Journal articles: 'Cirral behaviors'

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Silverman, Harold, Julie S. Cherry, John W. Lynn, Thomas H. Dietz, S. J. Nichols, and Eric Achberger. "Clearance of laboratory-cultured bacteria by freshwater bivalves: differences between lentic and lotic unionids." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-815.

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Nine species of unionids cleared laboratory-raised Escherichia coli from artificial pond water. The six unionid species collected from rivers had higher clearance rates than the three species collected from ponds, when clearance was normalized to millilitres per gram of dry tissue mass per minute. Analysis of variance indicated that all lotic unionids examined form a group with similar clearance rates. When normalized on the basis of gill surface area, rates of clearance by all of the lotic unionids become remarkably similar to one another regardless of mass, but differ significantly from those of the lentic unionids. The cirri found on the laterofrontal cells of the gills of lotic unionids tend to be complex, containing > 25 cilia per cirral plate, while the cirri of the unionid species collected from ponds have smaller cirri (< 16 cilia per cirral plate). There was a strong correlation between cirral surface area (mm2) per milligram of dry tissue and clearance rate among the unionid species studied. As a comparison, Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha were also examined and both tended to clear bacteria more rapidly than the lotic unionids.

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Verhoeff, Tristan Joseph. "The molecular phylogeny of cirrate octopods (Cephalopoda: Octopoda: Cirrata) using COI and 16S sequences." Folia Malacologica 31, no. 4 (November 23, 2023): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/folmal.031.026.

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Contrasting accounts of taxonomic relationships between finned octopod (Octopoda: Cirrata) taxa complicate species identification and generate nomenclatural instability. A comprehensive analysis based on both 16S and COI mitochondrial gene phylogenies is presented, using all currently accepted genera and approximately 27 putative species (including type species for all genera excepting Grimpoteuthis). The goal of this is to stabilise the concepts of genera and families and identify areas needing further systematic research. Four well supported clades are consistent with families Cirroteuthidae, Cirroctopodidae, Grimpoteuthididae, and Opisthoteuthidae across both 16S and COI phylogenies. Family Stauroteuthidae resolves as a sister clade to Cirroteuthidae in some analyses of the COI gene. Combined molecular and morphological similarities suggest that the Cirrata comprises two superfamily level clades, for which Cirroteuthoidea (for Cirroteuthidae and Stauroteuthidae) and Opisthoteuthoidea (for Cirroctopodidae, Grimpoteuthididae, and Opisthoteuthidae) are proposed. The paraphyletic Cirrothauma (Cirroteuthidae) contains at least three species, while within the Grimpoteuthididae, Cryptoteuthis and Luteuthis form clades within a paraphyletic Grimpoteuthis clade, indicating a need for further taxonomic assessment. Intra-clade structure within Opisthoteuthis is better resolved with COI than 16S data. At least one potentially undescribed Opisthoteuthis occurs in the northwestern Pacific, and northeastern Pacific specimens are tentatively referred to O. bruuni, representing a significant range expansion. Lastly, using the dates of fossil stem-Octobrachians and fossil cirrates for approximate calibration, a timetree estimated from COI gene data suggests that these cirrate families and most cirrate genera arose within the Late Cretaceous, possibly as part of the Mesozoic marine revolution, between 124−62 million years ago.

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Hu, Xiaozhong, Yangbo Fan, and Alan Warren. "New record of Apoholosticha sinica (Ciliophora, Urostylida) from the UK: morphology, 18S rRNA gene phylogeny and notes on morphogenesis." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_8 (August 1, 2015): 2549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.000301.

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The benthic urostylid ciliate Apoholosticha sinica Fan et al., 2014 was isolated from a salt marsh at Blakeney, UK, and reinvestigated using light microscopy and small-subunit rRNA gene sequencing. Morphologically, it corresponds well with the original description. Several stages of divisional morphogenesis and physiological reorganization were also observed from which the following could be deduced: (i) the oral apparatus is completely newly built in the proter; (ii) frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlage II does not produce a buccal cirrus; (iii) each of the posteriormost three or four anlagen contributes one transverse cirrus at its posterior end; (iv) a row of frontoterminal cirri originates from the rearmost frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlage; (v) the last midventral row is formed from the penultimate frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlage. Based on new data, two diagnostic features were added to the genus definition: (i) the midventral complex is composed of midventral pairs and midventral row and (ii) pretransverse ventral cirri are absent. Based on a combination of morphological and morphogenetic data, the genus Apoholosticha is assigned to the recently erected subfamily Nothoholostichinae Paiva et al., 2014, which is consistent with sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA gene data. It is also concluded that this benthic species, previously reported only from China, is not an endemic form.

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Chen, Xumiao, Miao Miao, Honggang Ma, Chen Shao, and Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid. "Morphology, morphogenesis and small-subunit rRNA gene sequence of the novel brackish-water ciliate Strongylidium orientale sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_3 (March 1, 2013): 1155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.048157-0.

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A novel stichotrich ciliate, Strongylidium orientale sp. nov., was discovered from a mangrove river in Hong Kong, southern China, and its morphology was investigated through observations in vivo and after protargol impregnation. Cells are 80–120×35–50 µm in vivo and fusiform in shape, with rounded anterior and tapered posterior ends. It is characterized by its brackish habitat and by the presence of two types of cortical granules arranged irregularly throughout the cortex. Morphogenetic events of cell division and physiological reorganization are described. The main ontogenetic features were: (i) only the posterior portion of the parental adoral zone of membranelles was renewed by dedifferentiation of the old structures; (ii) the oral primordium in the opisthe occurred apokinetally; (iii) the left and right ventral rows originated intrakinetally and the final left ventral row was spliced from two cirri from the frontoventral cirral anlage, a short cirral row from the anlage for the right ventral row and a long cirral row which was formed from the whole anlage of the left ventral row; (iv) the marginal rows developed intrakinetally; (v) the dorsal kineties replicated entirely de novo and did not fragment; and (vi) the two macronuclear nodules fused into a mass and then divided. Based on small-subunit rRNA gene sequences, phylogenetic analyses showed a close relationship with its congener Strongylidium pseudocrassum and with the genus Pseudouroleptus.

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Paiva, Thiago da Silva, Bárbara do Nascimento Borges, Inácio Domingos da Silva-Neto, and Maria Lúcia Harada. "Morphology and 18S rDNA phylogeny of Hemicycliostyla sphagni (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) from Brazil with redefinition of the genus Hemicycliostyla." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.031237-0.

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Morphology of the urostylid ciliate Hemicycliostyla sphagni Stokes, 1886, the type of Hemicycliostyla Stokes, 1886, is investigated based on live and protargol-impregnated specimens from a Brazilian population. The absence of transverse cirri, which has been considered the main diagnostic feature of Hemicycliostyla, separating it from Pseudourostyla Borror, 1972, was found to vary within the studied population, with 50 % of the specimens exhibiting inconspicuous and/or rudimentary transverse cirri. A redefinition of Hemicycliostyla was possible based on combined features of interphase and divisional morphogenesis: Retroextendia Berger, 2006, with bi- or multicoronal frontal cirral pattern; fronto-terminal cirri present; multiple left and right marginal cirral rows that replicate independently via within-row development, each parental row producing one primordium per divider; caudal cirri lacking; and presence/absence of transverse cirri may be intrapopulationally variable. Phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rDNA marker unambiguously placed H. sphagni as sister group of Pseudourostyla franzi Foissner, 1987, which is herein transferred to Hemicycliostyla as Hemicycliostyla franzi comb. nov.

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DA SILVA PAIVA, THIAGO, and INÁCIO DOMINGOS DA SILVA-NETO. "Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)." Zootaxa 1559, no. 1 (August 24, 2007): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1559.1.2.

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A population of the rare species Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, was discovered from a lagoon in the northern region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and its morphology was investigated through protargol-impregnation, scanning electron microscopy and in vivo observations. Morphogenetic events of cell division and physiological reorganization were described for the first time to this species. It was found that S. pseudocrassum has the ventral cirral rows organized in the same manner as Pseudouroleptus caudatus Hemberger, 1985. However two independent primordia VI, one for the proter and other for the opisthe, are generated intrakinetally from the rightmost ventral cirral row. In addition, dorsal kineties replicate entirely “de novo” and do not fragment. Based on the data obtained, the genus Strongylidium was redefined and the species currently assigned to it were classified into five groups according to current knowledge on their ciliature and the combination S. lentum (Biernacka, 1963) nov. comb. is proposed.

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SEILACHER, ADOLF, and COPELAND MACCLINTOCK. "Crinoid Anchoring Strategies for Soft-Bottom Dwelling." PALAIOS 20, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2003.p03-70.

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Abstract During the geologic history of crinoids, many groups have modified their distal stems to function as anchors in soft sediments, but more so in the Paleozoic than in later times. Major strategies were passively implanting anchors, cirral root systems, coils, and stemless reclining. In Paleozoic roots, the stereom usually consists of crystallographically individualized ossicles, but articulations may be hidden by a tough cuticle that protected the living tissue of immersed parts and stiffened them with cortical stereom. Post-Paleozoic representatives produced similar anchoring structures by different fabricational pathways, including non-articulated root systems.

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8

Gilman, Sarah E., Shelly Chen, and Jennifer W. H. Wong. "Oxygen consumption in relation to body size, wave exposure, and cirral beat behavior in the barnacle Balanus glandula." Journal of Crustacean Biology 33, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1937240x-00002147.

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9

Geierman, Christina, and Richard Emlet. "Feeding behavior, cirral fan anatomy, Reynolds numbers, and leakiness of Balanus glandula, from post-metamorphic juvenile to the adult." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 379, no. 1-2 (October 2009): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2009.08.003.

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Pfeiffer, C. J., and K. J. Lowe. "Cirral Structure of the Pedunculated Marine BarnacleLepas anatiferaL. (Crustacea, Cirripedia) - I. Ultrastructure of the Neuromuscular Apparatus." Acta Zoologica 70, no. 4 (December 1989): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1989.tb00937.x.

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11

Southward, A. J. "On the ecology and cirral behaviour of a new barnacle from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean." Journal of Zoology 153, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04975.x.

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Wang, Yangang, Xiaozhong Hu, Jie Huang, Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid, and Alan Warren. "Characterization of two urostylid ciliates, Metaurostylopsis flavicana spec. nov. and Tunicothrix wilberti (Lin & Song, 2004) Xu et al., 2006 (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia), from a mangrove nature protection area in China." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.024935-0.

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Two marine stichotrich ciliates, Metaurostylopsis flavicana spec. nov. and Tunicothrix wilberti (Lin & Song, 2004) Xu et al., 2006, isolated from the Shenzhen Mangrove Protection Area on the coast of the South China Sea, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation techniques. Metaurostylopsis flavicana is characterized by its elongate body shape, yellowish body colour and bright-yellow cortical granules that are either grouped around the cirri and the dorsal cilia or aligned between the rows of cirri and dorsal cilia. It has four to eight frontal, two frontoterminal, one buccal and seven to ten transverse cirri, a mid-ventral complex comprising 13–17 midventral cirral pairs in a row that extends about three-fifths of the body length, four left and three right marginal rows and three complete dorsal kineties. The small subunit rRNA gene of this species was sequenced and phylogenetic trees were constructed in which M. flavicana does not group with its congeners, suggesting that the genus Metaurostylopsis is paraphyletic. Some supplementary morphological and morphogenetic traits for Tunicothrix wilberti are also documented.

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Chen, Xumiao, Feng Gao, Saleh A. Al-Farraj, Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid, Kuidong Xu, Weibo Song, and Weibo Song. "Morphology and morphogenesis of a novel mangrove ciliate, Sterkiella subtropica sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with phylogenetic analyses based on small-subunit rDNA sequence data." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_7 (July 1, 2015): 2292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.000253.

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A novel marine hypotrichous ciliate, Sterkiella subtropica sp. nov., was recently isolated from a mangrove wetland in Hong Kong. Its morphology, morphogenesis and systematic position have been investigated. The novel species is diagnosed by combined features of morphology, ciliature and nuclear apparatus, while its ontogenetic events present a stable pattern: (i) the six streaks of the undulating membrane (UM) and cirral anlagen are segmented in a 1 : 3 : 3 : 3 : 4 : 4 pattern from left to right, and form three frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, five ventral and five transverse cirri; (ii) the dorsal structure is similar to most other oxytrichids; that is, in a ‘4+2’ pattern with three caudal cirri being formed. Based on the small-subunit rDNA sequence, the novel species is different from its congeners by between 21 and 35 bp, with sequence identities from 0.978 to 0.987. All molecular trees exhibited a similar topology: the monophyly of species of the genus Sterkiella is not completely supported in our analyses, and approximately unbiased tests (both including and excluding the novel species) also reject the possibility that Sterkiella is a monophyletic lineage, as indicated by the morphology-based classification.

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Chen, Xumiao, Ying Yan, Xiaozhong Hu, Mingzhuang Zhu, Honggang Ma, and Alan Warren. "Morphology and morphogenesis of a soil ciliate, Rigidohymena candens (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha, Oxytrichidae), with notes on its molecular phylogeny based on small-subunit rDNA sequence data." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_5 (May 1, 2013): 1912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.048611-0.

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The morphology and morphogenesis of the stylonychine hypotrich Rigidohymena candens (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2011, isolated from garden soil in Qingdao, China, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation methods. The Qingdao isolate possesses all diagnostic morphological characters of R. candens. The main events during binary fission are as follows: (i) the proter retains the parental adoral zone of membranelles entirely, whereas the old undulating membranes dedifferentiate into an anlage that gives rise to the leftmost frontal cirrus and the new undulating membranes of the proter; (ii) five streaks of fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen are segmented in the pattern 3 : 3 : 3 : 4 : 4 from left to right, which form two frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, five ventral and five transverse cirri, respectively; (iii) dorsal morphogenesis is in the typical Oxytricha pattern; (iv) three caudal cirri are formed, one at the posterior end of each of dorsal kineties 1, 2 and 4; and (v) the postoral ventral cirrus V/3 is not involved in primordia formation. The morphological and morphogenetic observations and phylogenetic analyses based on the small-subunit rDNA sequence data support the validity of Rigidohymena Berger, 2011 and its systematic position in the subfamily Stylonychinae.

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Deniz, Mehmet Emin, and Nevra Oral. "Buckling behavior of laminated composites with embedded delaminations." Materials Testing 64, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2089.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the structural effects of different delamination types on buckling behavior of the E-glass/epoxy with [0]8, [90]8, [±45]4 orientation angles and aramid/epoxy with [±45]4 orientation angle of the composite plates. The buckling behaviors of the layered composites with three different artificial delamination geometries namely, RECDel (rectangular delamination), SQRDel (square delamination), and CIRDel (circle delamination) as well as with different delamination locations (at depth ratios of t/h = 0.25 and t/h = 0.5) were investigated under compression load experimentally. The boundary conditions were clamped for loaded ends while they were freed for the other edges. The dimensions of rectangular composite plates were selected as 150 mm (L) × 25 mm (b) × 2.32 mm (h). Five specimens for each parameter of delaminated composite plates were tested to get the average buckling load. The test results showed that load values of the aramid/epoxy load values were higher than load values of the glass/epoxy load values regardless of the similarity of the buckling loads for t/h = 0.25 and t/h = 0.5 depth ratios. Furthermore, it is possible to conclude that the performance of both the glass/epoxy and the aramid/epoxy buckling are strongly influenced by the layered orientation configurations.

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Chen, Xiangrui, Chen Shao, Xihan Liu, Jie Huang, and Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid. "Morphology and phylogenies of two hypotrichous brackish-water ciliates from China, Neourostylopsis orientalis n. sp. and Protogastrostyla sterkii (Wallengren, 1900) n. comb., with establishment of a new genus Neourostylopsis n. gen. (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_3 (March 1, 2013): 1197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.049403-0.

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This paper investigates the morphology, infraciliature and small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences of two hypotrichous ciliates, Neourostylopsis orientalis n. sp., and Protogastrostyla sterkii (Wallengren, 1900) n. comb. (basionym Gastrostyla sterkii), collected from coastal waters in southern China. Neourostylopsis orientalis n. sp. is diagnosed mainly by the arrangement of brownish cortical granules, the numbers of adoral membranelles and frontal and transverse cirri and the characteristics of its midventral cirral pairs. The SSU rRNA gene phylogeny strongly supports the establishment of the new genus Neourostylopsis n. gen., which is characterized mainly by the following features: frontal and transverse cirri clearly differentiated, buccal cirri present, two frontoterminal cirri, midventral complex composed of midventral pairs only and not exceeding the halfway point of the cell, more than one row of marginal cirri on each side which derive from individual anlagen within each parental row, caudal cirri lacking. Thus, two new combinations are required: Neourostylopsis songi (Lei et al., 2005) n. comb., and Neourostylopsis flavicana (Wang et al., 2011) n. comb. Additionally, improved diagnoses for both Metaurostylopsis and Apourostylopsis are supplied in this study. Protogastrostyla sterkii (Wallengren, 1900) n. comb. differs from the similar congener Protogastrostyla pulchra mainly in body shape, ratio of buccal field to body length in vivo and molecular data. Based on the present studies, we conclude that the estuarine population of P. pulchra collected by J. Gong and others [Gong et al., J Eukaryot Microbiol (2007) 54, 468–478] is a population of P. sterkii.

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Fan, Yangbo, Xiaozhong Hu, Feng Gao, Saleh A. Al-Farraj, and Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid. "Morphology, ontogenetic features and SSU rRNA gene-based phylogeny of a soil ciliate, Bistichella cystiformans spec. nov. (Protista, Ciliophora, Stichotrichia)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_12 (December 1, 2014): 4049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.066381-0.

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The morphology, ontogeny and SSU rRNA gene-based phylogeny of Bistichella cystiformans spec. nov., isolated from the slightly saline soil of a mangrove wetland in Zhanjiang, southern China, were investigated. The novel species was characterized by having five to eight buccal cirri arranged in a row, three to five transverse cirri, four macronuclear nodules aligned, and 17–32 and 20–34 cirri in frontoventral rows V and VI, respectively, both extending to the transverse cirri. The main ontogenetic features of the novel species were as follows: (1) the parental adoral zone of the membranelles is completely inherited by the proter; (2) the frontoventral and transverse cirri are formed in a six-anlagen mode; (3) basically, the frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen II–V generate one transverse cirrus each at their posterior ends, while anlage VI provides no transverse cirrus; (4) both marginal rows and dorsal kineties develop intrakinetally, no dorsal kinety fragment is formed; and (5) the macronuclear nodules fuse into a single mass at the middle stage. Phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU rRNA gene showed that the novel species groups with the clade containing Bistichella variabilis, Parabistichella variabilis, Uroleptoides magnigranulosus and two species of the genus Orthoamphisiella. Given present knowledge, it was considered to be still too early to come to a final conclusion regarding the familial classification of the genus Bistichella; further investigations of key taxa with additional molecular markers are required.

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Jacoby, CA, MJ Youngbluth, JR Frost, PR Flood, F. Uiblein, U. Båmstedt, F. Pagès, and D. Shale. "Vertical distribution, behavior, chemical composition and metabolism of Stauroteuthis syrtensis (Octopoda: Cirrata) in the northwest Atlantic." Aquatic Biology 5 (February 3, 2009): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00117.

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Ramachandran, V. S., and M. Remesh. "First record of Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau (Acanthaceae) from the Kerala state and its distribution extension in India." Check List 12, no. 1 (February 11, 2016): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.1.1840.

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Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau (family Acanthaceae) is a perennial herb that is distributed in tropical Africa and Peninsular India. In India, this plant has been recorded from Northern Circar, Deccan, and Carnatic regions, on the eastern side of Peninsular India. We present here a new record from the Walayar Reserve Forest in Palakkad District, Kerala, which is the first known occurrence of this species from the western side of the peninsula. This species is added to the flora of Kerala state.

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Larson, Nicholas R., Jaime Strickland, Aijun Zhang, and Mark F. Feldlaufer. "Behavioral Activity of Methyl Benzoate Against the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 55, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-55.3.344.

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Abstract We evaluated a botanical compound, methyl benzoate, which was previously shown to have insecticidal activity on several agricultural pests, for its behavioral action on the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. Methyl benzoate, along with acetophenone and Cirkil™, a commercially available bed bug control product, exhibited repellent action against bed bugs in an EthoVision video system designed to track the movement of individuals.

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JUNG, JAE-HO, KYUNG-MIN PARK, and GI-SIK MIN. "Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new brackish water ciliate, Pseudourostyla cristatoides n. sp., from Songjiho lagoon on the coast of East Sea, South Korea." Zootaxa 3334, no. 1 (June 5, 2012): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3334.1.3.

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A new brackish water urostylid ciliate, Pseudourostyla cristatoides n. sp. was collected from Songjiho lagoon on the coast ofEast Sea, South Korea, and investigated based on morphology, morphogenesis, and 18S rRNA gene sequences.Pseudourostyla cristatoides is characterized by the following features: slender to elliptical body shape; colourless to dark greyin colour; size in vivo about 220–265 × 85–125μm; flexible and slightly contractile body with narrowly spaced extrusomes(trichocyst type) throughout the whole cell; 2 contractile vacuoles on left side of cell at about 25% and 75% of body length;84–115 adoral membranelles, 20–30 frontal cirri, 1 buccal cirrus, 2 frontoterminal cirri, 17–25 midventral pairs, 2pretransverse, 6–12 transverse cirri, 5–7 left and 4–5 right marginal rows, and 10–13 dorsal kineties; 30–106 macronuclearnodules and 3–5 micronuclei; brackish habitat (salinity 3–5‰). This new species is very similar to P. cristata, but distinguishedprimarily by contractile vacuoles (2 vs. 1 in number; positioned 25%, 75% of body length vs. ahead of mid-body), dorsalkineties (10–13 vs. 8), hyaline layer underneath pellicle (inconspicuous vs. conspicuous), habitat (brackish vs. freshwater), andparticipation of posterior cirri of rear corona in fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen (yes vs. no). Additionally, intra-/inter-specific pairwise genetic distances of the 18S rRNA gene sequences supported that the Songjiho population is a novel species(intra-specific distances of 0.07–0.12% among three P. cristata populations vs. inter-specific distances of 0.93–1.00% between P. cristatoides and three P. cristata populations).

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ORRHAGE, LARS, and PER SUNDBERG. "Multivariate analysis of morphometric differentiation within the Laonice cirrata-group (Polychaeta, Spionidae)." Zoologica Scripta 19, no. 2 (April 1990): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1990.tb00252.x.

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Piertney, Stuart B., Cendrine Hudelot, F. G. Hochberg, and Martin A. Collins. "Phylogenetic relationships among cirrate octopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) resolved using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27, no. 2 (May 2003): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00420-7.

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Valletta, A., A. R. Santamaria, G. Fabrini, N. Tocci, V. C. Filho, T. Wagner, E. Brasili, and G. Pasqua. "Strategies for ex situ conservation of Centaurea cineraria subsp. circae (Asteraceae), an endemic plant from Lazio (Italy)." Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 150, no. 2 (July 29, 2015): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2014.1001464.

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Kasuya, Taiga, and Seikichi Sato. "Fructification of Collybia cirrata on mummified gleba of Bovista dermoxantha in Hokkaido, Northern Japan." Mycotaxon 107, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/107.81.

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Baumiller, Tomasz K., Rich Mooi, and Charles G. Messing. "Urchins in the meadow: paleobiological and evolutionary implications of cidaroid predation on crinoids." Paleobiology 34, no. 1 (2008): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/07031.1.

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Deep-sea submersible observations made in the Bahamas revealed interactions between the stalked crinoidEndoxocrinus parraeand the cidaroid sea urchinCalocidaris micans.The in situ observations include occurrence of cidaroids within “meadows” of sea lilies, close proximity of cidaroids to several upended isocrinids, a cidaroid perched over the distal end of the stalk of an upended isocrinid, and disarticulated crinoid cirri and columnals directly underneath a specimen ofC. micans.Guts of twoC. micanscollected from the crinoid meadow contain up to 70% crinoid material. Two of three large museum specimens of another cidaroid species,Histocidaris nuttingi, contain 14–99% crinoid material.A comparison of cidaroid gut contents with local sediment revealed significant differences: sediment-derived material consists of single crinoid ossicles often abraded and lacking soft tissue, whereas crinoid columnals, cirrals, brachials, and pinnulars found in the cidaroids are often articulated, linked by soft tissue, and unabraded. Furthermore, articulated, multi-element fragments often show a mode of fracture characteristic of fresh crinoid material. Taken together, these data suggest that cidaroids prey on live isocrinids.We argue that isocrinid stalk-shedding, whose purpose has remained a puzzle, and the recently documented rapid crawling of isocrinids are used in escaping benthic predators: isocrinids sacrifice and shed the distal stalk portion when attacked by cidaroids and crawl away, reducing the chance of a subsequent encounter. If such predation occurred throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (possibly since the mid-Paleozoic), several evolutionary trends among crinoids might represent strategies to escape predation by slow-moving benthic predators.

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NIELSON, M. W. "New species in the Neotropical genus Docalidia with a key to known species, notes on distribution, taxonomy and a synoptic catalogue of the genus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae: Teruliini)." Zootaxa 2952, no. 1 (June 8, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2952.1.1.

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Thirty-five new species of Docalidia in the tribe Teruliini are elucidated with descriptions, illustrations and photographs of the dorsal habitus. These include the following: Docalidia accurationis, sp. nov., D. acuminata, sp. nov., and D. rondoniensis, sp. nov. from Brazil; D. acutula, sp. nov., D. barbata, sp. nov., D. biarcua, sp. nov., D. caudata, sp. nov., D. cirra, sp. nov., D. cornicula, sp. nov., D. cornipes, sp. nov., D. curvatura, sp. nov., D. dennisi, sp. nov., D. deitzi, sp. nov., D. dietrichi, sp. nov., D. dmitrievi, sp. nov., D. fastigata, sp. nov., D. gigantea, sp. nov., D. goncalvesae, sp. nov., D. jonesi, sp. nov., D. mejdalanii, sp. nov., D. parvitatis, sp. nov., D. takiyae, sp. nov., D. timothyi, sp. nov., D. turgida, sp. nov., D. ventroelongata, sp. nov. and D. zhangi, sp. nov. from Colombia; D. bolivari, sp. nov., D. exilitis, sp. nov., D. torquerta, sp. nov. and D. ventrospinata, sp. nov. from Bolivia; D. longiuscula, sp. nov., D. mckameyi, sp. nov., D. tantula, sp. nov. and D. zahniseri, sp. nov. from Ecuador and D. longula, sp. nov. from Peru. Docalidia aculeata Nielson is fixed as the correct spelling for this species name, erroneously spelled as Docalida acus in the abstract and figure legend of the original publication. Docalidia acus is declared a nomen nudum. An updated, synoptic catalogue of all names applicable to Docalidia is given in alphabetical order with new annotations with distribution. A revised key to 174 of 178 known species is also provided.

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Villanueva, R., M. Segonzac, and A. Guerra. "Locomotion modes of deep-sea cirrate octopods (Cephalopoda) based on observations from video recordings on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Marine Biology 129, no. 1 (July 28, 1997): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050152.

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Musabelliu, Marsela. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative Extension to Central and Eastern European Countries - Sixteen Nations, Five Summits, Many Challenges." Croatian International Relations Review 23, no. 78 (August 1, 2017): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2017-0007.

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Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative proclaimed by President Xi in 2013, a strategy developed by the Chinese government, is very important to China but is not confined to China. In order for the initiative to be successful it needs to be embraced by the countries on the terrestrial and maritime route indicated in the plan. In the late 1980s Deng Xiaoping proposed to integrate Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (Zhongguo Tese Shehui Zhuyi, ) into global capitalism and in the 1990s the Jiang Zemin leadership initiated the Going out policy (Zouchuqu Zhanlue, ) – the current Belt and Road Initiative is China’s continuation in implementing those policies into actual deeds. China’s accession to WTO in 2001 marked China’s full integration into the global economy and since then the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has become the largest trading partner for more than 180 countries. The Xi-Li administration has been extremely proactive since it was established in 2012; from that year on, Chinese behavior in international affairs has gained an ever-growing role as a forger of economic and diplomatic ties between countries. The primary example of this behavior is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As every serious foreign policy plan, the BRI is an accumulation of various other initiatives. For example, the cooperation mechanism “16+1”, with which the PRC has approached Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), can be integrated under the BRI. This paper analizes the “16+1” China-CEEC cooperation mechanism in the context of the bigger BRI initiative, and tries to comprehend the economic and political factors intertwined with its implementation.

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Villanueva, Roger. "Continuous spawning in the cirrate octopods Opisthoteuthis agassizii and O. vossi: features of sexual maturation defining a reproductive strategy in cephalopods." Marine Biology 114, no. 2 (1992): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00349529.

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Luša, Đana, and Petar Kurečić. "The Number and Geographical Scope of the EU Foreign Policy Initiatives of Small Member States: Does „smallness“ matter?" Croatian International Relations Review 21, no. 72 (February 1, 2015): 47–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2015-0002.

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Abstract Due to the complex voting and decision-making mechanisms of the EU, the size-factor has long been present within EU studies as a relevant and significant variable in explaining member states’ activism. Despite the aim of small states to achieve equal representation, there is a huge discrepancy between the power of big and small states within the EU. Therefore, the expected behavior of small states is different from that of the big ones. However, there are also significant differences in foreign policy activism within the group of small EU states and those are analysed in this article. In order to differentiate small states’ activism within EU foreign policy, the article explores the correlation between the scope and number of small states’ leadership initiatives in EU foreign policy and different quantitative criteria used to define these small states (population, total GDP, GDP per capita)

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Pikunova, Anna, Svetlana Goryunova, Denis Goryunov, Olga Golyaeva, Maria Dolzhikova, and Anna Pavlenko. "Genetic Diversity and Pedigree Analysis of Red Currant Germplasm." Plants 11, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11131623.

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This represents the first report on the genetic diversity of red currant germplasm collections based on genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data. Genotypes of 75 individuals of different origin were assessed in more than 7.5K genome positions. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis has been performed. There are five accessions that are significantly isolated from each other and from the rest of the analyzed cultivars. F1 offspring of R. petraeum Wulf (Rote Hollandische) and Gondouin, as well as Rote Spatlese (F2 of R. petraeum and F2 of R. multiflorum Kit.), are the most genetically isolated on the MDS plot. Ribes multiflorum is closer to the rest of cultivars than the three abovementioned accessions. Purpurnaya cultivar (F1 of Rote Spatlese) is located between Rote Hollandische and R. multiflorum. Other genotypes, mostly represented by varieties having several species in a pedigree, occupied the rest of MDS plot relatively evenly. Descendants of R. multiflorum have been placed in the left part of MDS plot, which underlines their genetic diversity from other accessions. White- and pink-fruited cultivars were clustered together, underlining genetic relatedness. Admixture analysis of GBS data reveals six clusters (K = 6). Presumably, clustering reflects relatedness to R. petraeum, R. rubrum, R. vulgare var macrocarpum, R. multiflorum, R. vulgare, and Jonker van Tets. Based on genotyping data, F1 offspring of R. warscewiczs Jancz (cultivar Viksne), R. altissimum Turcz (Cirald), and R. palczewskii (Jancz.) Pojark (Skorospelaya) have not exhibited strict separation and were placed in a pool with other varieties. This supports modern taxonomic classifications that do not consider R. altissimum and R. palczewskii as independent species.

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KRÜGER, LOTTE, ANNA DIETRICH, RALF BASTROP, and ANDREAS BICK. "From synonym to valid species: Redescriptions of Ampharete acutifrons (Grube, 1860) and A. cirrata Webster & Benedict, 1887, and brief descriptions of A. baltica Eliason, 1955 and A. grubei Malmgren, 1865 (Annelida: Terebellida: Ampharetidae)." Zootaxa 5174, no. 4 (August 11, 2022): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5174.4.3.

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This paper aims mainly to provide clarity on the morphological characters of the type species of Ampharete, Ampharete acutifrons (Grube, 1860). Its common occurrence and wide distribution are most likely a result of misidentification of different species. Possible reasons for that are the brief original description of this species that is available solely in Latin and a series of questionable synonymizations, resulting in a confusing history of A. acutifrons. In addition to a detailed redescription of the holotype of A. acutifrons, we describe an Ampharete species from the Baltic Sea that has also been incorrectly identified as A. acutifrons for many decades. The individuals of this species agree in all diagnostic characters with those of the Northwest Atlantic species Ampharete cirrata Webster & Benedict, 1887. Since no differences were found, but it is clearly distinct from A. acutifrons, A. cirrata is recognised as a valid species and consequently deleted from the synonym list of A. acutifrons. We additionally examined type material of A. grubei Malmgren, 1865 and those of A. grubei baltica Eliason, 1955, now accepted as A. baltica. According to this, both species are valid, and A. grubei must therefore also be deleted from the list of synonyms of A. acutifrons. Information on five molecular markers (Histone H3, COI, 16S, 18S, 28S) is provided for A. cirrata from the Baltic Sea. DNA sequences (H3, 16S, 28S) were identical to sequences of a specimen found in Iceland that was incorrectly determined as A. acutifrons, supporting the assumption of an amphiatlantic distribution of A. cirrata. By comparing obtained sequences to available sequences in GenBank and BOLD, we found evidence that at least four species were previously misidentified as A. acutifrons. The historical course of the taxonomy of A. acutifrons demonstrates the importance of carefully studying type material and type locality material, respectively. We believe that most previous records and synonyms of A. acutifrons have been identified incorrectly and should be re-evaluated. Additionally, an updated key to all species of Ampharete from the North Atlantic is provided.

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Rahardjo, Budi, Fachrul Rozie, and Jessika Maulina. "Parents’ Role in Children's Learning During and After the Covid-19 Pandemic." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.161.05.

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When children only see their friends in little squares via Google Meet or Zoom, can teachers really address concepts like the importance of teamwork or how to manage conflict? This is a learning phenomenon during the COVID-19 pandemic and the era after it. This study aims to see the role of parents as children's learning companions in terms of mentors and motivators when online education takes place. This research using photovoice within phenomenological methodology and have been doing with thematic analysis and collecting data through interviews and observations. The participants were eight parents and one female teacher as a homeroom teacher. The research findings show that although there are many obstacles in online learning for children, learning during the COVID-19 pandemic can still run by involving the role of parents and teachers as pillars of education for preschool-age children. For further research, it is hoped that the findings will be a way in solving learning problems for children. Keywords: early childhood education, parents’ role, online learning References: Adedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. In Interactive Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180 Aras, S. (2016). Free play in early childhood education: A phenomenological study. Early Child Development and Care, 186(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1083558 Arkorful, V. (2021). The role of e-learning, advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in higher The role of e-learning, the advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in Higher Education . International Journal of Education and Research, 2(December 2014). Atiles, J. T., Almodóvar, M., Chavarría Vargas, A., Dias, M. J. A., & Zúñiga León, I. M. (2021). International responses to COVID-19: Challenges faced by early childhood professionals. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1872674 Barnett, W. S., Grafwallner, R., & Weisenfeld, G. G. (2021). Corona pandemic in the United States shapes new normal for young children and their families. In European Early Childhood Education Research Journal (Vol. 29, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1872670 Basham, J. D., Blackorby, J., & Marino, M. T. (2020). Opportunity in Crisis: The Role of Universal Design for Learning in Educational Redesign. In Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal (Vol. 18, Issue 1). Beatriks Novianti Bunga, R. Pasifikus Christa Wijaya & Indra Yohanes Kiling (2021) Studying at Home: Experience of Parents and Their Young Children in an Underdeveloped Area of Indonesia, Journal of Research in Childhood Education, DOI: 10.1080/02568543.2021.1977436 Buheji, M., Hassani, A., Ebrahim, A., da Costa Cunha, K., Jahrami, H., Baloshi, M., & Hubail, S. (2020). Children and Coping During COVID-19: A Scoping Review of Bio-Psycho-Social Factors. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijap.20201001.02 Celik, M. Y. (2021). The dual role of nurses as mothers during the pandemic period: Qualitative study. Early Child Development and Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2021.1917561 Coulter, M., Britton, Ú., MacNamara, Á., Manninen, M., McGrane, B., & Belton, S. (2021). PE at Home: Keeping the ‘E’ in PE while home-schooling during a pandemic. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1963425 Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (Fifth edition). Pearson. Dodd, H. F., Fitzgibbon, L., Watson, B. E., & Nesbit, R. J. (2021). Children’s play and independent mobility in 2020: Results from the british children’s play survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084334 Duran, A. (2019). A Photovoice Phenomenological Study Exploring Campus Belonging for Queer Students of Color. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 56(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2018.1490308 Ebbeck, M., Yim, H. Y. B., Chan, Y., & Goh, M. (2016). Singaporean Parents’ Views of Their Young Children’s Access and Use of Technological Devices. Early Childhood Education Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0695-4 Ekyana, Luluk, Fauziddin Muhammad & Arifiyanti Nurul. (2021). Parents’ Perception: Early Childhood Social Behaviour During Physical Distancing in the Covid-19 Pandemic. JPUD: Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, Volume 15 (2),DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.152.04 Eslava, M., Deaño, M., Alfonso, S., Conde, Á., & García-Señorán, M. (2016). Family context and preschool learning. Journal of Family Studies, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2015.1063445 Finn, L., & Vandermaas-Peeler, M. (2013). Young children’s engagement and learning opportunities in a cooking activity with parents and older siblings. Early Childhood Research and Practice, 15(1). Gee, E., Siyahhan, S., & Cirell, A. M. (2017). Video gaming as digital media, play, and family routine: Implications for understanding video gaming and learning in family contexts. Learning, Media, and Technology, 42(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2016.1205600 Gelir, I., & Duzen, N. (2021). Children’s changing behaviours and routines, challenges and opportunities for parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Education 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2021.1921822 Giannini, S., Jenkins, R., & Saavedra, J. (2021). Mission: Recovering Education 2021. In UNICEF, UNESCO, and World Bank. Goodhart, F. W., Hsu, J., Baek, J. H., Coleman, A. L., Maresca, F. M., & Miller, M. B. (2006). A view through a different lens: Photovoice as a tool for student advocacy. Journal of American College Health, 55(1). https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.1.53-56 Gong, S., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Qu, Y., Tang, C., Yu, Q., & Jiang, L. (2019). A descriptive qualitative study of home care experiences in parents of children with tracheostomies. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.12.005 Hamaidi, D. A., Arouri, Y. M., Noufa, R. K., & Aldrou, I. T. (2021). Parents’ Perceptions of Their Children’s Experiences with Distance Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v22i2.5154 Hammersley, M., & Traianou, A. (2015). Ethics in Qualitative Research: Controversies and Contexts. In Ethics in Qualitative Research: Controversies and Contexts. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957619 Harris, K. I. (2021). Parent Cooperative Early Childhood Settings: Empowering Family Strengths and Family Engagement for All Young Children. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.11114/ijce.v4i1.5143 Hassinger-Das, B., Zosh, J. M., Hansen, N., Talarowski, M., Zmich, K., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2020). Play-and-learn spaces: Leveraging library spaces to promote caregiver and child interaction. Library and Information Science Research, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2020.101002 Henter, R., & Nastasa, L. E. (2021). Parents’ Emotion Management for Personal Well-Being When Challenged by Their Online Work and Their Children’s Online School. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.751153 Houston, S. (2017). Towards a critical ecology of child development in social work: Aligning the theories of Bronfenbrenner and Bourdieu. Families, Relationships and Societies, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1332/204674315X14281321359847 Ihmeideh, F., AlFlasi, M., Al-Maadadi, F., Coughlin, C., & Al-Thani, T. (2020). Perspectives of family–school relationships in Qatar based on Epstein’s model of six types of parent involvement. Early Years, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2018.1438374 Iruka, I. U., DeKraai, M., Walther, J., Sheridan, S. M., & Abdel-Monem, T. (2020). Examining how rural ecological contexts influence children’s early learning opportunities. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.09.005 Jiles, T. (2015). Knock, knock, may I come in? An integrative perspective on professional development concerns for home visits conducted by teachers. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949114567274 Kartini, K. (2021). Analisis Pembelajaran Online Anak Usia Dini Masa Pandemi COVID -19 Kota dan Perdalaman. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i2.880 Kurniati, E., Nur Alfaeni, D. K., & Andriani, F. (2020). Analisis Peran Orang Tua dalam Mendampingi Anak di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.541 La Paro, K. M., & Gloeckler, L. (2016). The Context of Child Care for Toddlers: The “Experience Expectable Environment”. Early Childhood Education Journal, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0699-0 Lau, E. Y. H., & Lee, K. (2021). Parents’ Views on Young Children’s Distance Learning and Screen Time During COVID-19 Class Suspension in Hong Kong. Early Education and Development, 32(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1843925 Lau, E. Y. H., Li, J. Bin, & Lee, K. (2021). Online Learning and Parent Satisfaction during COVID-19: Child Competence in Independent Learning as a Moderator. Early Education and Development, 32(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2021.1950451 Lilawati, A. (2020). Peran Orang Tua dalam Mendukung Kegiatan Pembelajaran di Rumah pada Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.630 Lim, K. F. (2020). Emergency remote teaching and learning in the time of COVID-19. Chemistry in Australia, August. Lin, X., & Li, H. (2018). Parents’ play beliefs and engagement in young children’s play at home. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2018.1441979 Michele L. Stites, Susan Sonneschein & Samantha H. Galczyk (2021) Preschool Parents’ Views of Distance Learning during COVID-19, Early Education and Development, 32:7, 923-939, DOI: 10.1080/10409289.2021.1930936 Muhdi, Nurkolis, & Yuliejantiningsih, Y. (2020). The Implementation of Online Learning in Early Childhood Education During the Covid-19 Pandemic. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.21009/jpud.142.04 Ortlipp, M. (2015). Keeping and Using Reflective Journals in the Qualitative Research Process. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1579 Paat, Y. F. (2013). Working with Immigrant Children and Their Families: An Application of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(8). https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.800007 Plowman, L., Stephen, C., & McPake, J. (2010). Supporting young children’s learning with technology at home and in preschool. Research Papers in Education, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520802584061 Rona Novick, Suzanne Brooks & Jenny Isaacs (2021) Parental Report of Preschoolers’ Jewish Day School Engagement and Adjustment During the Covid-19 Shutdown, Journal of Jewish Education, 87:4, 301-315, DOI: 10.1080/15244113.2021.1977098 Sandi Ferdiansyah, S. S., & Angin, R. (2020). Pengalaman Mahasiswa Thailand dalam Pembelajaran Daring di Universitas di Indonesia pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of International Students, 10(S3). Sonnenschein, S., Stites, M., & Dowling, R. (2021). Learning at home: What preschool children’s parents do and what they want to learn from their children’s teachers. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X20971321 Sri Indah Pujiastuti, Sofia Hartati & Jun Wang (2022) Socioemotional Competencies of Indonesian Preschoolers: Comparisons between the Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Periods and among DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta and West Java Provinces, Early Education and Development, DOI: 10.1080/10409289.2021.2024061 Stone, K., Burgess, C., Daniel, B., Smith, J., & Stephen, C. (2017). Nurture corners in preschool settings: Involving and nurturing children and parents. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2017.1309791 Suzanne M. Egan & Chloé Beatty (2021) To school through the screens: the use of screen devices to support young children's education and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, Irish Educational Studies, 40:2, 275-283, DOI: 10.1080/03323315.2021.1932551 Thomson, S. (2007). Do’s and don’ts: Children’s experiences of the primary school playground. Environmental Education Research, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620701581588 Vallejo-Ruiz, M., & Torres-Soto, A. (2020). Teachers’ conceptions on the quality of the teaching and learning process in early childhood education. Revista Electronica Educare, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.15359/REE.24-3.13 Widodo, H. P. (2014). Methodological considerations in interview data transcription. International Journal of Innovation in English Language, 3(1). Wijaya, Candra., Dalimunthe, Rasyid Anwar., & Muslim. Parents’ Perspective on The Online Learning Using Zoom Application in Early Childhood Education. JPUD: Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, Volume 15 Number 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.152.06 Winship, M., Standish, H., Trawick-Smith, J., & Perry, C. (2021). Reflections on practice: Providing authentic experiences with families in early childhood teacher education. In Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education (Vol. 42, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1080/10901027.2020.1736695

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Xu, Wenxin, Jiyang Ma, Yuan Li, William A. Bourland, Giulio Petroni, Xiaotian Luo, and Weibo Song. "Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, January 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab102.

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Abstract Hypotrichs comprise a highly differentiated and diversified group of ciliates with an evolutionary history characterized by an exceptional number of convergences and reversions. A new hypotrich ciliate from a freshwater fishpond is investigated based on morphological, morphogenetic and molecular data. The phylogenetic analyses reveal that the new species is closely related to Simplicitergida despite the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs, a common feature of simplicitergids. The phylogenetic position of this atypical simplicitergid species is strongly supported by the conserved features of dorsal ciliature and nuclear apparatus, which are probably more informative than cirral patterns for higher-rank classification. The close phylogenetic relationships among those Simplicitergida with varied cirral patterns could be explained by evolutionary convergences and reversions. The new species is recognized mainly by three frontoventral rows, several short midventral rows, two long midventral rows and the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs. Based on comprehensive phylogenetic analyses, together with detailed morphological and morphogenetic comparisons, a new family, Clampidae fam. nov., is proposed for the new genus and species, Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov. In addition, an emended diagnosis of the morphologically similar family Epiclintidae is provided.

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Mogami, Yoshihiro, and Hans Machemer. "In vivo activation of cirral movement in Stylonychia by calcium." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 168, no. 6 (June 1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00224358.

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Verhoeff, Tristan Joseph. "A new species of Stauroteuthis (Octopoda: Cirrata) and further novel cirrate octopods from Australian waters." Molluscan Research, July 20, 2023, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2023.2232534.

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PAIVA, THIAGO DA SILVA, and INÁCIO DOMINGOS DA SILVA-NETO. "Pseudourostyla pelotensis sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia, Urostylida): a new psammophilic ciliate from the southern Brazil." Zootaxa 1247, no. 1 (June 29, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1247.1.4.

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In samples of sand collected from the Laranjal beach, a lake shore located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, we found a new urostylid species characterized as: Pseudourostyla measuring about 190 x 80 µm in vivo; body very flexible, dorsoventrally compressed in almost 2:1 proportion, with ovoid and ellipsoid colorless cortical granules and displaying a short beak-like projection oriented to the left at the anterior region of the cell. Two contractile vacuoles present. Somatic ciliature with a typical bicorona and urostylid midventral complex formed by cirral pairs, that ends below the equatorial region of the cell. Pre-transverse cirri lacking; on average two frontoterminal cirri, five left and six right marginal cirral rows, six transverse cirri and eight dorsal kineties. Adoral zone composed of about 50 membranelles. Pseudourostyla pelotensis sp. nov. differs from other congeners by the presence of an anterior beak-like projection, two contractile vacuoles instead of one, and a unique combination of other characters including extension of the midventral complex, number of adoral membranelles and of macronuclear nodules.

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Maar, Kristian, Uri Shavit, Anders Andersen, and Thomas Kiørboe. "The fluid dynamics of barnacle feeding." Journal of Experimental Biology, January 29, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.246541.

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Sessile barnacles feed by sweeping their basket-like cirral fan through the water, intercepting suspended prey. A primary component of the diet of adult barnacles is copepods that are sensitive to fluid disturbances and capable of escaping. How do barnacles manage to capture copepods despite the fluid disturbances they generate? We examined this question by describing the feeding current architecture of 1 cm sized Balanus crenatus using particle image velocimetry, and by studying the trajectories of captured copepods and the escapes of evading copepods. We find that barnacles produce a feeding current that arrives both from behind and the sides of the barnacle. The flow from the sides represents quiescent corridors of low fluid deformation and uninterrupted by the beating cirral fan. Potential prey arriving from behind are likely to encounter the cirral fan and, hence, capture here is highly unlikely. Accordingly, most captured copepods arrived through the quiet corridors, while most copepods arriving from behind managed to escape. Thus, it is the unique feeding flow architecture that allows feeding on evasive prey. We used the Landau-Squire jet as a simple model of the feeding current. For the Reynolds number of our experiments, the model reproduces the main features of the feeding current, including the lateral feeding corridors. Furthermore, the model suggests that smaller barnacle specimens, operating at lower Reynolds numbers, will produce a fore-and-aft symmetric feeding current without the lateral corridors. This suggests an ontogenetic diet shift from non-evasive prey to inclusion of evasive prey as the barnacle grows.

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Horn, Kali M., Michelle E. H. Fournet, Kaitlin A. Liautaud, Lynsey N. Morton, Allie M. Cyr, Alyse L. Handley, Megan M. Dotterweich, Kyra N. Anderson, Mackenzie L. Zippay, and Kristin M. Hardy. "Effects of Intertidal Position on Metabolism and Behavior in the Acorn Barnacle, Balanus glandula." Integrative Organismal Biology 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iob/obab010.

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Abstract The intertidal zone is characterized by persistent, tidally-driven fluctuations in both abiotic (e.g., temperature, oxygen, and salinity) and biotic (e.g., food availability and predation) factors, which make this a physiologically challenging habitat for resident organisms. The relative magnitude and degree of variability of environmental stress differ between intertidal zones, with the most extreme physiological stress often being experienced by organisms in the high intertidal. Given that so many of the constantly shifting parameters in this habitat are primary drivers of metabolic rate (e.g., temperature, [O2], and food availability), we hypothesized that sessile conspecifics residing in different tidal zones would exhibit distinct “metabolic phenotypes,” a term we use to collectively describe the organisms’ baseline metabolic performance and capacity. To investigate this hypothesis, we collected acorn barnacles (Balanus glandula) from low, mid, and high intertidal positions in San Luis Obispo Bay, CA, and measured a suite of biochemical (whole-animal citrate synthase (CS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and aerial [D-lactate]), physiological (O2 consumption rates), morphological (body size), and behavioral (e.g., cirri beat frequency and percentage of time operculum open) indices of metabolism. We found tidal zone-dependent differences in B. glandula metabolism that primarily related to anaerobic capacity, cirral activity patterns, and body size. Barnacles from the low intertidal tended to have a greater capacity for anaerobic metabolism (i.e., increased LDH activity and increased baseline [D-lactate]), have reduced cirral beating activity—and presumably reduced feeding—when submerged, and be smaller in size compared to conspecifics in the high intertidal. We did not, however, see any D-lactate accumulation in barnacles from any tidal height throughout 96 h of air exposure. This trend indicates that the enhanced capacity of low intertidal barnacles for anaerobic metabolism may have evolved to support metabolism during more prolonged episodes of emersion or during events other than emersion (e.g., coastal hypoxia and predation). There were also no significant differences in CS activity or baseline O2 consumption rates (in air or seawater at 14°C) across tidal heights, which imply that aerobic metabolic capacity may not be as sensitive to tidal position as anaerobic processes. Understanding how individuals occupying different shore heights differ in their metabolic capacity becomes increasingly interesting in the context of global climate change, given that the intertidal zone is predicted to experience even greater extremes in abiotic stress.

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Seabra, Maria Inês, Maria Santos, David Jacinto, David Mateus, Joana Fernandes, Ana Pombo, Teresa Silva, João Castro, and Teresa Cruz. "Effects of hydrodynamic conditions and feeding period on size, growth and cirral behavior of the stalked-barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes." Frontiers in Marine Science 6 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/conf.fmars.2019.08.00146.

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OBUCHI, MASAMI, ICHIZO KOGO, and YOSHIHISA FUJITA. "A new brooding feather star of the genus Dorometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulida: Antedonidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan." Zootaxa 2008, no. 1 (February 11, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2008.1.6.

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A new comatulid of the family Antedonidae, Dorometra sesokonis n. sp., is described from coral reefs of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. The new species is extremely small with ten short arms and a unique pinnulation in which some proximal pinnules are absent or poorly developed in most specimens. Additionally, cirrals and brachials of D. sesokonis are elongated and partly colorless. The combination of these morphological characters makes the new species appear like juvenile specimens, regardless of sexual maturity. This species also has remarkable reproductive habits, exhibiting both external brooding and hermaphroditism.

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Kjærandsen, Jostein, Peter Kerr, Jon Peder Lindemann, and Olavi Kurina. "When details matter: Integrative revision of Holarctic Coelophthinia Edwards (Diptera, Mycetophilidae), including mapping of its mitogenome, leads to the description of four new pseudocryptic species." Biodiversity Data Journal 11 (February 14, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.11.e98741.

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The small genus Coelophthinia Edwards, 1941 of the subfamily Gnoristinae (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) is so far known to harbour four species from the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. Extensive DNA barcoding of fungus gnats of the family Mycetophilidae through the International Barcode of Life project (iBOL) have initiated integrative studies resulting in taxonomic upgrades and a better understanding of many species and their delimitation. The opportunity was also taken to describe the mitogenome of a member of Coelophthinia for the first time. The integrative studies give evidence for splitting the European species C. thoracica Edwards, 1941 into three different species. Four new species are described from the USA, Japan and the Nordic Region in Europe, Coelophthinia cirra Kerr sp. n., Coelophthinia itoae Kurina sp. n., Coelophthinia lata Kjaerandsen sp. n. and Coelophthinia loraasi Kjaerandsen sp. n., raising the number of Holarctic species from two to six. The mitogenome of Coelophthinia loraasi sp. n. is described and analysed.

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Ziegler, Alexander, and Christina Sagorny. "Effects of fixation and long-term preservation on finned octopods (Cephalopoda: Cirrata)." Marine Biology 170, no. 11 (September 27, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04276-3.

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AbstractAmong mollusks, the octopods stand out due to the almost entire absence of a stabilizing shell, potentially rendering these organisms susceptible to deformation caused by fixation and preservation. Such artifacts have previously been shown to occur especially in specimens of the deep-sea taxon Cirrata, the finned octopods. As an adaptation to their extreme habitat, many cirrates are composed of (semi-)gelatinous tissues, which are particularly prone to distortion, shrinkage, and deformation following fixation and preservation. Using one or more species from each of the eight currently recognized cirrate genera, the present study provides pre- and post-fixation color imagery of entire specimens as well as measurements of taxonomically relevant characters. These novel data illustrate the sometimes drastic effects that short- and long-term chemical treatment entails for this cephalopod taxon. Both structural and color changes may occur when finned octopods are fixed and preserved using routine protocols. However, shrinkage does not occur uniformly in all taxonomically relevant structures. The consequences of such a treatment for species descriptions and identification are discussed and existing anaesthetization, fixation and preservation protocols are summarized.

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Verhoeff, Tristan Joseph. "Finned octopus Cirroteuthis Eschricht, 1836 (Cephalopoda: Cirrata: Cirroteuthidae) confirmed from Australian waters." Molluscan Research, June 17, 2022, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2022.2087143.

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Golikov, Alexey V., Martin E. Blicher, Gudmundur Gudmundsson, Igor E. Manushin, Jan Y. Poulsen, Denis V. Zakharov, and Rushan M. Sabirov. "Flapjack devilfish in the northern North Atlantic: morphology, biology and ecology of Opisthoteuthis borealis (Cephalopoda, Octopoda, Cirrata)." Marine Biodiversity 50, no. 6 (November 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01138-9.

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Ziegler, Alexander, and Christina Sagorny. "Holistic description of new deep sea megafauna (Cephalopoda: Cirrata) using a minimally invasive approach." BMC Biology 19, no. 1 (April 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01000-9.

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Abstract Background In zoology, species descriptions conventionally rely on invasive morphological techniques, frequently leading to damage of the specimens and thus only a partial understanding of their structural complexity. More recently, non-destructive imaging techniques have successfully been used to describe smaller fauna, but this approach has so far not been applied to identify or describe larger animal species. Here, we present a combination of entirely non-invasive as well as minimally invasive methods that permit taxonomic descriptions of large zoological specimens in a more comprehensive manner. Results Using the single available representative of an allegedly novel species of deep-sea cephalopod (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), digital photography, standardized external measurements, high-field magnetic resonance imaging, micro-computed tomography, and DNA barcoding were combined to gather all morphological and molecular characters relevant for a full species description. The results show that this specimen belongs to the cirrate octopod (Octopoda: Cirrata) genus Grimpoteuthis Robson, 1932. Based on the number of suckers, position of web nodules, cirrus length, presence of a radula, and various shell characters, the specimen is designated as the holotype of a new species of dumbo octopus, G. imperator sp. nov. The digital nature of the acquired data permits a seamless online deposition of raw as well as derived morphological and molecular datasets in publicly accessible repositories. Conclusions Using high-resolution, non-invasive imaging systems intended for the analysis of larger biological objects, all external as well as internal morphological character states relevant for the identification of a new megafaunal species were obtained. Potentially harmful effects on this unique deep-sea cephalopod specimen were avoided by scanning the fixed animal without admixture of a contrast agent. Additional support for the taxonomic placement of the new dumbo octopus species was obtained through DNA barcoding, further underlining the importance of combining morphological and molecular datasets for a holistic description of zoological specimens.

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Verhoeff, Tristan Joseph, and Steve O’Shea. "New records and two new species of Grimpoteuthis (Octopoda: Cirrata: Grimpoteuthididae) from southern Australia and New Zealand." Molluscan Research, February 20, 2022, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2022.2035889.

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Pardo-Gandarillas, M. Cecilia, Mariana Díaz-Santana-Iturrios, Mark Fenwick, Roger Villanueva, and Christian M. Ibáñez. "Redescription of the Flapjack Octopod, Opisthoteuthis bruuni (Cephalopoda: Opisthoteuthidae), from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean and Evolutionary Relationships of Cirrate Octopods." Malacologia 63, no. 2 (March 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4002/040.063.0201.

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van der Lee, Romy, and Naomi Ellemers. "Kenmerken en valkuilen van effectief beleid voor genderdiversiteit in de wetenschap." Gedrag & Organisatie 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/2018.031.003.005.

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Genderdiversiteit is een speerpunt geworden in beleid gericht op inclusie en gelijke kansen, ook in de academische wereld. Genderdiversiteit van wetenschappers kan dan ook bijdragen aan kennisontwikkeling en -benutting. Toch is het voor vrouwen nog steeds moeilijker dan voor mannen om succesvol te zijn in de wetenschap. Zelfs als er geen prestatieverschillen waarneembaar zijn, is er een leiderschaps-, loon- en financieringskloof. Dit wordt vaak toegeschreven aan impliciete gender bias: de neiging om academische prestaties van vrouwen minder op te merken of minder te waarderen. Dit gebeurt meestal onbewust, en op elk niveau zijn de verschillen in kansen voor mannen en vrouwen vaak relatief klein. Vrouwen kunnen hierdoor in een vicieuze cirkel terechtkomen: zij ervaren motivatie- en prestatieverlies vanwege achterblijvende kansen en gebrekkig rendement van hun toewijding en behaalde successen. Dit maakt het lastig om het optreden van impliciete discriminatie en de gevolgen ervan te herkennen. Diversiteitsinterventies hebben dan ook vaak niet het gewenste effect, onder andere vanwege onvoldoende draagvlak. We bespreken enkele valkuilen die de effectiviteit van diversiteitsinterventies kunnen belemmeren. Daarnaast geven we suggesties om de effectiviteit van interventies te optimaliseren. Met een evidence-based en context-afhankelijk genderdiversiteitsbeleid is het mogelijk om een gender-diverse academie te bevorderen.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cirral behaviors'

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