Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cities and towns, medieval – byzantine empire

Academic literature on the topic 'Cities and towns, medieval – byzantine empire'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Cities and towns, medieval – byzantine empire"

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Foss, Clive. "Strobilos and Related Sites." Anatolian Studies 38 (December 1988): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642848.

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In the Byzantine period, urban life in Anatolia underwent a decay in which ancient cities shrank behind reduced circuits of walls or withdrew to the fortified hilltops whence they had descended in the Hellenistic age. Even the greatest city of the empire, Constantinople, saw a drastic diminution of population and resources, abandonment of its ancient public works and services, and consequent transformation from a classical to a medieval city. These changes began with the devastating invasions of Persians and Arabs in the seventh century. Sources reveal little about Anatolia between the early seventh and mid-ninth century, a true dark age, but the evidence of archaeology often makes it possible to visualize conditions at the time.The Byzantines, whose empire long survived these troubles, generally occupied existing sites in Asia Minor where their ruins are superimposed on those of the Romans or earlier cultures. In only a few instances, usually occasioned by the needs of defence or of a militarized administration, were new sites founded. Although the Dark Ages were not a propitious time for urban development, some new towns did come into existence or prominence. Few of them have been studied. Strobilos on the Carian coast, therefore, is of some potential interest as an example of a Byzantine town which first appears in the historical record in the eighth century, and whose remains have been preserved.
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Ragkou, Katerina. "The Economic Centrality of Urban Centers in the Medieval Peloponnese: Late 11th–Mid-14th Centuries." Land 7, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7040153.

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The Peloponnese, a province of the Byzantine Empire in the 11th and 12th centuries, was divided into three distinct political entities after 1204: the Frankish Principality of Achaia, the Venetian colonies of Modon and Coron, and the Byzantine lands in the southeast. The number and size of cities in the Peloponnese during the 11th and 12th centuries expanded, and the establishment of the new political entities of the 13th century did not hinder the development of its urban centers. New urban centers appeared, and the dynamics of the old urban centers witnessed a major shift. The focus of this paper is on port towns, since the majority of the available data derive from them, and aims to investigate the economic centrality of the port towns in the Peloponnese in the context of their environs, economic activities, and their position in the eastern Mediterranean exchange system. The theoretical framework is based on concepts of network theory, centrality, and economic complexity, as well as on a thorough evaluation of the material and textual evidence. In doing so, the economic profile of each central place is reconstructed, as well as a comparison between them.
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Babic, Boris. "Byzantine and post-byzantine sources on medieval Bosnia, its area and position." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 48 (2011): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1148039b.

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This article discusses the historical and geographical characteristics of medieval Bosnia, its area and position presented in the perception of Byzantine and post-Byzantine sources. It is characteristic that all these sources, regardless of whether they originated in the 10th, 12th, or 15th century or in the centuries after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire offered testimony of the territory of Bosnia. The presentations are sometimes a bit distorted and unrealistic, and their names are based on ancient standards. Data provided by the source material speaking of the appearance of Bosnia and medieval towns in its territory, were named differently in Byzantine sources.
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Dragnea, Mihai. "Influenţe străine în sculptura medievală în piatră din Ţările Române." Hiperboreea A1, no. 10 (January 1, 2012): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.1.10.0029.

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Abstract The current essay presents information about medieval stone sculpture in the Romanian Lands. The transfer of foreign cultural influences to the Romanian lands was possible due to the geographic positioning of the states which inspired the Romanian stone carvings. Wallachia, being in the vicinity of the Byzantine Empire, and later the Ottoman Empire, has taken over certain Oriental and Balkan influences. The glorious past of Rome is still present in the Byzantine Empire and the ruler (voivode) and heraldic titles played an especially important role, influencing the dynasties in the Romanian Lands. Western architectural influences penetrated in medieval Moldavia, through the Western Slavs (Silesia, Bohemia and most of all Poland). These Western influences also penetrated to the South of the Carpathian Mountains, in the Transylvanian Saxon regions of the 13th and 14th centuries, in the towns bellow the mountain.
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AVNI, GIDEON. "“From Polis to Madina” Revisited – Urban Change in Byzantine and early Islamic Palestine." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 21, no. 3 (July 2011): 301–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186311000022.

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The transformation of cities in the Byzantine and early Islamic Near East was discussed by a number of scholars in the last century. Many of them adopted a traditional approach, claiming that the Islamic conquest caused the total collapse of large classical cities, turning them into small medieval towns. The urban landscape was changed dramatically, with the large colonnaded streets of the classical Polis transformed into the narrow allies of the Islamic Madina.
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Bintliff, John. "Changes in Town and Country in Late Antiquity and into the Early Medieval Period in Greece and the Aegean Islands." Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 34, no. 20 N.S. (March 7, 2024): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/acta.11139.

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The Greek Aegean in the Late Roman era (5th-mid-7th centuries AD) offers a degree of uniformity, developing further the novel urban and rural patterns that mark the previous Imperial centuries. Characteristically, small towns with fortifications and lavish Christian monuments are surrounded by commercial villa estates, while populations shrink drastically from the mid-6th century. In the 7th-8th centuries fundamental regional divergences appear. Most of mainland Greece is lost to the Eastern Roman (aka Early Byzantine) Empire based at Constantinople, the largest towns and coastal ports excepted, following waves of Slavic settlement. A second model is found on the Aegean Islands, where reduced populations largely survive Arab raids and alien settlement through settlement displacement and negotiation. A third model is represented by the large island of Crete, free from invasion until Arab conquest in the 9th century, ironically when a revived Eastern Roman (Middle Byzantine) Empire regains control of the mainland and remaining Aegean Islands. This paper will present the evidence from archaeology for these scenarios, varying in time and space.
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Martinova, Velichka. "EARLY SGRAFFITO WARES FROM THE TERRITORY OF TODAY’S BULGARIA (11TH – 12TH CENTURIES)." Revista CICSA online, Serie Nouă, no. 7 (2021): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/cicsa.2021.7.6.

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The sgraffito pottery production flourished in the Byzantine Empire during the late 11th and 12th centuries. During this period, the Bulgarian territories were occupied by the Empire, which facilitated the penetration and wide distribution of Sgraffito Wares. The South Bulgarian lands had always been a buffer zone and a way of transmission for Byzantine culture, goods, and influence. Sgraffito vessels are discovered not only in Bulgarian medieval towns and fortresses but also in small villages, convents, and seasonal settlements. The sgraffito plates found in them find exact parallels in Byzantine centres like Corinth, Athens, Sparta, Pergamon and, of course, the capital of Constantinople. Furthermore, some of the specimens have no analogue, and there is indirect evidence that somewhere in today’s South Bulgaria, there used to be local sgraffito production centres. This work will present and review all of the published materials from the territory of today’s Bulgaria, as well as some unpublished sgraffito pottery from South Bulgaria’s museums.
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Feldman, Alex M. "Local families, local allegiances: sigillography and autonomy in the eleventh-twelfth century Black Sea." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 42, no. 2 (September 5, 2018): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/byz.2018.5.

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Many studies of the medieval Black Sea address the importance of Byzantine imperial agency in facilitating economic and political exchange. However, few studies examine the limits of Byzantine statehood regarding trans-Black Sea local dynasts. This study, primarily utilizing sigillography, focuses on the eleventh-twelfth century notable families of Cherson and Trebizond in case studies, particularly the well-known Tzouloi and Gavrades: two cities and families famed for their respective local autonomies. How can seals uncover an otherwise hidden dimension of Byzantine sovereignty, or its contestation, which manifested itself across the Black Sea even before the emergence of the empire of Trebizond after 1204?
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Milo, Peter, Petar Dimitrov, Mariya Manolova-Voykova, Tomáš Tencer, Beáta Milová, and Michal Vágner. "Into the Tsar's residence: geophysical survey of the early medieval Bulgarian capital of Veliki Preslav." Antiquity 97, no. 391 (February 2023): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2022.174.

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During the late first millennium AD, the Bulgarian Empire emerged in the eastern Balkans on the doorstep of the Byzantine Empire. In a bid to reconcile with—and impress—its powerful neighbour, Tsar Simeon I selected the fortified site of Veliki Preslav as a new capital city. Through the ninth and tenth centuries AD, the city was developed into one of the largest cities of the early Middle Ages in Europe. A fortified Inner City of palaces, churches and state buildings was accompanied by a large defended Outer City. The authors present the results of a recent geophysical survey, revealing patterning in the spatial and socio-economic organisation of the urban landscape between the ninth and fourteenth centuries AD.
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Kushch, Tatiana Viktorovna. "Mistra as alterum Byzantium." Античная древность и средние века 51 (2023): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2023.51.018.

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This research addresses the history of Mistra, which in the Late Byzantine Period was the capital of the Despotate of Morea and the Byzantine stronghold in the Peloponnesos. The historians have interpreted Mistra, which appeared in the thirteenth century, as one of the “new cities/towns,” which shaped with no concern to classical architectural tradition. The feature of historical development of Mistra was determined by its position at a distance from the seacoast combined with the natural landscape factor, as the city appeared at a hillside. This influenced the city-planning regulations, the nature of the private and public urban buildings, and the architectural features. Nevertheless, the city appearance shaped under the influence of the Byzantine capital. A considerable role in the history of Mistra was played by a great degree of autonomy of the despotai of the Morea from Constantinople. Mistra primarily was the administrative centre, where the despotai created their own court and a team of officials following the parallels with the imperial capital. From the second half of the fourteenth century on, Mistra’s status of cultural capital of the empire rivalled that of Constantinople. The climax of sciences and intellectual surge in Mistra, combined with the latter’s growing political importance, made it alterum Byzantium (“Second Constantinople”). Similarly to the capital, Mistra embodied the “imperial idea,” which was realized in the definite court hierarchy, glittering palace, rich urban buildings, and cultural superiority.
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Books on the topic "Cities and towns, medieval – byzantine empire"

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Spoudōn, Hetaireia Messēniakōn Archaiologikōn, ed. The Byzantine city in the sixth century: Literary images and historical reality. Athens: Distributed by the Society of Messenian Archaeological Studies (S.M.A.S.), 2006.

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Drauschke, Jörg. Byzanz - das Römerreich im Mittelalter: Byzantium - the Roman Empire in the middle ages = Byzance - l'Empire Romain au moyen age. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, 2010.

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Pelagatti, Paola. Kaukana: Il chorion bizantino. Palermo: Sellerio, 1999.

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Durliat, Jean. De la ville antique à la ville byzantine: Le problème des subsistances. Roma, Italie: Ecole française de Rome, 1990.

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Aimos, Society for the Study of the Medieval Architecture in the Balkans and its Preservation, ed. Hoi Vyzantinoi oikismoi stē Makedonia mesa apo ta archaiologika dedomena (4os-5os aiōnas). Thessalonikē: University Studio Press, 2010.

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Anderson, Benjamin, and Fotini Kondyli. Byzantine Neighbourhood: Urban Space and Political Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Anderson, Benjamin, and Fotini Kondyli. Byzantine Neighbourhood: Urban Space and Political Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Anderson, Benjamin, and Fotini Kondyli. Byzantine Neighbourhood: Urban Space and Political Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Byzantine Neighbourhood: Urban Space and Political Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Byzantine Neighbourhood: Urban Space and Political Action. Routledge, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cities and towns, medieval – byzantine empire"

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Talen, Emily. "New Towns and Colonial Outposts." In What Cities Say, 35–45. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197647769.003.0007.

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Abstract This chapter addresses new towns and colonial outposts. Like all planned communities, new towns reflect aspirations about lifestyle and how people are supposed to conduct their daily lives. In this sense, the form of the new town embodies a social order—who is supposed to live where, how much land they are supposed to have, how integrated the functions of the town are supposed to be, what level of collective life is imagined. The chapter then looks at monarchical town planting and the act of town founding. Town founding was often also a matter of empire-building, a desire to control territory by establishing towns as colonial outposts. Roman military encampments, medieval bastides, colonial outposts of the British Empire, Early American cities, and US railroad towns all share this trait—town founding for the purpose of territorial expansion. The chapter also considers the colonial outposting that occurred under the rules of the Laws of the Indies, the well-known 16th-century ordinance imposed by the Spanish monarchy for laying out colonies in the “new world.” Other motivations for town founding include religious or cosmological symbolism, as well as numerical symbolism.
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Szende, Katalin, and Felicitas Schmieder. "Cities and Towns in Medieval Central Europe." In Oxford Handbook of Medieval Central Europe, 267—C12.P51. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190920715.013.13.

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Abstract This chapter studies cities and towns in medieval Central Europe. In the Middle Ages, the lands of Central Europe experienced two decisive transformations: first, the foundation of monarchies and Christianization between the eighth and the eleventh centuries, and second, social and economic changes in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. These were also the strongest catalysts for the development of “old centers” and “new towns,” respectively. The early centuries of urbanization were dominated by the Church and princely or royal initiatives; old centers were above all hubs of administrative (secular and ecclesiastic) and military power; their economic functions followed from these roles. Over the thirteenth century, this urban network underwent fundamental changes, to a great extent due to the arrival of new settlers, so that new towns developed into centers of regional and long-distance trade and production. The settlers followed ius Theutonicum—a flexible juridical concept created to accommodate newcomers’ immunities and obligations in areas that were not under the tight control of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Isaac, Benjamin. "Frontier policy grand strategy?" In The Limits Of Empire, 372–418. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198149262.003.0010.

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Abstract In the first chapter it was argued that the frontier policy of Rome in the East intermittently but persistently aimed at expansion. This is clear from actual Roman behaviour at least till the age of Diocletian. The positions taken up by the Roman army in Syria and Cappadocia from the Flavian period onward are better explained in terms of offence than defence. What little can be learned about the Roman perception of Persia before the Byzantine period does not confirm the popular notion that Persia was conceived as a major threat which required an active policy of defence. In Chapters II-IV it was argued that in Arabia and Judaea there was hardly a ‘frontier question’ to cope with. The army was engaged in internal police duties of various kinds. As could be seen in Chapter VI, policing the towns, particularly the main cities, required the presence of considerable forces from Egypt to Syria. In the Byzantine period some of the police duties of the army in the East were taken ewer by Saracen allies. The relationship with Persia changed.
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Hocquet, Jean-Claude. "City-State and Market Economy." In Economic Systems and State Finance, 81–100. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198205456.003.0004.

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Abstract The city-state was the political creation of a commercial metropolis which, through war, diplomacy or purchase, succeeded in enlarging the territorial framework of the original urban commune and in dominating its hinterland of small and middling towns and villages. The geographical extent of the city-state depended on the size of the metropolis as well as its demographic and economic power; it was clearly also related to the importance of the surrounding towns and territorial principalities. Thus, in the fifteenth century, the commune of Venice, which had emerged from the buffer duchy between the Byzantine empire in the east and the Carolingian empire in the west, conquered an extensive territorial state in Italy at the expense of other urban lordships and continued to expand until it came up against other powerful cities such as Milan and Florence.
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Pfeifer, Helen. "Introduction." In Empire of Salons, 1–23. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195230.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides an overview of Ottoman salons. Informal gatherings of gentlemen were an indispensable part of Ottoman political, social, and intellectual life in the early modern period. In cities and towns stretching from Albania to Arabia, elite salons brought leading figures from diverse ethnic and geographical backgrounds into close contact. Salons were especially important in the wake of the Ottoman expansion into the Arab Middle East in the early part of the sixteenth century. Since the medieval period, salons had offered a forum for socializing that was shared, at least in its roughest outlines, all across the Islamic world. With the Ottoman conquest of Greater Syria, Egypt, and parts of the Arabian Peninsula in 1516–7, such assemblies offered a venue in which encounters between the Turkish-speaking Ottoman ruling elite and local Arab notables could take place. The chapter explains that the book views the salon in this transformative era as it looked from the Syrian city of Damascus through the perspective of one Arab notable, Badr al-Din al-Ghazzi.
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Blickle, Peter. "The Holy Roman Empire." In Resistance, Representation, and Community, 225–55. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198205487.003.0018.

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Abstract By the later Middle Ages, the German-speaking core of the Holy Roman Empire contained an extremely complex set of urban landscapes, which confront the urban historian as products of varieties of city building, from the Celtic and Roman foundations of ancient times to the early medieval coastal trading entrepôts— Henri Pirenne’s world—along the northern seas to the sites established by the great city-founding dynasties of the high Middle Ages, such as the Zähringen, who founded Berne and Freiburg im Breisgau. The great wave of urban foundations in this part of Europe culminated in the second half of the thirteenth century, when three times as many cities were founded as in the entire era before 1250. The wave then broke off abruptly around 1300, although many new very small towns (Minderstädte) appeared during the following 150 years. Then came the ‘urban trough [Städtetal]’—Heinz Stoob’s term—which coincides with the entire early modern era (1450–1800), and during which very few new cities were founded.The urban landscapes of the German-speaking world in 1800, therefore, had been created by 1300; the later Middle Ages witnessed their internal consolidation and the intensification of urban networks; and the early modern era formed an era of relative stasis with respect to the cities and urban life. This broad pattern is responsible for some of the great peculiarities of urban life in the German-speaking world: the lack, as contrasted with the states of Europe’s western tier, of a centre or several centres; the intense development of small urban centres; and a wide variety of urban social complexions.
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Wilson, James. "Introduction: Defining and Exploring the Political World of Bilad al-sham." In Medieval Syria and the Onset of the Crusades, 1–30. Edinburgh University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399503174.003.0001.

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This chapter outlines the ways in which the region of Syria has been categorised and studied from the 10th century until the present day. It begins with the definitions of the physical contours of bilad al-sham used by Arabic-Islamic cartographers during the Middle Ages. Focus is then placed on how modern scholarship has surveyed this era of Syrian history, usually from the perspectives of individual cities (Aleppo and Damascus) or political, religious and ethnic groups who exerted political authority in the region (the Byzantine Empire, the Fatimid Caliphate, the Seljuq Sultanate and the Crusader sates). This is followed by an overview of the primary sources used to write this book, with particular emphasis placed on the Arabic materials and the authors who wrote these texts. The final part of this chapters outlines the scope and structure of the present study.
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POULTER, A. G. "The Transition to Late Antiquity." In The Transition to Late Antiquity, on the Danube and Beyond. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0001.

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In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in Late Antiquity and especially in observing — and trying to account for — the changes and evolutions which separate the Roman world from the early medieval successor states in the West, and the Byzantine Empire in the East. Most historians, once mistrustful of archaeology's potential role, now accept that this relatively new discipline can contribute substantially to the study of the ancient past. However, archaeology, like history, is constrained by its own limitations: excavation can provide no answers to questions not rooted in the data it extracts from the ground. This chapter, and the chapters which follow, cover a wide spectrum of issues, going beyond the problem of continuity or collapse on the lower Danube. Modern research programmes operating within the region and further afield, both in the northern Balkans and in Asia Minor, are analyzed. Cities and urbanism in the Roman Empire are discussed.
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Fant, Clyde E., and Mitchell G. Reddish. "Iconium." In A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195139174.003.0035.

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Although mentioned in the New Testament as one of the cities visited by the Apostle Paul, the ancient city of Iconium is more famous today because of its Muslim mosques, its theological schools, and its connection with the great Sufi mystic known as Mevlana. Considered by many to be Turkey’s most religious city, modern Konya (ancient Iconium) is an intriguing place to visit because of its rich religious and architectural history. Known today as Konya, Iconium is located in south-central Turkey, approximately 170 miles south of Ankara. Situated in the Anatolian steppe, Iconium is one of the oldest cities in Turkey. Archaeological evidence indicates that the site of Iconium was occupied at least as early as the 3rd millennium B.C.E. During the 2nd millennium, the Hittites controlled the area. After the Hittite empire was destroyed, eventually the Phrygians gained control of the region and established a town at the site of Iconium. The Lydians took control of Iconium at the beginning of the 7th century, and then the following century the Persians ruled the area. When Alexander the Great defeated the Persians in the 4th century, Iconium became a part of Alexander’s empire. After Alexander’s death, Iconium was controlled by the Seleucids and then by the Pergamene rulers. In 129 B.C.E., four years after the Pergamene kingdom was bequeathed to Rome, Iconium was made a part of the Roman province of Asia. During the Roman period, Iconium was the seat of an archbishop and the location of an early church council (in 235). The city prospered under the Romans and also during the Byzantine time. From the 7th to the 9th centuries Iconium, like most of the towns and cities in the region, suffered from Arab raids. The Seljuk Turks unsuccessfully attacked the city in 1069, but by the next century they had taken control of the city, which they called Konya. As the capital of the Seljuk sultanate of Rum, Konya enjoyed a period of economic and cultural prosperity. Several of the mosques, mausoleums, and theological schools that can be seen in Konya today date from this period.
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