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1
Dogaru, Vasile, and Ioan Silviu Dobosi. "Energy metrics for European residential buildings for cities, towns&suburbs and rural areas – the case of Romania." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106077.
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The report of The International Energy Agency summarizes the energy use for European Union cities in 2006 by 1259 Mtoe (3.46 toe per capita) and predicts an yearly increase by 0.73% until 2015 and by 0.4% between 2016-2030. The projection for the first increase has not been reached for EU residential urban buildings. The world energy use for buildings is about 40%. Some EU countries have no disaggregated data for urban-rural areas, for cities, towns and suburbs and rural areas. We are modeling Romania’s residential building energy between 2001-2016 for the three levels mentioned above. In the following period, the rural buildings energy per capita will overcome the urban level of cities, towns and suburbs in Romania, in line with other EU countries. The distinct metrics for employees and pensioners were modeled by policy makers in cities, towns and suburbs and rural areas. The quantity of energy use was also modeled for the three levels. The downwards trend for household energy use in cities as compared to rural areas is identified for the 2001-2016 period for Romania. The EU energy use figures for cities will underline the more efficient allocation of structural funds for the next programming period 2021-2027.
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Bisson, Lyubov, and Roman N. Lunkin. "The Contours of New Social and Political Сleavages in the EU Countries." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 6 (December 2021): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990017872-1.
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Using Lipset and Rokkan's concept of political cleavages as a base, the authors identify the contours of new social and political divisions in EU countries which have been exacerbated by a series of crises. New divisions are caused by two kinds of factors: socio-economic and value-based. The authors characterize the growing gap between the center (metropolis) and the periphery (province cities and towns). The article also examines the processes of erosion of the middle class and the formation of a new working class in European countries, which go beyond the classical opposition of employers and employees. The article outlines the impact of these splits on value orientations of EU citizens and the possible emergence of new political conflicts. The authors conclude that new divides can lead to protest mobilization in the European Union, a vivid example of which was the "yellow vest" movement and demonstrations against lockdown measures during the COVID pandemic. Another consequence of those divisions will be a change in the electorate structure and the transformation of the party landscape. The article concludes with a brief analysis of the significance of new social cleavages for further development of European integration. It is noted that during the coronavirus crisis citizens' demand for a "Social Europe" has increased.
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Tarasov, A. E. "Methodological Approach to the Innovative Development of an Isolated Energy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012096.
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Abstract Isolated energy systems serve, as a rule, enterprises of the mining and oil and gas industries with cities and towns. The fight against climate change, which began more than 50 years ago, was marked by the adoption in 2015 of the Paris Agreement on Climate [1] within the framework of the UN Framework Convention [2] and was further developed in Europe - the climate program Fit for 55 was adopted in the European Union [3]. According to the provisions of this program, it is assumed that the climate policy will be toughened by 2030 and 2050. It is planned to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, create an updated system for trading greenhouse gas emissions and introduce cross-border taxes on carbon dioxide emissions starting from 2023 for the supply of goods to the EU countries. Extensive development and lack of modernization of existing isolated energy supply systems will negatively affect the economic attractiveness of the extracted minerals due to increased costs of electricity generated and a tangible cross-border tax on greenhouse gas emissions. The article analyzes methodological approaches to the choice of an innovative way of modernization and the creation of an isolated medium-power power system.
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Fonju, Dr Njuafac Kenedy. "South Africa Gross Uncalculated Diplomatic Blunder, Contradictory Responses (SAGUDBCR) Versus Mass Dependency Trapping Africans in the Eastern European Showdown (MDTAEES) in the Ukrainian Territory during the 21st Century." Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 8, no. 6 (August 3, 2022): 54–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2022.v08i06.001.
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The present article deals with the position of the Republic of South Africa with inconsistent blundering following her outing concerning the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian showdown. That such contradictory support to an aggressive State of Eastern European country making purported strategies to raise war and traumatize the Ukrainian to go down on their needs in a full scale war is just an unjust way of struggling to once more rise to a World unchallengeable position vis-à-vis with the United States Hyper Power Parity as unique policeman of the World since 1991 collapsed of the Cold War and disintegration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR).. But that cannot work in the 21st Century when recalling the past history of the disintegration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 with the 15 Satellites States gaining their independence. Ukraine was never having two other independent Republics within its single national territory and the composition of USSR was never 17 satellite states that an over ambitious aggressive statesman is trying to give the two secessionist regions total support to purported independence conducted where nobody can justify. The South African authorities should clearly remove their diplomatic lenses to see the suffering facing by African diasporas in the country under aggressive attack from Russia are going through and think of their former Apartheid system the country undergone in the hands of the British minorities until 1990.Infact,Africans high imported countries are now trapped with unbearable high prices of consumer goods and services due to long adopted policy of dependency and practicability not to produce to capacities to feed their local populations before the outbreak of the unjustified war consonant to the violation of international law. Africans make up more than 20 percent of Ukraine's international students, studying in many different towns and cities throughout the country The scrutiny of diverse sources paved
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Sukhobokova, Olga. "HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE FROM THE BALTIC STATES TO UKRAINE AT THE BEGINNING OF RUSSIA’S FULL-SCALE WAR AGAINST UKRAINE (February – May 2022)." European Historical Studies, no. 21 (2022): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.21.8.
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The publication is devoted to a review of humanitarian aid to Ukraine provided by the Baltic States in the first three months of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war (February 24 – May 2022). Coverage of this topic is explained by the fact that it is important to record and analyze the support of Ukraine by Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. They, as well as Poland, were the first in the European Union start to provide assistance to Ukraine. Humanitarian assistance to Ukraine by the Baltic countries is considered in the article in the context and against the background of active political support, protection of Ukraine’s interests in the international arena, lobbying for the provision of military-technical assistance by the EU and NATO countries. They consider Ukraine not just a victim of Russian aggression. They see Ukraine as a country that is fighting not only for its sovereignty and territorial integrity in the war with Russia, but also for defending Europe and the entire Western world. This caused unprecedented support for Ukraine by the Baltic states. The study found that humanitarian aid to Ukraine is provided by the Baltic States at several levels: state (through state authorities at the expense of the state budget), regional and local (individual regions and cities independently provide assistance to Ukraine, its communities, cities or regions), at the level of charitable and public organizations and initiatives through the collection of donations from citizens. The assistance provided at each of these levels is illustrated by specific examples. It has been determined that during the first three months of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war, hundreds of tons of humanitarian goods have already been delivered to Ukraine from the Baltic states through cooperation with Ukrainian authorities and public and charitable organizations. This assistance came to most regions of Ukraine – to areas affected by hostilities and temporary occupation, and to regions receiving internally displaced persons. At the same time, each of the Baltic states accepted tens of thousands of Ukrainian refugees, providing for their material, psychological and cultural needs.
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Potgieter-Vermaak, Sanja, Marianne Stranger, Leen Verlinden, Edward Roekens, and Rene Van Grieken. "Ambient NO2 concentration profiles in Flanders using passive sampling." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 4 (September 20, 2008): 266–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i4.95.
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In most parts of Europe NO2 emissions from excessive road traffic, concentrated by confined spaces and limited dispersion, are often higher than the ambient guideline values. As a pollutant,NO2 has a number of adverse effects on human health and the environment. The European Union sets guideline and threshold values for various pollutants, to protect humans and the environment, of which NO2 is one. Flanders adopted these values as most countries did, and the monitoring and evaluation of the levels against these guideline values are mostly done by VMM (the Flemish Environmental Company). The air quality Framework Directive (96/62/EG) was drafted on the27th of September 1996 and instituted on the 21st of November 1996. New guideline values forNO2 will come into effect in 2010 (1999/30/EG). The future hourly guideline value is 200 µg m-3which may not be exceeded more than 18 times in a calendar year. The average annual guideline value must not exceed 40 µg m-3.Currently various pollutants are continuously monitored by means of fixed monster monitors and analysers, where after data is extrapolated to give an overview of the dispersion. In the 2003annual report the future guideline value has been exceeded in 7 locations in Flanders. Moreover, in a separate study it was reported that in various locations with high traffic density and low dispersion, this value was exceeded, even though the dispersion model did not indicate it. Hence, to test these and other locations against the future guideline value a total of 19points, in 6 different cities and towns in Flanders, were chosen to monitor the NO2 profile over a1 year period. Passive sampling, averaged over periods of 2 weeks, was used and comparisons with the fixed monitors in some of these locations were possible. The future annual guideline value of 40 µg m-3 (2010) was exceeded in 11 of the 19 measured locations. When high traffic density was accompanied by low dispersion the value was at its highest and the results confirmed the relationship between high traffic density and high NO2concentrations. A good correlation between duplicate measurements and those compared to the fixed monitors ensured accurate and precise results. Ozone-rich periods were noted for the highNO2 values as expected, while seasonal effects were also noted. Backward trajectories indicated the significance of air masses originating from heavily polluted areas.
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Vieregge, Michael. "Evidence of local gastronomy in rural destinations: A cross-European study." Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism 1, no. 2 (August 2022): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2771-5957.1.2.1011.
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In 2020, the Coronavirus pandemic led to domestic travel to rural destinations. Local gastronomy is key to tourists' expectations, perceptions, and images of rural destinations' authenticity. Empirical data supporting evidence of local gastronomy in rural communities are lacking. This archival research focused on n=549 Cittaslow and non-Cittaslow towns and cities in 19 European countries. Rural towns offer more local gastronomy than cities, and Cittaslow-certified towns more than non-Cittaslow. All rural towns should focus on expanding their local gastronomy, and Cittaslow cities even more so.
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Pereira, Teixeira. "Urban renaissance: The role of urban regeneration in Europe's urban development future." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 2, no. 2 (2010): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj1002097p.
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Integrated Urban Regeneration can make an enormous contribution to the resolution of main problems such as the current economic situation, global warming, energy consumption, social exclusion and urban decline. The principles of urban regeneration are well established. The experience of urban regeneration in European Cities and Towns is well proven. This will only be achieved if concerted action is taken across all European countries. Experience has shown the benefit of European programs applied to Cities and Towns. There is therefore an opportunity for the creation of a European program to provide dynamics Urban Regeneration all over Europe to deliver the required Urban Renaissance.
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Ulyanychev, Maxim A. "The Phenomenon of Company Towns: Specific Features of Their Genesis and Development." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 7, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2020-7-2-118-123.
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The article analyzes the social phenomenon of single-industry towns (company towns), their role in the modern market economy, their genesis in Russia and other countries. The author observes historical stages of development of single-industry towns in Russia, as well as the features of their occurrence in the Soviet Union in connection with city-forming enterprises, which in addition to economic activities performed social functions. The characteristics of the development of single-industry towns in Europe, North America and are being compared. Distinctive features of the industrial enterprises of the cities formed in the Soviet Union are allocated. The article analyzes the problems of functioning and development of single-industry towns, examines foreign and domestic strategies for the rehabilitation of single-industry municipalities, including current measures to support such towns in the Russian Federation.
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Minns, Chris, Clare H. Crowston, Raoul De Kerf, Bert De Munck, Marcel J. Hoogenboom, Christopher M. Kissane, Maarten Prak, and Patrick H. Wallis. "The extent of citizenship in pre-industrial England, Germany, and the Low Countries." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 3 (April 27, 2019): 601–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez005.
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Abstract Citizenship was the main vehicle through which urban authorities granted political and economic rights to their communities. This article estimates the size of the citizenry and citizenship rates for over 30 European towns and cities between 1550 and 1849. While the extent of citizenship varied between European regions and by city size, our estimates show that citizenship was more accessible than previously thought.
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Gaspari, Oscar. "Cities against States? Hopes, Dreams and Shortcomings of the European Municipal Movement, 1900–1960." Contemporary European History 11, no. 4 (October 28, 2002): 597–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777302004058.
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At the beginning of the twentieth century the growth of towns was accompanied by the birth of a European and international municipal movement. In 1913 the Union Internationale des Villes/International Union of Local Authorities (UIV/IULA) was founded in Ghent. This combined two approaches, one political and utopian, the other technical and professional. The former focused on turning cities into promoters of a project for co-operation at European and worldwide level; the latter on solving the problems caused by urbanisation. They shared a determination to pursue their objectives regardless of the barriers of culture and national boundaries, and of the administrative hierarchy between local and national government. Between the two world wars the UIV/IULA gradually lost its original utopian inspiration, which was taken up by the Conseil des Communes d'Europe/Council of European Municipalities, founded in Geneva in 1951 with the aim of using the municipalities as a starting point to promote a federation of European states.
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Khúlová, Lucia. "Export into EFTA and transportation costs." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 9, no. 35 (December 1, 2016): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2016-0030.
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Abstract The Member States of the European Free Trade Association are the considerable opportunity for export, especially for countries of the European Union. The European Economic Area unites the Member States of European Union and Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland (the three EFTA countries) into an Internal Market. The paper deals with comparison the basic data of EFTA Member States such as geography, infrastructure, GDP. Due to Logistics Performance Index, it is possible to compare the level of logistics and transportation conditions in selected countries. The export costs and delivery time from a one Member State of European Union to capital cities of EFTA Member States are identified by using online calculator of chosen integrators.
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Tantau, Adrian, and Ana-Maria Iulia Şanta. "New Energy Policy Directions in the European Union Developing the Concept of Smart Cities." Smart Cities 4, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010015.
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In the context of the European Union promoting clean energy, sustainability and better living conditions for its citizens, the development of smarts cities is an initiative supported at the European Union level, in line with the new energy policies of the European Union promoted by the package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”. The concept of smart cities gains increasing importance in the European Union, a fact that is reflected in the project “European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities” of the European Commission. Smart cities are a practical example of how the new energy policies shape the lives of the European Union citizens, trying to improve it. As a consequence, new business models arise in big cities, involving the use of technology for better living conditions. These new, technology-based business models are important, as they improve the life quality of the inhabitants, they reduce the climate change impact, and they contribute as well to job creation in the IT-industry, promoting innovation. They have as well a social impact, as they bring experts from energy policies, business, economics, legal and IT together in order to project a new type of city—the smart city. The research hypothesis of the present article is that there is a high acceptance towards the concept of smart cities at the European Union level and that this concept could be implemented with the help of information technology and of artificial intelligence. This way, legal provisions, economic measures and IT-tools work together in order to create synergy effects for better life quality of the citizens of the European Union. The research hypothesis is analyzed by means of the questionnaire as a qualitative research method and is as well assessed by using case studies (e.g., Austria, Finland, Romania). The novelty of the case studies is that the development of smart cities is analyzed due to the new trend towards sustainability in two countries with different living conditions in the European Union.
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Rosa, Anna, and Agnieszka Jakubowska. "THREAT OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN RURAL AREAS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3256.
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Social exclusion concerns all social and economic groups; however, it concerns chiefly the residents of rural areas rather than the residents of towns. The aim of this paper is to present the problem of social exclusion in rural areas in the European Union Countries. The authors in the study used the data available from Eurostat for EU Member States (NUTS-1). For the purpose of this research, a synthetic index was also prepared. The characteristics of social exclusion were based on objective factors, such as the scale of poverty, the level of unemployment and education. Analysis showed that the problem of social exclusion couldn’t be considered from the point of view of the countries of the “old” and the “new” Union. The analysis indicates that countries in Central and Eastern Europe, with a relatively well-educated population, are much more at risk of poverty than those living in Western Europe.
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Montès, Christian. "Reshaping the European City and Territory." Contemporary European History 9, no. 2 (July 2000): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300002083.
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Gordon Cherry, Town Planning in Britain since 1900 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 260 pp., £12.99, ISBN 0–631–19994–2.Mark Clapson, Invincible green suburbs, brave new towns (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 242 pp., £45.00 (hb), ISBN 0–719–04135–X.Mark Clapson, Mervyn Dobbin and Peter Waterman, eds., The Best Laid Plans. Milton Keynes since 1967 (Luton: University of Luton Press, 1998), 142 pp., ISBN 1–860–20556–9.Gilles Massardier, Expertise et aménagement du territoire. L'Etat savant (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1996), 286 pp., 160 FF, ISBN 2–738–44903–4.Danièle Voldman, La reconstruction des villes françaises de 1940 à 1954. Histoire d'une politique (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997), 488 pp., 270 FF, ISBN 2–738–45194–2.About one century ago, a movement was born which aimed at reforming the physical environment of cities in order to reform society. It greatly broadened the scope of the former, piecemeal Improvement Commissions which had begun to beautify the cities. Five recent and varied publications will be reviewed here, originating from both British and French academics and planners. We shall use them to make a second reading of ideas and processes contributing to the (re)shaping of town and country in two west European countries. Often described as entities with distinct political, social and economic agendas, both countries nevertheless developed strong confidence in the planning role of the state in cities as well as in ‘town and country’.
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Correia, Diogo, João Lourenço Marques, and Leonor Teixeira. "The State-of-the-Art of Smart Cities in the European Union." Smart Cities 5, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 1776–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5040089.
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Today, policymakers struggle to obtain information from specific smart city case studies. The literature lacks a unified view of current initiatives. This paper performs an empirical study with the aim of collecting evidence from the literature about existing smart city initiatives in the European Union (EU). The contribution of each paper and its geography are analyzed using content analysis to identify the number and type of initiatives in each country. A cluster analysis is performed to find relationships between countries and their development phase as well as the categories (areas) they are focused on. The results suggest that there are different levels of smart city development between the member states despite the initial year of their first result in the literature. Furthermore, 22 smart city categories clustered in four different groups were found. When compared to countries’ socio-economic characteristics, the results suggest the development of smart cities is significantly related to the public budget balance, gross domestic product and EU structural funds. In summary, this paper portrays the state-of-the-art of smart city initiatives in the member states of the European Union. Moreover, it represents a valuable contribution to decision makers to discuss ways to standardize smart city approaches in the European scope. Furthermore, the method used in this paper can inspire the development of collaborative dashboards for the exchange of best practices and data accessibility about case studies’ details.
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Zykin, Ivan V. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT NETWORK IN THE TIMBER INDUSTRY OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1930s." Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education, no. 4(72) (December 28, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47055/1990-4126-2020-4(72)-14.
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The period of "socialist industrialization" of the late 1920s - early 1940s in the Soviet Union was associated with active construction of a settlement network, including in the forest industry. Active development of resources in the northern and eastern regions and in the European part of the country and construction and reconstruction of enterprises gave rise to a large number of working villages, some of which were given the status of town. Extensive operations across forestry areas and crisis in the industry in the last decades of the 20th and early 21st century led to the shrinking of the settlement network, especially in the timber harvesting sector, and the cities and towns for which timber enterprises were or still are a mono-employer have slipped into depression. This calls for turning attention to the experience of locating, planning and building worker villages in the timber industry in the late 1920s and early 1940s. This study of the settlement network revealed that settlements were set up close to timber production sites, worker villages tended to grow into towns, and several attempts were made to construct "socialist cities". Settlements near medium and large timber enterprises and those lying close to transport routes formed the framework of the settlement network of the industry, while the number of timber-logging villages began to decline since the late 1930s.
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Czupich, Mariusz, Justyna Łapińska, and Vojtěch Bartoš. "Environmental Sustainability Assessment of the European Union’s Capital Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 4327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074327.
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The growing flow of people into cities causes several challenges for their functioning. This brings the need to ensure, for example, efficient transport, sustainable waste, and appropriate energy policy. Particularly capital cities are exposed to the above-mentioned risks, due to their large numbers and densities of inhabitants. Therefore, the state of the environment in cities should be monitored systematically. The research aim of this article is to evaluate the level of environmental sustainability in capitals of European Union countries. A synthetic indicator was made up of diagnostic variables, using quantitative and qualitative indicators relating to the quality of the environment. Based on the ranking, results reveal that Europe is spatially divided according to the level of environmental quality. The best results were achieved by capital cities of the northern European countries. The analysis presented here has some application potential. It can serve to identify challenges to improving the quality of the environment, and to raise public awareness of the importance of changing individual behaviour (e.g., use of public transport).
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Şanta, Ana-Maria Iulia. "Prosumers—A New Mindset for Citizens in Smart Cities." Smart Cities 5, no. 4 (October 19, 2022): 1409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5040072.
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Developing smart cities as a practical component of sustainability is an initiative being promoted worldwide at the international level. The European Union has a strong focus on creating awareness regarding the necessity of new consumption models in energy, considering the current energy crisis and increasing inflation. The aim of the present paper is to assess the paradigm shift from consumers to prosumers in smart cities of the European Union in the international context of promoting sustainability and finding solutions to the current energy crisis. New solutions have to be found and implemented in order to ensure citizens in the European Union have better living conditions under these given circumstances. Developing smart cities in the countries of the European Union is a response to this international context and a solution for better life quality for citizens. Smart cities are not just high-tech cities, but are sustainable cities putting the consumer first. Consumer living in smart cities has new functions in this sustainable environment: they will develop from consumer to prosumer. This paradigm shift brings new consumption models to be implemented in smart cities, centered on the prosumer. The proactive role of the prosumer will change their mindset. This is the research hypothesis of the present paper: smart cities will help consumers to become prosumers and a new mindset will be created for citizens living in smart cities. This development will have a social impact beyond academia and will shape society in a new way. Qualitative comparative analysis is used as a research method in the present article. A case study is presented to support the research hypothesis. The novelty and originality of the present research is the citizen-oriented approach of developing smart cities, considering the perception and the new roles or functions of the citizen living in a smart city regarding these new sustainable cities. Smart cities are analyzed as social hubs offering improved life quality and a sustainable life perspective, beyond the technical or technological components which are usually debated related to smart cities. The resumption theory explains the paradigm shift from consumer to prosumer and the related development of a new mindset for citizens of smart cities in the European Union. Economic, environmental and social incentives trigger a change of mindset from consumers to prosumers in EU smart cities, which is validated in the present paper.
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Hrebeniuk, D. "The genesis of the European Parliament and its transformation to supra statehood." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 72 (November 16, 2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.5.
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The article examines the European Union as a unique association of European countries, which was created as an organizational form for political, economic and social cooperation between member countries, candidates for membership and partner countries that are not part of the union. The European Union symbolizes the diversity of nations and European cultures and aims to achieve peace and prosperity. Independent countries united for the sake of a common goal and sacrificed part of their sovereignty in order to become economically stronger, so it is not surprising that the official motto of the union is "unity in diversity".
The article pays special attention to the nature of the European Union, because de facto it is an international entity, it combines such features as supra-statehood and inter-statehood, but de jure it is neither one nor the other. The structure of the European Union includes institutions whose tasks are to realize the goals of this union, to serve its interests and the interests of its citizens, as well as to ensure the consistency and effectiveness of its policies. At the beginning of its creation, the European Union consisted of six countries and had a completely different name, namely the European Coal and Steel Association. Gradually, the subjects of this entity are deepening economic integration and creating a single market, we can also see that successively, partial management functions are moving to the supranational level and the number of future participants of the union is increasing. The evolution of the union takes place for the sake of economic development, through the opening of markets, which leads to an increase in production and, as a result, new working cities are created. With an increase in imports, competition increases and prices decrease and the quality of goods increases [1, р. 1].
This scientific work examines the formation of the legislative institution of the European Union, analyzes the cooperation of the European Parliament with other leading institutions, and also examines the regulatory and legal framework that influenced the transformation and reveals the nature of the European Parliament.
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Janusz, Marcin, and Marcin Kowalczyk. "How Smart Are V4 Cities? Evidence from the Multidimensional Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 10313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610313.
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The article presents findings from the multidimensional comparative study focusing on the implementation of the Smart City concept in selected cities of the Visegrad Group (V4). V4 has been established by its member states (Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary) in a joint effort to break from the communist past and develop the common democratic values of the European Community. Aforementioned efforts involved meeting other important goals, such as socio-economic convergence processes including reaching better living conditions for V4 citizens. At present, strategies that aim to improve the wellbeing of citizens are manifested by Smart City concepts and are being implemented in V4 cities. The main research task in this article is to answer the question regarding regional (state) divergence in Smart City implementation in selected cities. The results of the study show that the best Smart City implementation scores are shared by Czech Republic towns. Polish cities (Kielce, Rzeszów, Lublin) located in the eastern regions of the country (which are also eastern border regions of the European Union) have the worst Smart City implementation scores, according to the value of the synthetic measure.
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Marszał, Tadeusz, and Edyta Masierek. "Some remarks on the revitalisation of small towns: the Polish perspective." Space – Society – Economy, no. 32 (March 30, 2022): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-3180.32.09.
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This article concentrates on issues relating to the revitalisation of urban space in the Polish context, with a particular focus on small towns. It discusses the development of small towns after World War II, the changes that took place after Poland’s accession to the European Union, current legal framework, and the directions for revitalisation planning and implementation in Poland. The article is based on publications dealing with revitalisation processes, materials provided by annually-held conferences dedicated to small towns, and studies analysing revitalisation programmes of towns which got involved in pilot activities within the framework of the project called The Model Revitalisation of Cities. The authors highlight the benefits that a well-prepared revitalisation brings; they also discuss the limitations and problems facing local governments in the course of meeting this challenge. The article can provide inspiration for researchers to undertake studies in order to examine and evaluate the preparation and implementation of revitalisation processes as well as their effect on the resolution of social, economic, functional, spatial, technical, and environmental problems diagnosed in degraded areas. The paper should also be useful to local governments developing their revitalisation programmes.
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Bartol, Tomaz, and Marjan Hocevar. "The capital cities of the ten new European Union countries in selected bibliographic databases." Scientometrics 65, no. 2 (November 2005): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-005-0266-3.
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Gnap, Jozef, Dominika Beňová, Radovan Slávik, and Grzegorz Dydkowski. "Changes in night-time distribution of goods to the city centres as a tool to meet the requirements of the EU white paper on transport." Transport and Communications 5, no. 2 (2017): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/tac.c.2017.2.3.
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The report focuses on assessing the advantages and disadvantages of night distribution in selected European cities. The first chapter is focused on projects focused on night distribution of goods in the city centre. The second chapter deals with a more detailed analyses of night distribution in some countries of the European Union. It shows concrete example, a solution for night distribution, which can be applied to our Slovak cities. Even in Slovakia, it has to deal with the issue in view of the constantly increase the number and the duration of traffic accidents not only in Bratislava, but also in all regional cities.
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Grinberga Zalite, Gunta, and Joanna Hernik. "TERRITORIAL MARKETING IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION PORT CITIES." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 9 (November 30, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2017vol1.9.2672.
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Today in the Baltic Sea region, territorial marketing plays a substantial role both for tourist attraction and local young families, a quality workforce and students’ retention to the region, which is not easy due to the wide scope of work and travel opportunities in the European Union Member States. Territorial marketing aims to increase the prestige of a territory by attracting local and foreign subjects to the territory by creating an expressive image, maximal use of the territory’s natural, material and technical as well as financial, labour and social resources. The Baltic Sea region countries have a lot in common: historical heritage of Soviet Union influence until 1991, which has left its impact both on their architecture, city planning and on peoples’ mentality; joining the European Union in 2004 and since then struggling with common market side effects that force these countries to look for new ways to sustain their regional competitiveness. The current research focuses on exploring the experience of territorial marketing use in four Baltic Sea region port cities: Parnu (Estonia), Ventspils (Latvia), Klaipeda (Lithuania) and Szczecin (Poland). The research aimed to compare the territorial marketing approaches used in the four Baltic Sea region port cities and specifics of brand positioning for the cities. In the research work, desk study and the comparative method were applied to aggregate and interpret secondary data on the four cities’ development trends. Analysis and synthesis methods were applied to investigate the elements of territorial marketing.
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Hudović Kljuno, A., and L. Krivošić Dizdarević. "DIGITALIZATION OF CITIES – SMART CITY INTERVENTIONS IN THE CASE OF SARAJEVO." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W5-2021 (December 23, 2021): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w5-2021-273-2021.
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Abstract. Many countries in the world are becoming more aware of climatic changes, rising pollution, and running out of resources, predicting their impact on the future of humanity thus giving solutions for slowing down this process. Due to the mass urbanization of our planet, it became highly popular to talk about resilient and smart cities. And while some countries are still on a theoretical level, others, more advanced in their thinking and technical possibilities and with the higher consciousness of the importance of this issue are already putting things into action. European Union gives guidelines on how cities across Europe can improve in the future. There are several good examples of different actions across European countries that make their cities more resilient, more sustainable, and pleasant for living. Contrarily, in the cities of the developing European countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, the idea of resilient and Smart cities is still in its infancy. This paper aims to introduce different parameters that make cities more resilient and to show several of the best practices from Europe which use Smart city technologies while questioning the current situation in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Authors are introducing potentials of Sarajevo and smaller projects that can be starting points in the process of improvement of habitat climate in this city and its transformation to a smart and sustainable city.
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MAIMURUNOVA, Akmaral, Turlybek KAZBEKOV, Zhanat MYRZABEK, Zhanna SHUGAIPOVA, Botagoz SAPAROVA, and Zhanargul ZHUGUNISSOVA. "Problems of Sustainable Development of Single-Industry Towns. Example of Karaganda Region." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, no. 3 (June 3, 2022): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.3(59).11.
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The article discusses the features and problems of mono-industrial cities in terms of sustainability on the example of the Karaganda region. The results of various studies of the existing socio-economic problems of single-industry towns and promising directions for their further development are considered, taking into account the labor and economic potential, as well as natural advantages.
It was revealed that the problems of sustainability of industrial single-industry towns are typical for many countries of the Soviet Union, and therefore, this experience can be used in solving such problems. On the example of single-industry towns in the Karaganda region and the analysis of the structure of territorial and economic activity, the article describes the features of socio-economic development and their impact on the sustainable development of the region. The study also substantiates the approach to monitoring the socio-economic growth of mono-industrial economies, considering the relationship between investment in fixed assets and business activity on the basis of the calculations of the Cobb-Douglas production function.
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Pantic, Marijana. "A spatial perspective on demographic change in Serbian cities and towns." Spatium, no. 41 (2019): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1941023p.
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The majority of European countries share challenges related to demographic change. A decline in the total population size and population aging have already spread from rural to some urban areas. The case of Serbia is no exception. The focus of this article is the parameters of demographic change analysed particularly for larger (cities) and smaller (towns) urban settlements - population size, birth rate, rate of natural increase, average age of first-time mothers, total fertility rate, share of the young and elderly population, average population age, and developing demographic trends. The paper also stresses the necessity to use other definitions for a ?city? than the one used in legislation or statistical reports, by showing the extent to which results might differ depending on the chosen definition. One of the definitions used in this paper relies on a slightly adapted division of settlements used in statistical reporting, while the other is based on the Law on Local Self-Government (2007), the Law on the Territorial Organization of the Republic of Serbia (2007) and functional urban areas defined by the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia. Cities and towns are observed from the perspective of their spatial distribution; therefore, each parameter is considered at the settlement, regional and district level.
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VUOLTEENAHO, JANI. "Numbering the streetscape: mapping the spatial history of numerical street names in Europe." Urban History 39, no. 4 (October 11, 2012): 659–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926812000442.
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ABSTRACT:In contrast to North American cities, numerically named streets are a very rare occurrence in Europe. This article explores the exceptions to this rule by charting the history of street numbering in 10 European countries. The medieval and early modern ‘new towns’ of New Winchelsea, Mannheim and a section of St Petersburg (Vasilievsky Island) were each designed with grid-plan layouts in which the streets were identified according to an alphanumerical system. Although a range of gridiron plans have been subsequently built across the continent, the newer instances of street numbering are characteristically inconspicuous and peripherally located in suburbs or industrial estates. As a result, most European cases of street numbering play a limited role in constituting the broader urban fabric of the streetscape, with the exception of cities such as Milton Keynes that conform more to the North American model. The relative absence of street-numbering plans in European cities can largely be explained by the much longer history of urbanism in Europe compared to North America and, above all else, the privileging of the nationalistic-pedagogic imperative to name streets with the aim of instilling historical ‘lessons’, which has left little room for the use of street numbering as a means of rationalizing the spatial organization of European cities.
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Fernandez-Crehuet, Jose Maria, Jorge Rosales-Salas, and Rodrigo Avilés. "Best city to invest in: European Cities Quality Index." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 10, no. 1 (2020): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv10i1p1.
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In this paper, we propose an index to measure the quality of the most important European cities. Using collected data from 66 cities belonging to the 28 countries within the European Union and applying the principal components analysis method, we construct the European Cities Quality Index (ECQI) as a combination of eight dimensions: (1) Public health, (2) Education, (3) Employment and incomes, (4) Environment, (5) Gender equality, (6) Leisure and entertainment, (7) Housing and safety and (8) Transport and mobility, that are in turn made up of 40 distinct variables. We find that London, Aarhus, and Berlin are the cities with the highest scores in the index, with northern European cities performing the best. At the other end of the spectrum, Sofia, Plovdiv, and Bucharest, with severe deficiencies in every dimension, scored worst on the study. The comparisons with the Sustainable Cities Index (Arcadis), the Global Power City Index (Institute for Urban Strategies), Cities in Motion (IESE), the Cities Prosperity Index (UN), and Dynamic Cities (Savills) help us understand the potential use of this new index and its purpose as a tool for assessing public policy. The ECQI could be used to assist public policies designed to improve perception in regions where it is needed.
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Jaszczak, Agnieszka, Gintare Vaznoniene, Katarina Kristianova, and Vilma Atkociuniene. "Social and Spatial Relation Between Small Towns and Villages in Peripheral Regions: Evidence from Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia." European Countryside 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 242–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2021-0017.
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Abstract This article deals with the important issue concerning that small towns and villages play an important role in the development of many European regions, not only from the point of view of agricultural function, but also due to the preservation of identity and heritage as well as social relations and management of spatial structures. On the other hand, in small towns and villages, there are growing problems related to the migration of people to big cities, leaving farms and villages. Progressive unemployment is observed, especially in peripheral areas. The research question is: what are the similarities and differences of social and spatial relations between small towns and surrounding villages in the selected countries? The article aims to present the interface between social and spatial relationships in small towns and surrounding villages in the context of analyzing the potential of rural areas and models for their development. Authors compared the specificity of small towns and villages of selected regions of Poland, Lithuania, and Slovakia. The following methods were used in the research: analysis and synthesis of literature and documents (legal and strategic), descriptive method, secondary data analysis, comparative method, visual data representation, case study.
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Antonov, E. V. "Demographic and economic concentration in the European Union countries and Russia and the role of Global Cities." Regional'nye issledovaniya, no. 3 (2019): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2019-3-3.
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The aim of the study is to identify general trends in the process of spatial concentration / deconcentration of the population and economy (according to GDP) in the countries of the European Union and in Russia in 2007–2015. An attempt was made to identify the role of the Global Cities in this process. The study was performed at two spatial levels – the statistical division grids NUTS2 and NUTS3 (for the EU) and the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The degree of concentration and its dynamics were estimated based on the analysis of the Theil Index. The contribution of Global Cities was determined through Theil index decomposition. It is shown that the demographic concentration at the NUTS3 level was more intense than at the NUTS2 level and in almost all countries. The decrease in territorial economic inequality at the NUTS2 level in the period did not lead to convergence at the NUTS3 level. There was economic divergence in the period 2009–2015. These results confirm trends previously identified by other researchers. It has been established that the contribution of Global Cities to the processes of economic and demographic concentration turns out to be positive in both cases. It is stronger than the contribution of the others territories to the concentration of the population, and is almost equal, but opposite to the deconcentration in the economy, observed in others territories. It is concluded that global cities in Russia make a multidirectional contribution to the process of population concentration and economical deconcentration, which is atypical for the EU countries and similar to those states that also have economic difficulties (for example, Greece and Portugal).
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Bartniczak, Bartosz, and Andrzej Raszkowski. "Implementation of the Sustainable Cities and Communities Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) in the European Union." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 16808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416808.
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The study addresses problems related to the implementation of the goal aimed at making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable—Sustainable Development Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities—based on the example of the European Union countries. The introduction attempts at defining the concept of sustainable development, with particular emphasis on its complex nature and importance for future generations, including its basic five dimensions. The purpose of the study is to analyze and present the ranking of individual European Union Member States regarding the level of sustainable development measured by the implementation of SDG 11. The conducted research covered mostly the period of 2005–2020 and included 28 countries. Sweden was the country that predominantly took the leading position in terms of the implementation of SDG 11 in the years 2010–2020; other leaders included Ireland, Denmark, Finland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Malta, and Estonia. Romania most often ranked in the last position. Moreover, Finland and Ireland were always ranked among the top 10. The general conclusions allow it to be stated that the situation related to the implementation of SDG 11 in the European space has been gradually improving.
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Gosik, Blanka. "THE MARKETIZATION OF SERVICES IN SMALL TOWNS IN POLAND." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 19, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0071.
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Services market in Poland in the years preceding the economic transformation was inhibited. On the one hand, by limiting the development of the private sector, and on the other by the failure of the state sector. New opportunities for this sector have opened up with system changes in the last century. Another important moment was 2004. Poland became a member of the European Union at the time. Present times are the widespread marketisation, which means more participation of private entities in the provision of services. This phenomenon is especially important in the case of public service market. The effect of marketisation is to increase competitiveness, improve quality and increase service market. The article focuses on the phenomenon of marketisation of services in small towns. The aim of the study is to present the marketisation of services in the smallest settlement units in Poland (less than 20,000 inhabitants). In addition, it shows whether this process is similar to that in large cities and how it affects the economic and social situation of small towns. Analysis used data on the number of entities registered in the REGON system divided into sections of the economy according to the PKD.
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Kéza, Petra Kinga, and Szabolcs Rámháp. "Central and Eastern European regional centers in the focus of urban rankings and urban indexes." Economic Annals-ХХI 195, no. 1-2 (February 9, 2022): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v195-03.
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The relevance of the paper is predetermined by the fact that nearly 75% of the population in the European Union live in cities, so the European Union is committed to making cities more sustainable. Thus, recent years have seen an increasing need for studies on urban indexes measuring European cities as well as those on the evaluation of the indexes. The purpose of this paper is to prove that Central and Eastern European medium-sized cities as regional centers are an under-researched area in social science research. While one typical trend of this research is ranking based on various aspects as well as the determination of leading cities, the regional centers of Central and Eastern European countries are only tangentially included in this research. The research objectives: The analysis examines 94 regional centers in ten Central and Eastern European countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia) with regional functions at NUTS2 level based on a total of 41 different economic indexes and rankings. The research was based on the Eurostat Urban Audit database and the keyword search engine of scientific search engines such as Web of Science, Science direct, and Google Scholar. The research question: Which Central and Eastern European regional centers are examined by the different city rankings and indexes? The research results and conclusions are the following: 1) As a result of the research, it was found that out of the 94 regional centers, the most examined cities are Krakow, Wroclaw and Brno. A randomly selected city is included in only 11% of the studied rankings and indexes. 2) However, half of the Central and Eastern European capitals are considered areas for city rankings and indexes. The most studied capitals are, ranked in order of focus; Budapest and Prague, Vienna, Ljubljana, Bratislava, Sofia, Warsaw and Zagreb. 3) Based on the correlation analysis, we found a strong relationship between two indicators (Cultural Creative Cities Index and Smart Cities Index) which suggests that it would make sense to explore further relationships for which it is indispensable to have the right quality and quantity of data. All in all, it would be worthwhile creating an economic index measuring the performance of Central and Eastern European regional centers which could help regional and city governments as well as potential investors get an up-to-date and comprehensive picture of regional centers in the region.
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Tippayawong, K. Y., and K. Veyrat-Parisien. "Euro-Asia Comparative Study of Logistics Cost." International Journal of Energy and Environment 16 (March 10, 2022): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91012.2022.16.4.
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This study aims to describe and compare infrastructure systems of Asian and European countries. The first part is a survey to show similarities and differences between the two systems. Comparison between transportation costs is made. Road and air transports are studied, starting from Paris for Europe and from Bangkok for Asia to other cities within their respective continents. It was shown that it is not possible to rank in one part Asian countries and in second part European countries. It is better to rank Asian and European countries together because they represent the same level of development in one hand and the emerging countries in the other. Freight transport has been shown to be cheaper in Asia than in Europe, even if the price depends on destination. However, border crossing is more expensive in Asia than in European Union.
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Dolzhenkova, E., and A. Yu Mokhorova. "Realization of the Interests of “Small States” in the European Union." Administrative Consulting, no. 9 (November 10, 2022): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2022-9-29-39.
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Over the past few years, there have been certain shifts in favor of the national agenda in the European Union. Similar divergences from the main goal of the EU are observed in the UK and Poland. The COVID-19 pandemic also revealed the mismatch between the interests of a united Europe and the national preferences of the participating countries. The purpose of the article is to determine the possibility / impossibility of realizing the national interests of “small states” — EU members in the formation and implementation of a single community policy. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to establish the existence of different interests of states within the EU, the possibility of the participating countries to influence the development of the policy of the Union as a whole, the role of “small states” in the process under consideration. Applying a regional approach and narrowing the study to a single country (the Republic of Latvia), as well as applying methods of analysis and comparison, the nature of the relationship between the policies of the European Union and individual countries is revealed. The experience of the Republic of Latvia has shown that the state, which is most dependent on the economy and the general policy of the union, builds its own relations with the EU, relying mainly on the interests of “donor countries”. This dynamics is also manifested in international commercial relations, influencing the state of some sectors of the economy, as well as the economic situation of individual cities. Despite some negative points, mainly related to the economic indicators of individual industries, the participating countries do not deviate from the policy of European integration. Civil society, for the most part, also chooses the opportunities provided by the European Union. The challenges that the European community faced over time are being resolved. The Government of the European Union speaks openly about the existing problems, which are also related to the solution of common problems, and tries to solve them in a timely manner and by common efforts.
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Ivanova, O., and M. Senkiv. "ACCESSIBLE TOURISM FOR ALL IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 74 (2019): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2019.74.12.
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The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism promotes the right of all people to equality in access to contemplate the resources of the planet, which, in turn, is the main principle of accessible tourism for all. Modern approaches to understanding the concepts of accessible tourism for all are analyzed in this paper. Accessible tourism for all means that any tourism product should be designed irrespective of age, gender and ability and with no additional costs for customers with disabilities and specific access requirements. Role of the principles of universal design for accessible tourism for all is characterized. In contrast to the concept of accessibility, which only applies to low-mobility categories of the population and focuses on physical access to transport and buildings, as well as access to information, the concept of universal design emphasizes creating the same conditions convenient for all users, without impersonating some of them. Three main prerequisites for the development of accessible tourism for all in the European Union are determined and characterized, in particular, existing accessibility legislation and standards at the global, European and national levels, population ageing and increase in the number of people with disabilities. There is the problem in Ukraine of the lack of accessibility standards for tourism facilities and services, so it is important to learn the experience of the European Union. The European Union population is aging and this trend will continue in the future. This phenomenon is a major challenge for the society, but at the same time, it also represents a great opportunity for local businesses and for the whole European economy. Elderly people (65 years and older) are encouraged to travel by different motives: visiting relatives, gaining cultural or gastronomic experience, they are interested in traveling on cruise ships, relaxing on the coast, participating in sports events or ethnic holidays. They tend to spend more while traveling and stay longer. Tourists with disabilities, above all, make travel decisions based on the opinions of their friends, and rely less on special offers aimed at them. Online offers and printed brochures of travel agencies influence their decision at the same level. France and the United Kingdom have the most disabled people in the EU. The European Union is the main tourism destination in the world. Five its member states (France, Spain, Italy, Great Britain, Germany) belong to the top ten countries of the world on arrival of tourists. The map of the most accessible cities of the European Union is created and the quantitative distribution of these cities by country of ownership is presented. France, Germany and Sweden are leaders in the European Union by the number of the most accessible cities in 2011-2018. Among the 23 most accessible cities, only five are the capitals of states. At the same time, the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia was twice noted by the European Commission as one of the most accessible. Elements of the tourism chain include: tourism destination management; tourism information and advertising (preparation, information and booking); urban and architectural environments; modes of transport and stations; accommodation, food service and conventions; cultural activities (museums, theatres, cinemas, and other); other tourism activities and events. On the basis of the theory of accessibility chain structure and the tourism chain, the best practices of accessible tourism for all are analyzed using the example of the city of Lyon – the great business center in France, which in 2018 was recognized by the European Commission accessible in the European Union.
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Shaydullaev, R. B., U. I. Abdimatov, and B. M. Mamatkadyrova. "ON ORGANIZATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN SMALL CITIES OF KYRGYZSTAN (on the example of Tash-Kumyr)." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 1-2021 (March 22, 2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2021.1.6-15.
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The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the organization of passenger transportation in small towns of Kyrgyzstan, since timely transport links between nearby settlements are of particular importance in settlements, as is the case in the city of Tash-Kumyr. The problems of the development of cities involved in the mining industry in America and Europe are considered, in these countries during the crisis there were also collapses. But in these countries, with the improvement of the country's economy, they left the stage of collapse, therefore, one of the ways out of the collapse of the city of Tash-Kumyr, we proposed to organize a tourist base. The main stages of the development of the city of Tash-Kumyr in the post-Soviet period and the ways of solving problems in organizing a new route of movement between the settlement of Kyzyl-Alma and the city have been studied, and chronometers of the movement of the direct route of the city of Tash-Kumyr have been made. In addition, the speed of movement, the consumption of fuels and lubricants (POL) and the economic effect of the newly opened route of public transport in comparison with the private transportation of passengers have been determined. The purpose of this work is to organize passenger transportation in small towns by the example in the city of Tash-Kumyr when changing the route of movement of vehicles within the city and creating favorable conditions for opening a tourist base. The city of Tash-Kumyr was formed in the process of opening, this settlement of a coal mine, in this regard, a city with all amenities appeared in a small place. With the opening of a coal mine, jobs were organized for engineers and technicians, miners, builders and other professions. Such a process of organizing work took place during the development of the former Soviet Union, but with the collapse of the Union, all ties with other republics of the former Union were destroyed. The article examines the existing routes in the city of Tash-Kumyr: direct and circular bus routes. The proposed route of movement facilitates transport links with. Kyzyl-Alma with the small town of Tash-Kumyr, and the population of the village has an opportunity to get relief during the trip to the city.
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Heffner, Krystian, and Małgorzata Twardzik. "Rural Areas in Poland – Changes Since Joining the European Union." European Countryside 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 420–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2022-0021.
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Abstract Rural areas are experiencing a dynamic, multidirectional change. It is the result of impact of many processes, including rapid, often spontaneous urbanisation and structural transformation in the agricultural sector and temporary and permanent movements of the population. Changes in the spatial structures of the countryside, on the one hand, influenced by European programmes and measures, linked to the processes of modernisation and organisation of rural settlements and economic systems. On the other hand, rapid economic development and spontaneous investment are resulting in the expansion of the urban forms of land use – not only in the immediate surroundings of the cities and towns, but also in remote, peripheral areas dominated until recently by farming. The paper presents the genesis of contemporary land use in rural areas in Poland, linking the countryside structures with the intensity and forms of residency and user economies in the rural areas. The main drivers of change, significantly affecting the emerging forms of farming villages, are processes of intensive suburbanisation and semi-urbanisation, the phenomenon of progressive peripherisation of large areas in different parts of the country, the depopulation of the countryside and profound changes in the demographic structure of the population, improvement of infrastructure and transport accessibility and economic revival of villages. There are also important issues related to advantages such as natural and cultural values of the village. The aim of the article is to present the main directions of functional and spatial transformations of rural areas in Poland from the beginning of the 21st century. The main hypothesis is that the development of rural areas in Poland proceeds in two directions: Urban “colonization”, which involves the invasion of both single- and multi-family housing in the surroundings of traditional villages and in areas previously used for agricultural purposes, is becoming increasingly widespread; this follows restructuring and diversification (spatial and functional) in urbanized rural areas. Much indicates that the rational development and use of rural areas will be one of the main challenges of Poland in the near future.
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Halás, Marián. "Transport potential of regions in Slovakia." Geografie 110, no. 4 (2005): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2005110040257.
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The communication infrastructure of the Central and Eastern European countries is one of the crucial factors of their economic development in the enlarging European Union. Their spatial differentiation is determined by many factors; the most important physical-geographic one is the geomorphologic structure of the area, and one of the principal human-geographic factors is the spatial differentiation and structure of settlement (as a generator or as a result of transport infrastructure). The submitted article deals with the transport issues in Slovakia and the potential for the development of the transport infrastructure in Slovak regions. The two main objectives of the contribution are as follows: The first partial aim is (1a) a basic analysis of the transport position of Slovakia in the (Central) European area and (1b) an analysis of the evolution and present state of communication infrastructure and the intensity of transport at its individual parts. The second main aim of the article is to point at some possibilities in the territory of the Slovakia, especially by application of gravitational model in Slovak towns (and towns of neighbouring border regions) and possibilities of development of the communication infrastructure.
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Talewicz-Kwiatkowska, Joanna. "Roma Immigrants in Western Europe – the Example of France and Italy." Politeja 12, no. 8 (31/2) (December 31, 2015): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.12.2015.31_2.08.
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The expansion of the European Union and the accession of ten new EU member states in 2004, as well as the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, meant that the new borders of the EU came to encompass most of the Roma minorities living on the Old Continent. The Roma, as well as being the largest ethnic group in modern Europe, are also its most marginalised group. They have been and continue to be ostracised, excluded from society, and discriminated against on all possible social levels. I will focus on the mass exodus of the Roma to Western Europe, which was triggered by the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union. Thousands of new Roma emigrants moved to the West in search of a better life, without possessing jobs, health care or social insurance, living en masse in camps on the edge of towns and cities. The beginning of the global economic crisis in 2008 and this massive influx of Roma immigrants living in extreme poverty was an explosive mix which led to a deepening and intensification of Anti‑Roma feeling in Western Europe creating a radicalisation of policy concerning Roma.
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Turșie, Corina. "The unwanted past and urban regeneration of Communist heritage cities. Case study: European Capitals of Culture (ECoC) Riga 2014, Pilsen 2015 and Wroclaw 2016." Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20152.122.138.
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Within the ECoC programme, it has been argued that the European dimension is most visible when the candidates reflect their own history as a part of European history, particularly when hinting at their involvement with the major ideologies of twentieth century, such as National Socialism or Communism. ECoC is about cities re-inventing their identities, re-narrating their history in a European context. But how should ex-communist cities deal with their unwanted past and narrate it in order to fit into the European dimension of the project? The focus of this investigation is on three ex-ECOCs from ex-Communist Europe, chosen for several reasons: geographical position (Central, Eastern/Northern European countries, ex-communist past, new membership of the European Union (since 2004), the year of holding the title (the two ECoC selection criteria exist since 2010). Using qualitative content analysis on a set of documents (application books, official web pages and ex-post evaluations) the study will offer an analysis of cities’ politics of memory and urban regeneration strategies.
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Cepeliauskaite, Gabriele, Benno Keppner, Zivile Simkute, Zaneta Stasiskiene, Leon Leuser, Ieva Kalnina, Nika Kotovica, Jānis Andiņš, and Marek Muiste. "Smart-Mobility Services for Climate Mitigation in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Baltic Countries and Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084127.
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The transport sector is one of the largest contributors of CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. In order to achieve the Paris goal of decreasing the global average temperature by 2 °C, urgent and transformative actions in urban mobility are required. As a sub-domain of the smart-city concept, smart-mobility-solutions integration at the municipal level is thought to have environmental, economic and social benefits, e.g., reducing air pollution in cities, providing new markets for alternative mobility and ensuring universal access to public transportation. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the relevance of smart mobility in creating a cleaner environment and provide strategic and practical examples of smart-mobility services in four European cities: Berlin (Germany), Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia) and Tartu (Estonia). The paper presents a systematized literature review about the potential of smart-mobility services in reducing the negative environmental impact to urban environments in various cities. The authors highlight broad opportunities from the European Union and municipal documents for smart-mobility initiatives. The theoretical part is supplemented by socioeconomic and environmental descriptions, as well as experience, related to smart-mobility services in the four cities selected.
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Kona, Albana, Fabio Monforti-Ferrario, Paolo Bertoldi, Marta Giulia Baldi, Georgia Kakoulaki, Nadja Vetters, Christian Thiel, et al. "Global Covenant of Mayors, a dataset of greenhouse gas emissions for 6200 cities in Europe and the Southern Mediterranean countries." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 7 (July 26, 2021): 3551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3551-2021.
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Abstract. The Paris Agreement has underlined the role of cities in combating climate change. The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy (GCoM) is the largest international initiative dedicated to promoting climate action at a city level, covering globally over 10 000 cities and almost half the population of the European Union (EU) by end of March 2020. The fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report notes that there is a lack of comprehensive, consistent datasets of cities' greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories. In order to partly address this gap, we present a harmonised, complete and verified dataset of GHG inventories for 6200 cities in European and Southern Mediterranean countries, signatories of the GCoM initiative. To complement the reported emission data, a set of ancillary data that have a direct or indirect potential impact on cities' climate action plans were collected from other datasets, supporting further research on local climate action and monitoring the EU 27 (the 27 member states of the EU) progress on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 on climate action. The dataset (Kona et al., 2020) is archived and publicly available with the DOI https://doi.org/10.2905/57A615EB-CFBC-435A-A8C5-553BD40F76C9.
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Krunke, Helle, and Sune Klinge. "Geographical Differentiation in the EU and the link to EU Crisis Solving with an Outset in Denmark." Nordic Journal of European Law 5, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36969/njel.v5i1.24511.
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Does differentiation in the European Union (EU) have a geographical dimension? This has been suggested in parts of literature on EU crises and differentiation in the EU. Europe is often divided into three geographical parts: North, South and East. The article focuses on a particular crisis in the EU, the EU populist crisis. Using Denmark as a case study, we ask whether populism exist in the Nordic countries, in which form, and whether the Nordic countries may be seen as a specific geographical area in this field compared to East, South and maybe even North Europe. Finally, the link between the growing distance between metropolitan big cities and small cities in rural areas, and EU crisis solving is drawn.
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McCarthy, Linda. "European Economic Integration and Urban Inequalities in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 3 (March 2000): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3189.
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Recent processes of European integration have influenced profoundly the fortunes of cities across Western Europe. Although some cities have benefited, others have been impacted adversely. Income inequalities result from economic growth differentials occurring between different cities over time. The theoretical literature differs on whether increased integration promotes or reduces income disparities. The European Union (EU) assumes that rising inequalities will impair EU growth and lead to even greater disparities. Empirical analysis has concentrated on the EU-defined regions because of problems of urban data availability and comparability. Using regional data, I identified that the overall level of inequalities changed little for the metropolitan regions between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Urban disparities were cyclical—decreasing during strong EU growth and increasing in slower growth years. Factors outside direct local government control, including relative location within Europe, reinforced the traditional strong-core—weak-periphery spatial pattern of development. I argue that additional factors specific to cities, such as limited EU urban policy and funding, contributed to overall higher and more sharply rising inequalities since the late 1980s for cities compared with regions. The positive linear relationship between levels of national income and urban disparities has implications for economic polarization within richer member states and for EU efforts to reduce inequalities by raising the level of development in poorer countries.
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Bereza, Anatoliy, Vyacheslav Kazmirenko, Olena Tsilmak, Oksana Melenko, and Olena Shvedova. "Regulatory framework for urban policy in some European countries: an experience for Ukraine." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.56.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory framework for urban policy in some European countries in order to emulate their positive experience and to implement it in Ukrainian legislation. Methodology. The study used general scientific and special methods of legal science, in particular, analysis and synthesis method, logical method, logical and semantic method, historical and legal method, comparative and legal method. The results of the study. The foreign practice of regulatory framework for urban policy provision, the features of its development and implementation have been considered. The content of urban policy in a number of European countries (Latvia, Finland, France and the Czech Republic) has been studied and the relevant programs implemented by the European Union have been examined. Practical implications. The experience of foreign countries has shown that State urban policy is not always set out in a single document, but as a rule is presented in several legal acts or is a component of other State programs, especially in the area of regional policy. Value/originality. The authors have proven that taking into account the peculiarities of regulatory framework for urban policy in Ukraine, it would be appropriate to adopt a separate document on urban policy that would consider the European practice and legislation of the European Union in this area, as well as the peculiarities of Ukrainian cities.
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Kenzheakhmet, Nurlan, and Alpamys Zh Abu. "Some Medieval and Post-Golden Horde’s Towns of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins According to the Arabic and Chinese Maps." Golden Horde Review 9, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 611–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-3.611-653.
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Research objectives: The earliest depictions of the towns of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins in medieval cartography are found on the Idrisi map (1154). The post-Golden Horde towns in these areas are found in the Jenkinson map and the Kunyu wanguo quan tu (Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the Earth, 1602) by Matteo Ricci. In 1772, the Qianlong neifu yutu 乾隆内府舆圖 (Terrestrial Map of the Imperial Repository of Qianlong), which used modern cartographic techniques, enriched the geographic information of Central Asian countries and filled the gaps in contemporary European maps. Research materials: Influenced by the map of Al-Idrīsī’, the geographic gaps and blind spots on the European maps were filled, reconstructed, and connected with the new world geographic knowledge, forming a relatively complete world map. At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, a large amount of overseas geographic knowledge was introduced by Western missionaries who entered China. Results and novelty of the research: The analysis of Arab, European, and Chinese maps made it possible to assess the degree of accuracy of their information about the post-Golden Horde cities of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya basins. The authors managed to determine the geographical ideas of Arab, European, and Chinese geographers about Central Asia. Specifically, this article examined the place names of the Itil Basin (including Western Siberia) and the Qazaq Steppe (including adjacent regions) in the European-Russian imperial maps and in the Qing Chinese maps. Historical maps provide rich resources of knowledge that graphically encode information about the state of a fraction of the real world at a certain point in time.
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OVERLAET, KIM. "Replacing the family? Beguinages in early modern western European cities: an analysis of the family networks of beguines living in Mechelen (1532–1591)." Continuity and Change 29, no. 3 (December 2014): 325–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416014000265.
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ABSTRACTIn many early modern towns of the southern Low Countries, beguinages gave adult single women of all ages the possibility to lead a religious life of contemplation in a secure setting, retaining rights to their property and not having to take permanent vows. This paper re-examines the family networks of these women by means of a micro-study of the wills left by beguines who lived in the Great Beguinage of St Catherine in sixteenth-century Mechelen, a middle-sized city in the Low Countries. By doing so, this research seeks to add nuance to a historiography that has tended to consider beguinages as artificial families, presumably during a period associated with the increasing dominance of the nuclear family and the unravelling ties of extended family.