region area, but historically it has not always been so. Urban spatial and landscape model in Latgale has been developed within the long historical process of gradual accumulation of changes in the landscape space; however the balance of this process is destroyed by sudden transformations of political, economic and socio-cultural conditions the region and its people have had to survive in more than one occasion.</p><p>The article particularly deals with characteristics of the urbanization processes during post-Soviet period, outlines the present urban development trends in Latgale, and highlights major urban demo-geographical problems, among which the emphasis has to be placed on the rapid depopulation, an ageing population and the deepening of territorial inequalities, also intra-regionally.</p><p>Structural economical changes and increasing mobility of population during the post- Soviet period have changed the urban development perspective. Activities based on new knowledge are concentrated in large agglomerations, while individual regions, including Latgale, with less competitive urban centers are noticeably lagging behind in their development.</p><p>Therefore, exactly in these areas and localities it is necessary to strengthen the urban functions to impede also interregional migration of population, since it substantially restricts the functionality of the most remote and underdeveloped areas and hinders provision of services to population at an appropriate level. This is even more important since implementation of the cohesion principles has been proclaimed to be one of the cornerstones of the European Union regional policy.</p><p>Unfortunately, at least for the time being situation in urban areas of Latgale is far from encouraging - negative net migration and negative natural growth factor, persistently high level of unemployment is observed there, social exclusion and apathy prevailing. Admittedly, in recent years urban development in Latgale represents also several positive trends. Urban environmental quality has improved significantly, which is generally associated with transition to environmentally more friendly fuels and implementation of various environmental projects, based on funding from the EU budget, such as municipal waste management, improving of water supply and sewerage systems.</p><p>Encouragingly, facilities of regional higher education institutions improve, and the capacity of scientific work increases, important interdisciplinary research has been launched. In the nearest future significant educational and scientific infrastructure improvement projects at the University of Daugavpils and Rezekne Higher Education Institution are planned to be made, which will certainly increase competitiveness of the Latgale region in the science and technology area.</p><p>Article is based on review of comprehensive scientific literature and analysis of available statistical information. The author does not claim to provide all-inclusive and in-depth analysis of the urbanization processes in Latgale, since this task would be performed in course of further studies, but summarizes the results obtained at an early stage of research of urban areas and population demo-geographical development, as well as of the quality of urban environment.</p>
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Saeed, Sadaf. "REMAKE CITY FORM AND FUNCTION: NEO-TRADITIONAL NEIGHBOURHOOD DESIGN APPROACH IN COALITION WITH LAHORE METRO BUS SERVICE." Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 25, no. 2 (December 25, 2018): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap2522018_2.
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Developing countries are facing various challenges and mass scale urbanisation; and issues related to urban mobility are few of them. Particularly mega cities are struggling with increased rates of motorisation along with dilapidated conditions of public transport systems. To overcome these mobility hurdles the adoption of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is considered an optimal option for countries with limited financial and technical resources. Likewise, the policy makers of Pakistan introduced the first BRT named the Lahore Metro Bus (LMB) in 2013. This research examines the role of LMB under the lens of urban planning. To determine the potentials of BRT (LMB) in terms of urban development this research paper is organised into two sections. In section one the nature of the executed metro bus service in Lahore is explored and in section two the potentials of this service from the perspective of urban planning are discussed. The methodology adopted in this study is a mixed method research structured on an exploratory sequential framework. Semi structured interviews are conducted with planning professionals of Lahore explaining the role that the service has or ought to have in terms of urban development. These interviews with planning professionals highlight certain discourses, explaining the current planning process of transit service and future policy implications. The study concludes that the metro bus concept is executed as a stand-alone mobility component in Lahore. Therefore, the benefits are limited to move people from one place to another. However, if the metro service were envisioned as a component of urban policy then it could have had a wide potential to impact the urban form of the city. It was further determined that the adapted measures as a part of this concept are narrowly engineering focused towards the technical aspects of this service, while the socio-cultural components of the city are neglected. To enhance the benefits of LMB service from the perception of urban planning, the concept of Neo- Traditionalism is suggested in conjunction with the existing transit facility. The application of Neo- Traditional Neighbourhood Design (NTND) approach would be the first step to turn the transit neighbourhoods into Neo-Traditional communities. These communities appear and function like old styled environment friendly towns. A Neo Transit Lahore Model (NTLM) is derived as an outcome of this paper. This model would curtail the negative impacts of urban sprawl by promoting the use of public transport and non-motorised travel in the transit neighbourhoods of Lahore. In this study the contemporary transit infrastructure is used as a tool to revive the conventional features of Lahore. The parameters of this approach are analysed in three selected neighbourhoods along the LMB corridor. The Neo-Traditional transit model approach will have social, economic and environmental implications. Keywords: New Urbanism, Neo-traditional neighbourhoods, Connection between communities, Lahore Metro Bus Service
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McMillan, A. A., and M. A. E. Browne. "The use or abuse of thematic mining information maps." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.29.
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AbstractThematic and environmental geology mapping has been applied in recent years by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in cities, towns, urban fringes, rural areas and major estuaries. Experience in Scotland indicates that the separate portrayal of particular aspects of the drift and solid geology, former underground mining, and geotechnical properties are of greatest benefit to planners and civil engineers concerned with land use and ground stability. The maps prepared for this purpose may have an additional application in the field of resource assessment. BGS always emphasises that these maps are interpretations of the data available at the date of compilation, that they are only to be used for preliminary studies, and that they are not intended as a substitute for on-site investigation.This paper illustrates some of the pitfalls of a too literal use of thematic mining information maps and indicates ways in which these have evolved to assist the user. Early thematic maps depicted areas of undermining assumed to be (a) within 30 m of surface and (b) at depths greater than 30 m below surface. Known and suspected mining were not differentiated. Modifications were introduced for the Glasgow district, such that only areas of mining shown on mine plans were depicted: no areas of suspected mining were shown. Separate maps were prepared to show areas of total known mining; current mining; known mining within 30 m of rockhead together with locations of shafts and boreholes encountering shallow workings; and mining for minerals other than coal and ironstone. Recent work in Coatbridge and Fife has resulted in further modifications, including the presentation of separate shaft atlases. Attempts have been made to construct seam atlases although these are not available as part of the portfolios. In Fife, known and inferred shallow mining are differentiated, and shown on the same map.Each modification has reflected an attempt to clarify the presentation of known and inferred mining. The maps have, however, been prepared in response to the requirements of different customers, and while it is generally agreed that it is valuable to portray the extent of mining known from mine plans, opinions differ on the desirability and usefulness of showing inferred areas. The latter classification is considered to be beneficial by national and regional planners and also by city engineers. However, there is concern about the release of such maps on open file to the general user who is not fully informed of the background and nature of mining maps. Areas outlined as ‘undermined’ should not automatically be subjected to planning blight, and a recognition is required that engineering problems in urban areas only occur if property was not planned, designed and constructed with reference to the state of undermining.
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GORIUP, P. D., A. SCHVAB, H. RATKAJEC, U. STARC-PECENY, and T. ILIJAŠ. "TOURISM 4.0 TOOLS FOR FACILITATION OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DATA COMPARISON (USING A CASE STUDY FROM VYLKOVE AND SFÂNTU GHEORGHE IN THE DANUBE DELTA)." Economic innovations 24, no. 1(82) (March 20, 2022): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2022.24.1(82).55-63.
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Topicality. Tourism is recognized as one of the most important commercial activities today. In 2019 it generated 10% of the total employment and represented a share of 10.4% of global GDP. Following the lead of cities, a growing number of towns and villages in rural areas are seeking to benefit from tourism, based on their local cultural and natural assets. This trend can be observed in the transboundary Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve of Romania and Ukraine where many formerly remote settlements have started to host increasing numbers of visitors. However, tourism can also impose a number of negative economic, social and environmental impacts on the destination and its region that could undermine the very attractiveness of the destinations concerned. Aims and tasks. A particular problem for authorities charged with developing regional rural tourism strategies and regulations is to have a standard method for assessing and comparing the visitor capacity and sustainability of different destinations. Emerging Tourism 4.0 technologies such as High-Performance Data Analytics (HPDA) can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of strategic planning and environmental sustainability. The general objective of the research reported here was to compare the current situation of two similar settlements in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve: Vylkove in Ukraine and Sfântu Gheorghe in Romania. In collaboration with the municipal councils, local businesses and civic organisations, we applied the Tourism Impact Model (TIM) developed by the Slovene company Arctur to data collected using the same methodology between August 2020 and May 2021. Overall, 295 questions were addressed. The data could be quantitative (amount of electricity or water used per day), or more subjective expert opinion (whether and when the settlement suffered from traffic congestion or satisfaction of residents with levels of incoming tourists). The data were also quality controlled and labelled according to their accuracy, type (digital or analogue) and frequency of collection. Research results. With respect to Vylkove and Sfântu Gheorghe, in both cases the tourism data collected were not sufficient to produce a full analysis for an overall DCC assessment. However, it was possible to examine the data for each of the main TIM pillars individually (Environment, Economy, Social / Cultural and Collaboration) and make a comparison between the destinations. From these data, it is clear that while both destinations are generally managing tourism poorly (as Sleepers), Sfântu Gheorghe has a better overall condition than Vylkove across the four pillars since it scores higher in the Champion character. Vylkove suffers from having a large amount of missing data, probably because the town council derives little direct benefit from tourism (it is a receiver of impacts but most of the revenue goes to external parties) so it does not collect information. On the other hand, compared with Sfântu Gheorghe, it does not misuse or exploit its environment. Both destinations have a good level of collaboration between the tourism sector and the local community. Conclusion. The results from the first application of the Tourism Impact Model in Vylkove and Sfântu Gheorghe show that both destinations have considerable potential for improving their performance and the sustainability of their tourism offers. At present, the lead is mostly taken by private initiative and investment, with little involvement of the local authorities. In particular, environmental, social and economic data are largely unavailable for planning sustainable tourism development, gaining benefits or mitigating impacts. These aspects merit further action and research as a matter of urgency.
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Levina, Olha, and Yuliia Frolova. "POSSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION OF EXTREMELY SMALL SINGLE-HOUSES IN THE HISTORICAL CITY ENVIRONMENT." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 14, no. 2021 (2021): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.076.
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Authors of the article consider two important aspects of the organization of the urban environment. The first, the possibility of compaction of buildings by the method of small singlefamily houses construction. And the second, possibility of preserving the architectural character of historic cities, which largely suffer from poorly designed and commercially attractive buildings. Ultra-small single-family houses have a list of important qualities: they provide the minimum household needs of residents, are privately owned, can meet the author's request. Economically, the construction of such houses is also profitable, because investment is achievable for Ukrainian realities. The second aspect is building planning. The very issue of the availability of ultra-small private buildings may be of interest to the city authorities, as they may also act as investors in the planned reorganization of existing neighbourhoods. For historic small towns, the imperfection of street space reorganization and large-scale housing construction is fatal. After all, violation of the ratio of height, parcelling of neighbourhoods, the general architectural character of the building leads to the loss of the object of protection - the most important aspect of the implementation of monument protection regulations. In addition to strengthening the documentary and regulatory status, the environmental aspect is important - what exactly a person sees while being in the protected area. The restoration process in Ukraine, in particular in the town of Zhovkva, is rather slow, as state priorities are not aimed at restoring cultural heritage. However, commercial activities and construction do not stop, and the regulation of these processes is deliberately not performed. How to get out of the situation when the town for development needs to meet the needs of residents in housing so as not to violate the general nature of the historic environment? Introduce modern approaches to building compaction: modernization of existing Soviet buildings, which were built within the historic area, and construction of small private houses. Modernization of the existing two-storey Soviet building compensates with small funds the modern needs of residents in comfortable housing, along with the possibility of reorganizing the street space to a more visually attractive. And the new construction is the construction of degraded and “gray” areas of the quarter building, so as to maintain the integrity of the street front and the prospects of reviewing the historic environment. For the town of Zhovkva it is potentially important to preserve the nature and quality of the urban environment. Areas that fall within the plan of regeneration and reconstruction of the historic environment will be developed taking into account the architectural and historical requirements, and those that are tangential and related can be developed in the direction of modern small-scale construction. For the town it is important not only the external frame, but also to ensure a comfortable and safe life of the residents themselves, whose modern needs are gradually moving to minimalism. These examples of buildings can be integrated into the fabric of the town of Zhovkva without spatial losses, otherwise - to prevent the consolidation and spread of street space. In addition to the new building, it is important for the town to modernize and reorganize the existing two-storey building, re-equip the existing housing stock. Redevelopment of existing Soviet buildings into private ones with the possibility of an extension will significantly improve the organization of the street environment and the quality of living. The advantages of such decisive action are the maintenance of the general nature of planning and historical parcelling of neighborhoods, as a result of the projected improvement of the urban environment.
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Saltykova, MM, UI Antipina, and AV Balakaeva. "Problems of mortality analysis in towns of the Russian Federation." Medicine of Extreme Situations, no. 2022(4) (November 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.47183/mes.2022.035.
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Mortality rate is one of the main indicators of how healthy a population is, and planning and implementing measures aimed at reducing morbidity and increasing life expectancy in the population is impossible without an adequate analysis and interpretation of mortality data. At the same time, as pointed out by many researchers, there are factors external to a human body being that can have a significant effect on the mortality rate in a population. This study aimed to assess the impact of one of these factors, the number of beds in hospitals (per 10,000 people) of cities with population exceeding 100,000 people. The analysis included data from Rosstat (Russian statistics service) on the population size, mortality, number of hospital beds, average monthly wages in 12 cities within the period from 2017 through 2019. Five cities from these 12 were selected as a more homogeneous subgroup in terms of socio-economic conditions. We found a positive correlation between mortality rate per 1000 inhabitants (R > 0.7; p < 0.009) and the number of hospital beds per 10,000 people in the sample of 12 cities. This correlation was higher (R ≥ 0.9; p < 0.037) in the more homogeneous subgroup. A factor that may condition this correlation may be that of deaths of people from other regions in hospitals of the cities in question, which are counted when estimating the mortality rate and have a significant effect on that estimation. The results of the study point to the need to differentiate between people registered in a city and those living there permanently when assessing mortality rate therein.
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Franco, Mário, and Margarida Rodrigues. "Indicators to measure the performance of sustainable urban entrepreneurship: an empirical case study applied to Portuguese cities and towns." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (August 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-03-2020-0017.
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PurposeUrban sustainability is an inseparable dimension of today's cities; thus, the role played by creativity, and consequently sustainable urban entrepreneurship and the networks it raises, gives rise to the pro-activity of these two constructs toward a tripartition (economic, social and environmental). This study aims to measure sustainable urban entrepreneurship through a composite of existing indicators in the literature of cities.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the authors followed a quantitative research by applying exploratory factor analysis. The sample contains 308 towns and cities in Portugal, and the data were collected using secondary databases (e.g. INE; PORDATA).FindingsThrough quantitative research, this study identified the key indicators that mediate sustainable urban entrepreneurship in cities, as a methodological tool for them to evaluate their sustainable entrepreneurial capacity.Practical implicationsThe results obtained here provide information to show that sustainable urban entrepreneurship is an essential construct for cities, allowing a solution to many of their urban problems by its association with creative economy and its influence on the revitalization of urban spaces by urban regeneration, and by the importance of networks in these, the latter being another fundamental construct.Originality/valueThis research makes important contributions to studies considering the sustainability construct in urban entrepreneurship area. It will help to fill part of the gap in existing studies involving the cities’ aspects in entrepreneurship field. Consequently, the main contribution of this study lies in identifying the indicators that contribute to cities' tripartite sustainable balance by assuming sustainable urban entrepreneurship as a crucial premise.
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Payne, William J. "Queer urban activism under state impunity: Encountering an LGBTTTI Pride archive in Chilpancingo, Mexico." Urban Studies, November 4, 2020, 004209802096057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098020960578.
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While southern Mexico’s state of Guerrero has faced rising socio-political violence and impunity for over a decade, with particular consequences for sexual and gender minorities, an LGBTTTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, transgender, travesti and intersex) rights movement has simultaneously emerged in the state capital, Chilpancingo, and in other cities and towns. In 2002, activists organised the state’s first Pride march in this small, peripheral Latin American city, and each year since, people have gathered for what has become an annual event in this remote place nevertheless formed by what happens in distant centres of power. Also, LGBTTTI marches, parades, drag competitions and other events meant to orient the community and state institutions towards recognition of the rights of sexual and gender minorities have extended to public spaces across the state. This article examines this incongruous actuality through a study of the photos and videos in the private collection of a local activist and professional photographer, visual data that provide a unique record of how the local LGBTTTI movement has drawn on transnationally recognisable symbols and local cultural motifs to bring attention to violence experienced by its members. Building on a dense description of this archive, this paper argues that an identity-rights-based movement can coexist with a weak state that has abdicated its responsibility to guarantee basic human rights. Through its use of urban public spaces, such a movement can convey its message and draw people together, though given the limits of state-sanctioned impunity it may opt for strategic silence on wider socio-political issues in order to make specific advances.
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Cruz Piñeiro, Rodolfo, and Carlos S. Ibarra. "A narrative-based approach to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of stranded immigrants in four border cities in Mexico." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (November 9, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.982389.
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ObjectiveThis paper describes the impact that the different COVID-19 related restrictions have had on the mental health and wellbeing of 57 Central American and Caribbean immigrants stranded in Mexico due to the pandemic.MethodsEthnographic data was obtained through the application of in-depth interviews centered on topics such as migration history, personal experience with COVID-19 and beliefs about the pandemic. This information was further analyzed through a narrative approach and Atlas Ti.Main findingsUS Title 42 and the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) have stranded thousands of individuals in the US-Mexico border region, a situation that has overcrowded the available shelters in the area and forced many of the immigrants to live on the streets and in improvised encampments. Thus, exposing them to a higher risk of contagion. Furthermore, the majority of the interviewed Central American and Caribbean immigrants consider that Mexico is more lenient when it comes to the enforcement of sanitary measures, especially when compared to their countries of origin. Finally, vaccination hesitancy was low among the interviewees, mainly due to the operative aspects of the vaccination effort in Mexico and the fear of ruining their chances to attain asylum in the US. These findings are backed up by the discovery of five recurring narratives among the interviewees regarding: (1) The pandemic's psychological impact. (2) The uncertainty of being stranded in Mexico and the long wait. (3) Their fear of violence over the fear of contagion. (4) The perceived leniency of Mexico with the pandemic when compared to their countries of origin, and (5) their beliefs about the pandemic and vaccines.Key findingThe mental health of stranded Central American and Caribbean immigrants in Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic is mostly affected by their inability to make it across the US-Mexico border using legal means.
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Coronado Martínez, Yasu, Mara Rosas Baños, and Hazael Cerón Monroy. "Ecotourism as a path to sustainable development in an isolated Magic Town." Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico (JTA) 25, no. 1 (April 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.53596/jta.v25i1.335.
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Purpose
This study aims to reveal the potential for ecotourism of a locality with high marginalisation index in the municipality of Tlalpujahua, a Magic Town in the State of Michoacán, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach
This case study was based on several methodologies. First, socioeconomic, environmental, sustainability, geographic and institutional variables were used in the evaluation of 62 localities of the municipality. Geographic information systems identified study areas and determined their potential for ecotourism. Second, participatory diagnosis was used to collect specific information about the locality regarding their organisational aspects, development strategies, current socioeconomic problems, land use and resources availability and interest in developing projects related to ecotourism. Finally, the authors adapted the FAS Model (factors, attractors and support systems) to include environmental and organisational variables contributing to a theoretical approach to ecotourism. To identify attractors, they applied a questionnaire to determine the profile of tourists visiting Magic Towns and their potential interest in ecotourism.
Findings
The authors conclude that ecotourism is a possible alternative to highly marginalised localities within Magic Town municipalities and would be able to expand the benefits engendered by the program. Ecotourism can therefore represent a new option for tourists visiting marginalised communities in Mexico.
Originality/value
A diverse methodology applied key elements to identify localities suitable for ecotourism, characteristics of marginalisation and endowment of natural heritage. The authors conclude that the benefits to localities included in the Magic Towns Program can be expanded to surrounding spaces through strategies such as ecotourism.
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Silva, Jorge Alejandro, and María Concepción Martínez Omaña. "Comparative study of drinking water management in Mexico City and Singapore." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, November 15, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-04-2022-0108.
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PurposeThe aim of this research is to analyse the literature on drinking water management in Mexico City and Singapore, considering water supply, institutional organisation and management, and rates so as to propose recommendations for improvement in the water management of the Mexico City.Design/methodology/approachThe preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) methodology is used to review the literature on drinking water management in Mexico City and Singapore in time periods from 1325 to 2021 and from 1819 to 2021, respectively, emphasising the contemporary part. The information search was realised through different prestigious databases and official documents from the governments of Mexico and Singapore, as well as international organisations. After analysing, 40 documents were included to discuss the results.FindingsThere is a contrast between water management in Singapore and Mexico City because Singapore has strong institutions coordinated with each other along with the private and social sectors and has efficient fundraising and infrastructure investment systems. Although they are cities that developed in different circumstances, a comparison between them allowed to glimpse some aspects that may be useful to replicate in Mexico City.Originality/valueThis research is novel because there is no comparative analysis like the one presented in the literature, so it is suggested to continue delving into the topics covered in future research to have more elements that allow improving drinking water management in Mexico City.
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Liu, Youcun, Haohong Huang, Lihong Meng, Mingxia Liu, Zidan Wu, Tao Liu, and David Labat. "Spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation coverage and its relationship with terrain and human factors in the upper reaches of Ganjiang River Basin, China." Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (January 13, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.1043403.
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Vegetation coverage is an important indicator for evaluating regional environmental quality. Based on MODIS NDVI and DEM data collected for the upper reaches of the Ganjiang River Basin, China, this study used trend analysis, coefficient of variation, Hurst index, and linear regression to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution of vegetation coverage and its relationship with terrain factors in the basin during the years 2000–2020. The vegetation coverage in the study area showed a fluctuating increasing trend at a rate of 5%/10y, and an increasing trend with increasing elevation. The maximum vegetation coverage was identified in the elevation zone of 750–1,000 m, with an average of 83.54%. Vegetation coverage also showed an increasing trend with increasing slope. The maximum vegetation coverage was up to 82.22% in the slope zone of ≥25°. There were no significant differences among the distributions of vegetation coverage in different aspects because the terrain in the study area is not rugged enough to form barriers against sunlight. The vegetation coverage was relatively stable in the study area, with an average coefficient of variation of 14.8%. Hurst analysis showed that the anti-sustainability effect of vegetation change was stronger than that of sustainability, and weak anti-sustainability was dominant. The effects of human activities mainly concentrated in the areas of low elevation and small slopes less than 2°where cities and towns are located. The findings can provide a scientific basis for the management of regional ecosystems in the future.
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Pronti, Andrea, and Mario Coccia. "Multicriteria analysis of the sustainability performance between agroecological and conventional coffee farms in the East Region of Minas Gerais (Brazil)." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, November 26, 2020, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170520000332.
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Abstract The goal of this study is to perform a comparative analysis of agroecological and conventional small coffee farms. We investigated 15 coffee farms in the East region of Minas Gerais, a Brazilian rural region, based on coffee production using a multicriteria analysis with economic, social and environmental factors. The results suggest that agroecological farms perform better than conventional farms in terms of sustainability, reduce labor intensity and improve income stability and the environmental impact, such as agro-biodiversity and forest cover. In particular, the results reveal that agroecological farms, though they have lower levels of coffee productivity than conventional farms, perform better in terms of income stabilization. This result depends on product diversification (such as agri-food products, vegetables or fruits) for local markets, which reduces farmer risks associated with coffee price volatility, improving both the local economy and local food security. Moreover, agroecological farms rely more on labor than capital. Overall, the results of this study reveal that agroecological systems support the socio-economic sustainability of the rural areas under study and suggest the potential of agroecology to boost sustainable development in the East Region of Minas Gerais. In short, the spread of agroecological systems could improve local employment conditions, reducing migration toward large cities and shanty towns in other parts of Brazil. Hence, agroecology systems can represent the main alternative to conventional production systems to improve the well-being and wealth of rural populations in developing countries. The analysis presented in this study is based on a specific case study, but the rural area under study has many similarities with other areas in Latin America regarding all aspects of economic, social and environmental sustainability. Finally, some agricultural policy implications are discussed.
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Jevtic, M., and S. Savic. "One Health in Urban environment- public health challenge for the future." European Journal of Public Health 31, Supplement_3 (October 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.566.
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Abstract Urban environment is a specific one in which are citizens and also their pets and other animals looking for a mutual place for a qualitative life. Humans are trying to make their life as good as possible, bringing the “nature” inside urban environment, but not always thinking through if urban environment will have effect on that “nature” - pets and plants in houses. The availability of data on number of pets in urban environments is being studied. It is estimated that in a city of 500.000 inhabitants, there are around 17.000 dogs, but number of cats is even more challenging to find. Which towns are the highlighted ones with developed culture of cohabitation? The ones with equally developed conditions for the life “of all. WHO (1990) suggests that dog ecology and related anthropological aspects can serve to establish background information for the planning and implementation of dog population management schemes and for the control of zoonotic diseases. Dog population density is related to different habitats, cultures, and social conditions of human populations (Fielding and Plumridge 2005). For example, Albert and Bulcroft (2015) in their study underline the important social and emotional roles that pets play in the urban household. People in cities demonstrate high levels of attachment, caring, and intimacy towards their pets. Pets are viewed as important members of households and owners are willing to spend high budget of money on needed medical or preventive care for their pets. One health concept in an urban environment has a specific significance from overcoming common risks for humans and animals point of view. The risk of infectious diseases is probably the most common one, including zoonotic diseases. This risk can even be a life threating one. There is also the risk of non-infectious diseases and influence of the mental health of owners to pet's life. Also, the influence of owner's life style to the life of pets - eating, walking and other habits.
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RAMACHANDRA, T. V., H. A. BHARATH, and M. V. SOWMYASHREE. "URBAN FOOTPRINT OF MUMBAI - THE COMMERCIAL CAPITAL OF INDIA." Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.37043/jura.2014.6.1.5.
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Urban footprint refers to the proportion of paved surface (built up, roads, etc.) with the reduction of other land use types in a region. Rapid increase in the urban areas is the major driver in landscape dynamics with the significant erosion in the quality and quantity of the natural ecosystems. The urban expansion process hence needs to be monitored, quantified and understood for effective planning and the sustainable management of natural resources. Cities and towns have been experiencing considerable growth in urban area, population size, social aspects, negative environmental and geographical in?uence, and complexity. Mumbai, the commercial capital of India, has experienced a spurt in infrastructural and industrial activities with globalization and opening up of Indian markets. Unplanned urbanization has resulted in dispersed growth inperi-urban pockets due to socio-economic aspects with the burgeoning population of the city. Consequent to this, there has been an uneven growth pattern apart from the increase in slums in and around the city. This has necessitated the understanding of the urbanization pattern and process focusing especially on the expanding geographical area, its geometry and the spatial pattern of its development. This communication discusses the urban footprint dynamics of Mumbai using multi-temporal remote sensing data with spatial metrics. Land use analysis indicated a decrease of vegetation by 20% with an increase in urban extent by 155% during the last three decades. Landscape metrics aided in assessing the spatial structure and composition of the urban footprints through the zonal analysis by dividing the region into four zones with concentric circles of 1 km incrementing radius from the city centre. The study reveals a significant variation in the composition of the urban patch dynamics with increasing complexity and aggregation of urban area at the centre and sprawl at the outskirts. Shannon’s entropy further confirms of sprawl with time. Further zoning with the circular gradients aided in understanding the transition process of land use categories into urban patch.
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RAMACHANDRA, T. V., H. A. BHARATH, and M. V. SOWMYASHREE. "URBAN FOOTPRINT OF MUMBAI - THE COMMERCIAL CAPITAL OF INDIA." Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis 6, no. 1 (October 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.37043/jura.2020.6.1.5.
Full textAbstract:
Urban footprint refers to the proportion of paved surface (built up, roads, etc.) with the reduction of other land use types in a region. Rapid increase in the urban areas is the major driver in landscape dynamics with the significant erosion in the quality and quantity of the natural ecosystems. The urban expansion process hence needs to be monitored, quantified and understood for effective planning and the sustainable management of natural resources. Cities and towns have been experiencing considerable growth in urban area, population size, social aspects, negative environmental and geographical in?uence, and complexity. Mumbai, the commercial capital of India, has experienced a spurt in infrastructural and industrial activities with globalization and opening up of Indian markets. Unplanned urbanization has resulted in dispersed growth inperi-urban pockets due to socio-economic aspects with the burgeoning population of the city. Consequent to this, there has been an uneven growth pattern apart from the increase in slums in and around the city. This has necessitated the understanding of the urbanization pattern and process focusing especially on the expanding geographical area, its geometry and the spatial pattern of its development. This communication discusses the urban footprint dynamics of Mumbai using multi-temporal remote sensing data with spatial metrics. Land use analysis indicated a decrease of vegetation by 20% with an increase in urban extent by 155% during the last three decades. Landscape metrics aided in assessing the spatial structure and composition of the urban footprints through the zonal analysis by dividing the region into four zones with concentric circles of 1 km incrementing radius from the city centre. The study reveals a significant variation in the composition of the urban patch dynamics with increasing complexity and aggregation of urban area at the centre and sprawl at the outskirts. Shannon’s entropy further confirms of sprawl with time. Further zoning with the circular gradients aided in understanding the transition process of land use categories into urban patch.
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Palaniyandi, Masimalai. "New, Emerging, Re-Emerging Tropical Infectious and Non-Communicable Diseases Persistent to the Climate, Landscape, and Environmental Changes on the Grounds of the Urbanizations, Industrializations, and Globalisation." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, November 8, 2021, 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2021/v11i1130514.
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Historical records evidenced of urban landscape changes, and environmental transitions brought by the improper growths and urban development’s of the urbanisation and industrialization in the developing countries, especially in India, significantly chaotic urban sprawl and industrial growths, and the development of its allied activities for the recent decades, invites new, emerging, re-emerging, and triggers the tropical infectious diseases including vector borne diseases (VBD) as well non-communicable diseases. Urban sprawl has a multiplier effect of growth of unplanned a crowded housing, and industrialization has an impact on the urban landscape with commercial and market development, and roads over large expanses of urban land while little concern for appropriate urban planning. The union government of India is launching to promote 100 mega smart city projects / metropolitan / urban agglomeration across the nation for betterment of the standard of living infrastructure facilities by 2030. The large scale urban landscape architectural changes, land use / land cover changes, environmental transitions, and micro climatic changes in the heart of the urban landscape, and its fringe areas on the consequence of built-up structures, construction of roads transport networks, drainages, commercial buildings, human dwellings, educational buildings, legal and medical health services, income tax professionals, small scale to large scale industries, etc., The census of India, reports highlighted that people mass movements / migration from rural to the urban, and small towns to mega cities are notably accelerating trends for the recent decades mainly for the purposes of occupation, education, trade and commerce, and professional services, generally reasons for male migration, and marriage is the absolute reason for female adults migration. The spatial and temporal aspects of malaria and dengue has been declining trends in rural settings, however, it has been accelerating trends in the urban settings due to the urban buoyant migrants. Urbanization and industrialization effect on urban landscape environment leads to breakdown of sanitations, water-borne diseases associated with inadequate and unsafe drinking water supply, tendency to use metal, plastic, and mud pots water storage containers, discarded domestic waste misshapen to vector breeding habitats containers, urban heat island, garbage waste disposal, liquid waste from dwellings, and industries, air pollution (dust, pollen and spores suspended as particles, Sulphur Dioxide-SO2, nitrogen oxides-NO, Carbonate-CO3, depletion of Oxygen O2, Ozone-O3, Methane Gas- CH₄, Lead- Pb, Mercury- Hg etc.,), exonerated by the industries and urban transport emissions, modern transport / shipping goods and services, and collectively hazard to human health through erratic infectious diseases and vector borne diseases immediately.