Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cities and towns – Data processing

Academic literature on the topic 'Cities and towns – Data processing'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cities and towns – Data processing"

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Grigonis, Vytautas, and Marija Burinskienė. "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ENERGY PLANNING OF CITIES AND TOWNS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2002.10531277.

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It is commonly accepted that sustainable development covers economic, social and ecological aspects and maintains vital exchange process between socioeconomic systems and natural environment. Interdisciplinary subjects emerge as a particular result of sustainable development. Energy planning is one of them. In the past inadequate technologies and inaccessible data limited many research activities. At present great progress is achieved in the fields mentioned above. The cheapest and most precise source of data the is recent register of real estate. Therefore it is possible to design a database for energy planning, where classification criteria could be selected and data could be summarized and structured according to these criteria. The possibilities to use these data would be provided in particular models. Using data processing programs could do it. Some examples are given how databases are used in energy planning and some suggestions how make necessary changes are presented in the article. It is also mentioned what kind of extra data are required to have a multidimensional database. Data are related with data processing programs in order to improve and accelerate accumulation of data. This, in turn, helps using data widely for energy planning.
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Horák, Jiří, Igor Ivan, Markéta Návratová, and Jiří Ardielli. "Searching for Czech towns by Google users." Geografie 118, no. 3 (2013): 284–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2013118030284.

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Selected web search engines provide statistics regarding user activities according to the topic, time, and optionally, location of the search. The statistics provided by Google Insights for Search (Google Trends) for the names of Czech cities as parts of online queries within a six-year period were explored and analysed according to their frequency and associated topics. This data is calibrated using a system of etalons. The distribution of Czech city search results between resident and non-resident users is estimated using associated topics and the location of the origin of the query. The frequency of search for Brno and Olomouc provide highly above-average results. Most of the other regional centres show a slightly above-average frequency of search. Ostrava, České Budějovice and Ústí nad Labem are among the below-average searched cities. The paper introduces a new data source, recommends its appropriate processing, explains pros and cons, and comments on possible issues.
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Cooke, Philip. "Silicon Valley Imperialists Create New Model Villages as Smart Cities in Their Own Image." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6020024.

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In her study of ‘Surveillance Capitalism’, Shoshana Zuboff cites Google’s parent firm Alphabet’s legal customer-purchase agreement for the parent firm’s Nest thermostats. These impose ‘oppressive privacy and security consequences’ requiring sensitive information to be shared through ‘Internet-of-Things’ (IoT) networks with other domestic and external devices, unnamed functionaries and various third parties. This is for data harvesting, analytics, processing, manipulation and transformation through digital re-sale to the same and other consumers in the form of unwanted, targeted advertising. The point of this identity ‘rendition’ is to massively augment corporate profits. It is but a short step from trapping the unwitting consumer in a ‘smart home’ to planning a similarly mediated ‘smart city’ aimed at further massively augmenting corporate profits. This is happening, as founders of digital media from Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon and Tesla either commission or become beneficiaries of ‘smart city’ planning. However, there is evidence that such imperiousness is increasingly countered by emerging democratic critique of these new ‘model villages’ or ‘company towns’.
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Muñoz-Abeledo, Luisa-María, María-Salomé Taboada-Mella, and Rosa-María Verdugo-Matés. "Determinantes de la participación femenina en el mercado de trabajo en la Galicia rural y urbana de 1924." Historia Agraria Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 79 (August 26, 2019): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.079e06m.

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This article provides new data on the female labour activity rate, obtained by analysing the determinants of female participation in rural and urban labour markets in Galicia in 1924. We selected five municipalities (two cities and three towns) to represent different economic models. The two larger hubs are A Coruña, a city with industry, services and a commercial port; and Ourense, a provincial capital in the interior of the region. The smaller, more rural municipalities analysed are Bueu, a good example of the region’s industrialization model focused on fishing, fish processing; Padrón, which combines agriculture, textiles, and tanning sectors; and Nigrán, which is eminently agrarian. By combining demographic data (Nominative Population Census of 1924) with other sources, this article corrects the female activity rate in agriculture and the fishprocessing industry. The revised female labour participation rates are higher, surpassing 50% in rural municipalities and 30% in cities. We also analyse rural and urban labour markets from a gender perspective, identifying the main male and female occupations. Finally, this research explores the accuracy of the predominance of the “male breadwinner” model in this region in the 1920s.
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Wallner, S., M. Kocifaj, L. Komar, and H. A. Solano-Lamphar. "Night-sky imaging as a potential tool for characterization of total lumen output from small and medium-sized cities." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 4 (May 6, 2020): 5008–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa925.

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ABSTRACT In this article, the asymptotic formula developed in past work and applied to predict skyglow due to distant sources was evolved, with the objective of characterizing small and medium-sized cities in the observer's surroundings. To enable this, a combination of theoretical computations and in situ measurements is needed, aiming to distinguish between dominant and smaller light-emitting sources, with the latter usually being camouflaged when measuring the night sky. Furthermore, for numerical modelling of skyglow, few of the most important parameters, specifically the amount of total lumens installed and radiated to the upward hemisphere, can be derived. Astronomical observatories, in particular, can profit from this concept, since they are usually situated far away from large cities but can still be surrounded by smaller villages and towns. We present a detailed description of how theoretical computations are combined with all-sky photometry in order to obtain the properties mentioned. Results are compared with satellite data, showing that, regarding approximations undertaken for processing, they are comparable, underlining the functionality of our approach. The idea of including in situ observations enables us to quantify the impact of small and medium-sized cities globally and independent of location, as long as measurements were conducted outside light domes. In addition, the presented work may be of major interest to the light-pollution community if conducting long-term observations of cities, since the quality of commonly used satellite data is going to decrease in the future, due to blindness in short wavelengths and upcoming conversions of public lighting systems to blue-enlightened LEDs.
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Belyaeva, Olga, and Valentin Pryamichkin. "Strategic Approach to Tourism Development in Small Towns." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 1 (April 2022): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2022.1.12.

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The article analyzes the problems and directions of implementing a strategic approach to the development of tourism in small towns. In the context of the development of the supporting spatial frame of the country, an objective need arose to study the tourism sector as a tool for economic growth and improving the well-being of the population of small towns. The aim of the work is to identify the features of applying a strategic approach to the development of the tourism sector in small towns by assessing their current state in Russia, as well as developing ways to improve the process of strategizing the tourism sector. General scientific methods of synthesis, analysis, systematization, statistical data processing are applied. The most successful urban practices of strategic development of tourism are considered: Ples, Suzdal, Torzhok. It is shown that in order to achieve economic growth, it is possible to turn the city into a tourist destination. Based on the study of scientific and expert opinions, as well as an analysis of the actual strategies of cities, the authors proposed a model to ensure the sustainable development of tourism in small towns, which includes the following strategic factors: strategy or master plan of the city; comfortable urban environment; project and cluster approach; territory brand; involvement of government, business and local community; socially responsible tourism and ecology. The types of tourism are summarized, and recommendations are developed for the formation of strategic factors for ensuring the sustainable development of the tourism sector. An important direction should be a strategic approach to the development of small towns in order to ensure the interconnection and interconnection of the main documents of strategic planning and socio-economic development at all levels. The practical value of the study is that the developed recommendations can be used by local governments at the stages of development and implementation of urban tourism development strategies.
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Caldera, Savindi, Sherif Mostafa, Cheryl Desha, and Sherif Mohamed. "Exploring the Role of Digital Infrastructure Asset Management Tools for Resilient Linear Infrastructure Outcomes in Cities and Towns: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 11965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111965.

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Linear infrastructure such as roads, railways, bridges and tunnels enable critical functionality within and between metropolitan and regional cities and towns, facilitating the movement of goods and services, as part of vibrant, thriving economies. However, these asset types are typically challenged by costly asset management schedules and continually eroding maintenance and refurbishment budgets. These challenges are compounded by the increasing frequency and intensity of disruptive events such as fire, floods, and storm-surge that can damage or destroy property. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG-9) highlights the urgent need for enabling evidence-based decision making for infrastructure asset management (IAM). Around the world, digital engineering (DE) efforts are underway to streamline the capture, processing, and visualization of data for IAM information requirements, towards timely and evidence-based decision support that enables resilient infrastructure outcomes. However, there is still limited understanding about which IAM information can be digitized and the types of tools that can be used. This study sought to address this knowledge gap, through reviewing the extent of available and emerging linear infrastructure related DE technologies and their IAM information requirements. A systematic literature review elicited 101 relevant conceptual and empirical papers, which were subsequently evaluated with regard to the extent and characteristics of digital infrastructure asset management tools. Findings are discussed using three themes that emerged from the analysis: (1) DE tools and their IAM asset information requirements; (2) Interoperability and integration of DE tools across IAM platforms; and (3) Application of DE tools to enable resilient linear infrastructure outcomes. A ‘Digital Technology Integration Matrix’ is presented as an immediately useful summary for government and industry decision-makers, particularly in the field of disaster management preparedness and recovery. The Matrix communicates the synthesis of tools and likely end-users, to support effective data gathering and processing towards more timely and cost-effective infrastructure asset management. The authors conclude with a research roadmap for academics, including recommendations for future investigation.
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Chen, Li, Ian Grimstead, Daniel Bell, Joni Karanka, Laura Dimond, Philip James, Luke Smith, and Alistair Edwardes. "Estimating Vehicle and Pedestrian Activity from Town and City Traffic Cameras." Sensors 21, no. 13 (July 3, 2021): 4564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134564.

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Traffic cameras are a widely available source of open data that offer tremendous value to public authorities by providing real-time statistics to understand and monitor the activity levels of local populations and their responses to policy interventions such as those seen during the COrona VIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This paper presents an end-to-end solution based on the Google Cloud Platform with scalable processing capability to deal with large volumes of traffic camera data across the UK in a cost-efficient manner. It describes a deep learning pipeline to detect pedestrians and vehicles and to generate mobility statistics from these. It includes novel methods for data cleaning and post-processing using a Structure SImilarity Measure (SSIM)-based static mask that improves reliability and accuracy in classifying people and vehicles from traffic camera images. The solution resulted in statistics describing trends in the ‘busyness’ of various towns and cities in the UK. We validated time series against Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras across North East England, showing a close correlation between our statistical output and the ANPR source. Trends were also favorably compared against traffic flow statistics from the UK’s Department of Transport. The results of this work have been adopted as an experimental faster indicator of the impact of COVID-19 on the UK economy and society by the Office for National Statistics (ONS).
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Espejel-García, Daphne, Luis Ricardo Ortíz-Anchondo, Cornelio Alvarez-Herrera, Alfonso Hernandez-López, Vanessa Verónica Espejel-García, and Alejandro Villalobos-Aragón. "An Alternative Vehicle Counting Tool Using the Kalman Filter within MATLAB." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 11 (December 10, 2017): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-030935.

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This study proposes an alternative and economical tool to estimate traffic densities, via video-image processing adapting the Kalman filter included in the Matlab code. Traffic information involves acquiring data for long periods of time at stationary points. Vehicle counting is vital in modern transport studies, and can be achieved by using different techniques, such as manual counts, use of pneumatic tubes, magnetic sensors, etc. In this research however, automatic vehicle detection was achieved using image processing, because it is an economical and sometimes even faster option. Commercial automatic vehicle detection and tracking programs/applications already exist, but their use is typically prohibitive due to their high cost. Large cities can obtain traffic recordings from surveillance cameras and process the information, but it is difficult for smaller towns without such infrastructure or even assigned budget. The proposed tool was developed taking into consideration these difficult situations, and it only requires users to have access to a fixed video camera placed at an elevated point (e.g. a pedestrian bridge or a light pole) and a computer with a powerful processor; the images are processed automatically through the Kalman filter code within Matlab. The Kalman filter predicts random signals, separates signals from random noise or detects signals with the presence of noise, minimizing the estimated error. It needs nevertheless some adjustments to focus it for vehicle counting. The proposed algorithm can thus be adapted to fit the users’ necessities and even the camera’s position. The use of this algorithm allows to obtain traffic data and may help small cities´ decision makers dealing with present and future urban planning and the design or installment of transportation systems.
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Sidorova, V. Yu. "Problems of farm animals’ ecological keeping in cities." Agrarian science, no. 12 (January 17, 2023): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-365-12-35-40.

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Relevance. On the areas of many cities and suburbs farm animals, which include pigs, quails, sheep, and even cows, are kept. Despite environmental complexity of this problem, it can be successfully solved, otherwise it will become a challenge for modern consumer society. The main ecology problem of the urban environment at farm animals keeping in cities is their biowaste and qustions of its disposal and processing. Methods. The method of this study is scientific analysis of literary data, GOST standards, SNIPS, technical regulations and own research and observations in the conditions of existing enterprises for the maintenance of animals in the urban environment. Results. According to Rosstat, in 2020 in Moscow 1,3 thousand tons of livestock and poultry of all kinds were raised, including 0,5 thousand tons of cattle; 0,013 thousand tons of pigs; 0,8 thousand tons of sheep and goats; 0,015 thousand tons of poultry. In 2021, sheep and goats production here increased by 20,3 %. For comparison, in Sevastopol, “only” 0,7 thousand tons of livestock and poultry of all kinds were raised, including 0,313 thousand tons of cattle; 0,251 thousand tons of pigs; 0,1 thousand tons of sheep and goats; 0,1 thousand tons of poultry of all kinds. Houses and enterprises built according to “green” environmental standards and new technologies reduce the thermal (carbon) footprint generated by keeping animals in the cities with coatings and building materials’ help. At present there are other technologies with high environmental friendliness, such as ergonomic air ventilation and heating’s systems. The biowaste’s recycling, composting, incineration, burying practice, as well as investments made in the cities urban environment ecology industry bear fruits, and this sector is now developing by 3,5 times faster than other agricultural sectors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cities and towns – Data processing"

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Chittineni, Ruparani. "Discrete representation of urban areas through simplification of digital elevation data." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2003. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-12172002-212246.

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Baigent, Elizabeth. "Bristol society in the later eighteenth century with special reference to the handling by computer of fragmentary historical sources." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1c29c607-abe8-486b-9694-e11682413a3a.

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There has been little interest in eighteenth century urban history in England and particularly in the significance of patterns of urban social structure during the transition from a traditional to a modern society. One reason for this is the intractable and fragmentary nature of the sources for this precensus period. In this study three types of source, a town directory, a Parliamentary Poll Book and the city rate and national tax returns for Bristol in 1774/5, were collated using nominal record linkage techniques to give a body of information which covered 80% of the city's heads of household. With the use of this database and various computer techniques occupation, sex, wealth, place of residence and voting allegiance were analysed. The results suggest that a professional or leisured suburban group was by this date well established in distinct areas of the city. The supremacy of the traditional élite, the overseas merchants, was challenged by this group, although the merchants themselves were in part joining the suburban dwellers. Poorer Bristolians still concentrated in dockside parishes and in parts of the city which were becoming increasingly unfashionable and homogeneous as the richer men moved out, though this process was not very far advanced and there was still a degree of mixing in the older city parishes. The economic structure of the city was changing with increased emphasis on services, professions and distribution. This increased disparities in wealth within the city and between the city and its hinterland and gave the ability to the rich to further their isolation from the poor by moving to the suburbs. The 1774 election pointed to the continuing importance of traditional influences (here of religion) In society, but also confirmed suggestions that the professions and distributors were drawing away from the mass of the populace. A revision of previous interpretations of the nature of Bristol society is necessary to accommodate this growing and important group - the emergent middle class. The thesis shows that a comprehensive computer-based study can make usable dubious sources (in particular fiscal records) and use them to revise interpretations of English urban communities at this date.
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Yeung, Kwok-wai Albert, and 楊國偉. "A photogrammetric land information system for urban analysis: a study of the development of Kowloon from1964 to 1979." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31231445.

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Greenberg, Joshua David. "Analysis of urban-rural gradients using satellite data /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5498.

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Ramesh, Sathya Dong Pinliang. "High resolution satellite images and LiDAR data for small-area building extraction and population estimation." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12188.

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Chandiwana, Takauya. "An assessment of citizen benefits of enterprise resource planning systems in municipalities." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1364.

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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY in the Faculty of INFORMATICS AND DESIGN at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013
In this information age, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system implementation simplifies complexities within organisational heterogeneous Information Systems (IS). Following the early era of computerisation, ERP systems were designed to provide a formal integration of the whole enterprise with a business focussed approach to the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). With the advent of ERP systems, organisations in industry have invested substantially in these systems to assist and augment their ability to form more effective management of their resources across corporate walls and business functions through an integration of information and operations. In the public sector, governments at all levels have also turned to ERP systems to address their needs. As such, ERP implementation has become a new solution that many public institutions are venturing into, based on the evidence of benefits in the commercial sector. However, in the public sector, ERP systems should not be focussed on just internal organisational benefits. Due cognisance must be given, during design and implementation, to the citizen, who is the key public sector beneficiary. The benefits from ERP systems implementation and utilisation are well researched and documented by various scholars. However research has mainly focused on the private sector. Given the growing importance of ERP systems in the public sector it has become imperative to advance understanding in the arena of government with regards to public ERP system implementation and utilisation. Thus, an important question that warrants investigation is: ―What are the benefits for the citizen when ERP systems are implemented by municipalities?‖ The empirical work reported in this research investigated, via an in-depth case study, how the citizen benefits from ERP implementations in municipalities. Fifteen respondents, who are employees the City of Cape Town Municipality, were interviewed. Their interview transcripts, together with the other supporting documents they supplied and information from the City‘s website, were analysed through hermeneutical analysis. The analysis of the data was facilitated by the use of Atlas.ti, a computer-aided qualitative analysis software tool. Four key findings emanated from the analysis.  Indirect ERP-system benefits: The benefits in this category denoted those benefits that are generically found in any ERP system regardless of it being implemented in a private or public enterprise setup.  Direct citizen benefits: These are the benefits that are noticeable and directly extended to the citizens even without the knowledge of the existence of the ERP system.  Effective ERP system benefits management: This finding elaborated how the ERP system can be sustainably managed to ensure that it delivers maximum benefits to the citizens in a long term.  Efficient and effective use of public money: This finding explained the outcomes of utilising the ERP system, specifically in public enterprises, such as municipalities. The findings of this study are important in that they would assist to articulate and improve the business cases when municipalities commence with planning for ERP system acquisition. This is especially important given the high cost related to ERP system implementation. More importantly, the findings provide a basis for the identification of citizen benefits which are related to ERP system implementation. This provides municipal management a frame within which to improve the on-going management of ERP systems. The findings thus support improved ERP system benefits management and which would in turn ensure improved service delivery to the citizenry.
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Ramesh, Sathya. "High Resolution Satellite Images and LiDAR Data for Small-Area Building Extraction and Population Estimation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12188/.

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Population estimation in inter-censual years has many important applications. In this research, high-resolution pan-sharpened IKONOS image, LiDAR data, and parcel data are used to estimate small-area population in the eastern part of the city of Denton, Texas. Residential buildings are extracted through object-based classification techniques supported by shape indices and spectral signatures. Three population indicators -building count, building volume and building area at block level are derived using spatial joining and zonal statistics in GIS. Linear regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models generated using the three variables and the census data are used to estimate population at the census block level. The maximum total estimation accuracy that can be attained by the models is 94.21%. Accuracy assessments suggest that the GWR models outperformed linear regression models due to their better handling of spatial heterogeneity. Models generated from building volume and area gave better results. The models have lower accuracy in both densely populated census blocks and sparsely populated census blocks, which could be partly attributed to the lower accuracy of the LiDAR data used.
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Fleming, Nicholas S. "Sustainability and water resources management for the northern Adelaide Plains, South Australia / Nicholas S. Fleming." 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19525.

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Includes bibliographical references (64 p.)
2 v. : ill., maps (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
The concept of sustainable development is explored with a focus upon water resources and urban development. Simulation of urban growth patterns and water resources management has been undertaken as part of the case study. The artificial Neural Networks technique has been employed to model regional water consumption.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999?
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Manyanga, Siyabonga Siyanda Sabelo. "Understanding the implications of information and communication technology (ICT) for local governance : the example of eThekwini Municipality, Durban." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2255.

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Santos, Francisco Gonçalves Palma Barão dos. "Data ingestion in Smart Cities." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/95527.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
A rápida expansão das áreas urbanas e os rápidos avanços da tecnologia levaram ao entrelaçamento tecnológico das cidades, tornando-as dependentes em uma variedade de setores dos sistemas que as controlam. Com os diversos setores de uma cidade sendo controlados por máquinas, a necessidade de monitorá-los aumentou, dando-se a oportunidade de centralizar as informações para que os líderes da cidade pudessem tomar decisões mais coerentes e lógicas. As chamadas Cidades Inteligentes estão em constante evolução, trazendo novos dispositivos de Internet das Coisas e novas fontes de dados, gerando cada vez mais informações com o passar dos anos. O principal problema com essa evolução exponencial é que os sistemas de ingestão antigos não conseguem lidar com o aumento na quantidade de dados gerados.Este trabalho teve em vista o problema de ingestão da Plataforma Urbana da Ubiwhere e teve como objetivo propor um sistema que permite a coleta de dados das diferentes fontes que a Ubiwhere tem e pode ter no futuro, enquanto fornece processamento e entrega quase em tempo real.O seguinte documento propõe uma arquitetura para resolver o problema da Ubiwhere na coleta e processamento de dados de diferentes fontes de Smart City com ênfase na análise das diferentes opções para resolver o problema de ingestão de dados.Além disso, esta tese descreve o mecanismo de Regras desenvolvido para permitir que os usuários forneçam suas próprias regras personalizadas para que as comparações de dados em tempo real possam ser feitas em diferentes conjuntos de dados para uma tomada de decisão mais preventiva e eficiente com base no resultado dos limites definidos pelo utilizador.Por último, mas não menos importante, demonstramos nossa solução usando um caso de uso de Smart Cities do mundo real, particularmente nos setores de tráfego.
The swift expansion of urban areas and the rapid advances of technology, led to the technological entanglement of cities, making them dependent in a variety of sectors on the systems that control them. With the different sectors in a city becoming controlled by machines, the need to monitor them has increased giving rise to an opportunity to have the information centralized so that city leaders can take more coherent and logical decisions. These so-called Smart Cities have been in constant evolution bringing about new Internet of Things devices and new data sources generating more and more information as the years go by. The main issue with this exponential evolution is that legacy ingestion systems cannot cope with the rise in the amount of data that is generated.This work had in view Ubiwhere´s Urban Platform ingestion issue and aimed to propose a system that allows the gathering of data from the different sources that Ubiwhere has and may have in the future whilst providing near real-time processing and delivery.The following document proposes an architecture to solve Ubiwhere´s problem in collecting and processing data from different Smart City sources with emphasis on the analysis of the different options to solve the problem of data ingestion.Additionally, this thesis describes the Rule mechanism developed for allowing users to provide their own custom rules so that real-time data comparisons can be made given different data sets for more preemptive and efficient decision making based on the result of the user-defined thresholds.Last but not least, we demonstrate our solution using a real-world Smart Cities use case namely in the sectors of Traffic.
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Books on the topic "Cities and towns – Data processing"

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Division, United States General Accounting Office Accounting and Information Management. Reported Y2K status of the 21 largest U.S. cities. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Reported Y2K status of the 21 largest U.S. cities. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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Dinámica de los sistemas urbanos: El modelo de Forrester. Buenos Aires: OIKOS, 1985.

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Urban dynamics. Waltham, Mass: Pegasus Communications, 1999.

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Martínez-Martín, Javier Alberto. Monitoring intra-urban inequalities with GIS-based indicators: With a case study in Rosario, Argentina = Monitoren van ongelijkheid binnen steden met op GIS gebaseerde indicatoren : met een gevalstudie in Rosario, Argentinië. Utrecht]: Utrecht University, 2005.

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Easterling, Keller. American town plans: A comparative time line. New York, N.Y: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993.

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editor, Zreik K., ed. Nouvelles cartographies, nouvelles villes: HyperUrbain 2. Paris, France: Europia, 2010.

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BASIC microcomputer programs for urban analysis and planning. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1985.

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An introduction to urban geographic information systems. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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Cartwright, Timothy J. The management of human settlements in developing countries: Case studies in the application of microcomputers. London: Routledge, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cities and towns – Data processing"

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Badidi, Elarbi, Nouf El Neyadi, Meera Al Saeedi, Fatima Al Kaabi, and Muthucumaru Maheswaran. "Building a Data Pipeline for the Management and Processing of Urban Data Streams." In Handbook of Smart Cities, 379–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97271-8_15.

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Adimoolam, M., A. John, N. M. Balamurugan, and T. Ananth Kumar. "Green ICT Communication, Networking and Data Processing." In Green Computing in Smart Cities: Simulation and Techniques, 95–124. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48141-4_6.

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Sharma, Sandeep K., N. Gayathri, S. Rakesh Kumar, C. Ramesh, Abhishek Kumar, and Rajiv Kumar Modanval. "Green ICT, Communication, Networking, and Data Processing." In Green Computing in Smart Cities: Simulation and Techniques, 151–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48141-4_8.

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Emaldi, Mikel, Oscar Peña, Jon Lázaro, and Diego López-de-Ipiña. "Linked Open Data as the Fuel for Smarter Cities." In Modeling and Processing for Next-Generation Big-Data Technologies, 443–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09177-8_18.

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Akram Zaytar, Mohamed, Chaker El Amrani, Abderrahman El Kharrim, Mohamed Ben Ahmed, and Mohammed Bouhorma. "A Data Processing System to Monitor Emissions from Thermal Plants in Morocco." In Innovations in Smart Cities and Applications, 175–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74500-8_16.

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Wahyudi, Agung, Ricardo Matheus, and Marijn Janssen. "Benefits and Challenges of a Reference Architecture for Processing Statistical Data." In Digital Nations – Smart Cities, Innovation, and Sustainability, 462–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68557-1_41.

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Sanghavi, Jay, Devshree Jadeja, Veerangi Mehta, Abhi Vakil, Jahnavi Lalwani, and Manan Shah. "Online Stream Processing and Multimedia-Oriented IoT: Tools for Sustainable Development of Smart Cities." In Studies in Big Data, 147–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0924-5_10.

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Amirghasemi, Mehrdad, Ekin Arin, Rasmus Frisk, and Pascal Perez. "ArkiCity: Analysing the Object Detection Performance of Cloud-Based Image Processing Services Using Crowdsourced Data." In Computational Intelligence Techniques for Green Smart Cities, 381–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96429-0_18.

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Oprea, Simona-Vasilica, Gabriela (ENE) Dobriţa, Anca-Alexandra Ducman, and Cătălin Ceaparu. "Multi-Processing Data Analysis for the Residential Load Flexibility in Smart Cities." In Digital Economy and New Value Creation, 183–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07265-9_15.

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Flaut, Daniel, and Enache Tuşa. "Some Remarks on Social Life in Romanian Towns and Cities in the 1930s, Based on Statistical Data." In Models and Theories in Social Systems, 223–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00084-4_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cities and towns – Data processing"

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Moskvichev, V. V., U. S. Postnikova, and O. V. Taseiko. "Cluster analysis and individual anthropogenic risk." In Spatial Data Processing for Monitoring of Natural and Anthropogenic Processes 2021. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25743/sdm.2021.54.88.063.

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Models and assessment methods of anthropogenic risk are analyzed at this article, general basis of mathematical approach for risk analysis is disclosed. Based on multivariate statistic methods, algorithm of analysis for Siberian territories safety is formulated, it allows to define acceptable level of risk for each territorial group (cities with population density more than 70 000, towns with population less than 70 000, and municipals areas).
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Rokita-Poskart, Diana. "What universities towns and cities gain from students’ retention? Evidence from Opole." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-3.

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The purpose of the study is to investigate the long run consequences of graduate’s retention by university towns and cities. It investigates hypothesis that the inflow of students to the university towns and cities among who dominate women, and their prosper to remain after graduation, cause surpluses of young women. The analysis presented in the article was conducted for Opole which is one of university towns in Opolskie Voivideship (region) in Poland. In the article, there were combined data applied – the results of the research was conducted in Opole among students and a range on statistic database from Opolskie Voivideship. The research has been conducted in 2016/2017 among more than 700 students of last academic years from all universities located in Opole. The data origins from Poland Statistics aggregated to the poviats of Opolskie region which are equivalent LAU-1. The most important findings proved that inflow of students to the towns and cities may create a huge demographic impact on the urban areas as some graduates remain in the university towns and cities after graduation. The most important is the fact that there are mostly younger women in working age population which affects the demographic potential of the urban area.
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Timinskas, Edgaras, and Migle Davicijonaite. "How to prepare engineering data and graphic systems for smart country." In The 13th International Conference on Engineering and Computer Graphics BALTGRAF-13. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/baltgraf.2015.012.

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Currently technologies reached the level which allows to create Smart Cities. And if all the cities, towns and villages become smart in this case, perhaps the whole country can be called a Smart Country. In a Smart City all infrastructure data is important but it is not enough, you need to know what to do with this data. Its purpose is to save money and to create additional value for the country.
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Zhang, Ye, Xiangya Xie, and Jie Zhang. "Exploring transformation of small and medium-sized historical towns in China with network analysis and user-generated open data." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6000.

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Ye ZHANG1, Xiangya XIE2, Jie ZHANG2 1 Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566 2 School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China E-mail: akizy@nus.edu.sg; xiexy15@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn; zjzhangjie@tinsghua.edu.cn Keywords (3-5): urban transformation, small and medium-sized historical Chinese cities, big data While an increasing number of research on transformation and conservation of historical areas of major Chinese cities have been witnessed in recent years (e.g. Whitehand et al, 2011; Whitehand et al 2014; Whitehand et al 2016, among many others), endeavours to studying more ordinary and small and medium-sized historical towns in China are rare. In the near future, those historical towns will be confronted with a new wave of developments, given that urbanisation of small and medium-sized cities and towns is high on China’s 13th five-year plan (2016-2020). This will pose a serious challenge to the conservation of their already vulnerable traditional urban fabric. This study aims to develop an accurate description of the transformation of built form, in particular street and block patterns, of the small and medium-sized historical towns, and how this is associated with the change of spatial distribution of urban activities. A total number of 36 towns in Zhejiang province, China are selected as case studies. Transformation of the urban fabric is examined based on cartographical maps of different historical periods using combined methods of urban network analysis and field survey. A large amount of user-generated geo-referenced open data, such as social media reviews, point-of-interest mapping, microblogs and night time illumination maps, are harnessed to produce a detailed description of urban activity patterns, of which the relationships to the transformation of urban form are investigated using multi-variate regression models. The results show how basic built form parameters such as spatial integration, between-ness centrality, block size and block depth can effectively and accurately describe the transformation of the small and medium-sized historical towns and how the formal changes are linked to the geographical shift of different urban activities. In which ways the findings can inform decision making in urban conservation practice to better address the tension between conservation and developments is discussed at the end.References: Whitehand Jeremy WR, Gu Kai, and Whitehand Susan M. (2011). "Fringe belts and socioeconomic change in China." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 38 (1):41-60 Whitehand Jeremy WR, Gu Kai, Conzen Michael P, and Whitehand Susan M. (2014). "The typological process and the morphological period: a cross-cultural assessment." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 41 (3):512-533. Whitehand Jeremy WR, Conzen Michael P, and Gu Kai. 2016. "Plan analysis of historical cities: a Sino-European comparison." Urban Morphology 20 (2):139-158.
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Yun, Qiu, Bao-yan Shan, and Kai-fang Fan. "Spatial analysis of land use structure and levels of economic development of cities and towns in Shandong Province." In 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data Analysis (ICCCBDA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccbda.2017.7951961.

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Kotb, Yehia, Mouhammad Alakkoumi, and Hassan Kanj. "Sensor Network Data Processing in Smart Cities." In 2021 International Conference on Control, Automation and Diagnosis (ICCAD). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccad52417.2021.9638767.

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Hong, Hao, and Jianjiang Yu. "Probe into the high-quality development path of towns from the perspective of configuration: fuzzy-sets qualitative comparative analysis based on 40 towns in Yancheng City." In International Conference on Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, and Data Processing (ICCAID 2021), edited by Feng Wu, Jinping Liu, and Yanping Chen. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2631118.

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de Camargo Magano, Fernanda, and Kelly Rosa Braghetto. "Abstracting Big Data Processing Tools for Smart Cities." In 2018 IEEE 37th International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems Workshops (SRDSW). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/srdsw.2018.00014.

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Bonino, Dario, Federico Rizzo, Claudio Pastrone, Jose Angel Carvajal Soto, Matts Ahlsen, and Mathias Axling. "Block-based realtime big-data processing for smart cities." In 2016 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isc2.2016.7580768.

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Nandury, Satyanarayana V., and Beneyaz A. Begum. "Big data for smart grid operation in smart cities." In 2017 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wispnet.2017.8300013.

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Reports on the topic "Cities and towns – Data processing"

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Donati, Kelly, and Nick Rose. Growing Edible Cities and Towns: A Survey of the Victorian Urban Agriculture Sector. Sustain: The Australian Food Network, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57128/miud6079.

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This report presents findings from a survey of urban agriculture practitioners in greater Melbourne (including green wedge areas), Bendigo, Ballarat and Geelong. The findings provide baseline data regarding the composition, activities, market channels, challenges, needs and aspirations of the urban agriculture sector, as well as opportunities for its support and growth. The report also proposes a roadmap for addressing critical challenges that face the sector and for building on the strength of its social and environmental commitments, informed by the survey findings and relevant academic literature on urban agriculture. This report’s findings and recommendations are of relevance to policymakers at all levels of government, especially as food security, climate change, human and ecological health and urban sustainability emerge as key interconnected priorities in this challenging decade.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Poland. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nepl.2020.12.

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The report outlines the evolution of the labour market situation of young people in Poland between 2009 and 2019. Particular attention was paid to describe how the situation has changed across different age subgroups and degree of urbanization. The analysis includes descriptive statistics of the selected labour market indicators (employment and unem-ployment rate, NEET rate) along with educational and population data extracted from the Eurostat public datasets. The report shows that youth population in Poland has been declining over the past decade, especially in cities and rural areas. Labour market situation of young Poles worsened in the aftermath of financial and economic crisis. Since 2013 is has improved considerably. In 2019,the unemployment rate was below the pre-recession level and the lowest since the political and economic transformation. The pattern of labour market situation evolution was similar across all age subgroups and degrees of urbanisation, although those from the younger sub-groups were more vulnerable to economic fluctuations. In 2019, the difference between rural and urban areas in the unemployment level was minor. The employment rate and the NEET rate, however, was clearly higher in cities which suggests that many of those living in towns and rural areas remain outside the labour force. The level of school dropouts among youth is one of the lowest in the EU and has been relatively stable over the past decade. It is slightly higher in towns and rural areas than in cities, but the difference is not significant.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Spain. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nres.2020.12.

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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Spain. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling propor-tional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail.The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets.In the last ten years (2009 - 2019) a significant portion of the Spanish youth population has migrated from rural areas to cities and towns. This migration trend could be explained by the economic crisis which impacted upon Spain from 2008 onwards. Data shown in this report makes visible the vulnerability of rural NEET youth to these downturns from 2009 to 2013. In line with this, Early-school leaving (ESLET) and unemployment rates in rural areas were more pronounced in 2013 and the following years for rural youth in comparison with youth living in urban areas and towns. However, in the last two years (2017-2019) there has been a sharp decrease in these indicators placing youth living rural areas, on average, in line with the rest (i.e., an average NEET youth rate in Spain 15% versus 16% for rural areas).
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Croatia. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrhr.2020.12.

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This report presents the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) in Croatia, aged between 15 and 34 years old, in the period from 2009 until 2019. To achieve this goal, the report utilised indicators of youth population, youth em-ployment and unemployment, education and NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criteria, enabling comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further collapsed into age sub-groups and, when possible, in sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involved des-criptive longitudinal analysis, using figures (e.g., line charts) as well as the calculation of abso-lute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019 and 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the indicators evolution before and after the economic crisis that hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years has been decreasing in Croatia. Youth unemployment was marked by two distinct periods, one from 2009 to 2013 (with higher rates of youth unemployment) and another from 2013 to 2019 (with the decrease in unemployment rates, with lower unemployment rates in ci-ties and higher in towns and suburbs and rural areas). In the field of education, however, there has been a decrease of the Croatian population with lower levels of education and an increase of the proportion of those with higher educational attainment. Finally, the propor-tion of NEETs in Croatia is higher in rural areas compared to cities and towns and suburbs, revealing territorial inequalities in access to employment and education opportunities.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Portugal. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrpt.2020.12.

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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural youths Neither in Employment, nor in Edu-cation or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Portugal. To do this, the report portrays indicators of: youth population; youth em-ployment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopts the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, thereby enabling propor-tional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail.The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years has been increasing in Portugal. Although the youth unemployment rate is higher in cities, rural areas faced more difficulties in overcoming the effects of the crisis, particularly among young adults aged over 25 years. In the field of education, however, there was an absolute and relative reduction in the proportion of young people with lower qualifications compared with young people in early school leavers in rural areas between 2009-2019, even though it still remains well above the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Portugal is higher in rural areas, in all age groups with available data, compared to cities and towns and suburbs, thereby revealing territorial in-equalities in access to employment and education opportunities.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Bulgaria. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.ndbg.2020.12.

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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bulgaria. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; you-th employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characteri-sation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the indi-cators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years has been increasing in Bulgaria. Although the youth unemployment rate is higher in cities, rural areas faced more difficulties in overcoming the effects of the crisis, particularly among young adults aged over 25 years. In the field of education, however, there was an absolute and relative reduction in the proportion of young people with lower qualifications compared with young people in early school leavers in rural areas between 2009-2019, even though it still remains well above the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strate-gy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bulgaria is higher in rural areas, in all age groups with available data, compared to cities and towns and suburbs, thereby revealing territorial inequalities in access to employment and education opportunities
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Serbia. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrrs.2020.12.

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The situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2010-2019) in Serbia is presen-ted in this report. The main criterion for analysis was the degree of urbanisation, where the comparison was done between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities, and the whole country. The data available on EUROSTAT and the national Statistical office of Serbia were used as main resources for statistical interpretation. The statistical procedures used in the report rely on descriptive longitudinal analysis, using graphical displays (e.g. overlay line charts) as well as the calculation of proportional abso-lute and relative changes between observed years. The analysis of the youth population in Serbia aged 15-24 years in total as well as the youth population for different degrees of urbaisation, for the period 2010-2019, showed a de-creasing trend. In the period 2014-2019 (which is with available data for the case of Serbia) it can be ob-served that the youth employment rate is increasing in all areas of urbanisation. In contrast to the employment, the level of unemployment in Serbia is constantly decreasing in the period 2014-2019. This trend is similar for all three areas of urbanisation.The decrease in the number of early school leavers is registered in the case of entire Serbia, cities, and rural areas. The only trend of increasing of early school leavers’ rate is recorded for the towns and suburbs, for the observed period 2014-2019.In the period 2010-2019, the NEET rate is declining in Serbia for all three degrees of ur-banisation. In comparison to EU countries, Serbia is still significantly above the European average, but with a tendency of reducing the gap.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Germany. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrde.2020.12.

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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Germany. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characte-risation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years significantly increa-sed between 2009 and 2012 and then decreased slightly until 2019. The youth employment rate in Germany is generally increasing, and is at all times significantly higher in rural areas than in cities, towns and suburbs. The reverse trend applies to youth unemployment, which generally decreased in the observed period and which is at all times lowest in rural areas. A look at educational attainment levels showed a slight decline in rural areas of low educated persons between 2009 and 2019, while the proportion of rural youth with medium and high education slightly increased. At the same time, the proportion of early school leavers in rural areas after an increase until 2011, fell sharply and reached the 2009 level again by 2019. Be-ing 9% in 2019, it remains, at least in rural areas, slightly below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Germany is lower in rural areas in all age classes and as a whole decreased significantly from 2009 to 2019.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Montenegro. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrme.2020.12.

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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Edu-cation or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Montenegro. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling propor-tional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that between 2011 and 2019, the youth population aged 15 to 29 years has been decreasing in Montenegro. Youth unemployment in rural areas is more noticeable, even though the youth unemployment rate is higher in cities. In the field of education, however, there was an absolute and relative reduction in the proportion of young people with lower qualifications and young people in the category of early school leavers in rural areas between 2011-2019. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Montenegro is higher in rural areas, compared to urban regions, thus revealing territorial inequalities in access to employment and education opportunities.
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National reports 2009-2019 - Rural NEET across Europe (14 countries reports). OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nr14.2020.12.

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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: you-th population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central cri-terion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from ILOSTAT explorer public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 youth population in both rural and urban areas decreased. In general, a strong decline in youth population was observed within all categories, with the most significant decrease within the age group 25-29 (21.57%) and 15-19 (20.35%). Youth employment has tended to decrease overall, and the decrease is stron-ger within rural regions. Interestingly, youth unemployment has also tended to decrease, and a significantly higher share of unemployed youth is from rural regions. A somewhat similar trend is observed in the field of education where the number of those enrolled significantly decreased during the observed period for all education levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ESLET rate tended to decrease, while the proportion of the female po-pulation tends to have higher ESLET levels compared to the male population. However, the ESLET rate is still below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bosnia and Herzegovina is higher in rural areas, while in general the tendency has been for it to decrease during the observed period.
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