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Academic literature on the topic 'Circulation channels'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Circulation channels"

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Земцовский, Aleksey Zemtsovskiy, Мануковский, and Andrey Manukovskiy. "A mathematical model of the aerodynamics of drying chambers with vertical transverse circulation." Forestry Engineering Journal 5, no. 2 (September 24, 2015): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11987.

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In the article, from the standpoint of aerodynamics considered the concept of a mathematical model of the circulation channels marketing chambers of variable cross section with a vertically transverse circulation. Factors affecting the uniformity of the air flow in the pile of lumber. Developed analytical mathematical model of the motion of drying agent on the side channel of variable cross section. Revealed that the parameters of the lateral channel of the drying chamber of variable cross section does not depend on the temperature and humidity of the circulating air, and hence from the "rigidity" of the drying mode.

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Guntur, Divya, Horst Olschewski, Péter Enyedi, Réka Csáki, Andrea Olschewski, and Chandran Nagaraj. "Revisiting the Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium (BKCa) Channels in the Pulmonary Circulation." Biomolecules 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11111629.

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Potassium ion concentrations, controlled by ion pumps and potassium channels, predominantly govern a cell′s membrane potential and the tone in the vessels. Calcium-activated potassium channels respond to two different stimuli-changes in voltage and/or changes in intracellular free calcium. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels assemble from pore forming and various modulatory and auxiliary subunits. They are of vital significance due to their very high unitary conductance and hence their ability to rapidly cause extreme changes in the membrane potential. The pathophysiology of lung diseases in general and pulmonary hypertension, in particular, show the implication of either decreased expression and partial inactivation of BKCa channel and its subunits or mutations in the genes encoding different subunits of the channel. Signaling molecules, circulating humoral molecules, vasorelaxant agents, etc., have an influence on the open probability of the channel in pulmonary arterial vascular cells. BKCa channel is a possible therapeutic target, aimed to cause vasodilation in constricted or chronically stiffened vessels, as shown in various animal models. This review is a comprehensive collation of studies on BKCa channels in the pulmonary circulation under hypoxia (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction; HPV), lung pathology, and fetal to neonatal transition, emphasising pharmacological interventions as viable therapeutic options.

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Lakshmanan, S. P., and Manmohan Pandey. "Numerical Investigation of Startup Instabilities in Parallel-Channel Natural Circulation Boiling Systems." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/574195.

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The behaviour of a parallel-channel natural circulation boiling water reactor under a low-pressure low-power startup condition has been studied numerically (using RELAP5) and compared with its scaled model. The parallel-channel RELAP5 model is an extension of a single-channel model developed and validated with experimental results. Existence of in-phase and out-of-phase flashing instabilities in the parallel-channel systems is investigated through simulations under equal and unequal power boundary conditions in the channels. The effect of flow resistance on Type-I oscillations is explored. For nonidentical condition in the channels, the flow fluctuations in the parallel-channel systems are found to be out-of-phase.

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Li, Chunyan, and James O’Donnell. "The Effect of Channel Length on the Residual Circulation in Tidally Dominated Channels." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1826–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2804.1.

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Abstract With an analytic model, this paper describes the subtidal circulation in tidally dominated channels of different lengths, with arbitrary lateral depth variations. The focus is on an important parameter associated with the reversal of the exchange flows. This parameter (δ) is defined as the ratio between the channel length and one-quarter of the tidal wavelength, which is determined by water depth and tidal frequency. In this study, a standard bottom drag coefficient, CD = 0.0025, is used. For a channel with δ smaller than 0.6–0.7 (short channels), the exchange flow at the open end has an inward transport in deep water and an outward transport in shallow water. This situation is just the opposite of channels with a δ value larger than 0.6–0.7 (long channels). For a channel with a δ value of about 0.35–0.5, the exchange flow at the open end reaches the maximum of a short channel. For a channel with a δ value of about 0.85–1.0, the exchange flow at the open end reaches the maximum of a long channel, with the inward flux of water occurring over the shoal area and the outward flow in the deep-water area. However, near the closed end of a long channel, the exchange flow appears as that in a short channel—that is, the exchange flow changes direction along the channel from the head to the open end of the channel. For a channel with a δ value of about 0.6–0.7, the tidally induced subtidal exchange flow at the open end reaches its minimum when there is little flow across the open end and the water residence time reaches its maximum. The mean sea level increases toward the closed end for all δ values. However, the spatial gradient of the mean sea level in a short channel is much smaller than that of a long channel. The differences between short and long channels are caused by a shift in dynamical balance of momentum or, equivalently, a change in tidal wave characteristics from a progressive wave to a standing wave.

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Faraci, Frank M., and Christopher G. Sobey. "POTASSIUM CHANNELS AND THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 23, no. 12 (December 1996): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb01175.x.

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Dellsperger, Kevin C. "POTASSIUM CHANNELS AND THE CORONARY CIRCULATION." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 23, no. 12 (December 1996): 1096–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb01176.x.

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Kitazano, Takanari, Setsuro Ibayashi, Tetsuhiko Nagao, Hitonori Takaba, and Masatoshi Fujishima. "Potassium channels and the cerebral circulation." Nosotchu 20, no. 2 (1998): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3995/jstroke.20.225.

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Popa, Ioana. "Translation channels." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 18, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.18.2.02pop.

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Focusing on a comparative analysis of the translations in French of literary works from four Eastern European countries (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania) during the communist period, this article examines the political stakes of the international circulation of literary texts. More precisely, it proposes a model for describing the different modalities of international circulation—referred to here as translation channels—based on the statistical analysis of a relevant set of variables. These channels allow us to present a gradation of the degree of politicization and institutionalization of the literary transfer, and to go well beyond an analysis in terms of the undifferentiated flow of imported books or the simple opposition of authorized vs. unauthorized translations or submissive vs. dissenting writers.

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FARACI, FRANK M., and DONALD D. HEISTAD. "Regulation of the Cerebral Circulation: Role of Endothelium and Potassium Channels." Physiological Reviews 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 53–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.53.

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Faraci, Frank M., and Donald D. Heistad. Regulation of the Cerebral Circulation: Role of Endothelium and Potassium Channels. Physiol. Rev. 78: 53–97, 1998. — Several new concepts have emerged in relation to mechanisms that contribute to regulation of the cerebral circulation. This review focuses on some physiological mechanisms of cerebral vasodilatation and alteration of these mechanisms by disease states. One mechanism involves release of vasoactive factors by the endothelium that affect underlying vascular muscle. These factors include endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide), prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor(s). The normal vasodilator influence of endothelium is impaired by some disease states. Under pathophysiological conditions, endothelium may produce potent contracting factors such as endothelin. Another major mechanism of regulation of cerebral vascular tone relates to potassium channels. Activation of potassium channels appears to mediate relaxation of cerebral vessels to diverse stimuli including receptor-mediated agonists, intracellular second messengers, and hypoxia. Endothelial- and potassium channel-based mechanisms are related because several endothelium-derived factors produce relaxation by activation of potassium channels. The influence of potassium channels may be altered by disease states including chronic hypertension, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and diabetes.

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Schulz, Elisabeth, Henk M. Schuttelaars, Ulf Gräwe, and Hans Burchard. "Impact of the Depth-to-Width Ratio of Periodically Stratified Tidal Channels on the Estuarine Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 8 (August 2015): 2048–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0084.1.

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AbstractThe dependency of the estuarine circulation on the depth-to-width ratio of a periodically, weakly stratified tidal estuary is systematically investigated here for the first time. Currents, salinity, and other properties are simulated by means of the General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM) in cross-sectional slice mode, applying a symmetric Gaussian-shaped depth profile. The width is varied over four orders of magnitude. The individual along-channel circulation contributions from tidal straining, gravitation, advection, etc., are calculated and the impact of the depth-to-width ratio on their intensity is presented and elucidated. It is found that the estuarine circulation exhibits a distinct maximum in medium-wide channels (intermediate depth-to-width ratio depending on various parameters), which is caused by a maximum of the tidal straining contribution. This maximum is related to a strong tidal asymmetry of eddy viscosity and shear created by secondary strain-induced periodic stratification (2SIPS): in medium channels, transverse circulation generated by lateral density gradients due to laterally differential longitudinal advection induces stable stratification at the end of the flood phase, which is further increased during ebb by longitudinal straining (SIPS). Thus, eddy viscosity is low and shear is strong in the entire ebb phase. During flood, SIPS decreases the stratification so that eddy viscosity is high and shear is weak. The circulation resulting from this viscosity–shear correlation, the tidal straining circulation, is oriented like the classical, gravitational circulation, with riverine outflow at the surface and oceanic inflow close to the bottom. In medium channels, it is about 5 times as strong as in wide (quasi one-dimensional) channels, in which 2SIPS is negligible.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Circulation channels"

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Hartley, S. A. "ATP regulated ion channels in arterial smooth muscle cells." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298264.

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Eid, Basma. "The pharmacology & therapeutic potential of Kv7 channels in the pulmonary circulation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-pharmacology--therapeutic-potential-of-kv7-channels-in-the-pulmonary-circulation(6a9bb4a3-eb2a-4135-91b2-ca598f041f86).html.

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Pulmonary arterial tone is regulated in part by the membrane potential (Em) of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). The Kv7 family of K+ channels was recently implicated in regulating Em in rat PASMCs and expression of KCNQ1, KCNQ4 and KCNQ5 mRNA, which encode Kv7 channels, was reported. Kv7 activators were beneficial in two-independent mouse models of pulmonary hypertension (PH), which provides further evidence for their role in regulating pulmonary tone. The goals of this study were to: 1) Elucidate the role of Kv7 channels and Em in the hypertensive pulmonary circulation and 2) Study the effects and mechanism of action of a novel Kv7 modulator, zinc pyrithione (ZnPy) on the pulmonary circulation. PH was induced in male Wistar rats by administering a single 60 µg/kg intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline (MCT). The effects of Kv7 modulators on hypertensive and control pulmonary arteries (PA) were compared using small-vessel myography. The vasoconstrictor effect of the Kv7 blocker, XE991, was enhanced in MCT PA. The Kv7 activators retigabine and ZnPy showed enhanced efficacy in relaxing MCT PA and suppressed raised intrinsic tone identified in MCT PA relative to control PA. The effects of MCT in responses to Kv7 modulators were pulmonary specific as they were not seen in mesenteric arteries from the same animals. Real-time PCR studies revealed that PA from MCT and control rats showed a similar expression of KCNQ1, KCNQ4 and KCNQ5 mRNA transcripts. I propose that the enhanced effects of Kv7 modulators on PA from MCT rats were due to disease-induced depolarization of PASMCs, which raised intrinsic tone and increased Kv7 channel activation at rest. This is the first evidence that Kv7 channels are functional in this model of PH and may serve as potential drug targets. The effects of ZnPy on PASMCs were studied by patch-clamp electrophysiology. ZnPy consistently hyperpolarized PASMCs and significantly increased the K+ current elicited by a voltage-step from -80 to +40 mV. ZnPy also increased the non-inactivating current recorded at 0 mV in some cells. The effects of ZnPy on Em and K+ currents were inhibited by 10 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 1 µM paxilline but not by 50 nM iberiotoxin. XE991 (10µM) inhibited the ZnPy-induced hyperpolarization without altering its effects on K+ currents, suggesting that the current recorded was not responsible for its effect on Em. When tested on intact vessels, ZnPy consistently produced vasodilation. Its effects were unaffected by TEA, paxilline and iberiotoxin; however, XE991 (100 nM) had an inhibitory effect. The results suggest that ZnPy hyperpolarizes PASMCs by activating a TEA, paxilline and XE991 sensitive, but iberiotoxin insensitive channel, most likely a Kv7 channel. Its ability to dilate PA depended on pharmacologically distinct mechanisms, which are unlikely to involve Kv7 channels.

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Гуренко, Ірина Вікторівна, Наталя Євгеніївна Твердохлєбова, and Євгеній Олександрович Семенов. "Циркуляційні окислювальні канали." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2012. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/29749.

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Головною причиною загострення проблеми забезпечення населення питною водою є зростання антропогенного навантаження на водні ресурси в результаті інтенсивного хімічного, біологічного та радіаційного забруднення джерел питного водопостачання. Окислювальні канали економічні і представляють великий практичний інтерес для очищення стічних вод невеликих міст, селищ міського типу і окремих підприємств.
The main reason for the aggravation of the problem of providing drinking water is growing anthropogenic pressure on water resources as a result of intensive chemical, biological and radioactive contamination of drinking water sources. Oxidation and economic channels are of great practical interest for wastewater treatment of small towns, townships and individual enterprises.

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Damm, Martin. "Mechanismen der hyperkapnieinduzierten Koronardilatation am isolierten Mausherz." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1219159555517-07583.

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Eine optimale Regulation der Koronardurchblutung ist für die Aufrechterhaltung der kardialen Pumpfunktion und damit der systemischen Perfusion von größter Bedeutung. Da Einschränkungen der Durchblutungszunahme des Herzmuskels Einschränkungen des maximalen myokardialen Sauerstoffverbrauchs und damit der Herzleistung zur Folge haben, ist es notwendig, die Koronardurchblutung kurzfristig an die jeweilige Stoffwechsellage des Herzens anzupassen (metabolische Koronarflussregulation). Die lokal-metabolischen Mechanismen gehören zu den wirksamsten Komponenten der Regulation der myokardialen Durchblutung und funktionieren auch am isolierten (denervierten) Herz. Dabei ist die hyperkapnie- und azidoseinduzierte Koronardilatation ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der metabolischen Koronarflussregulation. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Hypothese der Abhängikeit der hyperkapnieinduzierten Koronardilatation von einer intakten NO-Produktion. Das Koronarsystem des isolierten WT-Mausherzens reagiert auf akute Hyperkapnie (91 % O2, 9 % CO2) mit einer deutlichen Koronarflusssteigerung von ca. 35 % über dem Basalfluss.Es konnte gezeigt werden das Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) und ATP-abhängige Kaliumkanäle (K+ATP-Kanäle) für die Koronarflussregulation der Maus eine ausschlagebende Rolle spielen und neben der Aufrechterhaltung des Basalflusses auch an der Vermittlung der hyperkapnieinduzierten Koronardilatation maßgeblich beteiligt sind.Interessanterweise ist bei einem Fehlen der endothelialen NO-Synthase durch genetischen Knockout die hyperkapnieinduzierte Flussantwort in Kinetik und Ausmaß vollständig erhalten. Die Vermittlung kann dabei durch andere Mechanismen kompensiert werden, wie zum Beispiel einer verstärkten Aktivität der K+ATP-Kanäle. Prostaglandine und neuronale NO-Synthase scheinen sowohl beim Wildtypherzen als auch bei Herzen mit fehlender NO-Synthase für die hyperkapnieinduzierte Koronardilatation von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Nach chronischer pharmakologischer Blockade der NO-Synthase durch zweiwöchige L-NAME Tränkung bleibt die hyperkapnieinduzierte Koronardilatation erhalten durch NOS-unabhängige Mechanismen. Die hyperkapnieinduzierte Flussantwort ist bei Herzen von weiblichen eNOSKO Tieren vorhanden, erscheint jedoch gegenüber den männlichen Mäusen geringer ausgeprägt. Daher wird vermutet, dass die Mediatorsysteme der endothelabhängigen Koronarflussregulation geschlechtsspezifisch bzw. geschlechtsabhängig sind.

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Négrel, Nathalie. "Circulations transnationales des discours télévisuels : TV5 Monde, France 24 et les migrations subsahariennes." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20049.

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Cette recherche questionne la configuration spécifique des chaînes internationales de télévision, à travers deux cas précis, ceux de TV5 Monde et France 24. La focalisation sur ces deux acteurs médiatiques nous permet d’interroger de manière concrète et empirique la circulation transnationale des contenus télévisuels. En outre, nous avons choisi de questionner la production des contenus au sein de ces chaînes en nous concentrant sur un thème qui se trouve au cœur des réflexions sur la « globalisation » et les postcolonial studies, les migrations subsahariennes. Afin de questionner les spécificités des chaînes de télévision internationales et la manière dont celles-ci se traduisent au sein des Rédactions, nous articulons l’analyse de trois types de discours : 1) Nous étudions d’une part les discours institutionnels présidant à la gouvernance des chaînes à travers les nombreux rapports politiques, ainsi que les documents communicationnels diffusés par les deux chaînes. 2) Dans l’objectif d’interroger de manière concrète la production de contenus, nous analysons également les programmations de TV5 Monde et France 24 en nous focalisant sur les émissions diffusées entre 2006 et 2010 et qui portent sur les migrations subsahariennes. 3) Les entretiens compréhensifs que nous avons menés avec les journalistes permettent alors de saisir les différentes médiations qui interviennent au sein des deux chaînes (médiations techniques, individuelles, hiérarchiques, politiques, économiques…) et qui conditionnent cette configuration de la circulation des discours télévisuels
This research analyses the specific configuration of international television channels from two case studies, TV5 Monde and France 24. Focusing on these two media actors allows us to empirically interrogate the transnational circulation of television contents. Furthermore, we have chosen to analyse the content production of these two television channels through the theme of the Sub-Saharan migrations, which finds itself at the heart of globalisation studies and postcolonial studies. In order to examine the specificities of the international television channels and the way they manifest themselves in the newsrooms, we articulate the analysis of three types of discourses: 1) On the one hand, we study the institutional discourses presiding over the governance of the television channels by analysing numerous political reports as well as communication documents distributed by the two television channels. 2) In order to observe the content production in a concrete way, we analyse, on the other hand, the programs of the two channels, TV5 Monde and France 24, focusing more precisely on the shows on the Sub-Saharan migrations broadcast between 2006 and 2010. 3) Finally, the comprehensive interviews that we have conducted with journalists are helpful to understand the different mediations that occur in the two television channels (technological, individual, hierarchical, political, economic mediations...) and how they influence the configuration of the circulation of television discourses

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Wadley, Martin Robert. "Modelling the bottom water circulation in the Vema Channel." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482778.

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Musiak, Jeffery Daniel. "Three-dimensional circulation dynamics of along-channel flow in stratified estuaries /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6823.

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Qin, Qubin. "A Study of Vertical Patterns and Mechanisms of Along-Channel Estuarine Circulation." W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617913.

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The classical theory of estuarine dynamics has been challenged by a number of recent studies regarding the important contributions of tidal, lateral, and Coriolis effects to the subtidal dynamics at leading order. Although the classical theory excluded these processes, Hansen and Rattray’ ( R65) b subtidal circulation. However, the success of the predictive skill is not well understood. In this thesis, a perturbation approach is introduced to derive a “ ” (GS) of subtidal along-channel velocity profile for estuarine circulation incorporating the effects of tidal and lateral processes, which allows us to evaluate the possible circulation patterns, the underlying mechanisms, and to diagnose the contributions of these nonlinear processes. The GS applies to the entire estuary at any location without including presumptions of constant baroclinic pressure gradient and constant eddy viscosity. The GS was tested against a numerical model simulation case. A non-dimensional parameter  is introduced for determining the structure of estuarine circulation. The success of HR65 has been evaluated and compared with GS. It is found that HR65 is a particular case of GS when estuarine circulation is dominated by horizontal pressure gradients and it has a good predictive skill when X is in the range between -0.53 and -0.20. However, its scaling of the strength of estuarine circulation could deviate from the true circulation when these nonlinear effects are important unless this scaling or its dependence on constant eddy viscosity is rectified by a scaling factor Y . GS can be considered as the superimposition of flow uc that is only related to depth-averaged velocity C and exchange flow ur. The exchange flow consists of six possible patterns. Four of them have two-layer structure, and the remaining two have xii three-layer structure. The pattern of the estuarine circulations will be altered and some patterns cannot be observed when the magnitude of C is comparable to exchange flow. The circulation exhibits a total inflow (or outflow) when C is much large than exchange flow. The typical pattern of circulation is the two-layer circulation with seaward flow in the upper layer and landward flow in the lower layer. Both the lateral processes and tides could significantly change the pattern through its effect on mixing and barotropic forcing. Although terms higher than 4th-order can reduce the deviation of model results from the real circulation, their inclusion does not have clear physical meaning. Therefore, the general solution only retains a 4th-order approximation of the circulation that can explain both two-layer and three-layer circulation patterns being observed in estuaries. Besides the density-driven circulation, other possible circulations such as tideinduced and laterally-induced circulation are discussed. It is found that they could create two-layer circulation that has structure similar to observations. However, the results suggest that baroclinic forcing is the primary fundamental mechanism of estuarine circulation.

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Walicka, Kamila. "Impacts of basin-scale forcing on the circulation of the Faroe-Shetland Channel." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2019. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=240735.

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The investigation of the role of basin-scale forcing on the circulation of the Faroe-Shetland Channel (FSC) is important to further understanding of the inter-annual variability of the Atlantic water (AW) fluxes in this region. The FSC plays a key role in the transfer of warm and saline AW towards the Nordic Seas that is an integral part of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation which is projected to decline over the twenty-first century and might reduce the oceanic heat and salt transports towards the Arctic. So far little attention has been paid to the mechanisms driving the AW fluxes in the FSC, reliable estimates of AW temperature and salt transports time series are lacking. This study presents a new time series of the AW fluxes based on the combination of hydrography and altimetry data. The mechanisms involved in driving the variability of AW fluxes are considered based on observational data and the output from a high-resolution ocean model (VIKING20). The hydrographic observations from 1993 to 2015 show an increase in temperature and salinity of AW. However, there is no evidence of trends in AW volume, temperature or salt transports during the observed period. This analysis confirms that the amount of heat and salt transported through the FSC is dominated by the volume transport. Moreover, this study identifies a bias in the standard deviation of the geostrophic velocity at a depth associated with referencing the geostrophic calculations to the sea surface geostrophic velocity from satellite altimetry. This finding does not strongly influence the AW volume transports in the AW layer, however, it has important implications for estimates of the geostrophic volume transport at depth. This study shows that the Ekman driven up/downwelling and the differential Ekman pumping mechanisms driven by the local wind forcing may influence sea surface height (SSH) and the displacement of isopycnals in the channel, leading to AW volume transport variabilit However, due to the large associated error bars on the surface and subsurface parameters, there is no clear evidence that these mechanisms are significantly responsible for the AW volume transport variability in the FSC. Lagrangian trajectories show evidence of two pathways from the North Atlantic to the FSC that may explain AW variability in the FSC: one pathway involves the flow of warm and saline waters from the Rockall Trough that corresponds to high temperatures and low AW volume transport in the channel, and the other pathway involves the flow of relatively cooler and less saline waters from the Iceland Basin that is linked to low temperatures and stronger volume transport in the FSC. Moreover, we show that the first (second) pathway is associated with the negative (positive) phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the ocean gyre contraction (expansion). The changes of the NAO index phases explain 26 % of the AW volume transport variance in the FSC. Another important mechanism that leads to stronger (weaker) AW volume transport is stronger (weaker) pressure gradient across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, reflected by the SSH changes. This mechanism explains 29 % of AW volume transport variance in the FSC.

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Sangweni, Lucy Sithombesethu. "Experimental and numerical modelling investigations of the response of a two-phase natural circulation multi-parallel channel system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97140.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the present study, two-phase natural circulation flow in a multi-parallel channel system was investigated using experimental and numerical modelling. The investigation was carried out under different power excitations and various system operations (open system, closed system and heat pipe mode). The multichannel system was equipped at the upper end with a condenser enclosed within a steam drum, while the lower portion of each channel was heated to heat the system. For the numerical modelling, transient one-dimensional conservation equations were derived from first principle for both single- and two-phase fluids and used to computer program the system’s discretised simulation model. Temperatures and mass flow rates of the fluid responses as a result of different power excitations and operations were obtained for both the experimental and numerical modelling. It was observed from the results that the fluid experiences a start-up transient before accomplishing steady-state conditions. It was further noted that the transient duration varies with power excitations and system operation modes and hence with the stability of the system. A rise in power proved not to necessarily increase the fluid mass flow rate, but invited oscillations with higher amplitudes, depending on the system’s mode of operation. Type I instability and low-quality steam oscillations were witnessed at low power and open system operation mode (system open to the atmosphere). Type II instabilities and flashing instability were observed to be associated with medium and high-power excitations for the open system mode of operation. The fluid flow became more stable and less oscillatory at all power excitations for the closed system operation mode (system not open to the atmosphere). However, a sub-cooling effect was evident at higher power, where the two-phase fluid temperatures oscillated in a sinusoidal manner. However, the mass flow rates oscillated with high amplitudes in the forward direction in some channels and assumed a unidirectional flow in other channels. In general, steady-state conditions were obtained earlier when the system was operated as a closed system. For the heat pipe mode of operation, the system transient response in all channels exhibited a geysering instability followed by flashing-induced boiling. In-phase (flow in channels exhibiting the same behaviour) and out-of-phase (flow in channels exhibiting contradictory conduct) behaviour between adjacent channels were observed at all power excitations and system operation modes. Flow reversal in heated channels of a natural circulation system were proven to exists even under equal power excitations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is tweefasige natuurlike sirkulasievloei in ’n parallelle multikanaalstelsel ondersoek deur middel van eksperimentele en numeriese modellering. Die ondersoek is onder verskillende kragopwekkings en verskeie stelselwerkings (oop stelsel, toe stelsel en hittepypmodus). Die multikanaalstelsel is aan die bopunt met ’n kondensor binne ’n stoomdrom toegerus, terwyl die laer gedeelte van elke kanaal verhit is om die stelsel te verhit. Vir die numeriese modellering, is oorgangseendimensionele behoundsvergelykings vanaf die eerste beginsel vir beide een- en tweefasige vloeistowwe afgelei en dit is gebruik om die stelsel se gediskretiseerde simulasiemodel vir ’n rekenaar te programmeer. Temperature en massavloeitempo’s van die vloeistofrespons as gevolg van verskillende kragopwekkings en -werkings is vir beide die eksperimentele en die numeriese modellering verkry. Dit is in die resultate waargeneem dat die vloeistof ’n aansitoorgang ervaar voor dit vloeiewewigstoestande bereik. Daar is verder waargeneem dat die duur van die oorgang wissel volgens kragopwekkings en stelselwerkingsmodusse en dus op grond van die stabiliteit van die stelsel. ’n Toename in krag het nie noodwendig die vloeitempo van die vloeistofmassa verhoog nie, maar het aanleiding gegee tot ossillasies met groter amplitudes, afhangende van die stelsel se metode van werking. Tipe I-onstabiliteit en stoom-ossillasies van ’n lae intensiteit is teen lae krag en oop stelselwerkingsmodus waargeneem (stelsel oop aan die atmosfeer). Tipe II-onstabiliteit en flitsingsonstabiliteit (flashing instability) is met medium- en hoë kragopwekkings vir die oop stelsel modus van werking waargeneem. Die vloeistofvloei het meer stabiel en minder ossillerend geraak by alle kragopwekkings in die geslote stelsel van werking (stelsel nie oop na die atmosfeer nie). ’n Subverkoelingseffek was egter teen hoër krag duidelik, waar die tweefasige vloeistof se temperature sinusvormig geossilleer het. Die massavloeitempo’s het egter met hoë amplitudes in die vorentoe rigting in sommige kanale gevloei en eenrigtingvloei in ander kanale vertoon. Oor die algemeen is vloei-ewewigstoestande vroeër verkry toe die stelsel as ’n geslote stelsel bedryf is. Vir die hittepypmodus van werking het die stelsel se oorgangsweergawe in alle kanale ’n geysering onstabiliteit getoon, gevolg deur flitsinggeïnduseerde (flashing induced) kook. Gelykfasige gedrag (vloei in kanale vertoon dieselfde gedrag) en ongelykfasige gedrag (vloei in kanale vertoon teenstrydige gedrag) tussen langsliggende kanale is met al die kragopwekkings en stelselwerkingsmodusse waargeneem. Vloei-omkering in die verhitte kanale van ’n natuurlike sirkulasiestelsel is bewys om selfs onder gelyke kragopwekkings te bestaan.

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Books on the topic "Circulation channels"

1

Yuan, Jason X.-J., 1963- and Ward Jeremy P. T, eds. Membrane receptors, channels, and transporters in pulmonary circulation. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.

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Yuan, Jason X. J., and Jeremy P. T. Ward, eds. Membrane Receptors, Channels and Transporters in Pulmonary Circulation. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-500-2.

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Morozov, Eugene G. Abyssal Channels in the Atlantic Ocean: Water Structure and Flows. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.

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1930-, Bevan John A., ed. Vascular neuroeffector mechanisms: Receptors, ion-channels, second messengers, and endogenous mediators : proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Vascular Neuroeffector Mechanisms, Melbourne, Australia, August 30-September 2, 1987. Oxford: Published for the ICSU Press by IRL Press, 1988.

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Wadley, Martin Robert. Modelling the bottom water circulation in the Vema Channel. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1993.

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Wang, Liping. The dynamic role of ridges in a Ý-plane channel towards understanding the dynamics of large scale circulation in the southern ocean. [Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1993.

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Wang, Liping. The dynamic role of ridges in a Ý-plane channel towards understanding the dynamics of large scale circulation in the southern ocean. [Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1993.

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Ward, Jeremy P. T., and Jason X. J. Yuan. Membrane Receptors, Channels and Transporters in Pulmonary Circulation. Humana Press, 2014.

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Ward, Jeremy P. T., and Jason X. J. Yuan. Membrane Receptors, Channels and Transporters in Pulmonary Circulation. Humana Press, 2011.

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Frédéric, Briand, and Musée océanographique de Monaco, eds. Dynamics of Mediterranean straits and channels =: Dynamique des détroits et passages méditerranéens. Monaco: Musée océanographique, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Circulation channels"

1

Quayle, John M., and Mark T. Nelson. "Ion Channels in Cerebral Arteries." In The Human Brain Circulation, 145–56. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0303-2_11.

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Stockand, James D., and Steven C. Sansom. "Potassium Channels in the Renal Circulation." In Potassium Channels in Cardiovascular Biology, 571–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1303-2_28.

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Gollasch, Maik. "Potassium Channels in the Coronary Circulation." In Potassium Channels in Cardiovascular Biology, 591–615. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1303-2_29.

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Jackson, William F. "Potassium Channels in the Circulation of Skeletal Muscle." In Potassium Channels in Cardiovascular Biology, 505–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1303-2_25.

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Archer, Stephen. "The Role of Potassium Channels in the Control of the Pulmonary Circulation." In Potassium Channels in Cardiovascular Biology, 543–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1303-2_27.

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Davis, Ian C., and Sadis Matalon. "Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Adult Lung – Important Modulators of Pulmonary Health and Disease." In Hypoxia and the Circulation, 127–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75434-5_10.

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Tsaoulidis, Dimitrios A. "Circulation Patterns and Mixing Characteristics of Liquid-Liquid Flows in Small Channels." In Studies of Intensified Small-scale Processes for Liquid-Liquid Separations in Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing, 93–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22587-6_5.

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A, S. L., E. K. W, H. L. R, and E. M. "Molecular Identification of O2 Sensors and O2-Sensitive Potassium Channels in the Pulmonary Circulation." In Oxygen Sensing, 219–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46825-5_21.

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Bejjam, Ramesh Babu, and K. Kiran Kumar. "Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Characteristics of Natural Circulation Loop with Parallel Channels." In Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, 367–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1903-7_42.

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Szczepanik, Petr. "Channels and Barriers of Cross-Border Online Circulation: Central and Eastern Europe as a Digital Periphery." In Springer Series in Media Industries, 159–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44850-9_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Circulation channels"

1

Li, Jingjing, Tao Zhou, Mingqiang Song, and Yanping Huang. "The Research of Flow Instability in Vertical Parallel Natural Circulation Channels Based on Relap5." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15686.

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The gas-liquid two phase flow oscillation in vertical parallel natural circulation channels was performed by the best estimate system computer code Relap5. The effects of symmetry and dissymmetry degree of heated power to flow oscillation and the effects of symmetry and dissymmetry throttling to flow oscillation were researched. The results says that when the twin channels under the same conditions of geometry and boundary, the parameters of the twin channel such as flow are the same. So under these conditions the twin channels can be researched as single channel. It is more possible of flow oscillation for the channels under condition of dissymmetry heating. The use of throttling will make the channels more stable, it is more stable when the throttling coefficient increases. With the implement of dissymmetry throttling, the system is possible for out of phase flow oscillation.

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Watanabe, Noriyuki, Muhammad Hadid Subki, Hiroshige Kikura, and Masanori Aritomi. "Thermal Hydraulic Instability Characteristic in Natural Circulation Parallel Boiling Channels Upflow System Under Low Pressure." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49219.

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Natural circulation BWR actively equipped with passive safety features has been promoted to solve the recent challenges in BWR nuclear power and safety technology. With regard to startup stage, various thermo-hydraulic instabilities might be induced due to an elimination of re-circulation pumps. A lot of studies have been made on the instabilities in evaporated system as well as in a reactor. In the instabilities, geysering accompanied with flow reversal phenomena has been investigated in a vertical closed loop, U-shaped closed loop, twin parallel channels, and so on. However, in twin parallel study the effect of non-heated length on geysering has not been sufficiently clarified. The objective of this research is to experimentally investigate the thermo-hydraulic instabilities, particular in geysering, with a natural circulation loop consisting of parallel boiling channels and the single connection channel, which simulates the basic flow around the reactor core in the system pressure range from atmospheric to 0.7MPa. The parallel boiling channels are consisted of heated and non-heated section. The heated section forms annulus and heated from the inner wall. The input heat flux range of 0 up to 580kW/m2, and inlet subcooling temperatures of 5, 10, and 15K respectively, are imposed in the experiments. In the parallel channels with non-heated risers, three types of thermo-hydraulic instabilities were detected in the following sequence, geysering, natural circulation oscillation, and density wave oscillation. Especially in Geysering, it is induced due to rapid condensation in the non-heated risers and it is not be suppressed even at 0.7MPa though it has a tendency to be suppressed with an increase in the system pressure. On the other hand, in the parallel channels without non-heated risers, sinusoidal oscillation similar to natural circulation oscillation has been detected, and geysering had never observed. The new findings are that the sinusoidal oscillation is induced due to the hydrostatic head fluctuation in the connection channel, where the flow regime is constantly slug flow. The oscillating period is well correlated with the sum of delay time for boiling and passing time of slug bubbles in the connection channel. From the facts described above, it is found that non-heated region in a channel box should be as shorter as possible to prevent geysering from occurring, and sinusoidal oscillation similar to natural circulation oscillation is induced in any configuration of parallel channels.

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Sajith, P. P., R. P. Vedula, and Sushanta K. Mitra. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flashing Driven Natural Circulation System." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48868.

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Natural circulation with flashing can be utilized in the cooling of the moderator in advanced Heavy Water Reactor. A model natural circulation loop has been designed, fabricated and characterized in order to understand the various transients and the steady state conditions that occur during the flashing driven natural circulation process. Non-dimensional numbers are identified. Numerical simulation, using RELAP 5, has been conducted to model the natural circulation loops. The single channel loop is further modified to study flashing by using two parallel risers. Stable flashing could not be attained with both the channels. However, using parallel channels in the single phase region which combine into a single channel in the zone where flashing occur produced stable flow. It is observed that a stable flashing driven two-phase flow occurs only by reducing the inlet subcooling to a very low value with respect to the riser exit pressure. The presence of inlet restriction does not help in reducing the oscillation period, but the stable flashing was observed at lower power values. The initial pressurization and subsequent depressurization to the desired working pressure of the system reduces the flow instabilities considerably. It appears that non-dimensional Zuber number, Friction number and Froude number can be used to characterize flashing driven natural circulation systems.

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Paniagua, J. C., U. S. Rohatgi, and V. Prasad. "Thermal Hydraulic Instabilities During Startup Transients in Two Heated Parallel Channels." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0846.

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Abstract In multiple channel systems, channel dynamics can be coupled to one another and be independent of the remaining flow loop or one unstable channel may dominate the transients and make the multiple parallel channel system behave as one single channel. In the single channel case, the whole loop participates in the flow oscillations, whereas in a two parallel channel system the flow oscillations occur in the channels and can be out-of-phase. Previous studies indicated the instabilities are due to condensation in a low pressure natural circulation two parallel channel loop at low powers and inlet subcoolings. A thermal hydraulics computer code was developed to simulate the geysering instability and is based on integral methods where local properties are based on local pressures and the vapor generation model is adjusted accordingly to reflect the vapor generation rate necessary to initiate the instability. This is an important modeling feature since local vapor generation rate depends on local saturation temperature. The code is designed to simulate startup transients in two heated parallel channel natural circulation systems with subcooled water as an initial condition. The numerical simulations illustrated flow reversal in the individual channels, which is a thermal hydraulic feature of condensation-induced geysering.

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Gregori, Mauro Lopez, Laura I. Alvarez, and Gerardo M. E. Perillo. "Circulation pattern in a tidal channel influenced by tributary channels and adjacent tidal flats." In 2017 IEEE/OES Acoustics in Underwater Geosciences Symposium (RIO Acoustics). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rioacoustics.2017.8349706.

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Xia, Zheng, Lou Cattafesta, Mark Sheplak, Renwei Mei, and Z. Hugh Fan. "Fluid Mixing in Channels With Microridges." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43052.

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Microflows in complex channels with uneven surface often display unusual flow behavior compared to their macroscale counterparts. Channels with micro ridges are created in a plastic device using photolithography and molding. Recirculation is reported in the flow in these ridged channels [1]. We use recirculation to enhance fluid mixing and the utility is demonstrated by homogenizing fluorescein and water in the microchannels. In addition, deconvolution microscopy is developed to visualize the fluid flow in the ridged channel. Flow twisting, as expected, results in enhanced fluid mixing; the fluorescence intensity at a cross section is calculated as an indicator of the degree of mixing. The preliminary results show rapid mixing in the ridged channels, verifying existence of circulation. We also compared the experimental results with that from computational fluid dynamics simulation.

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Durga Prasad, G. V., Manmohan Pandey, S. K. Pradhan, and S. K. Gupta. "Numerical Investigation of On-Power Refueling in a Natural Circulation Boiling Water Reactor." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48396.

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Most two-phase heat exchangers consist of multiple parallel boiling channels, and studies concerning multi-channel instabilities in boiling systems are of significant interest. The natural circulation boiling water reactor (NCBWR) considered in the present work is a pressure tube type boiling light water cooled and heavy water moderated reactor. The primary heat transport loop, comprising a number of parallel channels, is modeled by RELAP5/MOD3.4. The effects of on-power refueling on the flow rate and stability of the system are investigated. The conditions under which a sustainable flow rate can be maintained during on-power refueling are explored. It is observed that during on-power refueling, a near-stagnation condition or low-velocity reverse flow can occur, the possibility of reverse flow being higher at low pressures and low powers.

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Zhou, Tao, Xiaolu Fang, Liang Liu, Yaoxin Wang, and Zejun Xiao. "Research on Natural Circulation Flow Oscillation Experiment in Narrow Rectangular Channel." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60679.

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A narrow rectangular natural circulation experimental system is used to research flow pulsation occurred during the experiment. During the experiment, the flow pulsation phenomenon is found in narrow rectangular channels. When compared with density wave instability, it is found that the flow pulsation has certain characteristics of density wave instability, but at the same time, there will be a transient low flow phenomenon, which is a unique flow oscillation phenomenon in the narrow rectangular channel. The mechanism of flow oscillation phenomenon is analyzed, on this basis, a forecast equation of mass velocity is put forward. Forecast equation of mass velocity is used to calculate the natural circulation mass flow rate. Calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which proves that the forecast equation of mass velocity is correct, provides control and prevention theory basis for natural circulation flow instability in narrow rectangular channel.

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Iwamoto, Tatsuya, Dana Miranda, James Banfield, Jake Yang, and Belgacem Hizoum. "Enhanced Natural Circulation Modeling in the GNF BWR Core Simulator AETNA02 for ESBWR." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-61036.

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GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy’s (GEH) next evolution of Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) technology is the Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR). The ESBWR is a natural circulation reactor which employs numerous passive safety features while simultaneously offering a large power output for a relatively small plant footprint. The ESBWR is characterized with shortened fuel length and a tall, partitioned chimney region above the core to promote natural circulation core flow. The ESBWR is studied with Global Nuclear Fuel (GNF)’s advanced core-simulator AETNA02. AETNA02 is a static, three-dimensional coupled nuclear-thermal hydraulic computer program representing a BWR core. The new GNF lattice-physics core simulator package LANCR02/AETNA02 consists of the two-dimensional method of characteristics based lattice code, LANCR02, which generates cross sections over a range of plant conditions and passes them to the three neutron energy group coarse mesh nodal diffusion code AETNA02. For the thermal hydraulic solution, AETNA02 includes a model which explicitly solves for the flow in each channel, water rod, and bypass region which accompanies a fuel channel. For the solution of a natural circulation plant like the ESBWR, AETNA02 utilizes the Automatic Plant Thermal Hydraulics (APTH) model which includes models for the core, the chimney region, the separator, the dryer, and the downcomer. AETNA02 iterates on the fuel channel flow and the pressure drop by modeling each chimney partition explicitly with fuel channels and bypasses mapped to it in addition to a bypass mixing model for the chimneys. This is relevant because the peripheral channels (low power) will have a lower void fraction while the central channels (higher power) will have a higher void fraction. Thus, the chimneys connected to these channels will each have a different hydrostatic head. To verify and validate each of the APTH component models, code-to-code comparisons are performed with the GEH TRACG04 code as well as data comparisons with experiments. The TRACG04 computer program is a best-estimate two-fluid transient code. Code-to-code comparisons of the two different methods (two-fluid model in TRACG04 versus drift flux model in AETNA02) are made. In addition, this study attempts to quantify the impact on the core flow distribution that will affect the calculated thermal margins, including the Critical Power Ratio (CPR). The impact of the multiple chimney (MC) versus the single chimney (SC) model is studied. The multiple chimney partition modeling provides additional detail to the core flow distribution that is not considered in the single chimney model. The results confirm and add confidence that the multiple chimney partition modeling will provide improved accuracy in the ESBWR core design.

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Gartia, M. R., D. S. Pilkhwal, P. K. Vijayan, and D. Saha. "Metastable Regimes: A Parametric Study in Reference to Single-Phase Parallel Channel Natural Circulation Systems." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89098.

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The objective of the present study is to predict the existence of metastable regime (multiple steady states) and effects of various parameters on it, in a parallel channel system under natural circulation. To examine the basic behavior of such a system, a three parallel channel system with non-uniform heat inputs and a common downcomer, was investigated in detail both analytically and using RELAP5/Mod 3.2 computer code. The results showed the existence of a metastable regime for a given set of heat input ratio. A study was also performed to investigate the effect of diameter, channel height and orificing at the inlet of heater, on the metastable regime. A Non-Dimensional Heat Flux Ratio (NH) has been proposed to predict the flow reversal. The heat flux level at which flow reversal occurs has been predicted for different rates of power rise and power reduction (with different input heat flux). It was found that the power level at which the flow reversal occurs depends upon the operating procedures (i.e. power rise and power reduction). The flow direction in different channels will depend on the prevailing density difference among channels and downcomer. It was found that, the flow direction in a channel, where power variation is taking place, follows the maximum buoyancy hydraulic path.

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Reports on the topic "Circulation channels"

1

Jay, David A. Internal Circulation in Tidal Channels and Straits and Associated AASERT Internal Circulation in Tidal Channels and Straits: a Comparison of Observed and Numerical Turbulence Estimates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628935.

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Skyllingstad, Eric D. Modeling of the Atmospheric Circulation in the Santa Barbara Channel. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada613938.

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Skyllingstad, Eric D., and Hemantha Wijesekera. Turbulence off the Coast of Oregon: A Large-Eddy Simulation Study. Modeling of the Atmospheric Circulation in the Santa Barbara Channel. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397187.

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