Journal articles on the topic 'Cities and towns, ancient – congresses'
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1
Zhou, Hong, Guo Zheng Wu, and Dong Xiang Hu. "A Study on the Evolution Rule and Culture Analysis of the Spatial Form of Ancient Towns in Yuanshui River Basin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 1684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.1684.
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The drainage basin of Hunan Yuan River is mysterious because of its multi-ethnic culture. A lot of cities and towns were built along the Yuanshui River because of its convenience in water transportation. Yuanshui River is a complete, unique, diverse and an inseparable group culture system with a series of features like environment complexity, multi-culture integration and long history. This article aims at providing a reference to the construction of modern cities and towns in this drainage basin through a thorough study on the evolution rule of the form of the historical cities and towns along Yuanshui River and a study on the unique multi-ethnic culture features that influenced the form of the ancient towns.
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Jia, Yuan Yuan, and Jian Yu. "Current Preservation and Development State of Traditional Changzhen (Old Towns)’ Landscape Features." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.310.
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Old towns is like living fossil which has accumulated rich historical connotations; the one carrying the history of a region’ political, economic, cultural and ecological changes as well as the formative art created by collective labors and wisdoms of generations. The preservation of ancient Chinese dwellings and old towns began late; many historical architectures and traditional country fairs are forcibly removed during the transformation of old cities and towns, thus ancient towns with their original historical looks are becoming less and less. In comparison, the preservation and development of old western towns started earlier than china, with rich experience, they offer good examples for china, especially the successful developing way: eco-tourism. By comparing the preservation and development of traditional Chinese towns’ landscape features to that of western ones, this paper points out that the future development of old towns rely on proper handling of the relation between preserving and the feasibility of renewing, so as to maintain the landscape features of old towns in the course of sustainable development.
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Mlacović, Dušan, Marija Mogorović Crljenko, and Danijela Doblanović Šuran. "Istrian and Dalmatian Towns – Urban Space and the Elites." Povijesni prilozi 38, no. 56 (2019): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/pp.v56i1.8965.
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The authors focus on the issue of urban elites in two Adriatic cities, Rab and Rovinj, which differ in their origins and development alike. Rab is an ancient civitas, while Rovinj was classified as a terra in the Venetian administrative system. The two cities also differ in the amount of their preserved written sources. Whereas the medieval sources for Rovinj are only sporadic, for Rab there are a number of notarial books from the late Middle Ages, which allows for a different approach to the spatial identification of urban elites than in Rovinj’s case. Based on the available sources, the paper compares the development, significance, and status of urban elites in both cities
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Zhi, Jian Ren. "Study on the Traditional Style and Protection of the Historical Street in Dingzhou City." World Construction 6, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/wc.v6i1.91.
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The level of urbanization is not high in the small towns and economic development is still the primary goal of such cities. The primary industry and the secondary industry are the main pillars of the industrial structure. The historical and cultural protection and utilization have not been taken seriously. China has thousands of years of splendid history of civilization, while traces of historical accumulation can be easily found in every city. The different characteristics of the historical styles can be seen in many small towns and in tier four and five cities. Dingzhou is located in the middle of Hebei Province with heritage of Zhongshan culture. Dingzhou has rebuilt many times as a capital and set as state government in many generations and dynasties. History of the river in Dingzhou ancient city has played an important role. The structure of the Dingzhou ancient street plays a main function where all the other main cities. Development of Dingzhou City should be taken seriously as the focus of the development of urban culture. This article mainly analyzes and discusses the related aspects of the traditional style protection of the historical streets of the central city of Dingzhou.
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RAJA, SURESHA. "Glimpses of Ancient Indian Town Planning for Building Modern Heritage Cities." Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal 7 (January 31, 2016): 07–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v7i0.71.
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Ancient Indians had a good architectural knowledge that is evident from the various temples, palaces, forts and other monuments seen spread all around the country. With vast urban population and pilgrim centers, the knowledge of town planning was to be very effective and the ancient Indians enunciated the rules of town planning in their ancient architectural treatises. Glimpses of these features are also to be found in earlier archaeological finds, texts belonging to the Vedic, Epic and Purānic periods. The features of various cities and town planning aspects dealt in these texts are first briefly described that serve as a model for developing Modern Heritage cities. Since hundred Indian cities are soon going to be developed as ‘Smart-Cities’, it would be apt and imperative to discuss the concept of Heritage-Cities as well. Just as the Smart-Cities would be the torchbearers of future growth; Heritage-Cities connect us to our glorious past. Thus, in this paper, humble efforts are made to identify and recognize the valuable factors that contribute to enhance the charm of Heritage-Cities giving a brief overview of earlier Town planning features from ancient Indian texts. Ancient Indians had a well planned system of building villages, towns, intricate drainage, water supply systems, markets, palaces, households and public spaces that are evident from archeological and literary sources. The features mentioned in Vedic, epic and post-Vedic literature could serve as a model for modern town planning, for harmonious living with nature.
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Ziółkowska-Weiss, Kamila, Mariusz Szubert, and Karol Bożek. "Heritage of the Ancient Rome as a Theme of Cultural Tourism in the Authors’ Route in the Rhineland." Perspektywy Kultury 37, no. 2 (June 12, 2022): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2022.3702.09.
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This article pertains to the heritage of the ancient Rome in the Western European cities as a theme of cultural tourism. The main objective is to describe this heritage and to present it as a tourist value of particularly high historical and cultural worth. The main goal is to develop the authors’ concept of a cultural heritage route named the Rhineland Route of the Roman Civilization that includes 11 cities where 30 selected monuments of legacy of the ancient Roman civilization have been depicted. A cartographic method, namely the signature one, has been applied in the article. It was used to mark, among other locations, towns with Roman roots on a map of the Rhineland, showing a proposed route through the ancient Roman monuments. The heritage of the ancient Rome can serve to raise historical and cultural awareness at many levels – from local and regional to international ones. This historical legacy has a real impact on the tourist attractiveness in all the characterised cities, being well-adapted and attractively developed for tourist use.
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Aydingün, Şengül. "Between two continents queen of cities’s “Constantinopolis: new discoveries”." Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences 8, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2023.08.00281.
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In the last 20 years, rescue excavations in modern Istanbul have revealed new discoveries about the past of Constantinople, the new capital of Ancient Rome. In 2004, the Istanbul Archaeological Museums Directorate carried out salvage excavations at the points where Istanbul's underground transportation network metro stations were planned, and the surprising finds that started with the discovery of Theodosius harbor continued with 38 ancient shipwrecks. The Istanbul Archaeological Survey in the west of Istanbul also uncovered the ancient harbors, ancient towns, castles, fortresses, dams and many other structures in 2007. The new finds shed light on the relationship of Constantinople, the Queen of Cities, with its immediate surroundings. In this part of the book, the harbours established on the western periphery of the capital.
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Yatsenko, Vitalii. "The monograph by D. Y. Samokvasov “Ancient towns of Russia” (1873) in the light of criticism of F. I. Leontovich." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210404.
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The purpose of the article: to analyze the scientific controversy between F. Leontovich and D. Samokvasov, which arose on the monograph of D. Samokvasov “Ancient cities of Russia” (St. Petersburg, 1873). Research methods: analytical, historical, biographical, problematic-historiographic, descriptive. Main results: the beginning of the scientific controversy between D. Samokvasov and F. Leontovich, which arose over D. Samokvasov’s monograph “Ancient Cities of Russia” (St. Petersburg, 1873), was laid by a review written by F. Leontovich. According to the reviewer, D. Samokvasov’s doctrine of the historical development of the concept of the city was marked by confusion of concepts and definitions. F. Leontovych considered the author’s position on the historical origin and role of ancient Russian positions to be based on incorrectly interpreted historical evidence. Among the reasons he named complete ignorance of historical facts or simple disregard of them. The reviewer considered the first chapter of the monograph devoted to determining the number of towns in Ancient Russia the best part of the work, but, in his opinion, the author stopped halfway, he did not explain exactly what these cities were – simple fortifications or fortified points of people’s settlement. D. Samokvasov’s own views on the time of the initial emergence of cities and on the historical development of popular settlements in Russia, considered in the second chapter of the monograph, without exception, generated, as F. Leontovich believed, doubts, misunderstandings and controversial points. The reviewer did not agree with the author’s statement that the city was a center of community unity, and that with its appearance began a transitional period between the forms of patrimonial way of life and community-state life. The main thesis proposed by D. Samokvasov’s theory that in the pre-Moscow period in Russia urban life prevailed everywhere, and rural began to prevail only in the 16th century, F. Leontovich declared to be based only on questionable or misunderstood historical evidences. In addition to criticism of the main provisions of D. Samokvasov’s conceptual scheme, the reviewer presented his own understanding of this topic. In response to the review by F. Leontovich, D. Samokvasov did not agree with his criticism. He stated that the reviewer had neglected the true content of the monograph and therefore could hardly write a thorough, useful scientific review. D. Samokvasov believed that his research deserved a more thorough study and more serious and just estimation. In his reply to D. Samokvasov F. Leontovich criticized his polemic tricks and did not reject any of his critical remarks. The original continuation of this scientific discussion was the monograph by D. Samokvasov “Severian Land and Severians on the Towns and Burial Grounds”, published in 1908. After thirty years the researcher categorically declared that it is impossible to refute fundamentally the conclusions of his theory, because they are based on irrefutable factual material. D. Samokvasov called the scientific theory of his opponents unsubstantiated. Practical significance: the received results can be used in training courses and generalizing works on the history of Ukraine and its historiography, especially on the historiography and history of the ancient Russian city. Originality: scientific polemic between F. Leontovich and D. Samokvasov concerning the monography “Ancient cities of Russia” is systemized and analyzed. Scientific novelty: the scientific polemic between F. Leontovich and D. Samokvasov concerning the monography “Ancient cities of Russia” is thoroughly and as much as possible comprehensively opened and analyzed. Type of article: research.
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Ossa, Alanna, Michael E. Smith, and José Lobo. "THE SIZE OF PLAZAS IN MESOAMERICAN CITIES AND TOWNS: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS." Latin American Antiquity 28, no. 4 (October 10, 2017): 457–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2017.49.
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We present quantitative data on population size and plaza area in three groups of ancient Mesoamerican settlements: a sample of 30 Late Postclassic cities and towns from throughout Mesoamerica and two regional settlement systems from the Classic period, including south-central Veracruz (the Mixtequilla) and the Palenque region. Plaza size scales with population in a sublinear relationship in all three groups, meaning that larger settlements had considerably less plaza area per capita than smaller settlements. These results suggest that the currently popular interpretation drawn from Classic Maya archaeology that plazas were places designed to hold the entire urban population for passive viewing of spectacles may be incomplete. We argue that the observed quantitative relationships between population and plaza area support the notion that plazas were designed to be used for a variety of purposes—including several types of ceremonies and marketplaces—held at different times following a regular schedule.
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Noori, Mohammad Qasem. "The Study of the History and Development of Ancient Cities around the world." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 4, no. 4 (November 17, 2022): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2022.4.4.24.
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Cities first appeared between 6000 and 5000 B.C., but they were mostly based on Neolithic agrarian society. Later, with the development of the plough, the wheel-cart, the boat, metallic utensils, etc., and the system of watering fields, the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, and Indus valleys began the production of excess food grains. As a result, a social structure developed in which some social classes, including societies of traders, artisans, and religious leaders, could seize some of the crops that the peasants produced. These groups relocated to urban areas to engage in non-agricultural occupations. Thus, a culture of certain groups with the ability for writing and accounting, as well as knowledge of the solar calendar and bureaucracy, arose in the river basins. There is evidence that the town cult first appeared around 3000 B.C. After this, the ancient urban process stopped for almost 2000 years. Ancient towns experienced eclipses.
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Liu, Yanan, and Deyu Li. "Research on Social Participation Willingness and Path Optimization of Characteristic Towns from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 15, no. 1 (May 15, 2024): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/dr2eyc03.
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In the context of promoting new urbanization and supply-side structural reform in China, the establishment of characteristic towns has become an important starting point for local governments to implement the "rural revitalization strategy" and accelerate industrial agglomeration, so it is necessary to conduct systematic analysis and research on characteristic towns. As one of the 27 cities in the central area of the Yangtze River Delta, Wuhu has enjoyed the reputation of "Jiangdong Famous Town" and "Wuchu Resort" since ancient times. Based on the research of previous literature, this paper summarizes the development process of cultural and creative towns in China, focusing on the current situation of the public's cognition of Yingang Town, the willingness to participate in the construction of Yingang characteristic town, and the fit and satisfaction between the actual situation and expectations after participating in the characteristic town, which is of great significance for the construction of Yingang Yichuang characteristic town.
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Tsypko, V. V. "Theoretical principles of studyng the historical and cultural heritage of small towns of Ukraine." Вісник Київського національного лінгвістичного університету. Серія Історія, економіка, філософія, no. 29 (April 26, 2024): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2412-9321.29.2024.301911.
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The purpose of the article is to study the influence of the historical and cultural heritage of small towns on the development of tourism in Ukraine. It was established that small cities of Ukraine have a significant potential for the development of tourism. These cities preserve a rich historical and culturalheritage, including ancient architecture, cultural monuments and traditions. The growing interest in travel and educational tourism creates opportunities for the development of the tourism potential of small towns. At the same time, the development of tourism contributes to the economic growth of small towns, creating new jobs and increasing income from the tourism business. It is important to take into account sociocultural aspects, as tourism can contribute to the preservation and popularization of local traditions, arts and crafts. Therefore, the study of the historical and cultural heritage of small towns will reveal unique resources that can attract tourists. Methodology. The methodological basis of the work is: the method of theoretical research, induction and deduction, observation, comparison, analysis and synthesis. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity and scientificity. Scientific novelty. The scientific study emphasizes the role of the historical and cultural heritage of small towns of Ukraine and their opportunities for the development of tourism. Characterized: the conceptual apparatus of historical and cultural heritage, its features as an object of socio-geographical research and modern trends of cultural heritage in Ukraine. The results of the research will contribute to determining the potential of the historical and cultural heritage of small towns and its impact on the development of tourism in Ukraine. It is important to carry out a systematic monitoring study of the state of cultural heritage, which will allow timely detection of problems, evaluation of the effectiveness of preservation and use measures, and adjustment of tourism development strategies. Therefore, the research results can become the basis for the development of tourism development strategies and programs aimed at the attractiveness of small towns for domestic and foreign tourists.
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Marinakis, Emmanouil. "Μυθολογικές μορφές στα νομίσματα της Πολυρρήνιας και της Φαλάσαρνας, δύο όμορων αρχαίων πόλεων της Δυτικής Κρήτης." Fortunatae. Revista Canaria de Filología, Cultura y Humanidades Clásicas, no. 32 (2020): 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.fortunat.2020.32.26.
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Polyrrhenia and Phalasarna were both the most powerful ancient towns in the western part of Crete. The first was built on the mainland, whereas the second was a harbour town. The major political, military and economic growth for both towns maintained from the 4th century BC onwards, when their coinage flourished too, as it is also attested to other Cretan towns. Polyrrhenia had used various coin types, in silver and bronze, for a long period of time (4th - 1st century BC.), having as prominent deities, Zeus, Artemis, Hera and Apollo. On the other hand, Phalasarna retains the same coin types in silver (Head of female goddess / Trident, as symbol of Poseidon and of maritime power) for a shorter period (4th - 3rd century BC). The relief from the sanctuary of Dictynna is a very important document, because it depicts the two patron goddesses respectively. They are presented full-bodied and standing, accompanied with their symbols, in a gesture of handshaking, as a sign of the alliance between the two cities.
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Zhovtyansky, Victor. "To the history of the right-bank towns in encyclopedias of the 18–21 centuries (on the example of Olyka princely town)." Entsyklopedychnyi visnyk Ukrainy [The Encyclopedia Herald of Ukraine] 14 (December 15, 2022): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37068/evu.14.5.
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This is a study of the historical destiny of many former towns of right-bank (along the Dnipro) Ukraine on the example of the ancient Volyn princely town Olyka. The study is based on the analysis of encyclopedic texts over four centuries. It is shown that after the partition of Poland and the arrival of the Russian Empire in this territory, most of them lost such town-forming elements as fortresses and castles, palaces, religious buildings, etc. This tendency intensified especially after the establishment of Soviet power in these lands. Therefore, many of them gradually turned into small towns and then villages. A certain exception is Western Ukraine, where there was no active destruction of monuments in the interwar period. Therefore, here, in contrast to Central Ukraine, there is still a “Western Ukrainian Golden Meridian of Monuments” from Chernivtsi to Olyka and Lutsk. As in the former Ukrainian SSR no special attention was paid to its historical past, until recently the history of former towns could be read mainly in Polish and Russian-language editions of previous centuries. Their ancient history is most often associated with the names of the owners, as – on the example of the Volyn region in the middle of the 17 century – out of the total number of towns 125 were private 111. Regardless of the personalities of these owners, the population of cities carried through the centuries the Ukrainian language, rituals, culture in general. In particular, the primary sources of modern history allow us to trace the manifestations of the high cultural level of the urban population of Olyka in connection with the traditions of Magdeburg law and the educational factor.
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Owczarek, Piotr, Magdalena Opała-Owczarek, Oimahmad Rahmonov, Abdurauf Razzokov, Zdzisław Jary, and Tadeusz Niedźwiedź. "Relationships between loess and the Silk Road reflected by environmental change and its implications for human societies in the area of ancient Panjikent, central Asia." Quaternary Research 89, no. 3 (October 5, 2017): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.69.
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AbstractRich ancient societies of central Asia developed on the basis of trade between East and West; their existence was dependent on natural resources that favoured agriculture. The branches of the Silk Road in central Asia clearly coincide with loess areas, where many settlements were erected based on the presence of fertile loess soil and water. The aim of the study was to analyse the environmental factors that led to the growth and decline of one of the most important Silk Road “loess towns,” ancient Panjikent, as an example of human and climatic impacts on landscape changes. The town, established in the fifth century, quickly became one of the most important cities of Sogdiana. Local loess material was used for the production of the sun-dried bricks. Rapid population growth led to deforestation and consequently increased the intensity of erosion rates and reductions in cultivation area. A period of drought near the end of the first millennium AD influenced the final abandonment of the ancient town and its relocation to the lower terrace of the Zarafshan River. A decline in natural and agricultural resources and subsequently climatic forces caused a decline in the number of cities in semiarid regions of central Asia.
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Guo, Ying, Tian He, Ping Nie, and Ru Zhang. "Construction of Language Landscape in Newly Built Ancient Cities: A Case of Yizhou Ancient City, China." Journal of Contemporary Language Research 2, no. 4 (December 25, 2023): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.58803/jclr.v2i4.85.
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Introduction: As China has increasingly ushered in the era of mass tourism, ancient city or town tourism has gained popularity across the country, and a significant number of new scenic spots in ancient towns have been constructed. However, these lovely spots typically rely on conventional tourist and catering. Many tourists focus more on the issue of how to study old cities’ cultural ambiance and internal features on a deeper level, as well as the depth of its connotations. This paper examined the language landscape creation of the Yizhou Ancient City in Linyi, China, to delve into the language landscape building of newly built ancient town tourist attractions. Methodology: The data collection stage was mainly completed through field investigation, using digital cameras to shoot various language signs in the scenic spot. The data statistics stage mainly included random interviews, research objective determination, and data statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that the language signs in the scenic spot were mainly monolingual, supplemented by bilingual signs. There were two languages, Chinese and English, in which Chinese was the priority code, while English was a marginalized code in the language landscape of the scenic spot. The management department of scenic spots played a decisive role in constructing language landscapes. However, the managers of scenic spots and shop operators had not yet realized the economic value of language landscapes. The language landscape of Yizhou ancient City has the following problems: insufficient construction of a diversified language landscape, weak design sense of language landscape, lack of cultural connotation of language landscape, lack of innovation of language landscape construction and so on. Conclusion: It is suggested that the scenic spot management department should pay attention to different aspects in the future. They should pay attention to the potential value of language landscape construction, the unique linguistic landscape brand of the scenic spot should be constructed, and the multi-language needs of tourists.
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Mithen, Steven. "The domestication of water: water management in the ancient world and its prehistoric origins in the Jordan Valley." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1931 (November 28, 2010): 5249–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0191.
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The ancient civilizations were dependent upon sophisticated systems of water management. The hydraulic engineering works found in ancient Angkor (ninth to thirteenth century AD), the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan (thirteenth to fifteenth century AD), Byzantine Constantinople (fourth to sixth century AD) and Nabatean Petra (sixth century BC to AD 106) are particularly striking because each of these is in localities of the world that are once again facing a water crisis. Without water management, such ancient cities would never have emerged, nor would the urban communities and towns from which they developed. Indeed, the ‘domestication’ of water marked a key turning point in the cultural trajectory of each region of the world where state societies developed. This is illustrated by examining the prehistory of water management in the Jordan Valley, identifying the later Neolithic (approx. 8300–6500 years ago) as a key period when significant investment in water management occurred, laying the foundation for the development of the first urban communities of the Early Bronze Age.
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Kaše, Vojtěch, Petra Heřmánková, and Adéla Sobotková. "Division of labor, specialization and diversity in the ancient Roman cities: A quantitative approach to Latin epigraphy." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): e0269869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269869.
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Recent empirical studies on the division of labor in modern cities indicate a complex web of relationships between sectoral specialization of cities and their productivity on one hand and sectoral diversification and resilience on the other. Emerging scholarly consensus suggests that ancient urbanism has more in common with modern urban development than previously thought. We explore whether modern trends in urban division of labor apply to the cities of the Western Roman Empire from the first century BCE to the fourth century CE. We analyze occupational data extracted from a large body of Latin epigraphic evidence by computer-assisted text-mining, subsequently mapped onto a dataset of ancient Roman cities. We detect a higher frequency of occupation terms on inscriptions from cities led by Rome than from rural areas and identify an accumulation of tertiary sector occupations in large cities. The temporal dimension of epigraphic data allows us to study aspects of the division of labor diachronically and to detect trends in the data in a four centuries-long period of Roman imperial history. Our analyses reveal an overall decrease in the frequency of occupational terms between the first half and second half of the third century CE; the maximum frequency of occupational terms shifts over time from large cities to medium and small towns, and finally, rural areas. Our results regarding the specialization and diversity of cities and their respective impact on productivity and resilience remain inconclusive, possibly as a result of the socio-economic bias of Latin inscriptions and insufficient representativeness of the data. Yet, we believe that our formalized approach to the research problem opens up new avenues for research, both in respect to the economic history of the Roman Empire and to the current trends in the science of cities.
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Heidari Moghadam, Masoumeh, and Fatemeh Shahsavari. "Analyzing the Quality of New Developments in Historical Monuments." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.175.
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Following the rapid growth of cities and changes which are seen in the way of living, a lot of old buildings and many historical houses have become exhausted. Various needs of the modern human have affected towns and ancient monuments amazingly fast and if we neglect them, none of the values obtained during the centuries will be maintained. However, half a century’s experience shows that we have to intervene, design and develop these ancient spaces. Intervention and design with the aim of providing the newest facilities to live with respect to the principles shaping historical spaces not only would not damage the spirit of the ancient historical spaces, but also they would improve the values of our ancient monuments and historical sites. As can be seen in the rest of the paper, the methodology of this research consists of a combination of strategies. In fact, the effective factors in the success or failure of the integration and development of the historical buildings are defined and finally, applying contemporary architecture with an interactive approach in development is proposed.
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Meneguetti, Karin Schwabe, and Staël de Alvarenga Pereira Costa. "The fringe-belt concept and planned new towns: a Brazilian case study." Urban Morphology 19, no. 1 (October 31, 2014): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51347/jum.v19i1.4021.
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There is a degree of consensus about the theoretical foundations underpinning the fringe-belt concept, but relevant empirical research carried out in different cultural contexts still raises important questions. In this paper the methodology of the British urban morphology school is applied in a planned new town in Brazil in order to draw comparisons. The identification of fringe belts in Maringá city confirms the validity of the methodology. The planned city configuration may be compared to the formation of ancient walled cities, attesting the strength of fixation lines in the creation of inner fringe belts. Middle and outer fringe belts are more fragmented. This difference is partly related to the fact that the time-span over which these fringe belts have been formed is very short.
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Liu, Qiming, and Yingqi Wang. "Research on Space Protection and Renewal of Historic City Wall Landscape Belt in Modern City." E3S Web of Conferences 372 (2023): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337201004.
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Historical blocks play a very important role in the inheritance of a city’s context. The ancient city wall has always been a witness of the history and culture of various countries and nationalities, but it still stands despite the weather. For China, after the devastating destruction of the city demolition movement in the last century, there are not many relatively complete ancient city walls left. Ancient city walls played a military role in protecting towns in ancient times. In today’s world, ancient buildings bring people more spiritual culture and symbolic culture. It is more important to combine the development of historical blocks with modern cities. The significance of this combination to our contemporary social culture and social development is worth studying. Taking the design of “Suocheng” ancient town in Yantai City, Shandong Province as an example, this paper analyzes the existing situation, the structure of the ancient city wall and the surrounding environment of the ancient town by means of on-the-spot investigation and literature research. Without destroying its essential spirit, it gives the meaning of the new era, digs more possibilities and functions, forms a complete spatial combination with landscape design, makes full use of new materials, combines new forms with ancient building forms, and makes efforts to repair the old, protect and protect it.
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Korzachenko, Mykola. "Assessment of the technical condition of cave complexes." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series Industrial Machine Building Civil Engineering 1, no. 58 (December 15, 2022): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2022.58.3083.
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The study of artificial caves and underground complexes, as well as their protection and preservation, remains a pressing problem of modern scientific research. Ancient dungeons, which are located not only in the territories of major cities (mainly in places where there were castle fortifications, trading rows, and monasteries), but also in small towns, cities, and villages, are in unsatisfactory condition. The work is devoted to the analysis of cave complexes and underground premises for historical purposes. Special attention should be paid to the operating conditions. The methods of surveying underground premises are given, in particular, attention is paid to the creation of 3D models. The results of the study of brick on water absorption result. The article pays attention to methods of strengthening damaged structures in operation conditions with modern composite materials based on basalt and carbon fibers
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Ciecieznski, N. J. "The Stench of Disease: Public Health and the Environment in Late-Medieval English towns and cities." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.114.
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This article explores the urban environmental concerns of late-medieval English towns and cities and argues that these urban areas had a form of public health. During this period, regulations that focused on maintaining the good health of town and city inhabitants were created and enforced. Among other things, these regulations focused on reducing unsanitary trade practices, protecting water sources, eliminating foul smells from the air, and preventing the consumption of bad food and water. They also represented a practical application of medieval theories and perceptions of disease—namely that disease was linked to bad smells. Rather than lacking any form of public health due to medieval theories of disease, they actively pursued it due to the ancient and medieval link between environmental health and physical health.
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Şahin, Mustafa. "Hellenistic braziers in the British Museum: trade contacts between ancient Mediterranean cities." Anatolian Studies 51 (December 2001): 91–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643029.
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One of the more important collections of Hellenistic terracotta in the British Museum is the selection of brazier attachments. These were added to the Museum at various dates from the mid-19th century onwards. What adds enormously to the value of the British Museum attachments is that they come from cities in different regions and that for each one its location has been systematically recorded in the Museum inventory. This information in conjunction with the type of attachment and the composition of the clay should make it possible to work out where they were made. Not only will the main centres of production for braziers then become evident, but at the same time, by looking at the towns where they were found, we shall be able to get some idea of Hellenistic trade routes between Mediterranean cities.These Hellenistic braziers characteristically consist of a fire bowl with pierced bottom and three raised supports, carried on a stand with two loop handles and a large vent. The raised supports, conventionally known as attachments, are roughly rectangular in shape, with a spur below projecting towards the centre of the fire bowl. They characteristically have relief decoration on the inner face and sometimes on the reverse (outer side) as well. These braziers are light and portable. The fuel used was charcoal, which was placed in the bowl, and a draught was maintained through the holes at the bottom of the bowl and the vent in the stand. The stand is made of coarse, gritty terracotta, and is generally undecorated, but in a few cases we observe applied relief as decoration (fig 1).
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Chandrakar, Gunjan. "Provisions in the Development Plan of Cities / Towns of Different Characters - A Comparative Study." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (July 15, 2021): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36407.
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Dating back to the history of development which starts near the resources or the Euclidean type planning where only physical planning is considered the time has come where planners need to consider the social aspects as well as the character of the city while setting goals or making policies for the same. Every place has its own uniqueness it may a cool new hi-tech building or an antique ancient monument, a busy booming mall or a quiet peaceful natural scenery. The need of this study of urban system is important to understand the human values, development, and the interactions they have with their physical environment. Development plan aims to promote growth and regulate the present and future development of towns and cities. In its simplest form, it is about improving the standard of living of the residents. While planning for a city, we should not only think about development as a tool for improving the physical and material conditions of the citizens but also consider the changes in built environment of the city which forms an important part of the city character and also gives clues related to the social and cultural life in that city The richness of the values forming the identity and character of the built environment is also an expression of the richness of the social and cultural life in that city .
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Zhang, Fupeng, Lei Shi, Simian Liu, Jiaqi Shi, Mengfei Cheng, and Tansheng Xiang. "The Ancient Town Residential Environment of the Elderly in Xiangxi Tujia: Survey, Questions, and Recommendations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 10820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710820.
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This study uses behavioral observation, interviews, and questionnaire research to investigate the residential environment. It also evaluates the elderly in four representative ancient towns of Xiangxi, namely, Liye Ancient Town, Furong Ancient Town, Liexi Ancient Town, and Xichehe Ancient Town. It includes indoor air (CO2, PM2.5, PM10) and light intensity monitoring for the residential environment. The results showed that the elderly had a significant sense of frustration and loneliness. Of the elderyly, 70% believed the current living environment had an impact on healthy living, and 45% believed the safety and convenience of the living environment should be improved. More than 80% of the elderly were dissatisfied with their indoor acoustic environment, and more than 70% were dissatisfied with their home transportation. More than 85% of the elderly considered traditional wooden components and spaces to be the source of cultural identity. Furthermore, the average indoor PM2.5 concentration during the fire pit fire was 350–600 µg/m3, about 4.7–8 times the Chinese standard value. The average concentration of PM10 in all rooms was more than 400 µg/m3, approximately three times the Chinese standard value. Also, targeted environmental improvement strategies were proposed. The study results provided actual information to develop a systematic approach and a targeted design based on the needs to improve the residential environment of the elderly in ancient cities.
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Thomas, Alexander R., and Gregory M. Fulkerson. "What Makes Urban Life Possible?" Comparative Sociology 18, no. 5-6 (December 11, 2019): 595–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341512.
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Abstract This article introduces and explains a novel concept – the urban-rural system – as a means for addressing the question, what makes urban life possible? To address this question, the authors examine the archaeological record from the first agrarian villages, market towns, and eventual first cities that arose during the late Paleolithic through early Neolithic world of the Fertile Crescent (roughly modern-day Syria and Iraq). Following this, they reflect on what the ancient record can teach us about urban dependency on rural resources and how this shapes environmental, economic, political, and cultural dynamics. They conclude with brief consideration of the contemporary utility of the urban-rural system concept, emphasizing the continued need urban populations have for rural resources.
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Smith, Michael E., José Lobo, Matthew A. Peeples, Abigail M. York, Benjamin W. Stanley, Katherine A. Crawford, Nicolas Gauthier, and Angela C. Huster. "The persistence of ancient settlements and urban sustainability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (May 10, 2021): e2018155118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018155118.
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We propose a dedicated research effort on the determinants of settlement persistence in the ancient world, with the potential to significantly advance the scientific understanding of urban sustainability today. Settlements (cities, towns, villages) are locations with two key attributes: They frame human interactions and activities in space, and they are where people dwell or live. Sustainability, in this case, focuses on the capacity of structures and functions of a settlement system (geography, demography, institutions) to provide for continuity of safe habitation. The 7,000-y-old experience of urbanism, as revealed by archaeology and history, includes many instances of settlements and settlement systems enduring, adapting to, or generating environmental, institutional, and technological changes. The field of urban sustainability lacks a firm scientific foundation for understanding the long durée, relying instead on narratives of collapse informed by limited case studies. We argue for the development of a new interdisciplinary research effort to establish scientific understanding of settlement and settlement system persistence. Such an effort would build upon the many fields that study human settlements to develop new theories and databases from the extensive documentation of ancient and premodern urban systems. A scientific foundation will generate novel insights to advance the field of urban sustainability.
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Gregg, Robert C. "Marking Religious and Ethnic Boundaries: Cases from the Ancient Golan Heights." Church History 69, no. 3 (September 2000): 519–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169396.
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In the aftermath of the 1967 “Six Days' War,” 254 ancient inscribed stones were found in forty-four towns and villages of the Golan Heights—241 in Greek, 12 in Hebrew or Aramaic, and 1 in Latin. These stones, along with numerous architectural fragments, served as the basis of the 1996 book by myself and Dan Urman, Jews, Pagans, and Christians in the Golan Heights—a study of settlement patterns of people of the three religions in this region in the early centuries of the common era.1 The area of the Golan heights, roughly the size of Rhode Island, was in antiquity a place of agriculture and, for the most part, small communities. Though historians of religions in the late Roman period have long been aware of the “quartering” of cities, and of the locations of particular religious groups in this or that section of urban areas, we have had little information concerning the ways in which Hellenes, Jews, and Christians took up residence in relation to each other in those rural settings featuring numerous towns and hamlets— most presumably too small to have “zones” for ethnic and religious groups. The surviving artifacts of a number of the Golan sites gave the opportunity for a case study. Part 1 of this article centers on evidence for the locations and possible interactions of members of these religious groups in the Golan from the third to the seventh centuries and entails a summary of findings in the earlier work, while part 2 takes up several lingering questions about religious identity and ways of “marking” it within Golan countryside communities. Both sections can be placed under a rubric of “boundary drawing and religion.”
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Manuel, Dr J. "MULTIPLE BENEFITS OF REVITALIZING THE ANCIENT WATER-WORKS." VESTIGIA INDICA: BSSS Journal of History & Archaeology 01, no. 01 (June 30, 2023): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jha0108.
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Drawing water from rivers tens of kms away or more than hundred meters depth, cannot go on with increasing frequency for long. Therefore, the well-known principle to catch water where it falls practiced in ancient times as seen in thousands of ancient waterworks spread across the country, should be revived. These systems were built centuries or even millennia before, are reusable even now, but concerted effort to revive them must be undertaken. Most of these are in heritage cities and towns and are swamped by urban landscapes. The arterial system of catchment often gets clogged up due to such development activities and the ancient water works becomes obscure and goes into oblivion. The water works which in its functional period may have catered for thousands of denizens in the vicinity as well as enriched the ecosystem and aesthetics of the area, that existed as a prototype for others to see and imitate, is fading off from public knowledge. The present article brings to fore many different types of water works across the millenniums not only to show the wisdom of the earlier people but also revival of such mechanism and replication of these would not only improve availability of water locally but also help increase groundwater recharge, growth of vegetation nearby, general aesthetics, and perhaps even tourism possibilities.
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Burlina, Elena Y. "«Old City» – «Bezymyanka» – creative city." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 2, no. 119 (2021): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2021-2-119-144-150.
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«Bezymyanka» is the name of the largest industrial district of the city of Kuibyshev, now Samara. The expressive name can also be interpreted as a metaphor for many industrial cities of the Soviet era. In the XXI century various projects for the transformation of industrial cities are known. The cultural capital of Europe in 2007 was the oldest mining city in Germany, Essen, together with nearby industrial ancient mining towns in the Ruhr River Valley. The project was won by solving environmental problems and creative reformatting of the industrial city. It should be noted that the problems of Soviet industrial cities are presented in numerous Russian and foreign studies. So, the article refers to modern works on the search for justified transformations of «Soviet Magnitka»; Uralmash in Ekaterinburg and other problematic industrial cities. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to various interpretations of such cities. In Samara, there is also «bifurcation»: the old city and industrial Bezymyanka. To expose the sociocultural contradiction between the «old» and the «industrial city», the article reveals discrepancies that inhibit development. The author draws attention to the unique and overtaken by its time Grushinsky festival, in particular, its leaders. Conclusion: the lack of the balance of «old», «Soviet» and «post-Soviet» territories inside of one city is a problem of lack of personalities.
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Rybchynskyi, Oleh. "PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOWNTOWNS OF HISTORICAL CITIES OF UKRAINE." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 18, no. 2023 (2023): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.070.
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The subject of this article is the signs of integrated development and the reasons for periodic success of historical cities of Ukraine. Downtowns from different settlements in size and function was included in this article: Chernihiv, Lyubech, Baturyn, Romny, Chyhyryn, Motovylivka, Nizhyn. They testify that the tradition of integral development of the center of historical cities of Ukraine is ancient. City self-government and tycoons in different ways took care of safety, production and trade infrastructure, qualitatively improved the public space of market squares. The inner cities of the historical cities of Ukraine developed individually, had different goals and opportunities, used separate resources and tried to achieve similar results - a harmonious socio-economic environment. Unfortunately, thorough destruction of the space in the middle of the historical cities of Ukraine occurred as a result of the aggression of moscow-russian troops during the 17th and early 21st centuries. In conclusion, it was noted that the logical direction of long-term development of Ukrainian historical cities is the analysis and reproduction of historical and urban traditions, active implementation of revitalization projects and restoration of tangible cultural heritage. The article uses methods of structural analysis of spatial characteristics of planning and functional-territorial features of the downtown, processing and sampling of information in literary and archival sources. The purpose of the study is to determine the signs of integrated development of the downtown of historical towns of Ukraine.
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Novakovic, Bojan. "Dioclea in De administrando imperio." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 49 (2012): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1249075n.
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In this text the author analyzes the data on the Slavic Principality of Dioclea found in De administrando imperio, the work by the Byzantine emperor and writer Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos. In the beginning, he adresses the narrative given in chapter 29 (Of Dalmatia and of the adjacent nations in it) concerning the emperor Diocletian building ancient Dioclea, after which the inhabitants of this principality were named Dioklhtianoi. This is then followed by an attempt to specify the data from chapter 30 (The story of the province of Dalmatia) about Dioclea?s borders being given arbitrarily in relation to the Byzantine cities and the neighbouring Slavic principalities. The most concrete datum in chapter 35 (Of the Diocletians and of the country they now dwell in) refers to the list of Dioclean towns which have not been located even today. The author reveals new data in terms of the names of those towns, which in certain cases point to where they could now be possibly located. De administrando imperio does not contain valuable data on the Slavic past of the Dioclea Principality, but only general views of Dioclea accentuating its geographical characteristics.
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Dormidontova, V. V., and K. S. Kasabova. "ON SOME EXAMPLES OF USE ANTIQUE FORMS IN THE CITIES OF THE CAUCASIAN MINERAL WATERS RESORT." Landscape architecture in the globalization era, no. 3 (2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37770/2712-7656-2020-3-13-21.
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Abstract. The appearance of the resort towns of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, formed during the 19th - 20th centuries, was determined by remarkable monuments of architecture and landscape architecture, dating back to the traditions and forms of ancient Greece and Rome. Rational, respectable and aesthetic order forms of Classicism determined its wide typological applicability and during the 19th-20th centuries they continued to form significant urban planning and park ensembles. When creating resort facilities, architectural monuments of antiquity are models for studying, repeating and interpreting the methods of organic inclusion in the natural environment. The article examines the importance of ancient forms in the process of formation of the cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters resort. A full-scale survey of two objects selected for study, typologically and stylistically different, was carried out – the architectural structure of the mud baths in the city of Essentuki and the monument of landscape art – the park's Main Staircase of the sanatorium named after S. Ordzhonikidze. Literary sources were studied, landscape-visual and compositional analysis of objects was carried out. The first object – a mud bath in the city of Essentuki – a medical building, one of the most famous architectural monuments of the city of the eclectic period, was built according to the project of the architect Eugene Shretter. The second object is the famous Main Staircase of the sanatorium named after S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Kislovodsk, built by the architect – constructivist Ivan Leonidov, is an object of cultural heritage of federal significance – a monument of urban planning and architecture. The analysis showed that ancient forms successfully pass the test of time, change of political systems and social conditions, are able to transform plastically and functionally under the influence of stylistic changes and today retain their attractiveness and relevance.
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Sizdikov, Bagdaulet, Muzaffer Gursoy, Mels Bakhtybayev, and Kopzhasar Zhetibaev. "RESULT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH WORK, CONDUCTED IN THE ANCIENT SETTLEMENT OF KULTOBE IN 2023." Journal of history 113, no. 2 (2024): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jh.2024.v113i2-020.
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It is known that the history of Keles dates back to the Stone Age. The fact that mankind has lived in this region since the Stone Age is evidenced by the sites, located on the slopes of the Kazygurt mountains. Judging by the numerous settlements, towns and burials found in river valleys with a lot of water, it is clear that the region has become a fertile place for humanity since the Early Iron Age. As a result of archaeological research was revealed that the ancient peoples who lived in the Keles steppe were engaged in agriculture, as well as nomadic cattle breeding, even built cities and formed the first urban culture in the region. In the Middle Ages, the Keles plain became an important center of the Great Silk Road, which connected the settlements of Sairam and Shymkent with the city of Shash and from the city of Shash with the cities of Baiyrkum, Sutkent, Otyrar and Yassy. Thus, the trade and art, agriculture and animal husbandry of the settlements of the Keles plain developed simultaneously and became the basis for the formation of urban culture. In the article, we decided to study, analyze and introduce into scientific circulation the topographic structure of the settlement of Kultobe, the architectural features of residential buildings and the defence system, which has not been fully studied. The article was prepared on the basis of the scientific project AP19678134 «Carrying out archaeological and interdisciplinary research on the ancient settlement of Kultobe located in the Keles region».
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Lordkipanidze, Otar D. "Recent Discoveries in the Field of Classical Archaeology in Georgia." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1, no. 2 (August 31, 1995): 127–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/10.1163/157005794x00058.
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This article reviews the archaeological studies conducted in the 70s and 80s on the territory of modern Georgia (ancient Iberia and Colchis) for the period 8th-7th c B C to 4th c AD Archaeology has added considerably to our knowledge of the history and culture of ancient Colchis Systematic studies of the remains of ironworking show how the integration of mining in the uplands and metalfounding and agriculture in the coastal plain came to unite the area into a single economic (and then political) unit They also reveal the existence of mass production and an associated demographic boom in the 8th-7th c B C well before the period of Greek colonization in the area The Greeks arrived in an already densely settled coastal zone, long occupied and exploited by the local population Discoveries of large numbers of agricultural implements show the high level of intensive farming in the area Aerial surveys of the Rioni valley have revealed the structure of ancient Colchian settlements, with farms clustered around defended hegemon settlements and drained by complex canal systems Archaeological studies in Iberia (E Georgia) have focused on towns and conform the descriptions of ancient authors like Strabo of Iberian cities as developed urban centres with complex systems of defence works, their own farming territories and developed artisan manufacture ( e g studies at Htskheta, Ozalisa, the palace complex at Doghlauri and the cave city at Uplistsikhe)
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Meng, Qingpeng, Chuheng Qian, and Yiming Weng. "Analysis of the Way of Rule in Ancient Rome through Today’s Tourist Sites." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (February 7, 2023): 1338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4482.
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There are many magnificent monuments, from big cities to even small towns, in ancient Rome. These public buildings built by emperors and local elites are today’s famous Roman tourist sites. This essay will study the famous Roman public buildings—the religious building, amphitheater, and baths and understand how they influenced the rule of Rome and why emperors and local elites built so many public buildings. This study will combine archeological and written sources to analyze. Emperors and local elites used religion and many kinds of entertainment as a kind of soft power to maintain and consolidate their rule, which encouraged the rulers to build more baths, amphitheaters, and temples. Religious buildings aimed to unify people in the conquered area into Roman and make various regions in harmony under the same ruler. Both amphitheaters and baths provided people with various entertainments, which became an essential session in Roman social life and made it easy for rulers to consolidate their region. Amphitheaters could also function as places for political purposes. Public architecture could be regarded as a means of soft power, which brought Roman prosperity and the fate of collapse.
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Yin, Min, Jiangang Xu, and Zhongyuan Yang. "Preliminary Research on Planning of Decentralizing Ancient Towns in Small-Scale Famous Historic and Cultural Cities with a Case Study of Tingchow County, Fujian Province." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102911.
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The urban planning industry has always been concerned about conserving and developing historic cities in a sustainable and balanced way. However, unreasonable planning and accumulative effects brought by rapid urbanization prevent the conservation of small-scale famous historic and cultural cities. Taking Tingchow county as an example, this paper focused on sustainable development and the Historic Urban Landscape Approach, and determined the urban functions and specific tasks of various planning of its ancient town with the help of public opinions. This paper mainly aimed at providing guidance on urban decentralization from two perspectives. Firstly, it compared the types of land use and its ratio among famous cities of similar scales, and results showed that it is advisable to reduce three-class residential land use and unnecessary administrative functions. Secondly, it estimated the moderate resident population in different degrees of development, and calculated the upper limit of resource space bearing capacity (REBC) of scenic spots under the guidance of sustainable tourism. Results showed that it is recommended to decentralize and resettle 20%~30% of the resident population, and to control the tourist population below 12,000 per day. As the preliminary work of planning, this paper focused on the scientific planning and availability of decentralization, and reflected an expectation for the mode of public participation and quantitative planning.
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Sharma, Rohit, and PK Prajapati. "Historical insights on ‘Quacks’ in Ayurveda." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2, no. 6 (December 25, 2016): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2016.2601.
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India has a great legacy of ancient knowledge of healthcare - ‘Ayurveda’ since the time immemorial. But unfortunately this science has been defamed and exploited by the medical mafia: the ‘quacks’ (unqualified Ayurveda practitioners including faith healers), who at many times are illiterate but they flourish and pretend to be Doctors or ‘Vaidyas’ (physicians) and misguide the people by prefixing ‘Dr.’ or ‘Vaidya’ before their names and suffixing the degrees like BAMS or MD at their clinic/dispenseries’ sign board. They are found everywhere in India, running their clinics in big cities/villages/small towns and even many times at roads by the name ‘Khandaani dawakhaana’, and large number of unaware or desperate people fall prey to them. Upsurge in renewed interest, appreciation and acceptability of Ayurveda around the world can act as a great hunting ground for all such crooks, who may be savvy in using technology and self-promotion, but have questionable credentials. Poet Galib thus describes the unenviable plight of sufferers whose ailment worsened after unauthenticated medication from a half-trained doctor: ‘‘...Marz Badhta Gaya, Jyon Jyon Dava Ki!’’ Present article attempts to limelight the disapproval or condemnation of such quacks as per ancient Ayurveda literature.
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Rodríguez-Antón, Andrea, Antonio César González-García, and Juan Antonio Belmonte. "Astronomy in Roman Urbanism: A Statistical Analysis of the Orientation of Roman Towns in the Iberian Peninsula." Journal for the History of Astronomy 49, no. 3 (August 2018): 363–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828618785664.
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The work presented in this article is part of a wide-ranging and ambitious project, started few years ago, to study the role of astronomy in Roman urban layout. In particular, the main aim is to check whether Roman cities present astronomical patterns in their orientations. The project emerged from ideas on how to properly orientate the main streets of a Roman town, as attested in a number of ancient texts and later discussions led by contemporary scholars. We present here the final conclusions of a particular study developed in the Iberian Peninsula (Roman Hispania), where the urbanism that we tend to characterize as properly Roman flourished during both the Republic and the Empire. The sample analysed includes 81 measurements of Roman urban entities spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula and is the largest dataset obtained in a specific region so far. Our results present suggestive orientation patterns that seem to point towards an astronomical intentionality.
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Yannopoulos, Stavros, Christos Yapijakis, Asimina Kaiafa-Saropoulou, George Antoniou, and Andreas N. Angelakis. "History of sanitation and hygiene technologies in the Hellenic world." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 2 (February 14, 2017): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.178.
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Sanitation and hygiene technologies have existed in ancient Hellas since the Bronze Age (ca. 3200–1100 bc), when extensive sewerage and drainage and other elaborate sanitary structures were known in Minoan palaces and towns. Classical and Hellenistic periods should be considered as the most progressive eras in the design of sanitary engineering. At that time anatomically shaped toilet seats are found in several sites since many private houses and public buildings have them. As cities grew in size the pressure of larger populations resulted in the construction of communal toilets with seats that were more densely packed together. Drainage and sewerage systems and sanitary installations reflect high cultural and technological levels and they are associated with contemporary observations and ideas about hygiene and medicine. Before the Hellenic advances, medicine was entirely confined to religious beliefs and metaphysical rituals. In the early Roman period, the knowledge of the ancient world on hygienic matter was incorporated in legislative rules. Despite the weakening of this legislation through the ages, the sanitation practices kept being applied even via a technical tradition of the masons. Later various rulers of the Hellenic world (Europeans or Ottomans), introduced their practices (traditional/scientific) sanitation in the greater Helladic regions.
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Oikonomidis, Stavros. "Dido’s foundation legend, archetypes of foundation myths in Eurasia and Neomythology in the nineteenth century Balkans." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 7 (December 31, 2022): 23–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo-vol-7-pp.23-55.
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Dido’s foundation legend of Carthage survives as a basic archetype for numerous foundation legends of Eurasia throughout the Middle Ages. The stratagem of the ox-hide is repeatedly referred as main theme of the foundation of towns, cities, and kingdoms, from the British Islands to the Balkans and eastern Eurasia. By the time of the genesis of the new nation – states in the Balkans the Didonian archetype has been re-proposed in the case of the foundation of the town of Naoussa, in Northern Greece, now with the Ottoman conqueror of the Balkans playing the role of Dido. His name was Gazi Evrenoz Beg, a Greek renegade who appears in a Greek manuscript found in Naoussa with attributes and characteristics taken by the Graeco-Roman vernacular and written tradition. In this article is studied and analyzed the survival of the ancient myth in the modern times focusing on the reproduction of it in the nineteenth century Balkans.
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Ferreira, Caio Braga, Marta Bonifácio Pinho e costa, and Amid Mostafaie. "PIGEONS, AN URBAN PATHOGENIC PROBLEM?" Revista de Agroecologia no Semiárido 2, no. 2 (November 25, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35512/ras.v2i2.2308.
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The pigeon is a “natural” animal inserted into the artificial environment of cities, who provides a new perspective over the dichotomic concepts of Nature and Culture, traditionally understood as mutually exclusive. Ancient Egyptians began using at least 4000 years ago. The abundance of pigeons is positively related to town's area and population, and independent of the surrounding landscape type. The high densities of this urban exploiter species, alongside people in cities provide opportunity for prolonged and frequent contact between humans and animals. This has important consequences, and the greatest number of human–pigeons conflicts arises in larger towns. People have many casual interactions with pigeons that range from feeding in public parks to handling tamed birds nesting on windowsills. They are both reservoirs and horizontal and vertical vectors of infectious diseases, as well as a source of antigens that provoke allergic diseases.<strong> </strong>Solving the problem of these diseases is a modern and important topic to debate and research. Doing so sustainably should be possible and investigations in this area are necessary for the public safety and health of all, both humans and pigeons alike.<strong> </strong>This study review some diseases and topics concerning pigeons and their zoonoses in the urban environment.
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Yusuf, Danjuma Abdu, Zhu Jie, Maimuna Saleh-Bala, Adamu Yakubu, and Sadiq Abdullahi Nashe. "Evolutionary Trends in the Landscape of Hausa Open Spaces." Journal of Regional and City Planning 34, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2023.34.2.4.
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This study took the ‘origin-pattern-function’ of landscape progression as the central theoretical framework and conducted a systematic study on the evolution of open-space landscape patterns in Habe cities, situated between the river Niger and the river Benue in northern Nigeria. This study aimed to explore the embedded landscape cosmology in Hausaland and the origins of its historic mythology. A descriptive research and review approach was adopted, to explain and interpret prevailing practices, existing circumstances, attitudes, reasons, and on-going processes. It unveils the planning of open spaces and houses according to an ancient cosmology that organized towns during the Habe Hausa Dynasty. The open spaces appear to be a sphere of convergent and divergent forces that maintain a delicate balance, whereas the outcrop hills of central Hausaland are domicile places with religious appeal and better defensibility. Further, the physical effects of Islamic influence are visible in the landscape of Hausa cities, such as locating a mosque in the heart of the city as well spatial expressions of the practice of the seclusion of women. The study also revealed that the concept of triple outdoor space in the landscape of Habe cities is identical with that of the traditional Hausa family dwellings enclosed by a compound wall with a gate. This paper presents the key enablers of the Hausa cities’ transformation into commercial, administrative, religious, and agricultural centers. It recommends that in the event of landscape development without certain public guidelines or natural practices, complicated mediation measures should be invoked if disorder is not to prevail. It finally seeks a comprehensive application of local practices and innovative methods with the aim of averting vulnerability of urbanization.
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Laxmiprasad, P. V. "The Poetry of T.VASUDEVA REDDY: A Critique on Bucolic Representation." American Research Journal of English and Literature 7, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21694/2378-9026.21008.
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ndian English Poetry is replete with both ancient and modern elements. Pre-independent and post-independent India marked two different phases in poetry. Poets predominantly dealt with conventional themes in the past. But, one distinguishing feature of Post –independent poetry has been to portray a diversified representation of multiple themes. A careful analysis of thoughts, feelings, and psyche of the poets not only genuinely but eloquently reveals urban ‘cynicism and anguish’ and reveals ‘hope and anticipation’ quite aptly. Poets differed according to the age in which they had lived but ultimately, their poetry became a subject matter of anguish and agony. There have been obvious expressions of urban life in the beginnings but as the poets emerged in the early twentieth century, rural side of the life figured prominently in their writings. PCK Prem observes, “Poetry depicting rural background and the inner world of man is also conscious of the collapse of human bonds and aspirations even as sufferings, struggles, and failures dishearten but carry elements of hope, and thus, infuse a spirit to live life persuasively”. (2006: 21) Poetry is not only a study of thoughts or emotions but it also involves reading of a huge poetic landscape, literary yield, political thought process and its evolution, and the social and economic environment. From 1920, after taking into consideration various social and historical facts, one assumes that contemporary Indian English Poetry begins its ambitious journey --- in rising cities and other rural areas, developing towns of various regions to be more specific Indian English Poetry begins its journey. One such element is the delineation of bucolic elements in poetry. India is predominantly a rural country side with 60% of population living in villages. The countryside is a geographic area located outside the cities and towns. Indian villages have low population density and small settlements. The poetry of T.V. Reddy is rooted in bucolic elements. In fact, all his poetry collections carry the hallmarks of rural life, pastoral panorama and idyllic nature. They beautify his poetry against rural background. Rural life in India forms the very basis of economy and essential living conditions. In fact, it is the backbone of development in diversity. Life in cities is always different from life in rural areas.
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Khrapunov, Nikita Igorevich. "Claude-Charles De Peyssonnel as a Researcher of the Crimean Past." Античная древность и средние века 51 (2023): 506–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2023.51.027.
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The article examines the views on the history, archaeology, and historical geography of the Crimean Peninsula of Claude-Charles de Peyssonnel, a famous French diplomat, traveller, and writer of the second half of the eighteenth century. The Russian and Ukrainian scholarships use the treatises by the former consul to research the Crimean Khanate, the peoples of the Northern Caucasus, and even the Zaporozhian Cossacks, while de Peyssonnel’s historical studies are left aside from the analysis. It has been stated that the Frenchman’s works present one of the first attempts in the Modern Pe- riod to investigate the antiquities of the Crimean Peninsula. De Peyssonnel showed his knowledge of ancient and mediaeval written sources, contemporary cartography and scholarship, as well as the knowledge he got during his diplomatic service at the court of the Crimean Khan. He was particularly interested in the ancient topography of the Crimean Peninsula. Despite his vast knowledge, erudition, and practical wit, the Frenchman’s reflections may not always be called “academic” in the modern sense, for the basic methods and principles of current historical and linguistic research were not yet discovered in his age. Nevertheless, the Frenchman mapped many cities, towns, and settlements, which names he learned from ancient and mediaeval writers. De Peysson- nel’s memoires influenced the next generation of travellers and “armchair” researchers, whose works appeared after the annexation of the Crimea by Russia in 1783, particular- ly influential encyclopaedic travelogues published by Matthew Guthrie, Ebenezer Hen- derson, and Frédéric Dubois de Montpereux in the first half of the nineteenth century.
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Foss, Clive. "Strobilos and Related Sites." Anatolian Studies 38 (December 1988): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642848.
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In the Byzantine period, urban life in Anatolia underwent a decay in which ancient cities shrank behind reduced circuits of walls or withdrew to the fortified hilltops whence they had descended in the Hellenistic age. Even the greatest city of the empire, Constantinople, saw a drastic diminution of population and resources, abandonment of its ancient public works and services, and consequent transformation from a classical to a medieval city. These changes began with the devastating invasions of Persians and Arabs in the seventh century. Sources reveal little about Anatolia between the early seventh and mid-ninth century, a true dark age, but the evidence of archaeology often makes it possible to visualize conditions at the time.The Byzantines, whose empire long survived these troubles, generally occupied existing sites in Asia Minor where their ruins are superimposed on those of the Romans or earlier cultures. In only a few instances, usually occasioned by the needs of defence or of a militarized administration, were new sites founded. Although the Dark Ages were not a propitious time for urban development, some new towns did come into existence or prominence. Few of them have been studied. Strobilos on the Carian coast, therefore, is of some potential interest as an example of a Byzantine town which first appears in the historical record in the eighth century, and whose remains have been preserved.
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Zama, Mariya, and Yogesh Bhardwaj. "Sacred Spaces as Centres of Urban Regeneration." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 02 (February 8, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem28574.
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Historically, it has been recognised that urban religious spaces hold great significance in the majority of city centres and ancient cities, serving as unifying forces within the urban environment. Nevertheless, as time passes, these areas progressively diminish in value and significance, transforming into degeneration zones characterised by crime, unmaintained green spaces, and urban voids. While these locations possess the capacity to serve as catalysts for urban renewal throughout the entire city, given their status as vital thoroughfares in historic towns, they must regain their significance and provide the city with social spaces, open spaces, and economic development. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the influence that religious spaces have had on the revitalization of Old Cities. The fundamental approach to research involves examining the instance of Jammu Old City. The Urban Religious Spaces of Jammu are crucial to the evolution and morphology of the city. These areas of the city have historically served as hubs for public and communal activities. However, this significance has diminished over time, resulting in the emergence of a scarcity of social spaces within the city. Restoring the city's urban communal spaces would enable it to fulfil its social, economic, cultural, and environmental requirements, in addition to regaining its former reputation as the "city of temples." Keywords : Urban regeneration, urban religious spaces, Sacred Spaces, Jammu, Temples of Jammu.
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Malashevskaya, Mariia N. "Five Journeys to North-Eastern China by Inoue Yasushi (1977–1980): Ancient Towns of the Great Silk Road in Retrospect." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 15, no. 3 (2023): 530–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2023.306.
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Japan-China cultural ties in the late 1970s and early 1980s received a powerful impetus for development against the background of deepening interstate relations in 1970s. In this period, it had begun the turn of Chinese foreign policy towards increasing ties with market economy countries. Traditionally, cultural transfer from China to Japan was a mainstream in the interrelations of the two countries, but during 20th century political relations and cultural dialogue experienced a series of dramatic changes. After the end of World War II, despite ideological contradictions, cultural contacts between China and Japan expanded steadily. This article aims to study the travels of prominent and award-winning Japanese novelist Inoue Yasushi to northwest China in 1977–1980 as an attempt by Japan to expand its participation in Asian affairs and to consider in detail the multi-ethnic and multicultural China. To view and understand real China. The main source of the analysis and reconstruction of the travel route is a travelogue “My travel notes to Western Regions” (Watashi no seiki kiko:, in 2 vols) published in 1983. This study summarizes information about Inoue Yasushi’s travels to the Chinese part of Turkestan, clarifies the gradual deepening of cultural dialogue between Japan and China and examines the images of the ancient cities of the Great Silk Road, which the writer, known for his loyalty to China, created through a nostalgic “view into the past” in order to explain the cultural unity and specifics of the region as part of China.
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Mohamed ABDALLAH, Alhadj, and Abu Bakr Abdel-Rahim MOHAMED. "A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CANAANITE AND SAWIAN CIVILIZATIONS." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 05, no. 05 (September 1, 2023): 574–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.25.31.
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The planning and construction of ancient dwellings are the most attractive things, as they are considered a picturesque civilization that one can experience. This demonstrates the ancient heritage of these nations who worked and are among the historical origins of the archaeological world. The different stages are basic elements of the study of archaeological science. They give us approximately the true images of the history of ancient cities such as the period and manner of their constitution, as well as those of the materials with which they were built. In this context, a similarity appears in the contribution of the two heritages of the Sao and the canon in many aspects such as cultural and industrial. The work thus appears in both and the researcher encounters certain problems which make them tired of approaching in order to highlight their objective in the context of origins and references. The process of creating cities, temples, forts and walls on the outskirts of everything on the four cardinal points is intended for protection against attacks from external enemies, but the recognition of the Sao and Canonical cities is also that of the existence of small autonomous towns independent of each other; each having its own way of managing itself, without external intervention. The Phoenician peoples discovered trade through their navigation of the oceans in a very ancient era due to the small area of their cultivable land. In the meantime, the Sao people were preoccupied with agriculture and the manufacture of metals and pottery based on fired ceramics and clay without commercializing it. Thus, the Sao people and civilization is called The civilization of pottery (clay). Both civilizations are represented by the mode of burial of their dead in rough pottery jars not showing the facial features in their entirety, but orienting the face towards the sun. Thus, alluding to the power of the sun, they make human sacrifices to repel epidemics and disasters, whether internal or external. This practice shows their belief in resurrection after death, hence the burial of their dead with all the material belonging to and having served the deceased before their death. The Canaanite civilization arrived in Chad from different points; and different palpable evidence proves its existence in certain regions and zones of Chad, particularly Sahelian including those of Abéché, Arada and its surroundings like the effect of embers. The Sao people have mastered the technique of heating metals and the high temperature that lead to the melting of iron, their specialty. The word Sao is of Amharic origin and means “Human”. This people experienced unrest at the time of the ancient empire of 3500-2000 BC, having motivated the people to obtain privileges long reserved for the pharaohs. Likewise, in the middle dynasty of 2000 -1580 B.C., Pharaoh Amen Haout I from the south led wars against the Amalike Arab tribes coming from Asia and expelled them in 1700 B.C. During these invasions and upheavals, the Amalike tribes were able to invade Egypt and establish Dynasties ranging from the XIVth to the XVIIth. Other views revealed that the Egyptians attempted to penetrate deep into the African continent along the Nile to the Fourth Cataract. They would also have diverted access and incursion towards the Lake Chad Basin through the ancient valleys on the left bank of the Nile