Journal articles: 'Circular Economy for Plastics'

1

Mrowiec, Bozena. "Plastics in the circular economy (CE)." Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2018-0017.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Plastics are used in a great number of applications; therefore, the production of the sector intensively increases. It is estimated that in future, the production of plastics can double by 2035 and almost quadruple by 2050. Still globally, most of the plastic waste is landfilled. Only 9% of plastic waste generated between 1950 and 2015 was recycled. New strategy of European Commission proposes actions designed to make the vision for a more circular plastics economy a reality. The circular economy represents an alternative, more sustainable model to the traditional linear economy. EC has approved new recycling targets for plastics to a minimum of 50% by the end of 2025 and to a minimum of 55% by the end of 2030. Changes that will be introduced in design and production of plastics will contribute to increasing their recycling rates for all key applications. The new strategy will help achieve the priority set by the UE for an energy union with a modern, low-carbon and energy-efficient economy and will make a tangible contribution to reaching the 2030 sustainable development goals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Nguyen, Tuyet T. A., Yen T. Ta, and Prasanta K. Dey. "Developing a plastic cycle toward circular economy practice." Green Processing and Synthesis 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0014.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This study develops a plastic cycle toward circular economy practice in Vietnam. First, we analyze inter-relationships between economic sectors and environmental issues concerning plastic waste in 2018. The research method integrates interdisciplinary balance with life cycle inventory, in which input–output (IO) table is both an econometric tool and original database to determine plastic IO between industries. As a result, over 60% of plastics after use was recycled for the production process (called recycled plastics) and nearly 40% of plastics after-use left the process (called disposed plastics). Within the recycled plastics, there was 10–15% of informal recycling collection from trade villages; within the disposed plastics, there was 13–18% unable to be collected and uncontrollably disposed to the environment. Then, we construct the plastic cycle, in which all the imported/domestic flows, single/multiple uses, and recycle/disposal flows are represented in proportional dimensions. This overall yet quantitative picture is an important data-driven basis for proposing plastic waste management solutions toward circular economy practice. As analyzed, the most challenge for waste management in Vietnam is to control single-use products (occupied 15.96% of total plastics) and indiscriminate waste in the environment (occupied 20.36% of total plastics). The case study for polyethylene terephthalate shows the need for expanding producer’s responsibilities to improve plastic recovery efficiency.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Dayrit, Fabian. "Circular Plastics Economy: Redesigning Technology and Reimagining Society." Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 44, no. 2022 (January 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2022.2570.

Full text

Abstract:

The UN Environment Programme has identified plastic waste as one of the urgent challenges of the 21st century and has set 2024 as the target date for the drafting of an international legally binding agreement on plastic pollution. While the concern for plastic pollution is justified, a workable solution that considers both the role that plastics play in society and the economy, and the scientific and technological challenges involved, will take a major global effort. The six thermoplastics that are most widely used today were not designed to be recycled. Likewise, over 10,000 chemical additives in plastics were not tested for their health and environmental safety. The complexity of plastic waste makes their effective management very difficult and uneconomic. A new system with two types of plastics is proposed: circular plastics that can be chemically reprocessed, and bio-based plastics that are designed for single-use and are biodegradable. This will require R&D into new plastics, as well as new standards and regulations. At the same time, R&D into the conversion of our current plastic waste into environmentally safe products must be undertaken. These will require a multi-sectoral approach which assigns responsibility to all sectors. Industry should institute extended producer responsibility and develop circular plastics. Society should adopt extended consumer responsibility. Government should replace its single-minded focus on GDP as the sole measure of development with the more holistic UN Sustainable Development Goals. This transition will not happen if it is seen only as a technological challenge. This transition will require a multi-sectoral approach which assigns responsibility to all sectors of society. We will not be able to reimagine plastics if we do not reimagine society.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Sadhukhan, Jhuma, and Kartik Sekar. "Economic Conditions to Circularize Clinical Plastics." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238974.

Full text

Abstract:

Over 5.5 million tons of plastic waste are generated globally from the research sectors. A university laboratory, e.g., pathology, can generate 250 tons of clinical plastic waste annually. The UK National Health Service (NHS) generates 133 kilotons (kt) of clinical plastic waste annually. Healthcare facilities in the US generate 1.7 million tons of clinical plastic waste annually. In addition, 95% of the clinical plastics are single-use plastics derived from fossil resources, i.e., crude oils. These single-use clinical plastic wastes are incinerated, contributing to global warming, or go to the landfill, contributing to resource depletion. Plastic leakage is a major threat to the environment. This linear plastics economy model, take-make-dispose, must be replaced by a circular plastics economy, i.e., sort plastic wastes, wash, decontaminate, recover materials, blend with bio-based compounds as necessary and circulate recyclate plastics, for holistic systemic sustainability. While there are multi-faceted environmental drivers for a circular plastics economy, there are many uncertainties in the economic attributes, electricity price, labor cost and chemical cost being the primary ones influencing the cost of production of secondary or recyclate plastics, requiring government and policy support, such as a gate fee on plastic waste by the generators to the recyclers. An essential macroeconomic condition for techno-economically (or micro-economically) feasible plastic waste recycling is low oil and gas prices that influence the recyclate plastics and electricity prices. It is essential to de-fossilize the economy by decoupling renewable electricity generation from natural gas consumption and fossil-independent biopolymer productions displacing fossil-derived plastics to stimulate the circular economy. This study shows a comprehensive and robust technoeconomic analysis of mechanical recycling of clinical plastic wastes into secondary plastics recovery.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Toensmeier, Pat. "Plastics and the Circular Economy." Plastics Engineering 76, no. 6 (June 2020): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/peng.20326.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Russell, Steven. "A Circular Economy for Plastics?" Plastics Engineering 74, no. 1 (January 2018): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2018.tb01823.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Iacovidou, Eleni, Roland Geyer, Julia Kalow, James Palardy, Jennifer Dunn, Timothy Hoellein, Boya Xiong, and Eugene Y. X. Chen. "Toward a circular economy for plastics." One Earth 4, no. 5 (May 2021): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.023.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Distaso, Monica. "Potential contribution of nanotechnolgy to the circular economy of plastic materials." Acta Innovations, no. 37 (December 1, 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.37.5.

Full text

Abstract:

The problem of plastic accumulation in the environment requires the development of effective strategies to shift the paradigm of used plastics from wastes to resources. In the present contribution, after an overview of the current plastic management strategies, the possible role of nanotechnology to this emerging field is considered. In particular, the challenges related to the use of nano-additives to improve the properties of recycled plastics is discussed based on the fundamental aspects of colloid stabilisation. Finally, the contribution of nanotechnology to the fabrication of effective catalysts for the depolymerisation of plastics into the constituent monomers is outlined.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Cestari, Sibele Piedade, Peter Martin, Paul Hanna, Mark Kearns, and Luis Claudio Mendes. "Rotational-Moulded Building Blocks for the Circular Economy." Materials Science Forum 1042 (August 10, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1042.17.

Full text

Abstract:

Throughout the combination of unique approaches on innovative polymer composites and rotational moulding plastics processing technique, we developed a building block using a mix of recycled and virgin plastic. This block was a technical case study from a multidisciplinary approach - comprising materials science, polymers processing and design - to reinsert recycled plastics in the Circular Economy. The aim was to produce a three-dimensional interlockable block, combining unique design and unconventional materials to create an emblematic building element. We investigated the composition and availability of local plastic waste, as well as other waste-stream materials – concrete waste, red mud, hemp fibre, sugarcane bagasse. We prepared a range of composites and blends to test their prospective aspect and processability. To simulate the end-result of a rotationally-moulded part, we prepared samples of the blends in an oven. The thermal analysis showed that all materials were thermally stable at the processing temperature of the virgin polymer in rotomoulding, around 200 °C. There were an evident LLDPE continuous-phase and a recyclate dispersed-phase. We also explored the aesthetic effect of scattering particles of colour in the mixes. The impact test showed better results for the polyethylene-based recyclates if compared to polypropylene and poly (ethylene terephthalate) ones. We concluded that waste materials could be revalued into something practical and reproducible, produced by rotational moulding plastics processing. And we developed a viable and innovative potential product for the Circular Economy, requiring minimal fixing and no further external finishing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Nishimura, Itsuo. "Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy." Seikei-Kakou 30, no. 11 (October 20, 2018): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.30.577.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Sardon, Haritz, and Zi-Chen Li. "Introduction to plastics in a circular economy." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 30 (2020): 4828–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py90117b.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Bucknall, David G. "Plastics as a materials system in a circular economy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2176 (July 6, 2020): 20190268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0268.

Full text

Abstract:

Plastics have transformed our modern world. With a range of outstanding properties, they are used in an ever-widening range of applications. However, the linear economy of their use means that a large volume of plastics is discarded after use. It is believed that approximately 80% of the estimated total 6.3 Bt of plastics ever produced have been discarded, representing not only a huge loss of valuable resources, but mismanaged waste is also the origin of an ever-increasing environmental disaster. Strategies to prevent loss of materials resources and damage to the environment are elements of a circular plastics economy that aims to maintain plastics at their highest value for the longest time possible and at the same time improve the economy and prevent detrimental environmental impact. The latter in particular is driving recent changes in policies and legislation across the world that are rapidly being introduced in order to solve these environmental issues. The achievement of a circular economy will require not only innovative technical developments, but also major economic investment and changes to business practice coupled with significant changes in social behaviour. This paper summarizes the complex and highly interrelated technical issues and provides an overview of the major challenges, potential solutions and opportunities required to achieve and operate a circular plastics economy. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Science to enable the circular economy’.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Mah, Alice. "Future-Proofing Capitalism: The Paradox of the Circular Economy for Plastics." Global Environmental Politics 21, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00594.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The marine plastics crisis sparked a wave of corporate interest in the circular economy, a sustainable business model that aims to eliminate waste in industrial systems through recycling, reduction, reuse, and recovery. Drawing on debates about the role of corporations in global environmental governance, this article examines the rise of the circular economy as a dominant corporate sustainability concept, focusing on the flagship example of the circular economy for plastics. It argues that corporations across the plastics value chain have coordinated their efforts to contain the circular economy policy agenda, while extending their markets through developing risky circular economy technologies. These corporate strategies of containment and proliferation represent attempts to “future-proof” capitalism against existential threats to public legitimacy, masking the implications for environmental justice. The paradox of the circular economy is that it seems to offer radical challenges to linear “take-make-waste” models of industrial capitalism, backed by international legislation, but it does not actually give up on unsustainable growth. We need to tackle the plastics crisis at its root, dramatically reducing the global production of toxic and wasteful plastics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Schuyler, Qamar, Connie Ho, and Fariba Ramezani. "Standards as a Tool for Reducing Plastic Waste." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 10876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710876.

Full text

Abstract:

Standards are one avenue for addressing the problems caused by plastic pollution. By addressing quality and safety plus information and measurement, reducing variety and increasing compatibility, standards can help to drive the transition to a circular economy for plastic resources. The aim of this work was to classify existing plastic standards within a circular economy framework and to identify potential gaps and highlight where future standards development might be focused. Using desktop research on existing standards, 95 plastic standards were identified, only 9 of which are Australian standards. The majority of the standards cover recycling and compostable or biodegradable plastics. There are significant opportunities to develop standards pertaining to higher levels of the plastics waste hierarchy, such as design and reuse.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Cheryl Hogue. "Circular economy for plastics threatened by toxic additives." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 7 (February 21, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10007-polcon4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Laird, Karen. "Exploring Plastics' Role in the Future Circular Economy." Plastics Engineering 73, no. 6 (June 2017): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2017.tb01725.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Schröder, Patrick, Muyiwa Oyinlola, Jack Barrie, Bonmwa Fwangkwal, and Soroush Abolfathi. "Making policy work for Africa's circular plastics economy." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 190 (March 2023): 106868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106868.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Alassali, Ayah, Caterina Picuno, Zhi Kai Chong, Jinyang Guo, Roman Maletz, and Kerstin Kuchta. "Towards Higher Quality of Recycled Plastics: Limitations from the Material’s Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 13266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313266.

Full text

Abstract:

The increasing consumption of plastics and plastic products results in correspondingly substantial volumes of waste, which poses considerable environmental burdens. With the ongoing environmental actions, the application of circular economy on this waste stream is becoming inevitable. In this paper, the topics of plastics recycling, circular economy on plastics, and challenges to plastic waste recycling are critically reviewed. In the first part of this paper, the development of research on plastic recycling was viewed from 1950 until 2020 using the scientific database Web of Science, and 682 related studies were found and used to assess the changing research priorities along that timeline. The following sections discuss the potentials and requirements to enhance the quality of the produced recycled plastic, in connection with the factors that currently limit it. In conclusion, the quality of recycled plastic is generally determined by the homogeneity of the recovered plastic feed. There are various strategies which could be implemented to overcome the hindrances identified in the paper and to improve the quality of the recycled plastic, such as working on enhanced product designs for minimised waste heterogeneity and controlling the materials’ degree of contamination by applying advanced sorting.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Di Bartolo, Alberto, Giulia Infurna, and Nadka Tzankova Dintcheva. "A Review of Bioplastics and Their Adoption in the Circular Economy." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081229.

Full text

Abstract:

The European Union is working towards the 2050 net-zero emissions goal and tackling the ever-growing environmental and sustainability crisis by implementing the European Green Deal. The shift towards a more sustainable society is intertwined with the production, use, and disposal of plastic in the European economy. Emissions generated by plastic production, plastic waste, littering and leakage in nature, insufficient recycling, are some of the issues addressed by the European Commission. Adoption of bioplastics–plastics that are biodegradable, bio-based, or both–is under assessment as one way to decouple society from the use of fossil resources, and to mitigate specific environmental risks related to plastic waste. In this work, we aim at reviewing the field of bioplastics, including standards and life cycle assessment studies, and discuss some of the challenges that can be currently identified with the adoption of these materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Jehanno, Coralie, Maria M. Pérez-Madrigal, Jeremy Demarteau, Haritz Sardon, and Andrew P. Dove. "Organocatalysis for depolymerisation." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 2 (2019): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01284a.

Full text

Abstract:

Chemical recycling of plastics offers a green method to deal with plastic waste. In this review, we highlight the recent advances made by applying organocatalysts to chemically degrade polymers as a promising tool to reach a circular plastic economy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Vlad, Ionela Mituko, and Elena Toma. "Overview on the Key Figures with Impact on the Circular Economy Through the Life Cycle of Plastics." Materiale Plastice 59, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.22.2.5594.

Full text

Abstract:

Intended to draw a frame of the impact of plastics usage and the role of the circular economy, this paper relied on specific literature, data from different studies, case studies, reports and databases existing on the research area. Being produced at low costs and used in a wide range of fields, plastics has been confirmed as one of the most impactful inventions for human. Recently, during the pandemic years, plastics has gotten multiple usages, such as keeping a hygienic sanitary environment facing the critical situations, with a highly increased role in the fight against the SARS-COVID-19 crisis. It is also well known that plastics presents risks arising from its production flow, linked to a huge degree of massive pollution with high impact on the environment. Plastic waste exposed to the environment generated problems and it is of huge concern for all forms of life. As plastics products are present all around the world, there is an increasing statement to one-use plastics in the environment. Thus, it is urge to take actions for managing this situation as appropriate, to protect the environment and reduce the consumption of plastics, which can be achieved by developing and sustain the circular economy, as a new research field to explore. Through this paper we intended to emphasize the importance that, both theoretical contribution and practical measures, have on the production, the use and recycling of plastics and on the circular economy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Zhu, Caihan, Tianya Li, Mohamedazeem M. Mohideen, Ping Hu, Ramesh Gupta, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Yong Liu. "Realization of Circular Economy of 3D Printed Plastics: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050744.

Full text

Abstract:

3D printing technology is a versatile technology. The waste of 3D printed plastic products is a matter of concern because of its impact on the circular economy. In this paper, we discuss the current status and problems of 3D printing, different methods of 3D printing, and applications of 3D printing. This paper focuses on the recycling and degradation of different 3D printing materials. The degradation, although it can be done without pollution, has restrictions on the type of material and time. Degradation using ionic liquids can yield pure monomers but is only applicable to esters. The reprocessing recycling methods can re-utilize the excellent properties of 3D printed materials many times but are limited by the number of repetitions of 3D printed materials. Although each has its drawbacks, the great potential of the recycling of 3D printed waste plastics is successfully demonstrated with examples. Various recycling approaches provide the additional possibility of utilizing 3D printing waste to achieve more efficient circular application.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Gomes Gradíssimo, Diana, Luciana Pereira Xavier, and Agenor Valadares Santos. "Cyanobacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates: A Sustainable Alternative in Circular Economy." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 4331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184331.

Full text

Abstract:

Conventional petrochemical plastics have become a serious environmental problem. Its unbridled use, especially in non-durable goods, has generated an accumulation of waste that is difficult to measure, threatening aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The replacement of these plastics with cleaner alternatives, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), can only be achieved by cost reductions in the production of microbial bioplastics, in order to compete with the very low costs of fossil fuel plastics. The biggest costs are carbon sources and nutrients, which can be appeased with the use of photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, that have a minimum requirement for nutrients, and also using agro-industrial waste, such as the livestock industry, which in turn benefits from the by-products of PHA biotechnological production, for example pigments and nutrients. Circular economy can help solve the current problems in the search for a sustainable production of bioplastic: reducing production costs, reusing waste, mitigating CO2, promoting bioremediation and making better use of cyanobacteria metabolites in different industries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Xiao, Maggie Z. X., Syed Ali Akbar Abbass, Lisa Bahrey, Edward Rubinstein, and Vincent W. S. Chan. "A Roadmap for Environmental Sustainability of Plastic Use in Anesthesia and the Perioperative Arena." Anesthesiology 135, no. 4 (June 11, 2021): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003845.

Full text

Abstract:

The authors provide an overview of the common plastics generated in the perioperative setting and outline practical recommendations that can help achieve a circular economy and lessen the impact of plastic waste on the environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Pires da Mata Costa, Laura, Débora Micheline Vaz de Miranda, Ana Carolina Couto de Oliveira, Luiz Falcon, Marina Stella Silva Pimenta, Ivan Guilherme Bessa, Sílvio Juarez Wouters, Márcio Henrique S. Andrade, and José Carlos Pinto. "Capture and Reuse of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for a Plastics Circular Economy: A Review." Processes 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050759.

Full text

Abstract:

Plastic production has been increasing at enormous rates. Particularly, the socioenvironmental problems resulting from the linear economy model have been widely discussed, especially regarding plastic pieces intended for single use and disposed improperly in the environment. Nonetheless, greenhouse gas emissions caused by inappropriate disposal or recycling and by the many production stages have not been discussed thoroughly. Regarding the manufacturing processes, carbon dioxide is produced mainly through heating of process streams and intrinsic chemical transformations, explaining why first-generation petrochemical industries are among the top five most greenhouse gas (GHG)-polluting businesses. Consequently, the plastics market must pursue full integration with the circular economy approach, promoting the simultaneous recycling of plastic wastes and sequestration and reuse of CO2 through carbon capture and utilization (CCU) strategies, which can be employed for the manufacture of olefins (among other process streams) and reduction of fossil-fuel demands and environmental impacts. Considering the previous remarks, the present manuscript’s purpose is to provide a review regarding CO2 emissions, capture, and utilization in the plastics industry. A detailed bibliometric review of both the scientific and the patent literature available is presented, including the description of key players and critical discussions and suggestions about the main technologies. As shown throughout the text, the number of documents has grown steadily, illustrating the increasing importance of CCU strategies in the field of plastics manufacture.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Kleinhans, Kerstin, Ruben Demets, Jo Dewulf, Kim Ragaert, and Steven De Meester. "Non-household end-use plastics: the ‘forgotten’ plastics for the circular economy." Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 32 (June 2021): 100680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2021.100680.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Tashkeel, Rafay, Gobinath P. Rajarathnam, Wallis Wan, Behdad Soltani, and Ali Abbas. "Cost-Normalized Circular Economy Indicator and Its Application to Post-Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 3456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203456.

Full text

Abstract:

This work presents an adaptation of the material circularity indicator (MCI) that incorporates economic consideration. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) has developed the MCI to characterize the sustainability, viz., the “circularity”, of a product by utilizing life cycle assessment data of a product range rather than a single product unit. Our new “circo-economic” indicator (MCIE), combines product MCI in relation to total product mass, with a cost-normalization against estimated plastic recycling costs, for both separately collected and municipal solid waste. This is applied to assess Dutch post-consumer plastic packaging waste comprising polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), film, and mixed plastic products. Results show that MCIE of separate plastic collection (0.81) exceeds municipal solid waste (0.73) for most plastics, thus suggesting that under cost normalization, there is greater conformity of separately collected washed and milled goods to the circular economy. Cost sensitivity analyses show that improvements in plastic sorting technology and policy incentives that enable the production of MSW washed and milled goods at levels comparable to their separately collected counterparts may significantly improve their MCI. We highlight data policy changes and industry collaboration as key to enhanced circularity—emphasized by the restrictive nature of current Dutch policy regarding the release of plastic production, recycling, and costing data, with a general industry reluctance against market integration of weight-benchmarked recycled plastics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Meys, Raoul, Arne Kätelhön, Marvin Bachmann, Benedikt Winter, Christian Zibunas, Sangwon Suh, and André Bardow. "Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emission plastics by a circular carbon economy." Science 374, no. 6563 (October 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg9853.

Full text

Abstract:

Reducing net emission The great majority of plastics in current use are sourced from fossil fuels, with additional fossil fuels combusted to power their manufacture. Substantial research is focused on finding more sustainable building blocks for next-generation polymers. Meys et al . report a series of life cycle analyses suggesting that even the current varieties of commercial monomers could potentially be manufactured and polymerized with no net greenhouse gas emissions. The cycle relies on combining recycling of plastic waste with chemical reduction of carbon dioxide captured from incineration or derived from biomass. —JSY

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Syberg, Kristian, Maria Bille Nielsen, Nikoline B. Oturai, Lauge Peter Westergaard Clausen, Tiffany Marilou Ramos, and Steffen Foss Hansen. "Circular economy and reduction of micro(nano)plastics contamination." Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 5 (February 2022): 100044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100044.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Hervie, Dolores Mensah, Ernest Christian Winful, and Sebrina Kafui Tsagli. "Valorization of Plastic Waste in Ghana." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 10, no. 2 (April 2021): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2021040103.

Full text

Abstract:

Wastes from plastics are ubiquitous and have become a critical global challenge, especially in Africa. There is an urgent call to combat the menace because of its harmful impact on the ecosystem. The research methodology used is the exploratory technique. Circular economy (CE) is the answer to this global problem, especially in advanced countries. Even though some African countries have commenced recycling waste plastics, which is a contribution to circular economy, the idea is now gaining support in Ghana. The aim of this study is to propose a strategy and design a customized business model canvas for an establishment that transforms different types of waste plastics into pavement slabs and paving tiles in Ghana. The rationale is to accentuate the significance of introducing CE as a tool for effective and efficient plastic waste management in the country.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Moad, Graeme, and David Henry Solomon. "The Critical Importance of Adopting Whole-of-Life Strategies for Polymers and Plastics." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 8218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158218.

Full text

Abstract:

Plastics have been revolutionary in numerous sectors, and many of the positive attributes of modern life can be attributed to their use. However, plastics are often treated only as disposable commodities, which has led to the ever-increasing accumulation of plastic and plastic by-products in the environment as waste, and an unacceptable growth of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution. The catchphrase “plastics are everywhere”, perhaps once seen as extolling the virtues of plastics, is now seen by most as a potential or actual threat. Scientists are confronting this environmental crisis, both by developing recycling methods to deal with the legacy of plastic waste, and by highlighting the need to develop and implement effective whole-of-life strategies in the future use of plastic materials. The importance and topicality of this subject are evidenced by the dramatic increase in the use of terms such as “whole of life”, “life-cycle assessment”, “circular economy” and “sustainable polymers” in the scientific and broader literature. Effective solutions, however, are still to be forthcoming. In this review, we assess the potential for implementing whole-of-life strategies for plastics to achieve our vision of a circular economy. In this context, we consider the ways in which given plastics might be recycled into the same plastic for potential use in the same application, with minimal material loss, the lowest energy cost, and the least potential for polluting the environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Mohan Raj, Jagan. "Picnic benches and the circular economy." Reinforced Plastics 63, no. 4 (July 2019): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2019.05.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Chidepatil, Aditya, Prabhleen Bindra, Devyani Kulkarni, Mustafa Qazi, Meghana Kshirsagar, and Krishnaswamy Sankaran. "From Trash to Cash: How Blockchain and Multi-Sensor-Driven Artificial Intelligence Can Transform Circular Economy of Plastic Waste?" Administrative Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020023.

Full text

Abstract:

Virgin polymers based on petrochemical feedstock are mainly preferred by most plastic goods manufacturers instead of recycled plastic feedstock. Major reason for this is the lack of reliable information about the quality, suitability, and availability of recycled plastics, which is partly due to lack of proper segregation techniques. In this paper, we present our ongoing efforts to segregate plastics based on its types and improve the reliability of information about recycled plastics using the first-of-its-kind blockchain smart contracts powered by multi-sensor data-fusion algorithms using artificial intelligence. We have demonstrated how different data-fusion modes can be employed to retrieve various physico-chemical parameters of plastic waste for accurate segregation. We have discussed how these smart tools help in efficiently segregating commingled plastics and can be reliably used in the circular economy of plastic. Using these tools, segregators, recyclers, and manufacturers can reliably share data, plan the supply chain, execute purchase orders, and hence, finally increase the use of recycled plastic feedstock.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Williams, John. "A Plastic Fit for a Circular Economy." Plastics Engineering 73, no. 8 (September 2017): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2017.tb01778.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Zimmermann, Wolfgang. "Biocatalytic recycling of polyethylene terephthalate plastic." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2176 (July 6, 2020): 20190273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0273.

Full text

Abstract:

The global production of plastics made from non-renewable fossil feedstocks has grown more than 20-fold since 1964. While more than eight billion tons of plastics have been produced until today, only a small fraction is currently collected for recycling and large amounts of plastic waste are ending up in landfills and in the oceans. Pollution caused by accumulating plastic waste in the environment has become worldwide a serious problem. Synthetic polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have widespread use in food packaging materials, beverage bottles, coatings and fibres. Recently, it has been shown that post-consumer PET can be hydrolysed by microbial enzymes at mild reaction conditions in aqueous media. In a circular plastics economy, the resulting monomers can be recovered and re-used to manufacture PET products or other chemicals without depleting fossil feedstocks and damaging the environment. The enzymatic degradation of post-consumer plastics thereby represents an innovative, environmentally benign and sustainable alternative to conventional recycling processes. By the construction of powerful biocatalysts employing protein engineering techniques, a biocatalytic recycling of PET can be further developed towards industrial applications. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Science to enable the circular economy’.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Will, Markus. "Towards a Sustainable Circular Economy – Remarks on plastics and wood-waste sector." Central European Review of Economics and Management 3, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 149–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.862.

Full text

Abstract:

Aim: As the traditional approach towards entering a path of sustainabe development based on a „efficiency, consistency, sufficiency aproach“ is questionable, This article discusses opportunities and challenges for the circular economy to become a „last chance“ fort he current capitaist system to become more sustainable.Design / Research methods: Two case studies of material (waste) streams of plastics and wood-waste are presented in order to identify challenges in the development and functioning of the circular economy. Conclusions / findings: While the circular economy can deal with threats to sustainability embraced in an efficiency and sufficiency approach, it refers to a technology-driven consistency approach, not questioning the consumption and production patterns in the capitalist economy, and the functioning of the market economy as such.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Vingwe, Edward, Edgar Towa, and Arne Remmen. "Danish Plastic Mass Flows Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 9639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229639.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, material flows and resource potentials for plastics at a national level in Denmark are mapped using an Environmentally Extended Multiregional Input-Output (EE-MRIO) database. EE-MRIO offers an operative improvement to current and prevalent methods for assessing the industrial and societal metabolism of resources, including plastics. The Exiobase is applied to map (1) the major sources, (2) calculate the total supply, (3) uses of plastics and waste generation, and (4) end of life pathways in order to indicate the potentials of plastics in the circular economy in Denmark with a focus on recycling. Furthermore, it elaborates how and why this method for performing Mass Flow Analysis (MFA) differs from mainstream assessments of material flows and from default uses of national statistical data. Overall, the results are that Denmark has a total supply of ≈551 kilotonnes (Kt) of plastics, out of which ≈522 Kt are used domestically and ≈168 Kt of plastic waste are generated annually. Out of the yearly amount of plastic waste, ≈50% is incinerated and 26% is recycled. These results indicate significant potentials for applying circular economy strategies and identify relevant sectors for closing the plastic loops. However, other initiatives are necessary, such as improvements in product design strategies, in the collection and sorting systems as well as in cross-sectoral collaboration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Schmidt, Jannick, Laura Grau, Maximilian Auer, Roman Maletz, and Jörg Woidasky. "Multilayer Packaging in a Circular Economy." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091825.

Full text

Abstract:

Sorting multilayer packaging is still a major challenge in the recycling of post-consumer plastic waste. In a 2019 Germany-wide field study with 248 participants, lightweight packaging (LWP) was randomly selected and analyzed by infrared spectrometry to identify multilayer packaging in the LWP stream. Further investigations of the multilayer packaging using infrared spectrometry and microscopy were able to determine specific multilayer characteristics such as typical layer numbers, average layer thicknesses, the polymers of the outer and inner layers, and typical multilayer structures for specific packaged goods. This dataset shows that multilayer packaging is mainly selected according to the task to be fulfilled, with practically no concern for its end-of-life recycling properties. The speed of innovation in recycling processes does not keep up with packaging material innovations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Barrowclough, Diana, and Carolyn Birkbeck. "Transforming the Global Plastics Economy: The Role of Economic Policies in the Global Governance of Plastic Pollution." Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010026.

Full text

Abstract:

International policy discussions on plastic pollution are entering a new phase, with more than 100 governments calling for the launch of negotiations for a new global plastics agreement in 2022. This article aims to contribute to efforts to identify effective international policy levers to address plastic pollution. It takes stock of the evolution of views and perceptions on this complex and multi-faceted topic—from concerns about marine pollution and waste management towards new strategic directions that involve the entire plastics life-cycle and include climate and health impacts associated with the proliferation of plastics. It also traces the progressive development of responses—from voluntary approaches involving multiple stakeholders to national and international approaches focused on regulation. The paper is informed by desk research, a literature review and participation by the authors in informal and formal global governance processes on plastic pollution, the environment and development in the United Nations and World Trade Organization between 2019 and 2021. It also draws on empirical findings from a novel and original database on the life-cycle of plastic trade created by the authors. The paper argues that the important focus on downstream dimensions of plastic pollution—and strategies to address them—needs to be complemented by a broad life-cycle and “upstream” perspective that addresses plastic pollution at its source. It highlights the political economy tensions and inconsistencies at hand, observing that while some countries are taking concerted efforts to reduce pollution (including through bans on certain kinds of plastic and plastic products); to promote more circular plastic economies; and to reduce the carbon footprint of plastics (as part of a wider effort to decarbonize their economies), trade and investment in the plastic industry continues to rise. The paper argues that to reduce plastic pollution, emerging global governance efforts must integrate international environmental law and cooperation with a complementary and enabling global framework that addresses the economic, financial, industrial and trade policies needed to drive the necessary transformation of the plastics sector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Payne, Jack, Paul McKeown, and Matthew D. Jones. "A circular economy approach to plastic waste." Polymer Degradation and Stability 165 (July 2019): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.014.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Verstraeten, Simon B. C., Antoine van Muyden, and Felix D. Bobbink. "Towards a Plastic Circular Economy: Bio-derived Plastics and their End-of-life Strategies." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 75, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2021.744.

Full text

Abstract:

Herein, we describe the status of bio-derived plastics as well as the existing and emerging technologies that are available for their post-consumer end-of-life valorization. We first present how bio-derived plastics can be produced from renewable materials such as biomass and CO2. In the second section, we present an overview of the technologies available for the end-of-life, including pyrolysis and gasification and how they can be leveraged towards a circular economy. We continue the discussion with the presentation of an emerging technology, polyolefin hydrocracking. Finally, the concepts are discussed in light of life cycle analysis that helps to assess the sustainability of manufacture (and recycling) methods.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Cáceres Ruiz, Ana María, and Atiq Zaman. "The Current State, Challenges, and Opportunities of Recycling Plastics in Western Australia." Recycling 7, no. 5 (September 6, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7050064.

Full text

Abstract:

In 2018–2019, 85% of discarded plastics were landfilled in Australia. In Western Australia (WA), only 5.6% of plastics were recovered for reprocessing. With several Asian Countries imposing import restrictions, which were the prime destination for recyclables from Australia, the whole scenario for the waste industry has changed. Australia has now adopted export bans for recyclables, including plastics. WA is at a fork in the road; WA needs to rethink its relationship with plastic materials. This study explores how to create local markets for recycled plastics underpinning circular principles. The study examines barriers and drivers to enable markets for recycled plastics in WA through questionnaires, surveys, and interviews with relevant stakeholders. Poor source separation, low and inconsistent plastic waste feedstock, and virgin plastic competition are some of the challenges, while new investments in recycling infrastructure, WA’s take-back scheme for beverage containers and circularity frameworks are drivers. This study concludes that a modulated fee-based product stewardship model focused on product design, along with strategies such as green procurement and landfill management modifications would promote a circular plastic waste economy in WA. This can create markets for secondary recycled plastics, minimize the over-reliance on fossil fuels and prevent plastics from leaking into ecosystems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Stallkamp, Christoph, Justus Steins, Manuel Ruck, Rebekka Volk, and Frank Schultmann. "Designing a Recycling Network for the Circular Economy of Plastics with Different Multi-Criteria Optimization Approaches." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 10913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710913.

Full text

Abstract:

A growing plastic production increases the pressure on waste management systems, which have to cope with greater volumes of plastic waste. Increased plastics recycling can reduce environmental impacts by lowering the need for primary plastics production and thus fossil resources demand. Current research is mainly focused on identifying environmentally friendly recycling technologies for different waste streams. However, recycling capacities must also be expanded to handle the waste generated. Therefore, this paper develops multiple exemplary multi-criteria optimization models to design an optimal recycling network. The models are deployed in a case study for plastic packaging waste in Europe for an advanced mechanical recycling process. We compare the different multi-criteria optimization approaches, how they balance environmental and economic aspects differently, and how this affects the recycling network design. Finally, we compare the optimization approaches and find goal programming the most promising approach for recycling network design that ensures a balance between economic and environmental objectives.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Khadke, Swikriti, Pragya Gupta, Shanmukh Rachakunta, Chandreswar Mahata, Suma Dawn, Mohit Sharma, Deepak Verma, et al. "Efficient Plastic Recycling and Remolding Circular Economy Using the Technology of Trust–Blockchain." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 9142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169142.

Full text

Abstract:

Global plastic waste is increasing rapidly. In general, densely populated regions generate tons of plastic waste daily, which is sometimes disposed of on land or diverged to sea. Most of the plastics created in the form of waste have complex degradation behavior and are non-biodegradable by nature. These remain intact in the environment for a long time span and potentially originate complications within terrestrial and marine life ecosystems. The strategic management of plastic waste and recycling can preserve environmental species and associated costs. The key contribution in this work focuses on ongoing efforts to utilize plastic waste by introducing blockchain during plastic waste recycling. It is proposed that the efficiency of plastic recycling can be improved enormously by using the blockchain phenomenon. Automation for the segregation and collection of plastic waste can effectively establish a globally recognizable tool using blockchain-based applications. Collection and sorting of plastic recycling are feasible by keeping track of plastic with unique codes or digital badges throughout the supply chain. This approach can support a collaborative digital consortium for efficient plastic waste management, which can bring together multiple stakeholders, plastic manufacturers, government entities, retailers, suppliers, waste collectors, and recyclers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Ta, Thi Yen, Thi Anh Tuyet Nguyen, and Hoang Thi Hong Van. "Analysis of production, consumption and environmental burden of plastic industry in Vietnam by input-output table." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjste.63(2).89-96.

Full text

Abstract:

The plastic industry is an economic sector that plays an important role in promoting a circular economy in Vietnam. This study used the updated 2018 input-output (IO) table to identify and analyse the production and consumption of seven different plastics including: HDPE, PS, PE, PET, PVC, PP, and others. The study also integrated the IO model to unveil the environmental burden of these plastics through the plastic demand of 40 economic sectors and households. As a result, in 2018, the amount of direct solid waste from the plastic industry was 58,147 tons and the amount of indirect solid waste from the plastic industry to other economic sectors and the household sector were 214,258 tons and 6,262 tons, respectively. Agriculture and its services, food processing, fashion manufacturing, basic chemical production, electrical and electronic equipment production, and transport production embodied the highest indirect burdens due to their use of plastic products. This study contributes to MFA research and developing strategies for sustainable production and consumption of plastics and the management of plastic waste in Vietnam.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Spierling, Sebastian, Venkateshwaran Venkatachalam, Marina Mudersbach, Nico Becker, Christoph Herrmann, and Hans-Josef Endres. "End-of-Life Options for Bio-Based Plastics in a Circular Economy—Status Quo and Potential from a Life Cycle Assessment Perspective." Resources 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9070090.

Full text

Abstract:

The bio-based plastic market is forecast to grow in the next years. With a growing market share and product range, the implementation of circular thinking is becoming more and more important also for bio-based plastics to enable a sound circular economy for these group of plastics. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental performance for different end-of-life options of bio-based plastics from an early stage on. This review presents a comprehensive overview on the current status quo of different end-of-life options for bio-based plastics from an environmental perspective. Based on the status quo and the corresponding impact assessment results, the global plastic demand as well as the technical substitution potential of bio-based plastics, the environmental saving potential in case of the different end-of-life options was calculated. The review shows that there is a focus on polylactic acid (PLA) regarding end-of-life assessment, with studies covering all end-of-life options. The focus of the impact assessment has been set on global warming potential (GWP). With respect to GWP, the analysis of a future global potential of PLA showed, for mechanical recycling, the highest saving potential with 94.1 Mio. t CO2-eq. per year in comparison to virgin material.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Barouta, Despoina, Ayah Alassali, Caterina Picuno, Martina Bruno, Evdokia Syranidou, Silvia Fiore, and Kerstin Kuchta. "E-plastics in a circular economy: A comprehensive regulatory review." Journal of Cleaner Production 355 (June 2022): 131711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131711.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Spierling, Sebastian, Carolin Röttger, Venkateshwaran Venkatachalam, Marina Mudersbach, Christoph Herrmann, and Hans-Josef Endres. "Bio-based Plastics - A Building Block for the Circular Economy?" Procedia CIRP 69 (2018): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.11.017.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Foschi, Eleonora, and Alessandra Bonoli. "The Commitment of Packaging Industry in the Framework of the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9010018.

Full text

Abstract:

European Commission is strongly committed into issues related to plastic materials production and plastic waste management. While the Circular Economy Package has set targets generally referred to recycling rates, the European Strategy for plastics in a circular economy (and related action plan), fosters sustainability along the entire plastic value chain: from primary producers to converters, brand owners and retailers to waste collectors and recyclers. The Directive on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment (more commonly known as Directive on Single-Use-Plastics, waiting for publication in the Official Journal of the European Union) rules targets on ten plastic products most often found as littering on global beaches, directly affecting plastic industry and, consequently, market. Policy makers and industrial stakeholders are called upon to collaborate. The article aims to illustrate interactions between European Commission and all plastic value chain stakeholders on implementing measures to reach ambitious targets pursued by the recent European policy. The study shows how European Commission has robustly worked to regulate production and consumption patterns on plastic carrier bags and packaging (including food packaging) thus facilitating the achievement of specific targets provided by the recent Directive. However, additional provisions concerning market restriction have been introduced; industrial stakeholders carried on a prompt response by promoting the creation of alliances, join venture and association, as well as a more integrated plastic value chain. On the base of this purpose, a virtuous example of a closed supply chain is presented.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Shevchenko, Tetiana, Meisam Ranjbari, Zahra Shams Esfandabadi, Yuriy Danko, and Kseniia Bliumska-Danko. "Promising Developments in Bio-Based Products as Alternatives to Conventional Plastics to Enable Circular Economy in Ukraine." Recycling 7, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7020020.

Full text

Abstract:

Transforming the plastic industry toward producing more sustainable alternatives than conventional plastics, as an essential enabler of the bio-based circular economy (CE), requires reinforcing initiatives to drive solutions from the lab to the market. In this regard, startups and ideation and innovation events can potentially play significant roles in consolidating efforts and investments by academia and industry to foster bio-based and biodegradable plastic-related developments. This study aimed to present the current trends and challenges of bioplastics and bio-based materials as sustainable alternatives for plastics. On this basis, having conducted a systematic literature review, the seminal research themes of the bio-based materials and bioplastics literature were unfolded and discussed. Then, the most recent developments of bio-based sustainable products in Ukraine, as alternatives to petroleum-based plastics, that have gained publicity through local startup programs and hackathons were presented. The findings shed light on the potential of the bio-based sector to facilitate the CE transition through (i) rendering innovative solutions most of which have been less noticed in academia before; (ii) enhancing academic debate and bridging the gap between developers, scholars, and practitioners within the plastic industry toward creating circularity across the supply chain; (iii) identifying the main challenges and future perspectives for further investigations in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Circular Economy for Plastics'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles