Journal articles on the topic 'Cities and towns Energy consumption'
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1
Jovanovic, Miomir. "Urban transport energy consumption: Belgrade case study." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 2079–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci141106039j.
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More than half of the global population now lives in towns and cities. At the same time, transport has become the highest single energy-consuming human activity. Hence, one of the major topics today is the reduction of urban transport demand and of energy consumption in cities. In this article we focused on the whole package of instruments that can reduce energy consumption and transport demand in Belgrade, a city that is currently at a major crossroad. Belgrade can prevent a dramatic increase in energy consumption and CO2 emissions (and mitigate the negative local environmental effects of traffic congestion, traffic accidents and air pollution), only if it: 1) implements a more decisive strategy to limit private vehicles use while its level of car passenger km (PKT) is still relatively low; 2) does not try to solve its transport problems only by trying to build urban road infrastructure (bridges and ring roads); and 3) if it continues to provide priority movement for buses (a dominant form of public transport), while 4) at the same time developing urban rail systems (metro or LRT) with exclusive tracks, immune to the traffic congestion on urban streets.
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Pereira, Teixeira. "Urban renaissance: The role of urban regeneration in Europe's urban development future." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 2, no. 2 (2010): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj1002097p.
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Integrated Urban Regeneration can make an enormous contribution to the resolution of main problems such as the current economic situation, global warming, energy consumption, social exclusion and urban decline. The principles of urban regeneration are well established. The experience of urban regeneration in European Cities and Towns is well proven. This will only be achieved if concerted action is taken across all European countries. Experience has shown the benefit of European programs applied to Cities and Towns. There is therefore an opportunity for the creation of a European program to provide dynamics Urban Regeneration all over Europe to deliver the required Urban Renaissance.
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Ness, David A., and Ke Xing. "CONSUMPTION-BASED AND EMBODIED CARBON IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR APEC’S LOW-CARBON MODEL TOWN PROJECT." Journal of Green Building 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.15.3.67.
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ABSTRACT In accordance with international protocols and directions, the APEC Energy Working Group has concentrated on constraining operational energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cities across the Asia Pacific, especially from the widespread consumption of fossil fuels. In addition to economy level policies and recognising the different characteristics within the region, APEC has sought to take action at the town/city level via the Low-Carbon Model Town (LCMT) project, including the development of self-assessment tools and indicator systems. However, the “low carbon” landscape is changing. There is increasing recognition of embodied carbon, accompanied by the emergence of methods for its measurement, while the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group has recently highlighted the significance of consumption-based carbon. Similarly, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol for Cities (GPC) is likely to extend its ambit from Scope 1 GHG emissions, derived from energy use within a city boundaries, and Scope 2 emissions from grid-supplied electricity, heating and / or cooling, to Scope 3 emissions derived from materials and goods produced outside the boundaries of a city but associated with construction within that city. After describing these emerging approaches and the current landscape, the paper examines the significance and implications of these changes for APEC approaches, especially in relation to the LCMT project, its indicators and the varying characteristics of towns and cities within the Asia-Pacific region. Special attention is given to the built environment, which is known to be a major contributor to operational and embodied emissions. Consistent with the theme of the Asia-Pacific Energy Sustainable Development Forum covering “sustainable development of energy and the city,” a case is put forward for the current APEC approach to be extended to encompass both embodied and consumption-based emissions.
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Sun, Yu, Elisabete Silva, Wei Tian, Ruchi Choudhary, and Hong Leng. "An Integrated Spatial Analysis Computer Environment for Urban-Building Energy in Cities." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 4235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114235.
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In this paper, we developed a new integrated analysis environment in order to thoroughly analyses urban-building energy patterns, named IUBEA (integrated urban building energy analysis), which focuses on energy modeling and analysis of a city’s building stock to support district or city-scale efficiency programs. It is argued that cities and towns account for more than two-thirds of world energy consumption. Thus, this paper explores techniques to integrate a spatial analysis environment in the field of urban building energy assessment in cites to make full use of current spatial data relevant to urban-building energy consumption and energy efficiency policies. We illustrate how multi-scale sampling and analysis for energy consumption and simulate the energy-saving scenarios by taking as an example of Greater London. In the final part, is an application of an agent-based model (ABM) in IUBEA regarding behavioral and economic characteristics of building stocks in the context of building energy efficiency. This paper first describes the basic concept for this integrated spatial analysis environment IUBEA. Then, this paper discusses the main functions for this new environment in detail. The research serves a new paradigm of the multi-scale integrated analysis that can lead to an efficient energy model, which contributes the body of knowledge of energy modeling beyond the single building scale. Findings also proved that ABM is a feasible tool to tackle intellectual challenges in energy modeling. The final adoption example of Greater London demonstrated that the integrated analysis environment as a feasible tool for building energy consumption have unique advantages and wide applicability.
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Thuy, Hang Le Thi, and Dong Ngo Nguyen. "Feasibility Analysis of the Power Supply Model Using Solar PV for the Public Lighting System in Hanoi." Journal of Asian Energy Studies 5, no. 1 (June 4, 2021): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/jaes.050002.
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Public lighting is an essential service in today’s cities, towns, and highways, including improving public safety and reducing traffic accidents. Public lighting could consume up to 40% of the energy budget of the local governments. Therefore, the technical innovations related to public lighting always bring significant value to municipal governments. In Vietnam, the public lighting in big cities account for 25% of the total power consumption. The solutions to reducing electricity consumption for public lighting are also of interest to domestic and foreign organizations, including the use of on-site energy such as wind and solar energy. In this paper, on the basis of the current state of the public lighting system and the potential of solar energy in Hanoi, the authors have roughly calculated the technical and economic efficiency of power supply solutions using solar energy in public lighting. The proposal of solving the power supply problem, by using solar energy in public lighting in Hanoi is another result of the paper.
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Crncevic, Branko. "New directions in development of city energy systems." Thermal Science 16, suppl. 1 (2012): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120127060c.
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At the world level, the 20th century saw an increase from 220 million urbanites in 1900 to 2.84 billion in year 2000. The present century will match this absolute increase in about four decades. Developing regions, as a whole, will account for 93% of this growth [1]. Until now humankind has lived and worked primarily in rural areas. But the world is about to leave its rural past behind. Today we are witness, for the first time, that more than half of the globe?s population is living in towns and cities. The number and proportion of urban dwellers will continue to rise quickly. Urban population will grow to 4.9 billion by 2030. At the global level, all of future population growth will be in towns and cities [1]. Two centuries ago there was only one city on the planet that could say it had a million inhabitants - that was London. Today more than 400 cities can boast that - 408 to be precise, according to the Earth Policy Institute. But today a population of 1 million people means nothing; we are moving into the era of megacities of 10 million (and more) people. Today, there are 20 so-called megacities, whose population, and therefore energy needs, easily exceed some countries population, according to Earth Policy Institute. More people now live in Tokyo than Canada, for example [2]. Despite only occupying 2% of the world's surface area, they are responsible for 75% of the world's energy consumption.
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ALSidairi, Zainab Hamed. "The Prediction of Energy Consumption Using Multivariate Regression and Artificial Neural Network Models: Transport in the GCC." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22336.
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Knowing how energy consumption correlates with transport sector in GCC can offer crucial strategies for planning and implementing policies in this sector. Therefore, an accurate prediction of energy consumption in transport and precise planning in energy consumption so as to effectively control the energy demand in the transport sector is crucial. Air pollution and public health are two of the most vital environmental issues. Urbanization, economic development, the growth of population, transportation, and energy consumption are viewed as the common factors that cause air pollution in towns and cities. The goal of this study is to use multiple liner regression (MLS) and artificial neural network (ANN) models for the prediction of energy consumption for the transport sector in GCC. Data on how energy is used in the transportation sector was incorporated as the output variable of predictive models. Moreover, this paper will discuss how advanced technology can come in to solve problems related to transport in the GCC.
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Jaszczak, Agnieszka, Agnieszka Morawiak, and Joanna Żukowska. "Cycling as a Sustainable Transport Alternative in Polish Cittaslow Towns." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 5049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125049.
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It is well known that growing motor traffic in urban areas causes air pollution and noise which affects the environment and public health. It is hardly surprising then that cycling should be used as an alternative mode of transport, not just in major cities but also in smaller ones including those that are members of the Cittaslow network. Their approach is based on sustainable development, care for the environment and transport solutions which will support a healthy lifestyle, reduced energy consumption and fewer emissions. The objective of the article is to analyse how well cycling is used as a means of transport in Polish Cittaslow towns. For this purpose, an analysis was conducted to understand how towns use their transport space to ensure accessibility and road safety. Reference is made to revitalisation programmes of Cittaslow towns with focus on what has been done to improve and build cycle paths in each town and outside of it. The work uses the following research methods: analysis of the literature, analysis of documents, including analysis of road incidents and traffic count. It has been demonstrated that cycling infrastructure in the towns under analysis has been marginalised. As a result, recommendations and suggestions are given which may inform decisions on how to build and transform cycling infrastructure in Cittaslow towns and in similar towns in Poland and abroad.
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Zhuang, Haoran, Jian Zhang, Sivaparthipan C. B., and Bala Anand Muthu. "Sustainable Smart City Building Construction Methods." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124947.
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In a global world, the human population invariably increases while resources gradually decrease as cities and towns constantly consume resources to satisfy their needs and requirements. At this point, it is very necessary to focus on making these urban areas more sustainable and greener. The need for some advanced and automated systems improves the situation, which leads to the innovation of smart cities. Smart city is the concept that helps in developing sustainable cities via optimized resource utilization methods. In smart city development, various sensing technologies can be used that can sense and utilize natural resources in better ways, like storing rainwater to use afterward, intelligent and smart control system, smart infrastructure monitoring system, smart healthcare system, smart transportation system, and smart system for energy consumption and generation by various facilities. To make the city smart and sustainable with efficient energy consumption, we propose renewable solar and wind energy-enabled hybrid heating and cooling HVAC-DHW (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning-Domestic Hot Water) system in which energy consumption is evaluated using optimized NARX-ANN and fuzzy controller based on user needs, dynamic behavior of the atmospheric environment, and spatial distribution of energy supply. To achieve the proposed goal, first, via sensor, heating and cooling effect of environment and building is sensed and these sensed inputs are then fed into deep-learning-based NARX-ANN that forecast internal building temperature. This forecasted temperature is fed into a fuzzy controller for optimizing output based on user demand. This processed information leads to energy distribution based on their requirement using a smart energy sensing system. Based on the experimentation result and performance analysis, it was found that the proposed system is more robust and has a high control response in comparison to the existing systems with minimum energy consumption. The analytical results support the feasibility of the proposed framework architecture to facilitate energy conserving in smart city buildings.
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Eeckhout, Jan, and Christoph Hedtrich. "Green urbanization." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): e0260393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260393.
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Large cities are more productive and generate more output per person. Using data from the UK on energy demand and waste generation, we show that they are also more energy-efficient. Large cities are therefore greener than small towns. The amount of energy demanded and waste generated per person is decreasing in total output produced, that is, energy demand and waste generation scale sublinearly with output. Our research provides the first direct evidence of green urbanization by calculating the rate at which per capita electricity use and waste decrease with city population. The energy demand elasticity with respect to city output is 83%: as the total output of a city increases by one percent, energy demand increases less than one percent, and the Urban Energy Premium is therefore 17%. The energy premium by source of energy demand is from households (13%), transport (20%), and industry (16%). Similarly, we find that the elasticity of waste generation with respect to city output is 90%. For one percent increase in total city output, there is a less than one percent increase in waste, with an Urban Waste Premium of 10%. Because large cities are energy-efficient ways of generating output, energy efficiency can be improved by encouraging urbanization and thus green living. We perform a counterfactual analysis in a spatial equilibrium model that makes income taxes contingent on city population, which attracts more people to big cities. We find that this pro-urbanization counterfactual not only increases economic output but also lowers energy consumption and waste production in the aggregate.
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Rabaza, Ovidio, Evaristo Molero-Mesa, Fernando Aznar-Dols, and Daniel Gómez-Lorente. "Experimental Study of the Levels of Street Lighting Using Aerial Imagery and Energy Efficiency Calculation." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 4365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124365.
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This article describes an innovative method for measuring lighting levels and other lighting parameters through the use of aerial imagery of towns and cities. Combined with electricity consumption data from smart electricity meters, it was possible to measure the energy efficiency of public lighting installations. The results of this study also confirmed that lighting measurements, installation material, luminaire position, and electricity consumption data can be easily integrated into geographic information systems (GIS). The main advantage of this new methodology is that it provides information about lighting installations in large areas in less time than more conventional procedures. It is thus a more effective way of obtaining the data required to calculate the energy efficiency of lighting levels and electricity consumption. There is even the possibility of generating street lighting maps that provide local administrations with up-to-date information regarding the status of public lighting installations in their city. In this way, modifications or improvements can be made to achieve greater energy savings and, if necessary, to correct the distribution or configuration of public lighting systems to make them more efficient and sustainable. This research studied levels of street lighting and calculated the energy efficiency in various streets of Deifontes (Granada), through the use of aerial imagery.
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Spagnolo, Roberto. "La rigenerazione urbana come problema di ri-composizione architettonica." TERRITORIO, no. 63 (December 2012): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2012-063015.
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Urban regeneration is currently the most important issue in a period of building saturation and a severe public sector crisis. Cities no longer need to grow and the issue of critically rethinking the ‘already built' is acquiring decisive ethical and cultural value. It is therefore no longer a question of accumulation, expansion and consumption, but of rationalisation and moderation, saving, repair and integration. The regeneration of towns and cities and space already in use forms part of the now inescapable change of public perspective and is becoming an opportunity to reconsider our environment and the quality of spaces. What is needed in this context, however, is understanding and awareness of how much and how it is possible to manipulate and modify architectures that are ‘not sustainable' from an energy viewpoint, but are significant in the way they represent the architectural culture and traditions of the past.
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Gondhalekar, Daphne, and Jörg E. Drewes. "Infrastructure Shaming and Consequences for Management of Urban WEF Security Nexus in China and India." Water 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030267.
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Worldwide, consumption of resources such as water, energy and food continues to rise exponentially despite environmental and climatic change related challenges. Centralized sewerage systems continue to be implemented worldwide despite being very water and energy intensive, and although this is not always the best option for regions facing water scarcity. Deploying the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus approach, particularly through alternative technology options that can support decentralized water reclamation with integrated resource recovery, can enable resource conservation and more effective management of the WEF security Nexus for local governments with limited capacities. However, a certain pattern of “business as usual” infrastructure development and investment linked to infrastructure shaming continuously reinforces implementation of centralized sewerage systems, thereby hampering deployment of alternative technology options. This study uses two typical case study towns, Shaxi in China and Leh in India, to describe this pattern. The study finds that alternative technology approaches were in place in both towns. Yet after international consulting companies got involved, centralized sewerage systems were implemented despite limited water availability and large segments of the population not having flush toilets. This study discusses management of the WEF security Nexus implications thereof in the context of cities worldwide and a systemic socio-technical transition to a circular economy.
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ELYASİ, Sahar, and Ruşen YAMAÇLI. "The Relationship Between Architecture and Climate: The Case of the Cities of Yezd and Masule (Iran)." Uluslararası Doğu Anadolu Fen Mühendislik ve Tasarım Dergisi 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47898/ijeased.1057452.
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The future of humanity is in danger due to the quick and unchecked use of natural resources, as well as the severe environmental degradation occurring in densely populated cities. People's quality of life is substantially impacted by this circumstance in important areas. Particularly in recent years, the topic of climate change has been more prominent. Examining the historic architecture in quaint towns and rural places reveals how people relate a new structure to its environment. Since cities are where more than half of the world's population resides, urban design, energy consumption, and sustainability challenges are significant. By addressing current climate change, this paper seeks to illuminate the significance of traditional architecture in the notion of sustainability against various climate factors in the Iranian cities of Yazd and Masule. Then, architectural suggestions that make it match the building's attributes the best are made. In the context of cities and local governments fight against climate change, this study seeks to address the sustainability issue, which focuses mostly on restructuring in contemporary cities. This article uses an analytical supplement as its primary working technique. Digital and library resources were primarily used. The effects on the characteristics of the traditional homes were examined in light of the climatic conditions of the city.
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Solozobov, Yuri. "Regions of Russia." Politeja 16, no. 5(62) (December 31, 2019): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.62.05.
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The article focuses on a possible classification and description of the real situation in the regions of Russia whose developmental trends have not been included so far in the studies about the processes the state really undergoes. The main thesis of the work boils down to stating the extraordinary diversity of the level and type of development of individual subjects of the Federation. A helpful method for describing the state of Russian regions is first and foremost the observation of changes in energy consumption for lighting purposes based on satellite images. The author divides Russia’s socio-regional body into the First Russia (cities populated by more than 500 thousand inhabitants), the Second Russia of smaller cities and towns and the Third Russia – the country’s peripheries. The conclusions of the study are not optimistic as they emphasize the extinction and underdevelopment of most of the state’s territory (representing the Third Russia) accompanied by the unnatural growth of the metropolitan areas, with Moscow and St. Petersburg at the forefront.
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Iancu, A., S. Martelli, A. K. Cerutti, G. Janssens-Maenhout, G. Melica, S. Rivas-Calvete, A. Kona, P. Zancanella, and P. Bertoldi. "A harmonised dataset of greenhouse gas emissions inventories from cities under the EU Covenant of Mayors initiative." Earth System Science Data Discussions 8, no. 1 (June 23, 2015): 461–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-8-461-2015.
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Abstract. The realization of national climate change commitments, as agreed through international negotiations, requires local action. However, data is still insufficient to make accurate statements about the scale of urban emissions (UNHABITAT, 2011). The need of comparable emission inventories at city level, including smaller cities, is widely recognized to develop evidence-based policies accounting for the relation between emissions and institutional, socio-economic and demographic characteristics at city level. This paper presents a collection of harmonized greenhouse gases (GHG) emission inventories (the "CoM sample 2013") at municipal level directly computed by the cities and towns that participate in the EU Covenant of Mayors initiative. This is the mainstream European movement of local and regional authorities who voluntarily commit to reduce GHG emissions by 20 % or more by 2020. The "CoM sample 2013" (http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/com/data/index.php?SECURE=123, doi:10.2904/EDGARcom2013) has been carefully checked to ensure its internal consistency and its congruity with respect to internationally accepted guide values for emission factors. Overall, it provides valuable data for the analysis of the heterogeneity of final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of cities.
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Chupin, Roman V., Minh Ngoc Pham, and Viktor R. Chupin. "Optimal reconstruction of water supply network under conditions of reduced water consumption." E3S Web of Conferences 102 (2019): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910203005.
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In recent years, due to the country's energy conservation policies in cities and towns, there has been a steady decline in the specific water consumption. Many industrial enterprises switched to water-saving technologies and circulating water supply systems. Such a policy favorably affects the environmental safety of territories by reducing wastewater discharges into water bodies and saves energy for pumping water and wastewater. At the same time, due to a decrease in the speed of water movement, its quality indicators deteriorate and stagnant zones appear, and due to the reduction of water consumption, pumping stations began to operate in low efficiency modes. The article proposes to solve this problem by decommissioning certain sections of the network and facilities, which improve the speed of other pipelines and provide pumping stations with the highest efficiency. For this purpose, a technique has been developed to optimize flows in existing water supply systems and its implementation in the Trace – BK software package. A new method of optimizing operating costs for water supply systems in the face of decreasing water consumption is proposed. This technique makes it possible to identify inefficient sections of network and take them out of operation while improving the operation speed of other pipeline and bring the operation of pumping stations to the mode with the highest efficiency.
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Chu, Chun Li, Yi Fang Yang, Xue Bai, Qian Peng, and Mei Ting Ju. "Time Series Analysis of Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission for Binhai New Area of Tianjin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 3571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.3571.
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With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, cities become the centers to address the problem of climate change for China. Binhai New Area of Tianjin city plays an important role to boost the economy of North China according to the long-term development planning of China. It is essential for Binhai New Area of Tianjin to promote energy efficiency and reduce the CO2 emission intensity. The study explores the characteristics of the energy consumption, energy intensity, carbon emission and carbon intensity of Binhai New Area through time series analysis. We conclude that the consumption of energy has increased with an annual growth rate of 17.9% from 2000 to 2009. The energy consumption per capita increases from 4.32 tons of SCE per capita in 2000 to 12.37 tons of SCE per capita in 2009, which is much higher than that of Tianjin city and also China as a whole. The energy intensity has declined from 0.79 tons of SCE/104Y in 2000 to 0.38 tons of SCE/104Y in 2009. But it is lower than that of Tianjin. Total carbon emission has increased by 225% from 2000 to 2009. The carbon emission per capita increases from 10.8 tons per capita in 2000 to 30.8 tons per capita in 2009. The carbon intensity has declined from 1.97 tons /104Y in2000 to 0.96 tons/104Y in 2009. Thus, we suggest that the composition of energy consumption should be optimized and more clean energy should be used to reduce the total CO2 emission and CO2 emission intensity.
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Vyas, Neena, Aruna Rana, and Akshita Awasthi. "CHALLENGES OF MANAGING RESOURCES DURING COVID - 19 PANDEMIC." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 06 (June 30, 2021): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13085.
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The outbreak of global health pandemic COVID-19 brought a lot of changes in the lives of mankind and because of this, the country was put under complete lockdown in March 2020. The management of all human and non human resources was a great challenge during this period. A study on assessing management practices during COVID-19 was conducted online from friends and families located in villages, towns, cities and abroad constituting a sample of 107 respondents coping with this situation. The questionnaire regarding the management practices was formulated keeping in view the practices followed indoors, free time utilization and the advisories followed. It was observed that human energy consumption was increased during the lockdown period during fulfillment of family needs, the government advisories were properly followed by the people and people downloaded the AROGYA SETU app, purchased locally available goods and mostly followed the online transactions. The major recommendation is that people should be motivated /encouraged to follow the safety practices about the COVID-19.
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N R, Rakshitha, Bhavya D L, Swetha S A, Anusha M, and Prof Sheema Kauser. "Microbiological Quality of Street-Vended Pani Puri Sold in Different Cities of India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47068.
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Abstract: A major health issue across the world is the microbial contamination of ready-to-eat meals supplied by street vendors and hawkers. Each city in India has its own distinctive street cuisine and a big portion of the population enjoys these delights because of their taste and flavor. In addition to their deliciousness and flavor, these meals are affordable and widely accessible. Panipuri is the most consumed street food from north to south and east to west. The current investigation was conducted to evaluate the microbial and fungal composition of the masala pani and matar sold with panipuri in major Indian towns. Utilizing tainted raw ingredients and food components, dirty water, unhygienic preparation methods, and infected containers all contributed to the contamination. Nearly 100 samples or more are aseptically collected in a screw cap container from various sites in various Indian cities and then analyzed following the prescribed methods, the predominant bacteria and fungus were isolated and identified. After analysis, a significant amount of bacterial pathogens were found in the food sample. The majority of the time, fungi like Mucor and Rhizopus are found alongside bacteria like Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., and Bacillus spp. Fecal contamination of the processing wat, as well as ongoing unsanitary circumstances associated with the location of the food booths,hs, were both suggested by the detection of fecal Streptococci and Coliform. Consumption of contaminated foods harboring bacteria and their toxin leads to foodborne disease. Therefore, it has been listed that to ensure the safety of human health, street food qualities must be checked and microbiological load standards must have adhered to.
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Vanderschuren, M., R. Jobanputra, and T. Lane. "Potential transportation measures to reduce South Africa’s dependency on crude oil." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 19, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2008/v19i3a3330.
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Transportation, including the movement of people and freight, accounts for over 60% of all oil con-sumed globally, and the world’s transportation sys-tems are over 90% dependent on oil and oil by-products. Oil represents the single largest item on South Africa’s import account. Gasoline and diesel fuels, which are almost exclusively used for trans-portation services, form a significant proportion of these imports.Globally, transport systems have been built on an over-reliance on cheap oil, allowing towns, cities and the movement of people and goods to be designed around the automobile. People in most South African cities require the use of motorised transport in order to travel efficiently, as public transport systems either do not exist, are too sparse or are difficult to use in many areas. The predicted depletion of oil and thus rising prices will significantly affect the choice of trans-portation systems and their use, as well as increase South Africa’s vulnerability to ‘oil shocks’. Transport planning policies must, therefore, prepare for the likelihood of such shocks and ameliorate them via policy options. A precautionary approach needs to be adopted to reduce our dependency on oil. This paper addresses the global shift towards the reduction of transport’s dependency on, or reduc-tion in, oil consumption and describes potential ways in which South Africa can reduce its oil dependency along with an indication of a timeframe for implementation.
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Zhao, Yi, Gang Lin, Dong Jiang, Jingying Fu, and Xiang Li. "Low-Carbon Development from the Energy–Water Nexus Perspective in China’s Resource-Based City." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911869.
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Energy crises, water shortages, and rising carbon emissions are constantly posing new demands and challenges to global economic development. Considering the problem of high emissions and high water consumption in the process of energy production and transformation in resource-based cities, this study established the LEAP-Jincheng model based on the low emissions analysis platform (LEAP) model. Taking 2020 as the base year, the baseline scenario (BS), policy scenario (PS), and intensified scenario (IS) were set to predict future energy and water consumption and carbon emissions of Jincheng from 2021 to 2050. The results show that both PS and IS can achieve energy conservation and emission reduction to some extent. The total energy consumption of PS will be 32.89 million metric tons of coal equivalent in 2050, 15.62% less than the BS. However, the carbon emissions in 2030 will reach 8221 metric tons CO2 equivalent, which is significantly higher than that in other scenarios. In PS, carbon emissions after 2030 will not be significantly reduced, and the energy–water elasticity coefficient is −0.77, which fails to achieve effective emission reduction under energy–water synergy. The total energy consumption of the IS will be 22.57 million metric tons of coal equities in 2050, which has a total decrease of 31.38%, compared to BS. In the IS, the carbon emissions will reach a peak in 2030 (68.77 million metric tons CO2 equivalent) and subsequently reduce to 50.72 million metric tons CO2 equivalent in 2050, which has a total decrease of 50.64%, compared to BS. Furthermore, water consumption and energy–water synergy results show that the elastic coefficient is 1.37 in the IS. The IS is the best scenario for Jincheng to achieve coordinated development of energy and water resources from a low-carbon perspective. This study can provide a scientific basis for decision-making departments of Jincheng to formulate targeted sustainable development policies for energy and water and has an essential promoting significance for China to achieve the “double carbon” goals.
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Suárez-Varela, Marta, and Ariel Dinar. "The Role of Curtailment Versus Efficiency on Spillovers Among Pro-Environmental Behaviors: Evidence from Two Towns in Granada, Spain." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030769.
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In this paper we explore the existence of behavioral consistency between individuals’ pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors in related domains (cross-domain), distinguishing between the following two types of behaviors that the literature has identified as entailing different levels of sacrifice on the part of the individual: curtailment, i.e., implying the adoption of daily habits, and efficiency behaviors, i.e., installation of efficient devices. Using a dataset on bottled water demand from two cities in southern Spain, we find evidence of behavioral consistency between the undertaking of certain pro-environmental habits related to household water consumption and the decision to consume (or not) bottled water. These effects are found only when curtailment behaviors are considered, but not in relation to efficiency behaviors. Moreover, our results suggest that policies fostering pro-environmental habits could prove more successful than the ones promoting pro-environmental attitudes or awareness. These results have important implications for the design of environmental campaigns and rebate programs.
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Bekele, Bayisa, Yonas Ugo, and Rajesh Chauhan. "Assessment of Fuel Wood Energy Demand of Arba Minch Town, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 089–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2172.
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The current rate of deforestation in Ethiopia is exacerbated by number of factors including increased rate of population, increased fuel wood consumption, urbanization, infrastructure development, etc. However, fuel wood energy requirement is one of the major problems causing deforestation. The current study was conducted during 2017 with the objective to estimate the fuel wood consumption of Arba Minch Town. To achieve this objective a household survey was conducted in the town. Out of 11 kebeles of the town four were selected purposely. 58 household respondents were selected for the study. People of the area using fuel wood for various purposes such as cooking, for lighting and for selling as source of income. Arba Minch forest is the source of fuel wood for majority of the households. On average basis, single house hold is using 4.01 kg of fuel wood day-1. The fuel wood consumption of other user such as hotels, govt. institutions were also recorded by conducting survey in four sub cities. Among different user group of fuel wood in the town fuel wood consumption by individual HHs were maximum (66 t day-1 or 24090 t year-1) followed by hotels (2.65 t day-1 or 969.08 t year-1) and lowest by government institutes (110 t day-1 or 40.15 t year-1). Thus, total consumption of fuel wood in Arba Minch town is 68.78 t day-1 or 25,099.23 t year-1. The demand for fuel wood consumption is in increasing trend. This growing demand of fuel wood from household is posing a threat to the remaining natural forest and associated wildlife and resources. Therefore, it is recommended that there is a need of adoption of alternative sources of energy which can replace fuel wood energy. Thus community participation in forest protection should be encouraged and illegal consumption of fuel wood in the study area should be checked.
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Yordanova – Dinova, Petya, and Iva Bichurova. "THE GREEN ECONOMY- AN APPROACH FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 1289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051289y.
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The proponents of the approach for sustainable development point out that its implementation requires: to halt the destruction of biodiversity; regarding the field of energy consumption – drastically reduce the use of non-renewable energy sources and orient towards renewable energy sources; stabilizing the concentration of greenhouse gases; achieving high quality of life and well-being; higher air and water quality; usage of safer chemical substances, pesticides and technologies; limitation of noise pollution; creating sustainable models of production and consumption; to use of technologies that conserve resources and the environment; to put national ecosystems under public control; to put on hold the uncontrolled growth of large cities and encourage the creation of small towns near the arable land. The economy itself is not an isolated and self-regulating subsystem, but exactly the opposite; it is embedded in another larger structure - the ecosystem. The idea of an environmentally conscious, competitive, green economy, contributing to sustainable development and resource efficiency - is one of the EU’s and UN’s measures for sustainable development. The term “green economy” was used in the United Nation’s Environment Program in 2011 – an economy that improves people’s well-being and creates social justice, reducing environmental risks and resource scarcity. The green economy helps to resolve the slowdown in economic growth and job losses, as well as the continued deterioration of environmental quality and ecosystem’s degradation. All this defines the green economy as an approach for achieving sustainable development. There are a number of conditions for the Bulgarian food industry to develop competitive advantages in green production, keeping in mind the trends in the introduction and consumption of bio products. In this regard, the main goal of this paper is to explore the opportunities for green specialization and green management of this sector needed to increase the competitiveness and profitability of its employees.
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Franco, Sainu, and Venkata Ravibabu Mandla. "Analysis of road transport energy consumption and emissions: a case study." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 8, no. 3 (August 26, 2014): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-03-2013-0004.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the growing energy consumption pattern and emissions due to increasing vehicular density in the Vellore district. The transport demand in Indian cities has increased substantially over the past few years. Increasing household incomes and economic development in cities have added to this growing demand. Design/methodology/approach – The growth of Vellore town currently is such that in a short period of time, the development is likely to engulf the entire district as one big city, as it happened for Chennai. It is at a transitional stage where it is possible to bring about certain policy changes to prevent the catastrophic effects of urbanization. To test the objectives of the study, statistical and mathematical tools such as mean, coefficient of variation, correlation and regression models are used. Growth of vehicle population in Tamil Nadu in general and Vellore in particular are analyzed by computing the percentage rate of change and trend rate of growth. Findings – A study of the past four years shows a tremendous growth in the number of two-wheelers, while the number of buses has declined. The study also shows that public transport fuel consumption is < 20 per cent of the overall fuel consumption. The emission of all greenhouse gases is rising and it shows a linear growth. The increase in emission of CO2 is most alarming. Research limitations/implications – The diversity of sources that have been combined together implies a consequent reduction in accuracy. Data from different sources had different geographical boundaries (state, district, region and country). Thus, the data had to be translated to the relevant geographical area by using proportionality ratio. This manipulation does impact on the accuracy of the used data. Practical implications – This article provides a framework that can inform decisions makers on consequences in the absence of timely intervention and policy changes. Originality/value – Road transport is an inherently complex sector as it deals with a very large number of individual vehicles and factors of influence. The findings have implications for government in general and policy-makers in particular. This article puts together data of a particularly vulnerable region at a time when policy changes could bring about lasting beneficial effects. This region has not been included in any previous research.
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Sun, Cheng, Meng Zhen, and Yu Shao. "Research on the Thermal Environment of Northeast China's Rural Residences." Open House International 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2017-b0008.
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Rural residential energy consumption accounts for 46.6% of total building-related energy consumption of China. In Northeast China, energy consumption for space heating represents a significant proportion of total rural residential energy consumption and has reached 100 million tce (tons of standard coal equivalent), or more than 60% of total household energy consumption. In terms of energy consumption per square meter of gross floor area, rural residential energy consumption for heating is more than that of cities (20kgce/m2). However, the average indoor temperature of most rural residence is below 10°C, much less than that in cities (18°C). Hence, it is an important task for Chinese energy saving and emission reduction to reduce rural residential energy consumption, while enhancing indoor thermal comfort at the same time. Restricted by local technology and low economic level, rural residences currently have poor thermal insulation resulting in severe heat loss. This paper reports on research aimed at developing design strategies for improving thermal insulation properties of rural residences with appropriate technology. A field survey was conducted in six counties in severe cold areas of Northeast China, addressing the aspects of indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity, internal and external surface temperature of building envelop enclosure, and so on. The survey data show the following: 1. Modern (after 2000) brick-cement rural residences perform much better than the traditional adobe clay houses and Tatou houses (a regional type of rural residence in Northeast China – see figure A) in overall thermal performance and indoor thermal comfort; 2. Among the traditional residential house types, adobe clay houses have better heat stability and thermal storage capacity than Tatou houses; 3. Applying an internal or external thermal insulation layer can greatly improve rural residential thermal insulation properties, and is an economical and efficient solution in rural areas; 4. In terms of roofing materials, tiled roofs show much better thermal insulation properties than thatch roofs; 5. Adopting passive solar techniques can form a transition space (greenhouse) against frigid temperatures, resulting in interior temperatures 5.91°C higher than the outside surroundings. It is evident that local passive solar room design offers significant heat preservation effects and lower cost ($12/m2), embodies the ecological wisdom of rural residents, and is therefore important to popularize. The above experimental results can provide guidance in energy conservation design for both self-built residences and rural residences designed by architects. In addition, the results can also provide experimental data for energy-saving studies for rural residences in China.
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Strydom, Adél, Josephine Kaviti Musango, and Paul K. Currie. "Conceptualizing Household Energy Metabolism: A Methodological Contribution." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 4125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214125.
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Urban metabolism assessments enable the quantification of resource flows, which is useful for finding intervention points for sustainability. At a household level, energy metabolism assessments can reveal intervention points to reshape household energy consumption and inform decision-makers about a more sustainable urban energy system. However, a gap in the current urban metabolism research reveals that existing household energy consumption studies focus on outflows in the form of greenhouse gas emissions, and have been mostly undertaken at the city or national level. To address this gap, this study developed a method to assess household energy metabolism focusing on direct energy inflows in the form of carriers, and through-flows in the form of services, to identify intervention points for sustainability. Then, this method was applied to assess the energy metabolism of different households in Cape Town, South Africa, as categorized by income groups. The study argued that the developed method is useful for undertaking bottom–up household energy metabolic assessments in both formal and informal city settings in which more than one energy carrier is used. In cities where only national or city-level data exists, it provides a method for understanding how different households consume different energy carriers differently.
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Zhang, Pengyan, Yu Zhang, Jay Lee, Yanyan Li, Jiaxin Yang, Wenliang Geng, Ying Liu, Tianqi Rong, Jingwen Shao, and Bin Li. "Characteristics of the Spatio-Temporal Trends and Driving Factors of Industrial Development and Industrial SO2 Emissions Based on Niche Theory: Taking Henan Province as an Example." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041389.
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Industrial development is critical in improving a nation’s economy and in how it consumes energy resources. However, such development often causes environmental problems. Among others, the haze caused by industrial SO2 emissions is particularly prominent. Based on Niche theory and combined with Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA, a decoupling index model, and a Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) factor decomposition model, this paper reports a study on the spatio-temporal distribution and the driving factors of industrial development and industrial SO2 emissions of cities in Henan, China between 2005 and 2014. The results showed that over the studied period in Henan: (1) SO2 emissions reduced by 4.56 × 105 tons and showed a slowly decreasing trend, which gradually transitioned to a “green health” industrial structure in Henan cities; (2) studied cities with high and low industrial niche values (0.038–0.139) showed an absolute decoupling relationship between industrial development and industrial SO2 emissions; (3) except for Zhengzhou city and Hebi city, other studied cities showed a trend of gradually increasing industrial output; (4) along with increases in the values of industrial output, studied cities showed increased levels of SO2 emissions but with energy intensity and energy structure showing a fluctuating trend of increases and decreases in their contributions to SO2 emissions; and (5) the energy consumption intensity and environmental technology were critical factors that were conducive to industrial SO2 emissions and the evolving industrial structure. These findings are important for the control of industrial SO2 emissions, though the levels of their influences are different in different cities. The scale of industrial production and the composition of energy structure in a region could lead to further deterioration of industrial SO2 emissions in the future.
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Solaymani, Saeed. "A Review on Energy and Renewable Energy Policies in Iran." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137328.
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Iran, endowed with abundant renewable and non-renewable energy resources, particularly non-renewable resources, faces challenges such as air pollution, climate change and energy security. As a leading exporter and consumer of fossil fuels, it is also attempting to use renewable energy as part of its energy mix toward energy security and sustainability. Due to its favorable geographic characteristics, Iran has diverse and accessible renewable sources, which provide appropriate substitutes to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Therefore, this study aims to examine trends in energy demand, policies and development of renewable energies and the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energies and economic growth using two methodologies. This study first reviews the current state of energy and energy policies and then employs Granger causality analysis to test the relationships between the variables considered. Results showed that renewable energy technologies currently do not have a significant and adequate role in the energy supply of Iran. To encourage the use of renewable energy, especially in electricity production, fuel diversification policies and development program goals were introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Diversifying energy resources is a key pillar of Iran’s new plan. In addition to solar and hydropower, biomass from the municipal waste from large cities and other agricultural products, including fruits, can be used to generate energy and renewable sources. While present policies indicate the incorporation of sustainable energy sources, further efforts are needed to offset the use of fossil fuels. Moreover, the study predicts that with the production capacity of agricultural products in 2018, approximately 4.8 billion liters of bioethanol can be obtained from crop residues and about 526 thousand tons of biodiesel from oilseeds annually. Granger’s causality analysis also shows that there is a unidirectional causal relationship between economic growth to renewable and non-renewable energy use. Labor force and gross fixed capital formation cause renewable energy consumption, and nonrenewable energy consumption causes renewable energy consumption.
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Taubert, E. A., and A. S. Pavlova. "Reorganization of industrial territories in the context of urban development." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 866, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/866/1/012023.
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Abstract The area of Saint Petersburg is about 144,000 hectares, industrial areas occupy 24% of urban lands. The historical center of the city is surrounded by the so-called “gray belt”, which is a zone of industrial enterprises that are unsuitable for further use for their intended purpose and that have come to an emergency condition. It was formed in the following way: enterprises were moved to the outskirts of the city, and when the development of the residential zone within the “belt” became impossible, urban development continued beyond its borders. This type of industrial development is typical of most large cities over 200 years old. Many foreign cities and towns of Russia, to varying degrees, have faced the problem of reorganizing such territories. St. Petersburg continues to develop and accept new residents, but it needs an urgent transition from extensive growth to building a model of sustainable urbanization and improving the quality of infrastructure.The purpose of this work is to provide research results that consider the effectiveness of methods for reorganizing industrial areas in urban development by the example of one of the buildings of the “gray belt”. The research object is located on the territory of a residential area under construction.The results of the project showed the effectiveness of greening the roof and facade of the building in order to increase its energy efficiency, reduce water consumption and compensate for insufficient gardening at home (this problem is especially relevant for the central districts of the city).
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Schoetter, Robert, Julia Hidalgo, Renaud Jougla, Valéry Masson, Mario Rega, and Julien Pergaud. "A Statistical–Dynamical Downscaling for the Urban Heat Island and Building Energy Consumption—Analysis of Its Uncertainties." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 59, no. 5 (May 2020): 859–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-19-0182.1.
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AbstractHigh-resolution maps of the urban heat island (UHI) and building energy consumption are relevant for urban planning in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation. A statistical–dynamical downscaling for these parameters is proposed in the present study. It combines a statistical local weather type approach with dynamical simulations using the mesoscale atmospheric model Meso-NH coupled to the urban canopy model Town Energy Balance. The downscaling is subject to uncertainties related to the weather type approach (statistical uncertainty) and to the numerical models (dynamical uncertainty). These uncertainties are quantified for two French cities (Toulouse and Dijon) for which long-term dense high-quality observations are available. The seasonal average nocturnal UHI intensity is simulated with less than 0.2 K bias for Dijon, but it is overestimated by up to 0.8 K for Toulouse. The sensitivity of the UHI intensity to weather type is, on average, captured by Meso-NH. The statistical uncertainty is as large as the dynamical uncertainty if only one day is simulated for each weather type. It can be considerably reduced if 3–6 days are taken instead. The UHI reduces the building energy consumption by 10% in the center of Toulouse; it should therefore be taken into account in the production of building energy consumption maps.
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Santos, Michael M., Ana Vaz Ferreira, and João C. G. Lanzinha. "The Possibilities of Capturing Rainwater and Reducing the Impact of Floods: A Proposal for the City of Beira, Mozambique." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032276.
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Modern societies face various challenges, including climate change, rapid urbanization, and sometimes inadequate urban planning policies. In recent years, extreme weather events have received increasing attention for their impacts on cities, humans, and ecosystems worldwide, particularly on coastal towns in Mozambique, such as cyclones, floods, water pollution, and water scarcity, demonstrating their vulnerability to climate change. Cities must adapt to cope with the pressure on their water resources, and it is essential to ensure that communities have access to safe, reliable, and affordable water. A viable way to promote this resilience and simultaneously reduce costs in domestic budgets is to use rainwater to meet daily needs where water quality parameters are not required for consumption. According to the results of this study, it is possible to significantly reduce potable water use from the municipal water supply network by harvesting rainwater, up to 40% when the use does not require potable water at all, proactively protecting this vital resource. In addition to these direct benefits, the large-scale deployment of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in densely urbanized areas can also provide indirect benefits, such as reducing peak flow volumes in stormwater drainage systems and potentially reducing the frequency of urban floods. These benefits result from the reduction in the volume and duration of water sent to the drainage network, which can help to improve the overall resilience of communities in the face of climate change and other challenges.
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Bezhan, A. V. "Performance Improvement of Heat Supply Systems Through the Implementation of Wind Power Plants." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-3-285-296.
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The current growth of energy consumption, which is directly related to the use of a large number of fossil fuels, and, as a result, causes environmental pollution, requires the search for ways to conserve energy and use traditional energy resources economically, as well as to preserve environmental well-being. In such a situation, a good solution to this problem can be the use of energy production technologies based on the use of non-traditional and renewable energy sources, and, in particular, the use of wind energy. In heat supply systems, wind energy can be involved in heat production technologies and then used for heating cities and towns. The method of heat supply of buildings through the use of a combined system of energy sources, consisting of a boiler house and wind power plants, is considered. The methodical basis of a very specific heat supplying system has been developed. The specificity of this system is that the boiler comes into operation, complementing the wind turbine operation, only if the wind is weak or absent at all. In other cases, the heat supply is provided by wind turbines, and the boiler house is waiting for the heating load. An assessment of the possible use of wind power facilities together with a boiler house in providing a heating load schedule for consumers located in an area with an increased potential of the wind which average annual speed is at the level of ~7 m/s is presented. The duration of the heating season in this area is 9–10 months a year. It is shown that the joint use of the boiler house and wind power plants for heat supply purposes during the year can reduce the share of the boiler house in the heat supply of consumers by 50–70 % or more.
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Kumar, Rajiv, Amit Goyal, and Sanjay Sharma. "Performance and Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plant Based on MBBR and EBB Technologies." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47107.
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Abstract: The rapid expansion of modern housing and industrialization around the cities has polluted environment. This trend was observed in many developed countries in the beginning of nineteenth century which resulted in the contamination of air, water, soil etc. with pollutants. If the pollutants are released in the environment and left untreated they would cause serious diseases in both humans and animals. Large scale pollution of water bodies around the globe became a major problem due to release of industrial and domestic waste directly in water streams. To prevent the leaching of pollutants in the ground water scientist developed various methods of wastewater treatment based on the hazardous chemicals and microorganisms, which were present in the untreated water. Modern sewage treatment plants were installed in big cities to treat the water released from households. Most STPs were designed based on the stringent criteria to check the pollutants levels in the treated water so that when it is released or recycled it is safe to the environment. Modern day STP plants have a high cost of operation due to huge power consumption. In order to reduce the pollutant levels in the wastewater this study was conducted using a Eco Bio Block (EBB) techniques with aeration and without aeration. A comparison of EBB was also carried out with MBBR technique. Our results show that when EBB technique was applied with aeration it is effective in reducing pollutant levels in the wastewater akin to MBBR. In addition, we tested the EBB without aeration and found that the treated waste water has relatively low levels of BOD, COD and turbidity, suggesting that the treated water can be utilized for landscaping and horticulture activities. Overall, the outcomes from this study are encouraging to adopt EBB in smaller towns and in small housing societies to treat the wastewater prior to release
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Folgado-Fernández, José Antonio, Elide Di-Clemente, and José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón. "Food Festivals and the Development of Sustainable Destinations. The Case of the Cheese Fair in Trujillo (Spain)." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 2922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102922.
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Food-based events and festivals are being increasingly organized around the world, both in large cities and in small towns with the aim of attracting the many benefits they provide to the destinations where they are held. While the impact of mega events is sufficiently studied in scientific literature, the works that address the effects of small events are still scarce. To close this gap, this research investigates the significance of small food-based events for tourism and the sustainable development of destinations. An exhaustive study of a renowned festival based on cheese was carried out in the Spanish city of Trujillo. A survey was used to ask non-local attendants and it explored their motivations, the event itself, the assessment of the permanent elements of the destination, and loyalty to the festival. The impact of these small festivals is not only relevant for the tourism sector and the sustainable positioning of the destination, however it is also relevant for the local economy due to the consumption of local gastronomic products. Given their role in attracting visitors, these small festivals as tourist motivators must be integrated into the communication campaigns of those destinations that seek to enhance their sustainability.
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Liu, Xiao Chun, Li Na Zhou, and Jie Bai. "Approaches and Countermeasures for Development of Energy-Saving Technology Service Industry in Tangshan City." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1332.
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Energy-saving service industry becomes a new force suddenly rises, and will be the largest energy-saving industry in the world. Tangshan City, adjacent to Beijing and Tianjin, is a typical resource-based city. Because its industrial structure is based on iron and steel, petrochemical and other resources, while energy-consuming structure based mainly on coal, that made Tangshan become one of China's high energy-consuming cities. In 2011 the city's total energy consumption was 95.5282 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 32.4% of Hebei province's energy consumption, and 2.7% of the whole state's respectively, while Tangshan City's GDP accounting for 22.5% of Hebei province and 1.2% of the nation.The huge energy consumption promotes vigorous development of energy-saving industry.The scale of Tangshan's energy service industry increases rapidly currently, for example, the output value of energy service industry in 2009 reached 32 billion RMB, and then its scale is continues to expand, and EPC(Energy Performance Contracting) is implemented gradually. However, it also shows a lot of problems, such as samll amount of energy-saving enterprises, lack of core competitive companies, shortage of funds, financing difficulties, lack of leading enterprises, irrational personnel structure, and the market system has not formed yet. If Tangshan's energy-saving services industry wants to achieve a good development, it must concentrate on that the publicity of industrial policy, creating a favorable environment for its development, speeding up development and applications of energy-saving technology, establishing industrial norms, strengthening self-discipline, innovating financial system, improve the financing environment, establishing credit publicity system, and promoting construction of industrial credit system.
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Sigal, O., N. Pavlyuk, and S. Pashyhin. "REDUCTION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION AND REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS WITH COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN MUNICIPAL HEAT SUPPLY." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 41, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.2.2019.8.
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The technical solutions are proposed to reduce the consumption of natural gas, as well as to reduce emissions with combustion products in the municipal heat supply systems:
- New constructions of water-tube and water-fire-tube boilers with improved technical, economic and environmental characteristics have been developed. Replacing of old boilers with these boilers within Ukraine will provide an economic effect of about 100 thousand tons of fuel equivalent per year. NOx reduction will be up to 35%;
- The new temperature mode for heating networks 115/70 oС has been developed, which provides the amount of heat that is adequate to the needs of consumers, and is appropriate for use in cities of the country from an economic point of view. However, the implementation of such reduced temperature mode requires a corresponding change in the general requirements when issuing "Technical Specifications" for connection to district heating systems, necessitates changes in the temperature mode values in other documents, for example the general plan of the city, as well as the possible need to change the calculated heat loads in concluded contracts for heat supply to consumers. Nevertheless, the correction of temperature modes of cities should be considered as one of the possible measures to improve the energy efficiency of heat supply systems;
- The expediency of partial replacement of natural gas in the municipal heat supply systems of large cities of Ukraine with municipal solid waste (MSW) has been proved. The ways of improving the efficiency of mixed MSW combustion in conditions of country, including the extraction of "wet" biowaste from the total mass of mixed MSW with using a separate collection. are determined;
- To achieve compliance with the new more stringent European environmental standards, the highly efficient devices for cleaning combustion products from particulate matter and sulfur oxides have been developed. The efficiency of dust removal in centrifugal filters is 90...98%, in cyclone dust collectors - 90...93%. Desulfurization efficiency is up to 50%.
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Rahmani, Khadidja, Atef Ahriz, and Nahla Bouaziz. "Development of a New Residential Energy Management Approach for Retrofit and Transition, Based on Hybrid Energy Sources." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 4069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074069.
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The building sector contributes to a significant part of growing global energy demand. Improving the energy efficiency of the existing building stock is a crucial strategy. Adopting the best energy retrofit strategy in a specific building is a hard task due to the multitude of possible combinations of retrofit measures and the management of different renewable energy sources in the building. However, significant efforts must be made to combine envelope retrofit with renewable energy to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings and minimize the energy payback period and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It also helps to achieve a successful transition to zero fossil fuel energy for houses and an existing housing stock free of greenhouse gas emissions. This paper is based on a systematic approach, which was applied to an Algerian case study “high-rise building/housing units” that represented southern Mediterranean countries. The percentage of energy consumption was identified; moreover, the performance of on-site hybrid exploitation of renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic cells, thermodynamic panels and small wind turbines was proven. Several actors have collaborated and a range of software types have been used (3D modelling, meteorological regeneration data, energy simulation of buildings, estimation of renewable energy production and statistical analysis). As a result, the building case study has become more efficient than before, whereas the payback time was 10 years. The economic and environmental analysis highlighted that it is possible to save energy demand by up to 51–75% for heating and up to 5–32% for cooling; electricity and hot water consumption was covered at 98% and 80%, respectively, whereas associated gas emissions are reduced by up to 252 tons per building, a reduction of 91%. The model of the platform designed is multi-disciplinary, facilitating collaboration with the various stakeholders to identify directions for successful interventions in pre-established cities. It is a solid framework for future research aimed at standardizing the approach to energy retrofitting and transitioning in existing buildings and is suitable for all types of residential buildings of the southern Mediterranean region such as Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.
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Rhodes, Christopher J. "The Imperative for Regenerative Agriculture." Science Progress 100, no. 1 (March 2017): 80–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685017x14876775256165.
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A review is made of the current state of agriculture, emphasising issues of soil erosion and dependence on fossil fuels, in regard to achieving food security for a relentlessly enlarging global population. Soil has been described as “the fragile, living skin of the Earth”, and yet both its aliveness and fragility have all too often been ignored in the expansion of agriculture across the face of the globe. Since it is a pivotal component in a global nexus of soil-water-air-energy, how we treat the soil can impact massively on climate change – with either beneficial or detrimental consequences, depending on whether the soil is preserved or degraded. Regenerative agriculture has at its core the intention to improve the health of soil or to restore highly degraded soil, which symbiotically enhances the quality of water, vegetation and land-productivity. By using methods of regenerative agriculture, it is possible not only to increase the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) in existing soils, but to build new soil. This has the effect of drawing down carbon from the atmosphere, while simultaneously improving soil structure and soil health, soil fertility and crop yields, water retention and aquifer recharge – thus ameliorating both flooding and drought, and also the erosion of further soil, since runoff is reduced. Since food production on a more local scale is found to preserve the soil and its quality, urban food production should be seen as a significant potential contributor to regenerative agriculture in the future, so long as the methods employed are themselves ‘regenerative’. If localisation is to become a dominant strategy for dealing with a vastly reduced use of fossil fuels, and preserving soil quality – with increased food production in towns and cities – it will be necessary to incorporate integrated (‘systems’) design approaches such as permaculture and the circular economy (which minimise and repurpose ‘waste’) within the existing urban infrastructure. In addition to growing food in urban space, such actions as draught-proofing and thermally insulating existing building stock, and living/working on a more local scale, would serve well to cut our overall energy consumption. In order to curb our use of fossil fuels, methods for reducing overall energy use must be considered at least equally important to expanding low-carbon energy production. In synopsis, it is clear that only by moving from the current linear, ‘take, make, dispose (waste-creation)’ model for resource-consumption, to the systemic, circular alternative of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle, regenerate’, are we likely to meet demands for future generations.
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de Munck, C. S., A. Lemonsu, R. Bouzouidja, V. Masson, and R. Claverie. "The GREENROOF module (v7.3) for modelling green roof hydrological and energetic performances within TEB." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 1 (February 20, 2013): 1127–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-1127-2013.
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Abstract. The need to prepare cities for climate change adaptation requests the urban modeller community to implement within their models sustainable adaptation strategies to be tested against specific city morphologies and scenarios. Greening city roofs is part of these strategies. In this context, a GREENROOF module for TEB (Town Energy Balance) has been developed to model the interactions between buildings and green roof systems at the scale of the city. This module allows one to describe an extensive green roof composed of four functional layers (vegetation – grasses or sedums, substrate, retention/drainage layers and artificial roof layers) and to model vegetation-atmosphere fluxes of heat, water and momentum, as well as the hydrological and thermal fluxes throughout the substrate and the drainage layers, and the thermal coupling with the structural building envelope. TEB-GREENROOF (v7.3) is therefore able to represent the impact of climate forcings on the functioning of the green roof vegetation and, conversely, the influence of the green roof on the local climate. A calibration exercise to adjust the model to the peculiar hydrological characteristics of the substrates and drainage layers commonly found on green roofs is performed for a case study located in Nancy (France) which consists of an extensive green roof with sedums. Model results for the optimum hydrological calibration show a good dynamics for the substrate water content which is nevertheless under-estimated but without impacting too much the green roof temperatures since they present a good agreement with observations. These results are encouraging with regard to modelling the impact of green roofs on thermal indoor comfort and energy consumption at the scale of cities, for which GREENROOF will be running with the building energy version of TEB, TEB-BEM. Moreover, the green roof studied for GREENROOF evaluation being a city-widespread type of extensive green roof, the hydrological characteristics derived through the evaluation exercise will be used as the standard configuration to model extensive green roofs at the scale of cities.
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Kumar, Ravinder, Kshitij Ojha, Mohammad H. Ahmadi, Ritu Raj, Mehdi Aliehyaei, Abolfazl Ahmadi, and Narjes Nabipour. "A review status on alternative arrangements of power generation energy resources and reserve in India." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz066.
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Abstract Due to the fast growth of population in India, consumption of energy is growing at a rapid rate. Today’s energy consumption and its utilization at an optimum level is a big challenge in the nation. There are various factors like a demand to mitigate global energy, availability, accessibility, cost, environmental change and storage facility of energy which are important in modern days. Majority of the population is shifting towards the city in comparison to a rural area (town, village and kasbah). According to this fact, the consumption of energy is increasing in cities. The small- and large-scale industries are located nearby the city, because of the easy availability of raw materials, better transportation services and other resources. So, the requirement of energy in a continuous manner is the prime need in these areas. In rural areas, people are using low-grade energy, and thereby there is not so much burden of energy required. It is also observed that there is a maximum loss of electricity due to transmission in India. Oil, gas and electricity are major resources to supply the energy need of the countrymen. However, the fuel situation of the nation with the shortage of fossil fuels creates pressure to drive the nuclear investment for electricity and nearly 25% contribution by 2050. The nation’s dependency on oil and gas is a critical issue, so the country is looking forward to various renewable energy resources. To accomplish this target, various government organizations are investing in solar and wind energy-related projects along with remote location pilot projects. The role of policymakers in this direction is to develop future strategies to decrease the gap between demand and supply of electricity for the growth of sustainable development. In the present work, energy production from various resources, supply, new policy implementation and import of energy is discussed in India. The study concludes that coal and petroleum product import is continuously increasing in the country for power generation and increasing the level of greenhouse gases. So, the Indian government is investing in power generation projects based on renewable energies in the country. ‘Solar Mission’ to achieve a goal of 20 000 MW solar electricity and 60 GW wind power generation by 2022 is already running in this direction.
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Campos-Osorio, Angeles, Néstor Santillán-Soto, O. Rafael García-Cueto, Alejandro A. Lambert-Arista, and Gonzalo Bojórquez-Morales. "Energy and Environmental Comparison between a Concrete Wall with and without a Living Green Wall: A Case Study in Mexicali, Mexico." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 5265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135265.
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In cities with dry arid climate, air conditioning (AC) equipment is necessary for thermal comfort in indoor spaces. The use of this equipment generates an increase in electricity consumption and an increment in CO₂ emissions to the environment; thus, one way to mitigate these negative effects is the Living Green Wall (LGW). The objective of this research is to assess the decrease in thermal gain, energy benefits, and estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are not emitted by the use of the LGW. Measurements of heat flux, solar radiation, and temperatures were made on a concrete wall and another with an LGW in a west-facing building in the city of Mexicali, Mexico. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce 49% of the heat flow through the wall, which reduces the thermal load 102,212 Btu/h to the indoor space, implying the additional work of 8.53 tons of AC. This excess equals 985.6 kWh of electrical energy and generates a total of 697 kg of CO₂ emissions during the warm season. It is concluded that shading with an LWG becomes a very influential element to mitigate the heat fluxes towards the indoor spaces.
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Veremenyuk, V. V., V. V. Ivashechkin, and V. I. Krytskaya. "The Borehole Water Intakes Mathematical Models with a Branched and Circular Connection Schemes for Prefabricated Water Conduits." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 6 (December 2, 2020): 563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-6-563-580.
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Borehole water intakes of underground water are widely used for water supply of agricultural towns, urban settlements, small and large cities and megacities. The number of consumers in these localities determines the number of water intakes, the number of wells, their productivity, location and connection to the prefabricated water conduits. Due to the increase in the use of underground water, the existing water intakes are being reconstructed and expanded. These works are accompanied by grouting of failed wells, their re-drilling, drilling of additional wells, re-laying of old and laying of new prefabricated water conduits. All this causes the complexity of the configuration of prefabricated water conduits due to the construction of jumpers and rings, the emergence of new wells with connection lines. Under the new conditions, in order to properly develop water intake operating modes which meet the minimum energy consumption for lifting and delivering a required volume of water to the collection-and-control tanks, to accurately choose the appropriate water lifting equipment in wells, to develop measures for intensifying water intake alongside with a forecast of their efficiency and to optimize the operation of the water intake, it is necessary to create its mathematical model that allows performing complex calculations. Water intakes with ramified prefabricated water conduits, as well as with an area scheme of the location of wells and a ring scheme of the connection of prefabricated water conduits are the most difficult object for mathematical modeling. The methods of calculating such water intakes are not sufficiently reflected in the literature, and there are no specific examples of calculation. The present article aims to clarify the methodology for calculating borehole water intakes with ramified prefabricated water conduits and with a ring scheme of their connection.
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de Munck, C. S., A. Lemonsu, R. Bouzouidja, V. Masson, and R. Claverie. "The GREENROOF module (v7.3) for modelling green roof hydrological and energetic performances within TEB." Geoscientific Model Development 6, no. 6 (November 8, 2013): 1941–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1941-2013.
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Abstract. The need to prepare cities for climate change adaptation requests the urban modeller community to implement sustainable adaptation strategies within their models to be tested against specific city morphologies and scenarios. Greening city roofs is part of these strategies. In this context, the GREENROOF module for TEB (town energy balance) has been developed to model the interactions between buildings and green roof systems at the scale of the city. This module, which combines the ISBA model (Interaction between Soil Biosphere and Atmosphere) and TEB, allows for one to describe an extensive green roof composed of four functional layers (vegetation – grasses or sedums; substrate; retention/drainage layers; and artificial roof layers) and to model vegetation-atmosphere fluxes of heat, water and momentum, as well as the hydrological fluxes throughout the substrate and the drainage layers, and the thermal fluxes throughout the natural and artificial layers of the green roof. TEB-GREENROOF (SURFEX v7.3) should therefore be able to represent the impact of climate forcings on the functioning of green roof vegetation and, conversely, the influence of the green roof on the local climate. An evaluation of GREENROOF is performed for a case study located in Nancy (France) which consists of an instrumented extensive green roof with sedums and substrate and drainage layers that are typical of this kind of construction. After calibration of the drainage layer hydrological characteristics, model results show good dynamics for the substrate water content and the drainage at the green roof base, with nevertheless a tendency to underestimate the water content and overestimate the drainage. This does not impact too much the green roof temperatures, which present a good agreement with observations. Nonetheless GREENROOF tends to overestimate the soil temperatures and their amplitudes, but this effect is less important in the drainage layer. These results are encouraging with regard to modelling the impact of green roofs on thermal indoor comfort and energy consumption at the scale of cities, for which GREENROOF will be running with the building energy version of TEB – TEB-BEM. Moreover, with the green roof studied for GREENROOF evaluation being a type of extensive green roof widespread in cities, the type of hydrological characteristics highlighted for the case study will be used as the standard configuration to model extensive green roof impacts at the scale of cities.
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Alresheedi, Mohammad T., Husnain Haider, Md Shafiquzzaman, Saleem S. AlSaleem, and Majed Alinizzi. "Water–Energy–Carbon Nexus Analysis for Water Supply Systems with Brackish Groundwater Sources in Arid Regions." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2022): 5106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095106.
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Limited knowledge on the water–energy–carbon nexus of water supply systems (WSSs) with brackish groundwater sources in arid regions exists to date. In addition, the large amount of fossil-fuel energy utilized by treatment processes generating a significant amount of carbon emissions remains a challenge for the municipalities in Saudi Arabia to meet long-term sustainability goals. To achieve Saudi Arabia Vision 2030’s target of sustainable cities with reduced CO2 emissions, the present study aimed to analyse the water–energy–carbon nexus for WSSs and propose mitigation measures for reducing energy and carbon footprints from both the water management and treatment technologies perspectives. The detailed energy consumption data for three main components (source extraction, water treatment, and conveyance and distribution) of the main WSS, serving the 600,000 population of Buraydah City (Qassim, Saudi Arabia), was obtained from the concerned municipality. The city water treatment plant removes naturally occurring iron, TDS, and radionuclides in the source water with the help of ion detention, oxidation, sand filtration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, chlorination, and backwash water management. The study found that the treatment facility consumes around half of the total system’s energy (131,122 kWh/day); while, with deep confined aquifer (>600 m) and an average water loss of 8%, conveyance and distribution (34%) and source extraction (18%) are consistent with the reported literature. With oil-driven energy, carbon emissions were found to be 10.26, 27.18, and 19.72 million tons CO2 eq/year for source extraction, water treatment, and conveyance and distribution, respectively. The reverse osmosis process, with higher energy consumption—1.1 kWh/m3 of treated water—than the global average, consumes most (88%) of the treatment plant’s energy and thus needs effective energy management practices. Moving to renewable (solar and wind-driven) sources, subject to a detailed life cycle analysis, can achieve significant energy and associated carbon emission reductions. To sustainably meet the water demand of the growing population in arid regions, the study also suggests raising the awareness of the public about how water conservation can control CO2 emissions, proactive maintenance of aging infrastructure, and increasing rainwater and treated wastewater reuse, to enhance the operational life of existing treatment facilities.
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Abedin, Mohammad Zoynal, and A. S. M. Luthful Karim. "Waste to Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Review." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 7, no. 3 (July 20, 2022): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.07.03.2022.02.
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Bangladesh has an impressive track record of development and has been among the fastest growing economies in the world over the past decade, supported by a demographic dividend, strong ready-made garment (RMG) exports, remittance, and stable macroeconomic conditions. With the growth of populace and the living standards, the goods and energy consumption in Bangladesh are seen to be increased which rises the waste generation. Thus, municipal waste management (MSW) and energy supply are becoming the great challenges for Bangladesh. Waste to energy (WTE) conversion technologies would be a very timely solution to an ever-growing problem. These technologies are environment-friendly and cost effective; however, these are not popular within the developing country Bangladesh. This paper discusses current waste status, significant progresses and future prospect of solid waste management process as well as evaluates the best possible WTE technology suitable for Bangladesh. It is found that Bangladesh produces approximately 13,332 tons of MSW per day in which almost 26% and 12% of total wastes are generated by its capital city, Dhaka and Chattogram, respectively. The incineration process for electricity production is seen to be the most effective WTE technology for Chattogram city. For instance, for one ton of MSW, the incineration process can provide 0.585 MWh electricity and 1.742 MWh heat with an emission factor of 0.28 ton of CO2. With an average plant capacity cost of 2.1 USD which is lower than other WTE technologies. Therefore, the incineration can be utilized as the most effective WTE technology for major cities in Bangladesh.
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Hayashi, Kenji, and Jianqun Gao. "Demographic Impact on Environment - A Case Study Focussing on CO2 Emission in China." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 10, no. 2 (April 1998): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959801000205.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission derived from economic activities results primarily from the fossil fuels consumed. The variety of fossil fuels used, the degree of efficient consumption of energy, economic growth and national population size determine the total amount of CO2 emission in a country. Considering its population size as well as its potential for economic development, China is expected to play a key role in the global warming issue in concert with other industrialized Asian countries, including Japan. In the present study, the impact of population increase on total CO2 emission in China during the period 1982-1990 was analyzed. During the study period, population increase and CO2 emission per capita were 21 per cent and 70 per cent, respectively. In terms of population increase by region, some provinces in the inland areas and megacities, like Shanghai and Beijing, contributed the highest figures. To cope with high fertility in the inland areas as well as massive population inflow into the urban areas simultaneously, increasing the number of medium-sized cities to be located in the inland areas could be a solution. For CO2 emission per capita, the figures for the North-Eastcrn provinces and South-Eastern provinces along the coast are remarkable. The estimate of total emission of CO2 by 2010 is 1.6 million tons, a 74 per cent increase from 1992. Energy transition is the key to the stabilization of CO2 emission in China.
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Beccali, Marco, Marina Bonomolo, Alessandra Galatioto, and Emanuela Pulvirenti. "Smart lighting in a historic context: a case study." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 28, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-06-2015-0109.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address a project for lighting an old town in Italy. Its originality lies in the holistic approach that aims to fulfil several objectives. One is to reduce energy consumption by using efficient lamps and advanced control systems; the second one is to make the network viable and useful for many purposes by integrating ICT devices; the third one is to provide a new identity to the older part of the city by using new technologies and design concepts; while the last one is to ensure street and pedestrian safety according to codes and standards. Design/methodology/approach The plan of the city of Bagheria and the stock of luminaires of the city are analysed. A multidisciplinary approach has been adopted in order to: analyse the existing lighting infrastructure highlighting critical areas; design a new displacement and select typologies of luminaries able to provide proper light quality and distribution; propose an aesthetic solution and technical design for relevant historical building; and to include in the design process the concept of a new multifunctional pole. Together with an analysis of social benefits, an assessment of economic costs and benefits are discussed. Findings The project allows good energy savings, meets the standard requirements and gives a relevant and strategic improvement in social and environmental management of the city. Originality/value The work provides an example of integrated design of street lighting infrastructures for urban renovation in old cities in degraded environments.
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Ghosh, Satyajit, Karan Kochhar, Akash Sharma, Shreyaan Kaushal, Jatin Agrawal, Anshul Garg, Arnav Kumar, and Yash Dugar. "Investigating structure generated turbulence using an unmanned aerial vehicle." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 5, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-08-2016-0020.
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Purpose The Government of India is proposing the setting up of several new smart cities in the sub-continent. Being an over-populated country, space is at a premium. In congested areas high-rise buildings afford a solution. The purpose of this paper is to present new research involving architecture and computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) must be done at the screening stage of design plans before new cities are laid out. This is achieved in the present study involving a university residential campus with a population of 29,000 comprising of an assortment of high-rise buildings in complex terrain. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a combination of instrument-fitted drone measurements – (equipped with a barometer, and sensors for obtaining temperature, relative humidity and altitude) along with a computational fluid dynamical analysis to yield deep insights into the ventilation patterns around an assortment of building forms. Findings This study was conducted in a residential complex in the campus of the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) India. Based on the deciphered wind velocity pattern, a human thermal comfort study was also conducted. It was concluded that the orientation of the buildings play a pivotal role in enhancing the ventilation rates inside a building. It was observed that a dominant eddy spanning a radius of approximate 34 meters was responsible for much of the air changes within the rooms – the smaller eddies had an insignificant role. This method of ascertaining eddy structures within a study area comprising of an assortment of buildings is essential for accurate prescriptions of glazing ratios on building facades. Research limitations/implications The main research implications pertain to the use of smart ventilation methods in built up environments. The study shows how large eddies drive the momentum transfer and the air changes per hour with rooms in high-rise buildings in complex terrain. In monsoon-driven flows, there are well set preferred directions of wind flow and this enables the characterization of the fully eddy structure in the vicinity of tall buildings. Another research implication would be the development of new turbulence closure models for eddy structure resolution for flow around complex building forms. Practical implications This study introduces a novel protocol at the planning stage of the upcoming residential complexes in proposed smart cities in the sub-continent. The results may well inform architects and structural engineers and help position and orient buildings in confined spaces and also ascertain the optimal glazing ratio, which affects the ventilation pattern. Social implications The results from this study can be used by town planners and architects in urban conurbations in the developing world. The results may well help lower heating ventilation and airconditioning loads. Energy-efficient buildings in developing countries are necessary because most of these have rapidly growing GDPs with a concomitant increase in energy consumption. Originality/value This novel study combining instrument mounted drone and CFDs shows for the first time how architects and town planners with a limited budget position and orient a group of buildings in a complex terrain.