Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cities and towns Energy consumption'

A technique is presented for estimating hourly and seasonal energy consumption profiles in the building sector at spatial scales down to the individual taxlot or parcel. The method combines annual building energy simulations for cityspecific prototypical buildings and commonly available geospatial data in a Geographical Information System (GIS) framework. Hourly results can be extracted for any day and exported as a raster output at spatial scales as fine as an individual parcel (

Suburban growth in the U.S. urban regions has been defined by large subdivisions of single-family detached units. This growth is made possible by the mobility supported by automobiles and an extensive highway network. These dispersed and highly automobile-dependent developments have generated a large body of work examining the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of suburban growth on cities. The particular debate that this study addresses is whether suburban residents are more energy intensive in their travel behavior than central city residents. If indeed suburban residents have needs that are not satisfied by the amenities around them, they may be traveling farther to access such services. However, if suburbs are becoming like cities with a wide range of services and amenities, travel might be contained and no different from the travel behavior of residents in central areas. This paper will compare the effects of long term suburban growth on travel behavior, energy consumption, and GHG emissions through a case study of neighborhoods in central Phoenix and the city of Gilbert, both in the Phoenix metropolitan region. Motorized travel patterns in these study areas will be generated using 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data by developing a four-step transportation demand model in TransCAD. Energy consumption and GHG emissions, including both Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) and Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) for each study area will be estimated based on the corresponding trip distribution results. The final normalized outcomes will not only be compared spatially between Phoenix and Gilbert within the same year, but also temporally between years 2001 and 2009 to determine how the differential land use changes in those places influenced travel. The results from this study reveal that suburban growth does have an impact on people's travel behaviors. As suburbs grew and diversified, the difference in travel behavior between people living in suburban and urban areas became smaller. In the case of shopping trips the average length of trips for suburban residents in 2009 was slightly shorter than that for central city residents. This convergence was substantially due to the faster growth in trip lengths for central city compared to suburban residents in the 8-year period. However, suburban residents continue to be more energy intensive in their travel behavior, as the effect of reduction in trip length is likely to be offset by the more intensive growth in trip frequency. Additionally, overall energy consumption has grown significantly in both study areas over the period of study.

Doctor of Philosophy
Following decades of sweeping social change, a 'new' Thai middle class emerged to become the main agents of the mass demonstrations which have rocked Bangkok for the better part of the past four years. Yet, the academic literature reveals a marked paucity of data on the urban middle class, and on Bangkok's systems of stratification. This dissertation addresses this lacuna with research based on eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in Bangkok. My investigations suggest that an indigenous spatial-symbolic matrix, encapsulated in centralising and hierarchising mandalic principles, continues to inform both cultural understandings of stratification and the socio-spatial structure of Bangkok. However, traditional status distinctions are now pervaded by the idiom of material wealth introduced by the forces of global markets. Today, life in Bangkok is framed by a hierarchy of affluence which echoes the numerical precision of the premodern sakdina system of status differentiation. Accordingly, I argue that the notion of the 'urban-rural divide' popularly used to describe the conflict obscures a more complex reality in which city and countryside are linked by reciprocal relations within both urban and national systems of status and class. This is clearly discernable in the nature of everyday interclass relations in Bangkok which have been exacerbated by contemporary diminishment and marginalisation of upcountry Thais by the urban middle classes. It is an incendiary dynamic that has been exploited to tremendous effect in the current political power struggle. I demonstrate that the middle class is significantly stratified internally, and explore how middle class culture and identity are drawn in large part from their understandings of status practices of elites. Much of this takes place in the public spaces of the city's scores of shopping malls, which articulate a local vernacular of prestige where hierarchical power relations are inscribed in urban space. Structural constraints and the societal privileging of wealth and connections are constant challenges to middle class aspirations for upward mobility, and the Bangkokian middle class harbours no illusions of Thai society as a meritocracy. This disenchantment has been channelled into a churning politics of resentment with demonstrably explosive potential. Ultimately, however, I argue that middle class discontent will contribute little to reform while the majority of individuals feel their only avenue for social mobility is to negotiate a pre-existing system of stratification which many perceive as unjust.

A questão central desta tese doutoral é de conhecer as mudanças que aconteceram no consumo e no comportamento do consumidor tendo como unidade espacial de análise o comércio tradicional (no Centro comercial e bairro Brasil) e Shopping Conquista Sul em Vitória da Conquista-BA, correlacionado o consumo com as variáveis geográficas e socioeconômicas. Os autores lidos para subsidiar a presente tese foram Max Weber (1947), Karl Marx, Engls (1884), Keynes (1983), Bourdieu (1979), Baudrillard (1995), Pintaudi (1989), Santos (1996), Moreno (2011), Martinez-Rigol (2010), Carreras (2013), dentre tantos outros. O método escolhido para realizar o presente trabalho é bastante eclético, no qual consiste em uma ampla e variada leitura entre livros, artigos, teses, dissertações, jornous e periódicos de autores latino-americanos e também europeus. Contém um estudo quantitativo-descritivo, também qualitativo e documental, cujo objetivo principal é de descrever as relações quantitativas entre as variáveis independentes espaciais e socioeconômicas estudadas correlacionadas à variável dependente consumo estabelecento relações causais. Foram utilizados dois questionários distintos, sendo um específico para os consumidores e outro com os empresários/logistas e também entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os presidentes e diretores da – CDL e Shopping. Também foi feita uma pesquisa secundária no IBGE; SEI, dentre tantas outras fontesexploradas, sendo os dados espacializados em mapas temáticos. As análises foram confirmadas por testes de significância e confiabilidade, e também medidas de dispersão e tendência central. percebeu-se que tanto os fatos inusitados como os já esperados aconteceram no presente estudo. Assim, descobriu-se com a investigação, que este novo formato do varejo representou impactos significativos na economia local e regional e também culminou em novos hábitos de consumo por parte dos conquistenses e das cidades circuvizinhas. Apesar de o shopping apresentar um modelo de consumo inovador, global e modernizante, os consumidores conquistenses ainda preferem consumir no mercado dito tradicional. Esta preferência pelo consumo no mercado a céu aberto é inclusive superior ao consumo via e-commerce (lojas virtuais). Em média, os consumidores se deslocam semanalmente para o centro da cidade, a fim de consumir. Já quanto ao shopping, a periodicidade de consumo é mensal, como predominância nos dias de quinta-feira a domingo e feriados. O consumo está se ampliando gradativamente entre os bairros periféricos, tornando independentes e autossuficientes na oferta de produtos e serviços, entre eles os bairros do lado leste da cidade: Candeias, Alto Maron, Felícia dentre outros, e do lado oeste, Patagônia, Zabelê e o próprio bairro Brasil que, embora estando mal avaliado entre os quesitos satisfação do consumidor e demais atributos de periodicidade no consumo (ficando com uma média de visitação semestral) ainda é o segundo bairro em melhor oferta de produtos e serviços de Vitória da Conquista. Os maiores índices de satisfação do consumidor foram com relação ao shopping Consquista Sul que apresentou como melhores preditores de consumo a infraestrutura física (possuir estacionamento, segurança, climatização, entretenimento) e como piores atributos os altos preços dos produtos e serviços. Já para o Centro comercial, os melhores preditores foram variedade de produtos e serviços, tradicionalismo, equipamentos públicos e privados, e bons preços no varejo. Já para o bairro Brasil, os melhores determinantes de consumo foram para bairrismo, boa vizinhança, bairro de domicílio (os próximos) cosmética pública favorável; Os maiores achados deste trabalho indicaram a variável espacial “estado civil” como bom preditor de consumo e bairro de domicílio, com ótimos índices de confiabilidade e significância. Os mapas cognitivos deram muita contribuição para estudar a localização dos pontos, afirmando em sua totalidade que os custos de manutenção e operação no shopping são muito elevados se comparando ao comércio tradicional, o que culmina com elevação dos preços finais, Também os mapas cognitivos confirmaram as maiores vantagens de se consumir nos três espaços.
The central question of this doctoral thesis is to know the changes that happened in consumption and consumer behavior taking as spatial units of analysis the traditional trade (at the mall and Brazil neighborhood) and Shopping Conquista Sul in Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, correlated the consumption with the geographical and socioeconomic variables. The authors read to support this thesis were Max Weber (1947), Karl Marx, Engls (1884), Keynes (1983), Bourdieu (1979), Baudrillard (1995), Pintaudi (1989), Santos (1996), Moreno ( 2011), Martinez-Rigol (2010), Carreras (2013), among many others.The method chosen to carry out this work is quite eclectic, which consists of a wide and varied reading of books, articles, theses, dissertations, jornous and periodicals of Latin American authors and also European. It contains a quantitative descriptive also qualitative and documental study, whose main objective is to describe the quantitative relationships between spatial and socioeconomic independent variables correlated with the dependent variable consumption estabelecento causal relationships. two different questionnaires were used, being specific to consumers and the other with entrepreneurs / gists and also semi-structured interviews with the presidents and directors - CDL and Shopping. There was also a secondary search at IBGE; I know, among many other sources explored, and the data spatially in thematic maps. The analyzes were confirmed by tests of significance and reliability, as well as measures of dispersion and central tendency. it was realized that both the unusual facts as already expected happened in the present study. Thus, it turned out to research, this new retail format represented a significant impact on the local and regional economy and also resulted in new consumption habits by the conquistenses and neighborhood cities. Although the shopping present a model of innovative, global and modernizing consumption, conquistenses consumers still prefer to consume in the traditional market said. This preference for consumption in the open air market is even higher than the consumer via e-commerce (online stores). On average, consumers moving weekly to the city center in order to consume. As for the shopping, the frequency is monthly consumption, as predominance in the days from Thursday to Sunday and holidays. Consumption is increasing gradually from the suburbs, becoming independent and self-sufficient in the supply of goods and services, including the neighborhoods on the east side of the city: Candeias, Alto Maron, Felicia among others, and the west side, Patagonia, Zabelê and Brazil itself neighborhood that while being poorly rated among the questions customer satisfaction and other timing attributes in consumption (getting an average six-monthly visits) is still the second quarter in a better range of products and services from Vitoria da Conquista. The highest consumer satisfaction ratings were regarding conquers South mall who presented the best predictors of consumption physical infrastructure (own parking, security, HVAC, entertainment) and as worst attributes the high prices of goods and services. As for the shopping center, the best predictors were variety of products and services, traditionalism, public and private facilities, and good prices at retail. For Brazil neighborhood, the determinants of consumption were best for localism, good neighborhood, home neighborhood (the next) favorable public cosmetic; The major findings of this study indicated the spatial variable "marital status" as a good predictor of consumer and home district, with excellent levels of reliability and significance. The cognitive maps given much contribution to study the location of points, stating in its entirety that maintenance and operating costs at the mall are very high comparing to the traditional trade, culminating in rising consumer prices, also the cognitive maps confirmed the biggest advantages of consuming the three spaces.
La pregunta central de esta tesis doctoral se propuso conocer los cambios que ocurrieron en el consumo y el comportamiento de los consumidores que toman como unidades espaciales de análisis del comercio tradicional (en el centro comercial y el Barrio Brasil) y Shopping Conquista Sul de Vitoria da Conquista, Bahía, correlaciona la el consumo con las variables geográficas y socioeconómicas. Los autores leídos para apoyar esta tesis fueron Max Weber (1947), Carlos Marx, Engels (1884), Keynes (1983), Bourdieu (1979), Baudrillard (1995), Pintaudi (1989), Santos (1996), Moreno ( 2011), Martínez-Rigol (2010), Carreras (2013), entre muchos otros.El método elegido para llevar a cabo este trabajo es bastante ecléctica, que consta de una amplia y variada lectura de libros, artículos, tesis, disertaciones, jornous y publicaciones periódicas de autores latinoamericanos y también de Europa. Contiene un estudio descriptivo cuantitativo también estudio cualitativo y documental, cuyo principal objetivo es describir las relaciones cuantitativas entre variables independientes espaciales y socioeconómicos correlacionados con el consumo variable dependiente estabelecento relaciones causales. También había una búsqueda secundaria en el IBGE; Sé que, entre muchas otras fuentes exploradas, y los datos espacialmente en mapas temáticos. Los análisis fueron confirmados por pruebas de significación y la fiabilidad, así como medidas de dispersión y tendencia central. se dieron cuenta de que tanto los hechos como inusuales ya que se espera que ocurrió en el presente estudio. Por lo tanto, resultó que a la investigación, este nuevo formato minorista representó un impacto significativo en la economía local y regional y también dio lugar a nuevos hábitos de consumo por parte de los conquistenses y ciudades circuvizinhas. A pesar de que el carro de presentar un modelo de consumo innovadora, global y la modernización, conquistenses consumidores todavía prefieren consumir en el mercado tradicional, dijo. Esta preferencia por el consumo en el mercado al aire libre es incluso mayor que el consumidor a través de comercio electrónico (tiendas online). En promedio, los consumidores en movimiento semanal al centro de la ciudad con el fin de consumir. En cuanto a las compras, la frecuencia es de consumo mensual, como el predominio en los días de jueves a domingos y festivos. El consumo está aumentando gradualmente desde los suburbios, llegando a ser independiente y autosuficiente en el suministro de bienes y servicios, incluyendo los barrios en el lado este de la ciudad: Candeias, Alto Maron, Felicia entre otros, y el lado oeste, Patagonia, Zabelê y Brasil mismo barrio que al ser mal clasificado entre la satisfacción del cliente y otra pregunta momento atributos en el consumo (que consigue una media de visitas semestrales) sigue siendo el segundo trimestre en una mejor gama de productos y servicios. El más alto de los consumidores índices de satisfacción eran sobre vence Shopping Conquista Sul que presentó los mejores predictores de la infraestructura física de consumo (aparcamiento propio, seguridad, climatización, entretenimiento) y peor que atribuye los altos precios de los bienes y servicios. En cuanto al centro comercial, los mejores predictores fueron variedad de productos y servicios, el tradicionalismo, pública y baño privado, y buenos precios al por menor. Para el Barrio de Brasil, los determinantes del consumo eran mejores para el localismo, buen barrio, vecindad casa (el siguiente) favorables cosméticos pública; Las principales conclusiones de este estudio indicaron que el "estado civil" variable espacial como un buen predictor de los consumidores y distrito de residencia, con excelentes niveles de fiabilidad y significado. Los mapas cognitivos dado mucho aporte para el estudio de la localización de puntos, indicando en su totalidad que los costos de mantenimiento y operación en el centro comercial están muy alto en comparación con el comercio tradicional, que culminó en el aumento de los precios al consumidor, también los mapas cognitivos confirmaron la mayores ventajas de consumir los tres espacios.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 9, 2009). Advisor: Alesia Maltz, Ph. D. "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England, 2009"--The title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 466-487).

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Como resultado da migração rural e suburbana para as cidades, a vida urbana tornouse um desafio significativo para os cidadãos e para a gestão da cidade, impondo uma enorme preocupação na utilização sustentável de recursos como energia, água, transportes e habitação. Cidades inteligentes são a maior aposta para enfrentar estes desafios de forma eficiente através de um acompanhamento em tempo real que visa auxiliar no planejamento inteligente e desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. Entretanto, para que este acompanhamento ocorra de forma eficiente e possibilite a utilização sustentável dos recursos é necessária uma integração entre cidadãos, dispositivos da cidade, administração pública e a plataforma de computação em nuvem, onde os dados serão armazenados e processados. Para tal, propõe-se o modelo ElCity, um modelo que combina dados de cidadãos e dispositivos da cidade para permitir uma gestão elástica multinível do consumo de energia de uma cidade. Como decisão de projeto, essa gestão deve ocorrer de forma automática, sem afetar a qualidade dos serviços já oferecidos. A principal contribuição do modelo ElCity diz respeito à extensão do conceito de elasticidade em nuvem para os demais níveis (smartphones dos cidadãos, dispositivos da cidade e data center), alterando o estado dos componentes em cada nível entre ligado e desligado de acordo com a demanda. Desta forma, este trabalho apresenta o modelo ElCity, detalhando seus módulos distribuídos ao longo das três fontes de dados, além dos experimentos que utilizam dispositivos da cidade e dados de cidadãos de Roma para explorar a economia de energia. Os resultados são promissores, onde o módulo monitor de energia permite estimar o consumo de energia das aplicações elásticas baseado em traços de CPU e memória com uma precisão média e mediana de 97,15% e 97,72%. Além disso, os resultados apontam a possibilidade de redução de mais de 90% no consumo de energia relativo a iluminação pública na cidade de Roma, obtido através da análise de dados de localização de seus cidadãos.
As a result of rural and suburban migration to the cities, urban life has become a significant challenge for citizens and, particularly, for city administrators who must manage the sustainable use of resources such as energy, water and transportation. Smart cities are the biggest vision to efficiently address these challenges through a real-time monitoring, providing an intelligent planning and a sustainable urban development. However, to accomplish them we need a tightly integration among citizens, city devices, city administrators and the data center platform where all data is stored, combined and processed. In this context, we propose ElCity, a model that combines citizens and city devices data to enable an elastic multi-level management of energy consumption for a particular city. As design decision, this management must occur automatically without affecting the quality of already offered services. The main contribution of ElCity model concerns the exploration of the cloud elasticity concept in multiple target levels (smartphones from citizens, city devices involved in the public lightning and data center nodes), turning on or off the resources on each level in accordance with their demands. In this way, this work presents the ElCity architecture, detailing its modules distributed along the three data sources, in addition to an experiment that uses city devices and citizens data from Rome to explore energy saving. The results are promising, with an Energy Monitor module that allows the estimation of the energy consumption of elastic applications based on CPU and memory traces with an average and median precision of 97.15% and 97.72%. Moreover, the results point to a reduction of more than 90% in the energy spent in public lightning in the city of Rome which was obtained thanks to an analysis of geolocation data from their citizens.

M.Ing.
Water demand prediction can be useful for future planning and has a significant economic effect on a city, town or suburb. There are numerous factors influencing water demand and therefore influencing the prediction thereof. The effect of each of these factors on the water demand is called the elasticity of that factor. The main aim of this study is to determine area and income elasticities of demand. This will enable the reader to predict water demand by taking stand size (area) and income into account. The stand value of each user was used as a surrogate for the income of that user. Another aim of this study is to compare average water demands for different cities and towns in Gauteng, South Africa with each other. Over 190 000 users' data were used for this study.

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系
104
Urban growth has brought to the city's economic development, in which economic growth within the city, the city will be brought more energy consumption and carbon emissions. The literature indicates between economic, environmental and energy have cooperation, complementarity, etc. multiple effect relationship (Kumbaroĝlu,2003), while the compactness of the city, numbers of transport, population size, industrial structure and the average annual income, it will have a significant impact on energy consumption, respectively, urban economic growth and carbon emissions. This study uses the simultaneous equation model to explore the impact and correlation of the mutual energy consumption, economic growth and environmental costs between Taiwanese, Japanese and Chinese cities, while Chinese cities sample clustering economies of scale of the analysis, trying to energy consumption mutual influence between economic growth and the environmental costs. The empirical results show that economic growth and environmental factors present mutual negative impact in Japan and China, but Taiwan model is presented to each other not significant; while Taiwan and Japan cities, economic growth deposit to the impact of energy consumption, However, Chinese cities are showing a two-way interaction. The results from the discovery of Chinese clustering model, the impact of environmental factors is showing a positive impact on the economy growth of the higher income cities; and the relationship between energy consumption and carbon emissions of the higher income city to a negative related, while the lower income city's economy showing positive correlation; Furthermore, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth of the higher income city presents a two-way positive effect, while the lower income cities is rendered single the positive effect.

This thesis is divided into two parts. The first evaluates the role of the built environment in life-cycle energy consumption, by comparing different neighborhood and city styles. Through a holistic modeling and accounting framework, this work identifies the largest energy-consuming sectors, among residential and commercial buildings, personal vehicles and transit trips, and supporting infrastructure (roads, sidewalks, parking lots, water pipes, street lighting). Life-cycle energy calculations include operational energy use (e.g., gasoline for vehicles, electricity and natural gas for buildings) and embodied energy used to produce materials and construct buildings and infrastructure. Case study neighborhoods in Austin, Texas, and larger-scale regional models suggest that building energy demands comprise around 50% of life-cycle energy demands, while transportation demands (from driving and infrastructure alike) contribute around 40%, across all cases. However, results also suggest that population density and average residential unit size play a major role in defining per-capita energy consumption. Operational demands made up about 90% of life-cycle energy demands, suggesting that v most urban energy savings can be obtained from reduced personal vehicle trips and more efficient vehicles and buildings. Case study comparisons suggest that neighborhoods and regions with greater density and higher share of multi-family housing units tend to reduce operational (and thus life-cycle) energy demands with less travel demand and decreased home and work energy use, per capita. The second part of this modeled plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) emissions impacts in Texas, by considering four possible vehicle adoption scenarios (where PEVs make up 1, 5, 10, and 25% of total passenger vehicles). The analysis anticipates PEV electricity demand and emissions rates, based on current Texas power grid data. Results indicate that PEV emissions depend significantly on which specific power plants are used to power the vehicles, but that PEVs' average per-mile emissions rates for NO[subscript x], PM, and CO₂ are all likely to be lower than today's average passenger car, when today's average mix is used. Power produced from 100% coal plants could produce 14 times as much NO[subscript x], 3,200 times as much SO₂, nearly 10 times as much CO₂ and CO₂eq, 2.5 times as much PM₁₀, and VOCs, and nearly 80 times the NO₂ compared to a grid with 100% natural gas plants.
text

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系
106
Despite the relationship between energy consumption and the urban factors has been extensively studied in the past few years, however little attention has been paid to the cross-country comparison in the cities by their geographical location condition, which causes a great impact on the lifestyle for the local people, such as the type of buildings, the major industry of the city, and etc. This study established a regression model with several urban factors and energy consumption with consideration of the different groups of geographical location conditions. By collecting the dataset of East Asia cities, with over one million population in 2015, including 2005, 2010, and 2015 three years urban data. The findings suggest that the impact of urban factors on energy consumption varies between from city to city according to climate zone where the city located. Surprisingly, all kinds of urban factors, including the urban population, population density, the share of GDP in the industry sector, per capita income, and others, have a different level of impact from the cities located in the Tropical climate zone to Temperate climate zone. However, the other group comparison of geographical location condition, which is whether the city is a coastal city, didn’t show the significant influences on the relation between urban energy consumption and urban factors. The findings will be helpful for the formulation of relevant policies for urban planners and policy makers in different regions.

Includes bibliographical references (64 p.)
2 v. : ill., maps (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
The concept of sustainable development is explored with a focus upon water resources and urban development. Simulation of urban growth patterns and water resources management has been undertaken as part of the case study. The artificial Neural Networks technique has been employed to model regional water consumption.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999?

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Information Management, specialization in Knowledge Management and Business Intelligence
Nowadays, the concern with the environment is increasingly important, with energy being one of the sectors that have the highest impact on the environment. As such, the energy consumed by households is an area that has repercussions when it comes to reducing energy consumption. This consumption has different sources, for instance, the heating appliance. With the objective of reducing the energy consumed, this study integrates five factors emerged from the literature review to explain the change to an energy-efficient heating appliance (EEHA), namely: savings, label, operation and maintenance, co-benefits, and green self-identity, as well as green self-identity as moderator. Based on a sample of 1136 responses, this work reveals the significance of all factors for the attitude on heating equipment use, and all the factors excepting the direct effect of co-benefits for the behavior intention to change to an EEHA. The moderator influence of the green self-identity was also found: between the label and both behavior change, i.e., attitude on heating equipment use and behavior intention to change to an EEHA; and also between the operation and maintenance and both behavior change.
Atualmente, a preocupação com o meio ambiente é cada vez mais relevante, sendo a energia um dos setores que mais impactam o meio ambiente. Sendo assim, a energia consumida pelas habitações é uma área que tem importância na tentativa de redução do consumo de energia. Este consumo tem diferentes origens, por exemplo, o aparelho de aquecimento. Tendo como objetivo a redução da energia consumida, este estudo integra cinco fatores provenientes da revisão da literatura para explicar a mudança para um aquecimento energeticamente eficiente (AEE), nomeadamente: poupanças, etiqueta energética, operação e manutenção do equipamento, co-benefícios e autoidentidade verde, sendo que este último atua também como moderador. Com base numa amostra de 1136 respostas, este trabalho revela significância de todos os fatores para a atitude no uso do equipamento de aquecimento, e todos os fatores, exceto o efeito direto dos co-benefícios para a intenção de mudar para um AEE. A influência moderadora da auto-identidade verde também foi encontrada: entre a etiqueta energética e ambos os fatores de mudança de comportamento, ou seja, atitude sobre o uso do equipamento de aquecimento e intenção de mudança para AEE; e entre a operação e manutenção do equipamento e ambos os fatores de mudança de comportamento.

The purpose of this research was to assess the condition of open spaces, community perceptions, benefits, threats and challenges faced by open spaces within KwaDukuza. The research is regarded as important within the context of threats posed by uncontrolled development to urban biodiversity. Primary and secondary documentary sources on open spaces in the study area were consulted. Data was gathered through the use of a questionnaire, with a sample of 100 respondents; observation; structured interviews with key respondents and discussions with focus groups. The research revealed a consistent pattern of threatened urban biodiversity when compared with other studies. The main finding was that the open spaces were under severe strain and threat in the area of KwaDukuza due to development. There was a noted lack of knowledge about key tools meant to safeguard the environment. The study concluded by recommending community participation, education and an open space policy framework for KwaDukuza.
Geography
M.A. (Geography)

Este documento apresenta o trabalho realizado na dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia de Telecomunicações e Informática e descreve o desenvolvimento, validação e posterior implementação do sistema de Gestão Energética de Edifícios Públicos (GEEP), um sistema com infraestruturas "Internet of Things" (IoT) e comunicação "Long Range Wide Area Network" (LoRaWAN), capaz de monitorizar o consumo de energia em tempo real de edifícios públicos. É um sistema caracterizado pela flexibilidade, eficiência e simplicidade na recolha e armazenamento de dados energéticos, e ainda disponibiliza processos de análise de dados, apresentando uma visão geral de consumo ao longo do tempo, com identificação de padrões de consumo. Neste trabalho, foi projetado e feito todo o processo de desenvolvimento do sistema IoT GEEP, desde a fase de conceção da arquitetura do sistema até à fase de implementação; criado equipamentos de recolha de dados de energia consumida com o uso de placas eletrónicas Arduíno e sensores de transformadores de corrente (TC), transmitindo os dados recolhidos através do protocolo de comunicação LoRaWAN aplicado no campus do Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL). Todos os restantes processos passam por um microcomputador "Raspberry Pi" usado como servidor de aplicação, bem como aplicações em "cloud", "open-source" e sem licenças pagas, preparadas para visualização de "dashboards" em qualquer dispositivo móvel e computador com ligação à "internet". Todos os equipamentos físicos do sistemas são de baixo custo e fácil implementação, simplificando a sua utilização em diferentes ambientes, desde edifícios públicos, de diferentes dimensões e complexidade. Mas o principal propósito do sistema GEEP é demonstrar e informar utilizadores comuns, sem conhecimentos técnicos em eletricidade, o grau e quantidade de energia que consomem, por via de representações tridimensionais do local, gráficos e estatísticas, e desta forma dar mais informação para tentarem fazer um uso de energia mais sustentável e consciente.
This document presents the work done in the Master's thesis in Telecommunications and Informatics Engineering and describes the development, validation and subsequent implementation of the Public Buildings Energy Management (GEEP) System, a system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure and Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) communications, capable of monitoring the real time energy consumption of public buildings. It is a system characterised by flexibility, efficiency and simplicity with regards to the collection and storage of energy data, and also provides data analysis processes, presenting an overview of consumption over time, with identification of consumption patterns. In this work, the entire development process of the IoT GEEP system was designed and carried out, from the design phase of the system architecture to the implementation phase; equipment was created to collect energy consumption information using Arduino electronic boards and current transformer (CT) sensors, transmitting the data collected through the LoRaWAN network located in the campus of the Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL). All other processes pass through a Raspberry Pi microcomputer used as an application server, as well as applications in cloud, open-source, prepared for viewing dashboards on any mobile device and computer with internet connection. All the physical equipment of the system is low cost and easy to implement, simplifying its use in different public buildings of different dimensions and complexity. But the main purpose of the GEEP system is to demonstrate and inform common users, without technical knowledge in electricity, the degree and amount of energy they consume, by means of three-dimensional representations of the site, graphics and statistics, and thus give more information to try to make a more sustainable and conscious use of energy.