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Journal articles on the topic 'Circus animals – United States'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Nisha, P. R. "Ban and benevolence: Circus, animals and Indian state." Indian Economic & Social History Review 54, no. 2 (April 2017): 239–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464617695676.

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Social sciences and humanities have recently begun posing enquiries such as do animals have histories, memories and subjectivities. Circus animals hardly figure in the discourses on animals while a wide variety of animals existed in the rings globally as performers and workers. The ban of the training and performance of certain wild animals by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, India in 1991 was a watershed moment for the almost 150-year-old circus industry in the subcontinent. This article explores the legal battle that followed the ban, various discourses around animals, both wild and captive, the human and non-human association in circuses and the history of animal training and performance and critically examines the ideas of rescue, rehabilitation and conservation. The acquisition, taming and trade of animals are implicated in the history of hunting, wildlife policies of the colonial and postcolonial states in India. The ‘rescue’ and ‘rehabilitation’ of animals from the ‘private’ circus companies to the ‘public’ zoos would unravel how the very idea of scientific conservation becomes a violent guile of state and civil society actively propagating the binary of cruelty and mercy. The article will also briefly discuss the questions of intimacy and emotions between the animal and the animal trainer beyond the common representations.

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Cook, Audrey K. "Schistosomiasis in the United States." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 52, no. 6 (November 2022): 1283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.06.009.

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3

Jackson, David. "United States ETHICAL (AND UNETHICAL) TREATMENT OF ANIMALS." Lancet 329, no. 8539 (April 1987): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90307-2.

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4

Hanke, Sabine. "Performing National Identity in the Interwar Period: The Sarrasani Circus in Germany and Latin America." New Theatre Quarterly 37, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x21000063.

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This article examines the production and promotion of popular entertainments by the German Sarrasani Circus during the interwar period and how they were used to establish specific national narratives in Germany and Latin America. Focusing particularly on its engagement of Lakota performers, it argues that the Circus acted as an active negotiator of national concerns within and beyond Germany’s borders, and presented the group as ‘familiar natives’ in order to appeal to local and national ideas of Germanness. At the same time, it shows that the performers pursued their own interests in becoming international and cosmopolitan performers, thereby challenging the assimilation forced upon their traditions and culture by institutions in the United States. Finally, it demonstrates how foreign propaganda built on the Circus’s national image in Latin America to restore Germany’s international relations after the First World War. Sabine Hanke is a lecturer in Modern History at the University of Duisberg-Essen. Her research examines the German and British interwar circus. She was recently awarded her PhD in cultural history, from which this article has evolved, at the University of Sheffield. A chapter based on her research is scheduled for publication in Circus Histories and Theories, ed. Nisha P.R. and Melon Dilip (Oxford University Press).

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Allen, Kelly E., Eileen M. Johnson, and Susan E. Little. "Hepatozoon spp Infections in the United States." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 41, no. 6 (November 2011): 1221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.006.

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Fajt, Virginia R. "Regulatory considerations in the United States." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 19, no. 3 (November 2003): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(03)00050-1.

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Grier, Katherine C. "Childhood Socialization and Companion Animals: United States, 1820-1870." Society & Animals 7, no. 2 (1999): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853099x00022.

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AbstractBetween 1820 and 1870, middle-class Americans became convinced of the role nonhuman animals could play in socializing children. Companion animals in and around the household were the medium for training children into self-consciousness about, and abhorrence of, causing pain to other creatures including, ultimately, other people. In an age where the formation of character was perceived as an act of conscious choice and self-control, middle-class Americans understood cruelty to animals as a problem both of individual or familial deficiency and of good and evil. Training children to be self-conscious about kindness became an important task of parenting. Domestic advisors also argued that learning kindness was critical for boys who were developmentally prone to cruelty and whose youthful cruelty had implications both for the future of family life and for the body politic. The practice of pet keeping, where children became stewards of companion animals who were then able to teach young humans such virtues as gratitude and fidelity, became a socially meaningful act.

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Carlson, Geoffrey. "United States – Measures Affecting the Importation of Animals, Meat and Other Animal Products from Argentina (US–Animals, DS447)." World Trade Review 15, no. 1 (January 2016): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000610.

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Following an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Argentina in 2001, the United States maintained import prohibitions on certain animals and animal products from Argentina. In this dispute, Argentina challenged two sets of measures: (1) the United States' prohibition on importation of fresh (chilled or frozen) beef from a portion of northern Argentina and on the importation of animals, meat, and other animal products from the Patagonia region as a consequence of the failure to recognize Patagonia as an FMD-free region; and (2) the undue delay of the United States’ application of certain regulatory procedures under which the United States assessed Argentina's requests for re-authorization to import fresh (chilled or frozen) beef from a certain area of northern Argentina and for the recognition of the Patagonia region as FMD-free.

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Fielding, William J., Travis W. Cronin, and Christina Risley-Curtiss. "College Students’ Experiences of Nonhuman Animal Harm in the United States and The Bahamas." Society & Animals 28, no. 7 (December 19, 2018): 752–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341534.

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Abstract This study compares and contrasts experiences of harm to nonhuman animals in the lives of 830 college students in The Bahamas and the United States. Overall, students in The Bahamas were more likely to have been exposed to seeing animals harmed (65%) than those in the United States (16%), and they were more likely to have seen an animal killed (22% in The Bahamas and 12% in the United States). Bahamian students reported a higher rate of participation in harming animals than United States students. Stray animals were at greater risk of harm than animals designated as companion animals. The occurrence of coerced harm to animals including zoophilia was low. Participants were indirect victims of animal harm at older ages than the ages at which they had first witnessed or participated in harming animals. Cross-societal implications of harming animals are discussed in the context of teaching animal welfare.

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Kidd, Linda. "Emerging Spotted Fever Rickettsioses in the United States." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 52, no. 6 (November 2022): 1305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.003.

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11

Wolf, Stacy. "Civilizing and Selling Spectators: Audiences at the Madison Civic Center." Theatre Survey 39, no. 2 (November 1998): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400010115.

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Virtually every city in the United States now has a Civic Center. In large cities, this site functions variously as a convention center, a hockey rink, and the locale for the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey circus. In smaller cities, it frequently serves as a venue for performance. Civic Centers host touring productions of Broadway shows, national dance companies, and local symphonies and operas. In addition to providing local access to a variety of performance forms, a city's Civic Center also signifies “the arts” and so implies the city's commitment to art and performance.

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Ebel, Stan. "The Llama Industry in the United States." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 5, no. 1 (March 1989): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30999-3.

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Bischoff, Karyn, and Mary C. Smith. "Toxic Plants of the Northeastern United States." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 27, no. 2 (July 2011): 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.02.001.

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Gerhardt, Reid. "West Nile Virus in the United States (1999–2005)." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 42, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0420170.

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The accidental introduction of West Nile Virus into New York City from the Old World in 1999 resulted in an epidemic in humans, horses, and birds that swept to the west coast in just 3 years. The virus is transmitted by infective mosquitoes among susceptible native birds, which serve as amplifying hosts. Clinical disease occurs in humans and horses, but not enough virus is produced in their blood to infect other mosquitoes; therefore, humans and horses are considered dead-end hosts. Humans can best protect themselves by remaining indoors during periods of high mosquito activity and/or by using recommended repellents. Effective vaccines are available for horses.

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Hamer, Sarah A., and Ashley B. Saunders. "Veterinary Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) in the United States." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 52, no. 6 (November 2022): 1267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.06.008.

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Rowan, Andrew N. "Companion Animal Demographics and Unwanted Animals in the United States." Anthrozoös 5, no. 4 (December 1992): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279392787011313.

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17

Cassuto. "United States v. Stevens: Win, Loss, or Draw for Animals?" Journal of Animal Ethics 2, no. 1 (2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/janimalethics.2.1.0012.

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McQuiston, Jennifer H., and James E. Childs. "Q Fever in Humans and Animals in the United States." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2, no. 3 (September 2002): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/15303660260613747.

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Hill, D. E., and J. P. Dubey. "Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in farm animals in the United States." International Journal for Parasitology 43, no. 2 (February 2013): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.09.012.

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20

Esch, Kevin J., and Christine A. Petersen. "Transmission and Epidemiology of Zoonotic Protozoal Diseases of Companion Animals." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 58–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00067-12.

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SUMMARYOver 77 million dogs and 93 million cats share our households in the United States. Multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of pets in their owners' physical and mental health. Given the large number of companion animals in the United States and the proximity and bond of these animals with their owners, understanding and preventing the diseases that these companions bring with them are of paramount importance. Zoonotic protozoal parasites, including toxoplasmosis, Chagas' disease, babesiosis, giardiasis, and leishmaniasis, can cause insidious infections, with asymptomatic animals being capable of transmitting disease.GiardiaandToxoplasma gondii, endemic to the United States, have high prevalences in companion animals.LeishmaniaandTrypanosoma cruziare found regionally within the United States. These diseases have lower prevalences but are significant sources of human disease globally and are expanding their companion animal distribution. Thankfully, healthy individuals in the United States are protected by intact immune systems and bolstered by good nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene. Immunocompromised individuals, including the growing number of obese and/or diabetic people, are at a much higher risk of developing zoonoses. Awareness of these often neglected diseases in all health communities is important for protecting pets and owners. To provide this awareness, this review is focused on zoonotic protozoal mechanisms of virulence, epidemiology, and the transmission of pathogens of consequence to pet owners in the United States.

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Volsche, Shelly. "Pet Parenting in the United States: Investigating an Evolutionary Puzzle." Evolutionary Psychology 19, no. 3 (July 2021): 147470492110382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14747049211038297.

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Fertility rates continue to decline globally amidst the second demographic transition, marked by urbanization, increased educational attainment, and most importantly, a new flexibility in life-course organization. As a result, some individuals are choosing to bring companion animals in the home rather than raising children. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore whether these transitions result in differential companion animal attachment and caregiving behavior in the homes of parents (or those who desire to become parents) and nonparents or childfree “pet parents.” Methods A total of 917 respondents completed an online survey via Qualtrics that included demographic questions, the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS), and Likert-scale questions designed to probe direct and indirect caretaking behaviors. Results Nonparents reported more Generalized Attachment and more Affective Responsiveness to their companion animals, as well as increased investment in General Care. They also reported more People Substituting on the LAPS. Parents and nonparents reported similar agreement regarding Animal Rights/Welfare and Training and Play. Conclusion I conclude that nonparents' investment in companion animals much like parents invest in children, but in ways that meet species-specific needs. This supports the notion that nonparents may be nurturing companion animals as a trade-off to raising children, but not as a substitute. This is an evolutionarily novel application of parenting strategies in a new, flexible environment.

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22

Rosypal, Alexa C., Anne M. Zajac, and David S. Lindsay. "Canine visceral leishmaniasis and its emergence in the United States." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 33, no. 4 (July 2003): 921–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00030-5.

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23

Holoyda, Brian James. "Bestiality Law in the United States: Evolving Legislation with Scientific Limitations." Animals 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2022): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12121525.

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Societies have proscribed bestiality, or sex between humans and nonhuman animals, since the earliest recorded legal codes. In the early American colonies, religious prohibitions against bestiality provided the grounds for punishing those who engaged in such acts. In the 1800′s, Henry Bergh imported the animal welfare approach to the United States, which modernized the legislative treatment of animals in the country. Until recently, however, many laws in the U.S. have been outdated and vague and have utilized moralistic terminology. Since the 1960′s, a growing body of literature has developed suggesting that individuals who harm animals may also interpersonally offend. This concept, known as the Link, has served as a major motivation for advocates to promote new legislation criminalizing bestiality, to modernize old state statutes, and to expand penalties for individuals convicted of having sex with animals. Unfortunately, data supporting the Link between bestiality and interpersonal violence are limited and of questionable generalizability to the broad public. The Link’s weaknesses can assist in guiding further research. This article summarizes the history of bestiality law, the current state of bestiality legislation in the United States, the body of Link-related literature on bestiality and interpersonal violence and other problematic sexual behaviors, and the empirical weaknesses and needs revealed by this legislation.

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Jiang, Xingyi, Yaqi Zhao, Chunya Tang, Megan Appelbaum, and Qinchun Rao. "Aquatic food animals in the United States: Status quo and challenges." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 21, no. 2 (February 12, 2022): 1336–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12923.

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DUBEY, J., and J. JONES. "Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States." International Journal for Parasitology 38, no. 11 (September 2008): 1257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.007.

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Centner, Terence J. "Limitations on the Confinement of Food Animals in the United States." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 23, no. 5 (December 2, 2009): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-009-9225-y.

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27

Butler, Christopher J. "Feral Parrots in the Continental United States and United Kingdom: Past, Present, and Future." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 2 (June 2005): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/183.

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Koontz, Stephen R. "Market power in the United States red meatpacking industry." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 19, no. 2 (July 2003): 519–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(03)00030-6.

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Dickinson, George E., Paul D. Roof, and Karin W. Roof. "End-of-Life Issues in United States Veterinary Medicine Schools." Society & Animals 18, no. 2 (2010): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853010x492006.

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AbstractThe purpose of this research endeavor was to determine the status of dying, death, and bereavement as topics within the curricula of the 28 veterinary medicine schools in the United States. Data were obtained via a mailed questionnaire (100% return rate). Results revealed that over 96% of the schools have offerings related to end-of-life issues, with 80% of students exposed to these offerings. The average number of hours students devote to end-of-life issues is 14.64, about the same as for U.S. medical and baccalaureate nursing schools. Topics covered most often are “euthanasia” and “communication with owners of dying animals.” Veterinary schools over-whelmingly note that dying, death, and bereavement are important topics. It might be helpful to veterinary medicine students if their own feelings regarding dying and death were addressed early in the curriculum and throughout class activities and clinical work. Veterinarians would likely relate better to animal guardians and to nonhuman animals themselves if they felt more comfortable with dying and death.

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Smirnov, Evgeniy R., Yana V. Beznosova, Faridun Z. Zavurbekov, and Nikolay V. Ostroumov. "Animals as objects of legal protection in the Republic of India." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-2-181-186.

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The article analyses the legal acts of the modern Republic of India aimed at protecting animals from human actions that cause physical and mental suffering. It is emphasised that the Indian legislator recognises the presence of feelings, emotions, experiences and consciousness in animals. The authors studied the report of the World Society for the Protection of Animals, which contains information on the state of legislation and judicial practice in this area. The authors drew attention to the position of Indian judges who explicitly recognise the existence of special rights for animals that are subject to legal protection. The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of the protection of wild, agricultural, laboratory, domestic, circus and captive animals. In relation to each of these categories, there are special legal acts that confirm the commitment of the Indian state to the principle of "ahimsa", which has existed in this country since ancient times, i.e., humane treatment of all living beings. India's legislation dealing with animal welfare issues is progressive compared to many states where such issues are not a priority. Noting the unconditional achievements of the Republic of India in the field of animal protection, the authors did not ignore the existing problems of law enforcement practice that require immediate solutions.

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Rivenburg, Rachel, Tina Jo Owen, Linda G. Martin, and Annie V. Chen. "Pituitary Surgery: Changing the Paradigm in Veterinary Medicine in the United States." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 57, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-7009.

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ABSTRACT Medical management is currently the most common treatment for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and hypersomatotropism/acromegaly in veterinary medicine. Medical management does not provide a cure for either disease process, and rarely is pituitary imaging a part of initial diagnostics. Early pituitary imaging in animals with clinically functional pituitary tumors provides a baseline assessment, allows monitoring of tumor changes, and permits radiation and surgical planning. Surgery is the only treatment for pituitary tumors that has curative intent and allows for a definitive diagnosis. Surgical removal of pituitary tumors via transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is an effective treatment for clinical pituitary tumors in patients exhibiting endocrine abnormalities associated with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and hypersomatotropism. Surgery, however, is rarely pursued until patients have failed medical management, and often not until they are showing neurologic signs, making surgical success challenging. It is well documented that dogs surgically treated when the pituitary mass is small have a lower mortality, a lower recurrence rate, and a longer survival than those with larger pituitary masses. Providing owners with the option of early pituitary imaging in addition to medical, surgical, and radiation treatment options should be the standard of care for animals diagnosed with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism or hypersomatotropism.

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Petersen, Christine A. "Leishmaniasis, an Emerging Disease Found in Companion Animals in the United States." Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 24, no. 4 (November 2009): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.06.006.

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Duarte, Paulo C., Paul S. Morley, Josie L. Traub-Dargatz, and Lynn H. Creekmore. "Factors associated with vesicular stomatitis in animals in the western United States." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 232, no. 2 (January 15, 2008): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.232.2.249.

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Orlans, F. Barbara. "Use of animals in education: policy and practice in the United States." Journal of Biological Education 25, no. 1 (March 1991): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1991.9655170.

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Spenser, Edward L. "United States Food and Drug Laws and Ratites as Emerging Food Animals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 14, no. 3 (November 1998): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30235-8.

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Forrester, Jared A., Christopher P. Holstege, and Joseph D. Forrester. "Fatalities From Venomous and Nonvenomous Animals in the United States (1999–2007)." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 23, no. 2 (June 2012): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2012.02.012.

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Seal, Lauren M., Sara B. Mullaney, and Sheldon G. Waugh. "Leishmaniasis in the United States military veterinary patient population." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.21.05.0226.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the presence of Leishmania infection within the animal population receiving care from US Army Veterinary Services. ANIMALS 629 canine, feline, and equine patients of US Army Veterinary Services from 2014 to 2017. PROCEDURES Personnel at the US Army Public Health Center ran a query within the Remote Online Veterinary Record system using previously validated search terms (eg, liesh, leish, and lesh) and returned data on any patient for which the master problem list included those terms. Next, a query was run to identify all leishmaniasis testing. Records identified by queries were reviewed manually, and data were collected on patient signalment, indication for and type of testing, location of testing, and previous locations or country of the patient. RESULTS Only dogs (n = 378), not cats or horses, had been tested for leishmaniasis, 54 (14.3%) of which tested positive for Leishmania infection. More specifically, 39 of 104 (37.5%) privately owned dogs tested positive, compared with 15 of 274 (5.6%) government-owned dogs. Overall, 186 dogs had no clinical signs, 12 (6.5%) of which tested positive. Forty-four of the 54 (81%) test-positive dogs were located in or had traveled to an endemic area. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence of leishmaniasis in the various subpopulations of dogs suggested the need for additional prevalence studies. Many animals travel in and out of the US, and repeated introduction of Leishmania spp could lead to this vector-borne disease becoming endemic in the US animal and human populations. Consequently, US veterinarians need to ensure proper testing and follow-up to protect one health.

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SRIKANTH REDDY MANDATI. "Artificial intelligent in China and United States." International Journal on Integrated Education 2, no. 5 (August 22, 2020): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.552.

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The development of Information Technology has the power to make a computer think and act like a human being. Artificial intelligence is a special feature of information technology that involves developing a machine that works and responds like a human mind. The main features of artificial intelligence take into account the sensitivity of human senses. The system is able to recognize speech and touch as features set in the system to carry out the tasks of a normal state of health without human assistance. However, the wisdom of implanting the study of intelligent agents who take the environment and achieve their goal successfully. In the computer world. Most systems are designed to achieve objectives depending on the nature of the situation but on the use of special features derived from existing natural features of humans and animals. In general, an engagement thinker is a human relative who uses learning and problem-solving techniques to understand high levels of activity in human-inspired activity, the emotional process and decision-making. Architects are technically superior to human ingenuity, past and present exploratory research conducted extensively in China and the United States and a series of developments in line with future aspirations or technologies.

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Horton, Susan. "United States Department of Agriculture Facility Inspection for Exotic Veterinarians." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 21, no. 3 (September 2018): 669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2018.05.012.

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BROWN, A. C., J. E. GRASS, L. C. RICHARDSON, A. L. NISLER, A. S. BICKNESE, and L. H. GOULD. "Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella that caused foodborne disease outbreaks: United States, 2003–2012." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 4 (December 6, 2016): 766–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002867.

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SUMMARYAlthough most non-typhoidal Salmonella illnesses are self-limiting, antimicrobial treatment is critical for invasive infections. To describe resistance in Salmonella that caused foodborne outbreaks in the United States, we linked outbreaks submitted to the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System to isolate susceptibility data in the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Resistant outbreaks were defined as those linked to one or more isolates with resistance to at least one antimicrobial drug. Multidrug resistant (MDR) outbreaks had at least one isolate resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes. Twenty-one per cent (37/176) of linked outbreaks were resistant. In outbreaks attributed to a single food group, 73% (16/22) of resistant outbreaks and 46% (31/68) of non-resistant outbreaks were attributed to foods from land animals (P < 0·05). MDR Salmonella with clinically important resistance caused 29% (14/48) of outbreaks from land animals and 8% (3/40) of outbreaks from plant products (P < 0·01). In our study, resistant Salmonella infections were more common in outbreaks attributed to foods from land animals than outbreaks from foods from plants or aquatic animals. Antimicrobial susceptibility data on isolates from foodborne Salmonella outbreaks can help determine which foods are associated with resistant infections.

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Vawter, Dorothy E. "Fetal Tissue Transplantation Policy in the United States." Politics and the Life Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 1993): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400011278.

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After decades of supporting fetal tissue research, in March, 1988 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) banned the use of federal funds for fetal tissue transplantation research in humans involving tissue from electively aborted fetuses. The ban was not imposed because it is unethical to transplant tissue from electively aborted fetuses; such tissue may be transplanted into animals. Nor was it imposed because it is unethical for women to donate tissue after elective abortion; women may donate such tissue for purposes other than transplantation into humans. The ban was narrowly focused on the transplantation of tissue from electively aborted fetuses into humans. It stemmed from two beliefs: (1) that it is wrong for women to abort their fetuses for the purpose of donation, and (2) that there is no way to prevent women from aborting their fetuses for the purpose of donation if the tissue may be donated for transplantation.

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Wall, John. "Animals and Innocents." Theology Today 59, no. 4 (January 2003): 559–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057360305900404.

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This article develops a Christian ethics of child-rearing that addresses the plight of children in the United States today. It seeks greater clarity on what Christians should view as child-rearing's larger meaning and purpose, as well as the responsibilities this meaning and purpose impose on parents, communities, churches, and the state. The article first explores three major but quite distinct models of child-rearing ethics in the Christian tradition—those of Thomas Aquinas, John Calvin, and Friedrich Schleiermacher—and then proposes a new “critical covenant” that appropriates these traditions, in conjunction with feminist and liberationist critiques, into a publicly meaningful Christian ethics of child-rearing for today.

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Callison, S. A., M. W. Jackwood, and D. A. Hilt. "Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolates Foreign to the United States and Comparison with United States Isolates." Avian Diseases 45, no. 2 (April 2001): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592994.

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Davidson, Gigi. "Narcotic regulation in the United States: Taking the pain out of analgesic therapy." Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery: Small Animal 12, no. 2 (May 1997): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-2867(97)80010-2.

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Kidder, Aimee C., Chad Johannes, Dennis P. O'Brien, Kenneth R. Harkin, and Thomas Schermerhorn. "Feline dysautonomia in the Midwestern United States: A retrospective study of nine cases." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10, no. 2 (April 2008): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.08.005.

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Lynn, T., J. Grannis, M. Williams, K. Marshall, R. Miller, E. Bush, and S. Bruntz. "An evaluation of scrapie surveillance in the United States." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 81, no. 1-3 (September 2007): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.04.001.

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BOWN, CHAD P., and JENNIFER A. HILLMAN. "Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Argentina's Beef Exports: The WTO's US–Animals Dispute." World Trade Review 16, no. 2 (March 10, 2017): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745616000537.

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AbstractThis paper provides a legal–economic assessment of the WTO Panel Report in US–Animals, one of a growing list of WTO disputes arising due to problematic conditions under which an importing country closes and reopens its market after an infectious disease outbreak in an exporting country. The United States banned imports of beef from Argentina following a 2000 Argentine outbreak of highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a disease not found in the United States since 1929. The United States refused to relax its import ban, and Argentina filed a WTO dispute in 2012, more than six years after its last FMD outbreak. Our analysis starts with Argentina's claim that the gap between its first requests, in 2002, to restore its trading rights and no action by the United States as of 2012 constituted ‘undue delay’. We rely on simple insights from economic research on asymmetric information problems – moral hazard and adverse selection – to describe the difficulties facing the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the WTO's Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement in dealing with problems like FMD. Such an environment creates disincentives for socially efficient behavior that were clearly realized in this episode. The exporting country has an incentive to hide information on outbreaks and report being disease-free too quickly, and the importing country has no incentive to quickly undertake the costly effort of conducting the necessary inspections to restore the exporter's market access. Finally, we address the Panel Report's treatment of alleged discrimination both across different FMD-impacted countries and across FMD-impacted and non-impacted geographic zones within Argentina, and we touch on the Report's shift in approach regarding the obligation of the United States to take into account the special needs of developing countries such as Argentina.

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Luma, Melo. "Women in toxicology in the United States." Toxicology Research 10, no. 4 (July 30, 2021): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab075.

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Abstract Since the toxicology field was established, women have played a critical role in it. This article is written to celebrate the 20-year anniversary of the Special Interest Group for Women in Toxicology, affiliated with the Society of Toxicology. Six female pioneers in modern Toxicology from different social classes and education backgrounds are featured. Despite these differences, they overcame similar obstacles in gender, politics, and scientific barriers to disseminate their research. This discussion will start with Ellen Swallow Richards, who, besides being the pioneer in sanitary engineering, founded the home economics movement that applied science to the home. The discussion will continue with Alice Hamilton, a contributor to occupational health, a pioneer in the field of industrial toxicology, and an example of generosity to social movements and those in need. Subsequently, the most famous woman we discuss in this paper is Rachel Carson, whose fundamental work in environmental Toxicology is evidenced in her important book Silent Spring. This article also features Elizabeth Miller, a biochemist known for her fundamental research in cancer carcinogenesis, followed by Mary Amdur. Nowadays much of what we know about air pollution comes due to Mary, who paid from her own pocket for her experimental animals to investigate Donora smog pollutants and their health damages. And last but not least Elizabeth Weisburger, a chemist who made significant contributions in carcinogenesis and chemotherapy drugs who worked for 40 years at the National Cancer Institute. Here, we discuss the aforementioned women’s careers and personal struggles that transformed toxicology into the field we know now.

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Ellenberg, George B. "Debating Farm Power: Draft Animals, Tractors, and the United States Department of Agriculture." Agricultural History 74, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 545–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-74.2.545.

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Tadesse, Daniel A., Shaohua Zhao, Emily Tong, Sherry Ayers, Aparna Singh, Mary J. Bartholomew, and Patrick F. McDermott. "Antimicrobial Drug Resistance inEscherichia colifrom Humans and Food Animals, United States, 1950–2002." Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, no. 5 (May 2012): 741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1805.111153.

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