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1
Cappelluti, Domenico. "La tragedia gesuitica tra retorica e pedagogia. L'esempio di Leonardo Cinnamo al collegio dei nobili di Napoli." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/261.
Full textAbstract:
2009 - 2010Il seguente studio si propone di collocare la forma drammatica tipica del teatro di collegio gesuitico all'interno della situazione teatrale italiana del XVII secolo, evidenziandone opportunamente i predominanti aspetti retorici e pedagogici. Partendo da questo presupposto si è cercato di approfondire le peculiarità di questo genere letterario e rappresentativo nell'ambito dell'attività culturale del Collegio dei Nobili di Napoli mediante l'analisi della figura e opera drammaturgica di Leonardo Cinnamo, professore in detto collegio nel biennio 1640-42. Si è reputato opportuno tracciare, in primo luogo, le coordinate storico-artistiche delle forme teatrali e spettacolari dell'Italia post-tridentina onde evidenziare, all'interno di una fitta rete di espressioni letterarie e drammatiche, di generi accreditati (commedia erudita, melodramma) e manifestazioni meno ufficiali (apparati festivi e Improvvisa) le linee essenziali della scena pedagogica sviluppata dalla Compagnia di Gesù. Alla luce di tali riferimenti l’indagine si è rivolta in modo specifico sui rapporti tra il teatro e l'Ordine ignaziano, sottolineando la centralità assunta dalle forme rappresentative all'interno del percorso formativo vincolato alla carta pedagogica dei Padri, la Ratio studiorum, nell'analisi della scena tragica, genere eletto. elaborato e fruito all'interno delle scuole gesuitiche. Dallo studio emerge con chiarezza la finalità pedagogica che definisce l'orizzonte creativo degli autori di questo tipo di dramma, tutti volti a basare la scena su un codice retorico che la trasforma in altisonante monito visivo della morale controriformista. Lo studio intende mettere in risalto l’intuizione ignaziana verso il teatro, mezzo capace di sfruttare a pieno la forza empirica della drammatizzazione concentrando la riflessione teorica sull'energia esemplare dell'actio sulla parola: in tal modo è possibile leggere l'enfasi scenica dell'eloquentia corporis tipica delle pièces teatrali gesuitiche... [a cura dell'Autore]
IX n.s.
2
Tang, Minghua. "Assessment of oxalate absorption from cinnamon and turmeric." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400956161&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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3
Finlay, Annabelle Ruth. "Microbial suppression of Phytophthora cinnamomi." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317116.
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4
Aldayel, Tahany S. "Health benefits of cinnamon supplement, in vitro and in vivo." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/810443/.
Full textAbstract:
Changing lifestyle and dietary habits, for example using herbal medicines, can influence the management and progression of some diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes and obesity. This thesis describes a series of in vitro experiments and human studies; the aims were to investigate the potential health benefits of Cinnamomum cassia (C. cassia) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) extracts in vitro, and C. cassia supplements on biomarkers of glucose, lipid profiles, weight, blood pressure, insulin and inflammatory markers. Both extracts were found to be rich in polyphenols and proanthocyanidins which can act as effective free radical scavenging compounds in vitro. Both cinnamon types dose-dependently reduced the rapidly available glucose (RAG) and increased the slowly available glucose (SAG) values of cornflakes, possibly due to their polyphenolic compounds which have the capacity to inhibit carbohydrate digesting enzymes, particularly α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The preliminary randomised cross-over control human study investigated the effect of ingesting capsules of 1 g C. cassia prior to consuming cornflakes (a high starch food) on the glycaemic response in healthy participants. The results showed there were no significant differences in glucose response, nor in the incremental area under the curve for the cinnamon supplement or the placebo. In an 8-week randomised controlled human study, 5 g of C. cassia supplementation in overweight individuals reduced body weight (P=0.01), plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels (P=0.017), systolic (P=0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.02), without significantly affecting LDL, CHO and HDL levels as well as fasting insulin and glucose levels. There were no significant effects of cinnamon supplementation on cytokine and adhesion molecule levels. However, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1-α, MCP-1, sPSEL levels were significantly altered due to time in both cinnamon and control groups. In conclusion, cinnamon supplementation (5 g/d for eight weeks) produced important health benefits in vitro and in vivo, therefore it may be useful as a natural herbal remedy for obesity and CVD.
5
Amaral, Catarina Medeiros. "Effect of the ingestion of a mousse with cinnamon C. Burmannii on the postprandial blood glucose response of healthy subjects and its antioxidant power." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/5109.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Nutrição ClínicaBackground: Cinnamon has been shown to reduce postprandial glycaemia and enhance insulin sensitivity in healthy adults.
Aims: To study the effect of C. burmannii on the postprandial blood glucose response of healthy subjects and its antioxidant capacity in a semi-solid food.
Design: Twenty four apparently healthy subjects participated in this study. They were randomly assigned in group A (reference meal) or group B (test meal). The blood glucose concentrations were measured before the ingestion of the meals and 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the start of the meal. The test meal used consisted of 100 g of mousse mixed with 3 g of cinnamon.
Results: The addition of 3 g of cinnamon to the mousse had no significant effect in blood glucose response in terms of the areas under the curve (AUC) and in the different postprandial times (p>0,05). The mean Cmax was significantly lower after the ingestion of the reference meal than after the ingestion of the mousse with 3 g of C.burmannii (96 mg/dl VS 104,42 mg/dl; p=0,011). The chemical analysis showed that the mousse with 3 g of cinnamon has a much higher phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than the mousse without cinnamon.
Conclusions: The inclusion of cinnamon in the mousse increased the antioxidant capacity of this semi-solid food, however it did not reduce the postprandial glucose response in healthy subjects.
6
Finckh, Matthias. "Zum Mechanismus der Kupfer-assoziierten Leberschädigung bei der Long-Evans-Cinnamon-Ratte." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964589044.
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7
au, M. King@murdoch edu, and Michaela King. "The phosphite responsive transcriptome of phytophthora cinnamomi." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20080526.104656.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphite has been used to effectively control the soil borne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi in many horticultural crops, forest trees and natural ecosystems. However, the molecular mechanisms behind phosphite action on this pathogen are poorly understood.
Several studies have shown that phosphite inhibits growth and zoospore production of P. cinnamomi and in addition induces significant physiological and metabolic changes in the mycelium. As an approach to understanding the mechanisms and relevance of these changes in the pathogen, the effect of phosphite on gene expression was investigated using microarray analysis. To construct the microarray, RNA was extracted from phosphite-treated (40 ug/ml) mycelium of P. cinnamomi isolate MP 80. The chosen phosphite concentration inhibited the mycelial growth by 70% but provided sufficient mycelium for RNA extractions after 4 days growth at 25C.
The mRNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA and cloned into lambda to construct a library consisting of 2 million pfu of which 80 % were recombinant phage. The inserts were sequenced for a random selection of clones from the library. The nucleotide sequences generated revealed a range of different P. cinnamomi genes being expressed and demonstrated that the cDNA library provided a good representation of the transcripts expressed in P. cinnamomi. The types of genes found to be expressed in the mycelium of P. cinnamomi included genes encoding GTP binding proteins involved in vesicle transport, structural proteins involved in maintaining cell membrane integrity,elicitors, phosphatases and ribosomal proteins.
Over nine thousand cDNA transcripts were randomly selected from the cDNA library and prepared by PCR amplification and purification for microarray construction. Custom made cDNA arrays containing 9216 cDNA transcripts were constructed and probed with RNA from untreated mycelium and mycelium grown in medium with 40 ug/ml phosphite.
Two genes, EF-1 alpha and cinnamomin gene, identified by qRT-PCR as being constitutively expressed were also positioned on the arrays as positive controls. In the process of identifying constitutively expressed genes, qRT PCR revealed that phosphite down-regulated a gene encoding ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, a component of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway involved in the removal of abnormal and short lived-regulatory proteins and rate limiting enzymes.
From the arrays a further seventy-two transcripts with altered patterns in gene expression (fold change > 2) were identified. The majority of the cDNA transcripts spotted on the array were down-regulated with changes in gene expression ranging from 2- to 3.5-fold. Thirty-two cDNA transcripts were up-regulated with changes in gene expression ranging from 2- to 16-fold. Characterisation by sequencing revealed that the most highly induced transcripts coded for ADP-ribosylation factors, an ABC cassette transporter and a glycosyl transferase. A transcript encoding a vitamin B6 biosynthesis protein was also identified as up-regulated by 2.9-fold. In contrast, the down-regulated transcripts coded for cellulose synthase I, annexin, glutamine synthetase, metallothionein and an alternative oxidase. The results are discussed in terms of possible roles and mechanism(s) of phosphite action within the mycelium of P.cinnamomi.
This work is the first comprehensive screen for phosphite regulated-gene expression in P. cinnamomi and represents a significant step towards an understanding of the mode of action of phosphite on this organism. This thesis provides valuable information on the molecular interaction between phosphite and P. cinnamomi, which in future studies may stimulate the discovery of novel methods and cellular targets for the control of plant pathogenic Oomycetes.
8
Reitmann, Anandi. "Identification of pathogenicity genes in Phytophthora cinnamomi." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79179.
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9
King, Michaela. "The phosphite responsive transcriptome of phytophthora cinnamomi." Thesis, King, Michaela (2007) The phosphite responsive transcriptome of phytophthora cinnamomi. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/132/.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphite has been used to effectively control the soil borne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi in many horticultural crops, forest trees and natural ecosystems. However, the molecular mechanisms behind phosphite action on this pathogen are poorly understood.
Several studies have shown that phosphite inhibits growth and zoospore production of P. cinnamomi and in addition induces significant physiological and metabolic changes in the mycelium. As an approach to understanding the mechanisms and relevance of these changes in the pathogen, the effect of phosphite on gene expression was investigated using microarray analysis. To construct the microarray, RNA was extracted from phosphite-treated (40 ug/ml) mycelium of P. cinnamomi isolate MP 80. The chosen phosphite concentration inhibited the mycelial growth by 70% but provided sufficient mycelium for RNA extractions after 4 days growth at 25C.
The mRNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA and cloned into lambda to construct a library consisting of 2 million pfu of which 80 % were recombinant phage. The inserts were sequenced for a random selection of clones from the library. The nucleotide sequences generated revealed a range of different P. cinnamomi genes being expressed and demonstrated that the cDNA library provided a good representation of the transcripts expressed in P. cinnamomi. The types of genes found to be expressed in the mycelium of P. cinnamomi included genes encoding GTP binding proteins involved in vesicle transport, structural proteins involved in maintaining cell membrane integrity,elicitors, phosphatases and ribosomal proteins.
Over nine thousand cDNA transcripts were randomly selected from the cDNA library and prepared by PCR amplification and purification for microarray construction. Custom made cDNA arrays containing 9216 cDNA transcripts were constructed and probed with RNA from untreated mycelium and mycelium grown in medium with 40 ug/ml phosphite.
Two genes, EF-1 alpha and cinnamomin gene, identified by qRT-PCR as being constitutively expressed were also positioned on the arrays as positive controls. In the process of identifying constitutively expressed genes, qRT PCR revealed that phosphite down-regulated a gene encoding ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, a component of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway involved in the removal of abnormal and short lived-regulatory proteins and rate limiting enzymes.
From the arrays a further seventy-two transcripts with altered patterns in gene expression (fold change > 2) were identified. The majority of the cDNA transcripts spotted on the array were down-regulated with changes in gene expression ranging from 2- to 3.5-fold. Thirty-two cDNA transcripts were up-regulated with changes in gene expression ranging from 2- to 16-fold. Characterisation by sequencing revealed that the most highly induced transcripts coded for ADP-ribosylation factors, an ABC cassette transporter and a glycosyl transferase. A transcript encoding a vitamin B6 biosynthesis protein was also identified as up-regulated by 2.9-fold. In contrast, the down-regulated transcripts coded for cellulose synthase I, annexin, glutamine synthetase, metallothionein and an alternative oxidase. The results are discussed in terms of possible roles and mechanism(s) of phosphite action within the mycelium of P.cinnamomi.
This work is the first comprehensive screen for phosphite regulated-gene expression in P. cinnamomi and represents a significant step towards an understanding of the mode of action of phosphite on this organism. This thesis provides valuable information on the molecular interaction between phosphite and P. cinnamomi, which in future studies may stimulate the discovery of novel methods and cellular targets for the control of plant pathogenic Oomycetes.
10
King, Michaela. "The phosphite responsive transcriptome of Phytophthora cinnamomi /." King, Michaela (2007) The phosphite responsive transcriptome of phytophthora cinnamomi. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/132/.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphite has been used to effectively control the soil borne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi in many horticultural crops, forest trees and natural ecosystems. However, the molecular mechanisms behind phosphite action on this pathogen are poorly understood.
Several studies have shown that phosphite inhibits growth and zoospore production of P. cinnamomi and in addition induces significant physiological and metabolic changes in the mycelium. As an approach to understanding the mechanisms and relevance of these changes in the pathogen, the effect of phosphite on gene expression was investigated using microarray analysis. To construct the microarray, RNA was extracted from phosphite-treated (40 ug/ml) mycelium of P. cinnamomi isolate MP 80. The chosen phosphite concentration inhibited the mycelial growth by 70% but provided sufficient mycelium for RNA extractions after 4 days growth at 25C.
The mRNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA and cloned into lambda to construct a library consisting of 2 million pfu of which 80 % were recombinant phage. The inserts were sequenced for a random selection of clones from the library. The nucleotide sequences generated revealed a range of different P. cinnamomi genes being expressed and demonstrated that the cDNA library provided a good representation of the transcripts expressed in P. cinnamomi. The types of genes found to be expressed in the mycelium of P. cinnamomi included genes encoding GTP binding proteins involved in vesicle transport, structural proteins involved in maintaining cell membrane integrity,elicitors, phosphatases and ribosomal proteins.
Over nine thousand cDNA transcripts were randomly selected from the cDNA library and prepared by PCR amplification and purification for microarray construction. Custom made cDNA arrays containing 9216 cDNA transcripts were constructed and probed with RNA from untreated mycelium and mycelium grown in medium with 40 ug/ml phosphite.
Two genes, EF-1 alpha and cinnamomin gene, identified by qRT-PCR as being constitutively expressed were also positioned on the arrays as positive controls. In the process of identifying constitutively expressed genes, qRT PCR revealed that phosphite down-regulated a gene encoding ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, a component of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway involved in the removal of abnormal and short lived-regulatory proteins and rate limiting enzymes.
From the arrays a further seventy-two transcripts with altered patterns in gene expression (fold change > 2) were identified. The majority of the cDNA transcripts spotted on the array were down-regulated with changes in gene expression ranging from 2- to 3.5-fold. Thirty-two cDNA transcripts were up-regulated with changes in gene expression ranging from 2- to 16-fold. Characterisation by sequencing revealed that the most highly induced transcripts coded for ADP-ribosylation factors, an ABC cassette transporter and a glycosyl transferase. A transcript encoding a vitamin B6 biosynthesis protein was also identified as up-regulated by 2.9-fold. In contrast, the down-regulated transcripts coded for cellulose synthase I, annexin, glutamine synthetase, metallothionein and an alternative oxidase. The results are discussed in terms of possible roles and mechanism(s) of phosphite action within the mycelium of P.cinnamomi.
This work is the first comprehensive screen for phosphite regulated-gene expression in P. cinnamomi and represents a significant step towards an understanding of the mode of action of phosphite on this organism. This thesis provides valuable information on the molecular interaction between phosphite and P. cinnamomi, which in future studies may stimulate the discovery of novel methods and cellular targets for the control of plant pathogenic Oomycetes.
11
Gilovitz, Joshua. "Screening Lambertia for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi." Thesis, Gilovitz, Joshua (2007) Screening Lambertia for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32597/.
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12
Ueyama, Jun, Shinya Wakusawa, Yasuyuki Tatsumi, Ai Hattori, Motoyoshi Yano, and Hisao Hayashi. "Preliminary Study on Spontaneous Hepatitis in Long-Evans Cinnamon Rats: A Blood Exchange May Improve the Fetal Hepatitis." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14180.
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13
Rech, Philippe. "Régulation transcriptionnelles du gène codant l'alcool cinnamyl déshydrogénase." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30150.
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14
Wheeler, Margaret Anne. "Reproductive and molecular biology of Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040723.140250.
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15
Pilbeam, Ros. "Effects of phosphite on disease development and histological responses in Eucalyptus marginata infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi." Thesis, Pilbeam, Ros (2003) Effects of phosphite on disease development and histological responses in Eucalyptus marginata infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/260/.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphite is currently used for the management of Phytophthora cinnamomi in native plant communities. A greater understanding of how phosphite affects the host-pathogen interaction is required in order to determine the most effective treatment. This thesis aimed to investigate the effects of applied phosphite concentration on phytotoxicity, in planta concentration of phosphite, disease development and anatomical responses of Eucalyptus marginata.
Spraying the foliage to run-off with 7.5 and 10 g phosphite/L led to the development of severe leaf necrosis within 7 days, with greater than 60% of the leaf area damaged. Moderate phytotoxicity was observed after treatment with 5 g phosphite/L. In planta concentration of phosphite in stems, lignotubers and roots did not differ significantly between applied concentrations of phosphite.
Stem tissue contained the largest concentration of phosphite at one week after spraying, with approximately 210 and 420 g phosphite/g dry weight detected after treatment with 5 and 10 g phosphite/L, respectively. In a subsequent field trial, the applied concentration of phosphite was found to affect the duration of effectiveness of phosphite in protecting E. marginata seedlings from stem colonisation by P. cinnamomi. Plants were wound-inoculated with P. cinnamomi at 6-monthly intervals after spraying with phosphite. The 2.5 and 5 g phosphite/L treatments were effective against colonisation by P. cinnamomi when inoculated 0 and 6 months after spraying, but only the 5 g phosphite/L treatment inhibited P. cinnamomi within 12 months of spraying. Phosphite had no effect on colonisation by P. cinnamomi when plants were inoculated at 17 months after spraying. The in planta concentration of phosphite detected in the leaves, stems and roots of plants treated with 5 g phosphite/L did not differ significantly between the time of harvest or tissue type at 0.2 and 6 months after spraying. P. cinnamomi remained viable in plants treated with phosphite.Treatment with 2.5 and 5 g phosphite/L when P. cinnamomi was well established in the stems was ineffective at preventing the death of E. marginata.
Between 45 and 89% of plants were girdled on the day of spraying. Spraying plants with 2.5 and 5 g phosphite/L when conditions were less favourable for the pathogen reduced the mortality of E. marginata for up to 10 months.
E. marginata seedlings responded to damage by P. cinnamomi with the production of kino veins and woundwood. Bark lesions were in the process of being sloughed off by 7 months after inoculation in plants that remained alive. In plants of a resistant (RR) clonal line and susceptible (SS) clonal line, phosphite treatment inhibited lesion extension in stems, but lesions did not indicate the amount of stem colonised by P. cinnamomi. The pathogen was isolated from up to 17 cm beyond the lesion front in the RR clonal line. Treatments that reduced the mortality of E. marginata were 5 g phosphite/L in the RR clonal line (RR/5) and 10 g phosphite/L in the SS clonal line (SS/10).
Uninoculated plants were wounded with liquid nitrogen to determine the microscopic responses to injury in the absence of the pathogen. Wound closure was achieved within 21 days of wounding, with callus formation and vascular cambium regeneration. A wound periderm separated wounded tissue from healthy tissue, adjacent to a lignified boundary zone. Two types of phellem were observed - thin-walled phellem (TnP) and thick-walled phellem (TkP). The first-formed TnP layers contained variable-shaped cells, while subsequent layers were more cubical in shape. Multiple TnP layers developed up to 42 days after wounding, with TkP cells sandwiched between the TnP layers. Genotype and phosphite treatment did not affect the wound responses.
Inoculated plants with a restricted lesion extension also formed a wound periderm to separate damaged tissue from healthy tissue. Phosphite treatment stimulated the responses to P. cinnamomi in both clonal lines. Early development of the wound periderm was visible by 6 days after phosphite treatment. It waspreceded by the formation of a ligno-suberised boundary zone in the cambial zone and in phloem parenchyma cells existing prior to injury. Suberin was not detected in the SS/0 treatment. TnP layers completely surrounded lesioned tissue in plants still alive by 24 days after phosphite treatment. Extensive callus production was evident in the SS/10, RR/5 and RR/10 treatments.
Temperature affected the post-inoculation efficacy of phosphite and anatomical responses of E. marginata. At 20 degrees C lesion extension was restricted in both clonal lines of E. marginata, irrespective of phosphite treatment. Greater than 70% of inoculated plants in all treatments produced a ligno-suberised boundary zone at 20 degrees C and between 30 and 70% formed a wound periderm. At 28 degrees C, lesion extension was reduced in phosphite-treated plants at 7 days after treatment. However, lesions continued to extend up to 5 mm per day in the SS clonal line and very few SS plants formed a wound periderm at the lesion front. This contrasted with the strong responses to abiotic wounding observed in uninoculated SS plants at 28 degrees C. The most extensive responses to P. cinnamomi were detected in the RR/5 treatment at 28 degrees C, with a ligno-suberised boundary zone and differentiated TnP of a wound periderm observed in greater than 70% of plants. This treatment resulted in significantly less girdled plants than all other treatments at 28 degrees C, including the RR/0 treatment. At 23 and 24 degrees C, there was no significant difference in acropetal lesion extension or circumferential lesion spread between clonal lines. The inoculation technique and environmental conditions may have resulted in too high a disease pressure for a full expression of resistance in the RR clonal line.
This thesis demonstrates that phosphite has the potential to enhance the resistance of young E. marginata and enable them to survive infection by P. cinnamomi. However, its effectiveness is dependent upon a number of factors, including host resistance, environmental conditions, the applied phosphite concentration and the timing of application.
16
Pilbeam, Ros. "Effects of phosphite on disease development and histological responses in Eucalyptus marginata infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040820.140206.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphite is currently used for the management of Phytophthora cinnamomi in native plant communities. A greater understanding of how phosphite affects the host-pathogen interaction is required in order to determine the most effective treatment. This thesis aimed to investigate the effects of applied phosphite concentration on phytotoxicity, in planta concentration of phosphite, disease development and anatomical responses of Eucalyptus marginata.
Spraying the foliage to run-off with 7.5 and 10 g phosphite/L led to the development of severe leaf necrosis within 7 days, with greater than 60% of the leaf area damaged. Moderate phytotoxicity was observed after treatment with 5 g phosphite/L. In planta concentration of phosphite in stems, lignotubers and roots did not differ significantly between applied concentrations of phosphite.
Stem tissue contained the largest concentration of phosphite at one week after spraying, with approximately 210 and 420 µg phosphite/g dry weight detected after treatment with 5 and 10 g phosphite/L, respectively. In a subsequent field trial, the applied concentration of phosphite was found to affect the duration of effectiveness of phosphite in protecting E. marginata seedlings from stem colonisation by P. cinnamomi. Plants were wound-inoculated with P. cinnamomi at 6-monthly intervals after spraying with phosphite. The 2.5 and 5 g phosphite/L treatments were effective against colonisation by P. cinnamomi when inoculated 0 and 6 months after spraying, but only the 5 g phosphite/L treatment inhibited P. cinnamomi within 12 months of spraying. Phosphite had no effect on colonisation by P. cinnamomi when plants were inoculated at 17 months after spraying. The in planta concentration of phosphite detected in the leaves, stems and roots of plants treated with 5 g phosphite/L did not differ significantly between the time of harvest or tissue type at 0.2 and 6 months after spraying. P. cinnamomi remained viable in plants treated with phosphite.Treatment with 2.5 and 5 g phosphite/L when P. cinnamomi was well established in the stems was ineffective at preventing the death of E. marginata.
Between 45 and 89% of plants were girdled on the day of spraying. Spraying plants with 2.5 and 5 g phosphite/L when conditions were less favourable for the pathogen reduced the mortality of E. marginata for up to 10 months.
E. marginata seedlings responded to damage by P. cinnamomi with the production of kino veins and woundwood. Bark lesions were in the process of being sloughed off by 7 months after inoculation in plants that remained alive. In plants of a resistant (RR) clonal line and susceptible (SS) clonal line, phosphite treatment inhibited lesion extension in stems, but lesions did not indicate the amount of stem colonised by P. cinnamomi. The pathogen was isolated from up to 17 cm beyond the lesion front in the RR clonal line. Treatments that reduced the mortality of E. marginata were 5 g phosphite/L in the RR clonal line (RR/5) and 10 g phosphite/L in the SS clonal line (SS/10).
Uninoculated plants were wounded with liquid nitrogen to determine the microscopic responses to injury in the absence of the pathogen. Wound closure was achieved within 21 days of wounding, with callus formation and vascular cambium regeneration. A wound periderm separated wounded tissue from healthy tissue, adjacent to a lignified boundary zone. Two types of phellem were observed thin-walled phellem (TnP) and thick-walled phellem (TkP). The first-formed TnP layers contained variable-shaped cells, while subsequent layers were more cubical in shape. Multiple TnP layers developed up to 42 days after wounding, with TkP cells sandwiched between the TnP layers. Genotype and phosphite treatment did not affect the wound responses.
Inoculated plants with a restricted lesion extension also formed a wound periderm to separate damaged tissue from healthy tissue. Phosphite treatment stimulated the responses to P. cinnamomi in both clonal lines. Early development of the wound periderm was visible by 6 days after phosphite treatment. It waspreceded by the formation of a ligno-suberised boundary zone in the cambial zone and in phloem parenchyma cells existing prior to injury. Suberin was not detected in the SS/0 treatment. TnP layers completely surrounded lesioned tissue in plants still alive by 24 days after phosphite treatment. Extensive callus production was evident in the SS/10, RR/5 and RR/10 treatments.
Temperature affected the post-inoculation efficacy of phosphite and anatomical responses of E. marginata. At 20°C, lesion extension was restricted in both clonal lines of E. marginata, irrespective of phosphite treatment. Greater than 70% of inoculated plants in all treatments produced a ligno-suberised boundary zone at 20°C and between 30 and 70% formed a wound periderm. At 28°C, lesion extension was reduced in phosphite-treated plants at 7 days after treatment. However, lesions continued to extend up to 5 mm per day in the SS clonal line and very few SS plants formed a wound periderm at the lesion front. This contrasted with the strong responses to abiotic wounding observed in uninoculated SS plants at 28°C. The most extensive responses to P. cinnamomi were detected in the RR/5 treatment at 28°C, with a ligno-suberised boundary zone and differentiated TnP of a wound periderm observed in greater than 70% of plants. This treatment resulted in significantly less girdled plants than all other treatments at 28°C, including the RR/0 treatment. At 23 and 24°C, there was no significant difference in acropetal lesion extension or circumferential lesion spread between clonal lines. The inoculation technique and environmental conditions may have resulted in too high a disease pressure for a full expression of resistance in the RR clonal line.
This thesis demonstrates that phosphite has the potential to enhance the resistance of young E. marginata and enable them to survive infection by P. cinnamomi. However, its effectiveness is dependent upon a number of factors, including host resistance, environmental conditions, the applied phosphite concentration and the timing of application.
17
Hinselwood, David C. "The absorption and metabolism of cinnamic compounds in skin." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501448.
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Harland, Chad S. "F-actin and integrin like proteins in Phytophthora cinnamomi." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1895.
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Tip growth is the primary form of growth in hyphal organisms and some plant cells. Tip growth in hyphae is highly dependent on F-actin, which acts to regulate and support growth. One of the models suggested for tip growth, the amebae model of tip growth, suggests that F-actin may also be the primary source of protrusive force for tip growth in some conditions, and that proteins with a similar function to animal integrins would be present an involved in tip growth (Heath and Steinberg 1999). In this thesis we examine the role of F-actin in the growth of the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi and the effects on growth of the F-actin disrupting compound Latrunculin B. We demonstrate that F-actin plays a critical role in the tip growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi with it's disruption causing rapid cessation in directional growth, followed by significant subapical swelling. Further more we examine Phytophthora cinnamomi for the presence of an B4 integrin like protein that has been previously reported in the oomycete Achlya bisexualis (Chitcholtan & Garrill 2005) and show that the B4 integrin like protein is not present in Phytophthora cinnamomi. These experiments help further our understanding of tip growth in Phytophthora cinnamomi an economically important plant pathogen.
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Armistead, Rodney. "The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the yellow-footed antechinus (mardo) (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100330.90319.
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Dunne, Christopher Philip. "Control of Sudden Death in Cultivated Proteas from the Southwest of Western Australia." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20041207.140807.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is a common and devastating pathogen of cultivated proteas worldwide. Webb (1997) described a Sudden Death plant disease of proteas in Western Australia (WA) protea plantations. Proteas that suffer the syndrome display symptoms such as stunted growth, wilting, chlorosis and often death. In the current study, a number of protea plantations in the southwest of WA were visited to quantify the extent that P. cinnamomi was attributing to deaths of cultivated proteas. The survey indicated that P. cinnamomi is the major cause of Sudden Death in proteas. A range of other fungi (Fusarium, Botryosphaeria, Pestalotiopsis, Alternaria) and pests (nematodes, mealy bug, scale insects) were also identified to be contributing to protea death and decline in WA plantations. In many cases the factors contributing to protea disease appeared complex, with a range of physical factors or nutritional imbalances commonly associated with these pathogens and pests. As P. cinnamomi was the major cause of death of cultivated proteas the remainder of the experiments described in this dissertation investigated its control in horticultural plantings.
Biofumigation has the potential to become an important technique in an overall integrated management approach to P. cinnamomi. In this thesis, biofumigation refers to the suppression of pathogens and pests by the incorporation of Brassica plants into the soil. Two biofumigants (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., B. napus L.) were screened for their effect on the in vitro growth of five common Phytophthora species (P. cinnamomi, P. cactorum (Lebert & Colin) Schroeter., P. citricola Sawada, P. cryptogea Pethyb. & Laff. and P. megasperma Drechsler). Growth was determined by the measuring dry weight and radial growth of vegetative hyphae. B. juncea was found to be superior in its suppressive effect compared to B. napus. There was also significant variation in the sensitivity of the Phytophthora species to the suppressive effects of the biofumigants. P. cinnamomi was the most sensitive of the five species investigated. Where the rates of the biofumigant were sufficient to suppress growth of Phytophthora, the suppressive effect was mostly fungicidal.
To determine how B. juncea and B. napus affect the infective ability and survival of P. cinnamomi, their effects on sporangia and chlamydospores production in soil was investigated in vitro. P. cinnamomi colonised Miracloth discs were added to soil amended with the two Brassica species, before being removed every two days over an eight day period for the determination of sporangia production, chlamydospore production and infective ability. Only the soils amended with B. juncea significantly reduced sporangia production in P. cinnamomi. Both Brassica species increased the percentage of aborted or immature sporangia and reduced the infective ability of the pathogen. Neither Brassica species had any effect on zoospore release or chlamydospore production in P. cinnamomi.
Soil cores and soil leachate were collected from biofumigant-amended field soils to determine the inoculum potential and infective ability of the pathogen under glasshouse conditions. Amending the soil with both Brassica species had an immediate suppressive effect on the inoculum potential and infective ability of the P. cinnamomi. However, after this initial suppression there was a gradual increase in the recovery of the pathogen over the monitoring period of four weeks. To determine if the suppression would result in decreased disease incidence in a susceptible host, Lupinus angustifolius L. seeds were planted in the biofumigant amended soil. B. juncea amended soils reduced the disease incidence of P. cinnamomi by 25%. B. napus had no effect on disease incidence in L. angustifolius.
Although the current study had demonstrated that biofumigants could suppress the growth, sporulation and infection of P. cinnamomi, it was unclear if this would equate to a reduction in disease incidence when applied in the field. A field trial was conducted on a protea plantation in the southwest of Western Australia that compared biofumigation with B. juncea to chemical fumigation (metham sodium) and soil solarisation. The three soil treatments were used in an integrated management approach to control P. cinnamomi that included the use of a hardwood compost, mulch and water sterilisation. All treatments were monitored during their application to ensure the treatments were conducted successfully. The three soil treatments significantly reduced the recovery of the pathogen and the infective ability of the pathogen to a soil depth of 20 cm. Metham sodium was the most suppressive soil treatment and soil solarisation was the least suppressive treatment. Only the metham sodium treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of root rot in Leucadendron salignum P.J. Bergius x laureolum (Lam.) Fourc (c.v. Safari Sunset) over the monitoring period of three years.
Another field trial was conducted on the same protea plantation to compare the effectiveness of B. juncea and B. napus, without the use of other control strategies, to reduce the incidence of P. cinnamomi infection of Leucadendron Safari Sunset. The concentration of isothiocyanates was monitored for seven days after the incorporation of the biofumigants. Although both Brassica species reduced the recovery and infective ability of the pathogen, neither biofumigant reduced the incidence of root rot in Leucadendron Safari Sunset.
In conclusion, P. cinnamomi is the most common and devastating pathogen in WA protea plantations. The current study demonstrated that P. cinnamomi is sensitive to the suppressive nature of biofumigants. Biofumigants can suppress the in vitro growth, sporulation, infective ability of P. cinnamomi and reduce the incidence of the disease caused by the pathogen in the glasshouse. Of the two Brassica species investigated, B. juncea was superior in its ability to control P. cinnamomi compared to B. napus. When applied in the field, biofumigation using B. juncea was found to be more suppressive that soil solarisation, but not as effective as metham sodium.
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au, D. Huberli@murdoch edu, and Daniel Huberli. "Phenotypic variation of two localised populations of Phytophthora cinnamomi from Western Australia and how they impact on Eucalyptus marginata resistance." Murdoch University, 2001. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070827.91902.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora cinnamomi is an introduced soilborne phytopathogen to Western Australia (WA) and impacts on 2000 of the approximately 9000 plant species indigenous in the southwest of WA. Amongst these is Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah), the dominant and economically important hardwood timber species of the jarrah forest. This thesis aimed to investigate the morphological, pathogenic and genotypic variation in two local WA populations of P. cinnamomi isolates. The populations were selected from areas where jarrah clonal lines selected for resistance to P. cinnamomi may be used in the rehabilitation of infested jarrah forest and rehabilitated bauxite minesites in the southwest of WA. Resistance against a range of isolates using different inoculation methods.
Seventy-three isolates of P. cinnamomi were collected from diseased jarrah and Corymbia calophylla (marri) trees from two populations located 70 km apart and these were examined for phenotypic and genotypic variation. Microsatellite DNA analysis showed that all isolates were of the same clonal lineage. In P. cinnamomi for the first time I show that there is a broad and continuous variation in the morphology and pathology between two populations of one clonal lineage, and that all phenotypes varied independently from one another. No relationship was found between morphological and pathogenic characters. The ability of isolates in both populations to cause deaths ranged from killing all plants within 59 days to plants being symptomless 182 days after inoculation.
Single and multiple paragynous antheridia formed along with amphigynous ones in mating studies with all WA isolates and a sample of worldwide isolates. Developmental studies and cytological examination showed fertilisation tubes developed asynchronously or synchronously from both antheridial types and indicated that either antheridial type contributed a nucleus for fertilisation of the oosphere. This is the first report of paragynous antheridial associations in P. cinnamomi. Antheridial variation is a characteristic that needs to be adjusted in the taxonomic Phytophthora identification keys.
In underbark and zoospore stem inoculations of three 1.5-year-old jarrah clonal lines (two ranked as resistant (RR) and one as susceptible (SS) to P. cinnamomi in the original selection trials) at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C, it was found that the method of inoculation did not produce comparable results, particularly at 25 and 30°C. At these temperatures, all three clonal lines had 100% mortality when inoculated underbark, but when inoculated with zoospores, one RR line had 60% survival and the SS and remaining RR line had 100% mortality. Generally, the level of resistance of all clonal lines declined with increasing temperature. Lesion development was measured at 20, 25 and 30°C for 4 days in detached branches of an RR and SS clonal line inoculated underbark with four different P. cinnamomi isolates. Detached branches were found to be a potential screen for jarrah resistance to P. cinnamomi and to allow the identification of susceptible and resistant clonal lines at 30°C.
Lesion and colonisation development of P. cinnamomi isolates were assessed in situ (late autumn) of seed-grown and clonal lines of 3.5 to 4.5 year-old jarrah trees growing in a rehabilitated minesite jarrah forest in underbark inoculation of lateral branches (1995) or simultaneously in lateral branches and lateral roots (1996). Trees were underbark inoculated in lateral branches and lateral roots. Colonisation was more consistent as a measure of resistance than lesion length over the two trials because it accounted for the recovery of P. cinnamomi from macroscopically symptomless tissue beyond lesions, which on some occasions, was up to 6 cm. In the two trials, one RR clonal line consistently had small lesion and colonisation lengths in branches and roots. In contrast, the remaining two RR clonal lines had similar lesion and colonisation lengths to the SS clonal line and may, therefore, not be suitable for use in the rehabilitation of P. cinnamomi infested areas. The relative rankings of the jarrah clonal lines by colonisation lengths were similar between branch and root inoculations. Branch inoculations are a valid option for testing resistance and susceptibility of young jarrah trees to P. cinnamomi.
The pathogen was recovered on Phytophthora selective agar 36 months after inoculation from 50% of samples with lesions and 30% of symptomless samples in a series of growth cabinet, glasshouse and field experiments. However, up to 11% of samples with and without lesions and from which P. cinnamomi was not initially isolated contained viable pathogen after leaching the plant material in water over 9 days. This indicates that the pathogen could be present as dormant structures, such as chlamydospores, where dormancy needs to be broken for germination to occur, or fungistatic compounds in the tissue need to be removed to allow the pathogen to grow, or both. These results have important implications for disease diagnosis and management, disease-free certification and quarantine clearance.
No clonal line of jarrah was found to be 100% resistant using different inoculation methods, environmental conditions and when challenged by individuals from a large range of P. cinnamomi isolates. Even the most promising RR line had individual replicates that were unable to contain lesions or died with time. This suggests that further screening work may be required using more isolates varying in their capacity to cause disease and a broader range of environmental conditions. Jarrah clonal lines that survive such rigorous screening could then be expected to survive planting out in a range of environments in the jarrah forest and rehabilitated bauxite minesites.
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Dunne, Christopher P. "Control of sudden death in cultivated proteas from the Southwest of Western Australia /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20041207.140807.
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Jayasekera, Arunodini Uthpalawanna. "Interactions between Phytophthora cinnamomi and Acacia pulchella : consequences on ecology and epidemiology of the pathogen /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061129.134500.
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Cox, Robert R. Jr. "Postbreeding Ecology of Adult Male Northern Pintails and Cinnamon Teal Near Great Salt Lake, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 1993. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5281.
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I studied nutrient reserves, digestive organs, molt intensity, diets , and seasonal changes in food resources available to postbreeding adult male Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) and Cinnamon Teal (Anas cyanoptera) in marshes near Great Salt Lake, Utah. Total lipid and protein reserves of Northern Pintails were lower during the flightless period than before or after. For Cinnamon Teal, total protein was lowest during the flightless period, and total lipid showed a similar trend. Total mineral did not differ among plumage classes in either species. Use of nutrient reserves in these species may be an endogenous rhythm in response to increased predation risk or unpredictable food resources while flightless.
Digestive organ metrics of Northern Pintails generally were lower while flightless than before or after, apparently due to decreased dietary consumption. Cinnamon Teal digestive organ metrics changed little from preflightless to flightless stages, but generally increased while postflightless. Changes in Cinnamon Teal digestive organs may be related to increased dietary intake or increased dietary fiber consumption.
Total molt intensity in these species was generally high before and during wing molt, and decreased during the postflightless period. Mathematically weighting total molt scores produced results similar to those obtained without weighting, but selection of body/feather regions is critical to obtaining unbiased estimates.
Changes in relative availability of plant and animal foods during July and August were marked . Animal foods made up 96% of total foods measured in the study area during early July, but plant foods comprised 95% of available foods by late August. Changes in abundances of food resources are probably an important determinant of diet selection in postbreeding adult ducks and ducklings in marshes near Great Salt Lake.
Diets of postbreeding adult male Northern Pintails and Cinnamon Teal did not differ between species, but did among flight classes. Changes in use of food items and in use of animal and plant foods were consistent with changes in relative abundances of food resources. Postbreeding adult males of these species apparently foraged opportunistically.
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Jackson, Tania. "Role of host defences in controlling the growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi in phosphite treated clonal Eucalyptus marginata plants resistant and susceptible to P. cinnamomi." Thesis, Jackson, Tania (1997) Role of host defences in controlling the growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi in phosphite treated clonal Eucalyptus marginata plants resistant and susceptible to P. cinnamomi. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 1997. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32814/.
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Roffey, Ben. "The effects of Momordica charantia and cinnamon extracts on glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipose cells /." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98782.
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To examine the effects of Momordica charantia (MC) and cinnamon on glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion (AS) fat cells, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with a water extract of cinnamon (CE) and three concentrations of MC water and ethanol extracts. The treatment combination of 0.2 mg/ml MC water extract and 0.5 nM insulin was associated with an increased glucose uptake into the cells (61%) and increased AS from the cells (75%). Without insulin, 0.2 mg/ml of CE increased glucose uptake (100%) and completely inhibited AS from the cells. Sub-optimal concentrations of insulin did not further enhance the CE activity and, in combination with 50 nM insulin, a dose-dependent decrease in glucose uptake was observed. The present results indicate that preferentially water-soluble component(s) in MC enhance the glucose uptake action of sub-optimal concentrations of insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This effect is accompanied by and may be a result of increased AS. CE increases glucose uptake in these adipocytes but inhibits AS.
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Strohl, Brandy Nicole. "EFFECTS OF NATURAL SUPPLEMENTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION AND APPARENT RUMINAL DIGESTABILITY UTILIZING A LOW QUALITY FORAGE DIET: AN IN VITRO STUDY." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1842.
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Two experiments were conducted to examine the use of peppermint leaves and cinnamon oil on methane production and apparent ruminal digestibility. In experiment 1, 12 jars were utilized in a completely randomized design to conduct three separate 24 hour batch culture experiments. The objective of the batch culture experiments was to examine the effects of the selected natural supplements on methane production. For the first batch culture, jars were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 3% of the diet (PEP3); 3) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 6% of the diet (PEP6); or 4) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 12% of the diet (PEP12). The addition of the peppermint leaves increased (P = 0.004) oxygen and tended to increase (P = 0.10) nitrogen gas, but had no significant (P ≥ 0.15) effect on methane production. For the second batch culture, jars were randomly assigned to one of the folloiwng treatments: 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON plus the addition of cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L (CIN 125); 3) CON plus the addition of cinnamon oil at 250 mg/L (CIN250); or 4) CON plus the addition of cinnamon oil at 500 mg/L (CIN500). Cinnamon oil decreased (P = 0.002) methane production when added at 500 mg/L which also decreased (P = 0.001) total gas production compared to the other treatments. For the final batch culture, jars were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 3% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L (3:125); 3) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 3% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 250 mg/L (3:250); or 4) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 6% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L (6:125). The addition of the peppermint leaves at 6% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L significantly decreased nitrogen (P = 0.05) and methane (P = 0.0001) gas production compared to CON and 3:250 treatment. Based on the results of the three batch cultures, experiment 2 utilized four dual-flow continuous fermenters in a Latin Square design to examine the effects of the selected natural supplements on apparent ruminal digestibility and ruminal characteristics. Fermenters were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 3% of the diet (PEP3); 3) CON plus the addition of cinnamon oil at 500 mg/L (CIN500); or 4) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 6% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L (COMBO). Treatments for experiment 2 had no effect (P ≥ 0.17) on apparent ruminal digestibility of nutrients. There was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.09) in total or individual VFA concentrations, suggesting that the use of peppermint leaves, cinnamon oil, or a combination of the two has no adverse effects on apparent ruminal digestibility. Feeding ruminants a natural supplement such as cinnamon oil, peppermint leaves, or a combination could potentially reduce GHG production when feeding a low-quality, forage based diet.
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McNichols, Brett William. "Synthesis and Application of Styryl Phosphonic and Cinnamic Acid Derivatives." Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10624231.
Full textAbstract:
Styryl phosphonic and cinnamic acid derivatives have been gaining attention as key candidates to modulate specific electrode properties in organic electronic devices such as work function, surface energies, wettability, and electron charge transfer kinetics that lead to increased efficiency, operational range, and device lifetimes. Very few of these acids are commercially available. The driving factor behind this research is to explore simple, high yield, and inexpensive synthetic routes towards synthesis of these acids. Herein, the novel synthesis of vinyl phosphonic acids (VPAs) and their subsequent influence on interface properties compared to their phenyl phosphonic acids (PPAs) and benzyl phosphonic acids (BPAs) analogues are explored. This includes an in depth comparison of varying polar VPA, BPA, and PPA “families” attachment on conductive oxides as they allow for careful work function tuning of band edge energy and chemical properties on these surfaces.
By leveraging similar techniques of VPA synthesis we can produce analogous cinnamic acids in which these same surface control concepts are applied on the surface of lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal semiconductor nano-crystals, or quantum dots (QDs). In order to do this, first a development of a simple solution-phase ligand exchange was necessary, from which we selectively replace native solubilizing ligands with these fictionalized cinnamic acids. This application achieved remarkable control allowing the band edge position to be tuned over an unprecedented 2.0 eV.
This cinnamic acid synthetic chemistry can then be extended to functionalize multi acrylate containing molecules creating organic linkers to be integrated into Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs). MOFs have increasingly gained attention for many high impact applications including but not limited to catalysis, gas storage and release, sensors, energy harvesting, conductivity, and filtration. A great amount of research is presently being conducted in developing new MOFs from the same handful of commercially available linkers. We introduce synthetic techniques for 18 isoreticular series of linkers that can be formulated with similar, if not identical, conditions giving way to the formation of previously unknown frameworks. This technique led us to incorporate a number of these linkers into Ni-MOFs and investigate catalytic activity for conversion of oleic acid to liquid hydrocarbons.
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au, N. Williams@murdoch edu, and Nari Michelle Anderson. "DNA methods for the detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi from soil." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070820.130155.
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This project assesses two aspects of DNA detection of Phytophthora species from soil samples. Firstly, a nested PCR protocol was established with both primary and nested PCR specific for P. cinnamomi detection. PCR amplification of P. cinnamomi DNA isolated from soil was optimised with the addition of bovine serum albumin and formamide. This was found to improve both the specificity and sensitivity of PCR amplification of DNA in the presence of inhibitors co-extracted along with the target DNA from soil samples. The application of diagnostic nested PCR with the addition of BSA and formamide was verified by comparison with routine culture based detection methods. In all cases, nested PCR detection incorporating BSA and formamide was found to be considerably more sensitive than the culture based detection methods.
The second component of this thesis investigates the simultaneous detection of multiple species of Phytophthora using microarray analysis. Microarray based detection has been previously limited by variable and inconsistent hybridisation intensities across the diversity of probes used in each array. In this study a novel concept for the differentiation of detection targets using duplex melting kinetics is introduced. A microarray assay was developed on a PamChip ¥ microarray enabling the differentiation of target Phytophthora species using the melting kinetics of probe-target duplexes. In the majority of cases the hybridization kinetics of target and non-target duplexes differed significantly. Analysis of the melting kinetics of duplexes formed by probes with target and non-target DNA was found to be an effective method for determining specific hybridization and was independent of fluctuations in hybridization signal intensity. This form of analysis was more robust than the traditional approach based on hybridisation intensity, and allowed the detection of individual Phytophthora species and mixtures there of.
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Sampaio, Ana Rita Brito Chedas. "Selecção de plantas com efeito alelopático para controlar Phytophthora cinnamomi." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13857.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Protecção das Plantas - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - ULO declínio dos Montados de sobro e azinho é uma doença que tem sido descrita desde a década de 80 do século passado e é influenciada pela interacção de factores bióticos e abióticos. Inúmeros estudos mostram uma associação entre espécies do género Phytophthora e o declínio dos Montados, sendo que Phytophthora cinnamomi é a espécie isolada com mais frequência nos solos desses ecossistemas. P. cinnamomi é um patogénio do solo, da classe Oomycota, que causa podridão radicular e, consequentemente, a morte da planta. A sua erradicação dos solos é muito difícil. Os produtos fitofarmacêuticos utilizados até ao momento não apresentam eficácia no seu controlo, pois o patogénio encontra-se disseminado nos solos e apresenta uma elevada gama de hospedeiros. Tais condicões favorecem a sua sobrevivência. Dado que a luta química para o controlo de P. cinnamomi tem-se mostrado ineficaz, é necessário procurar alternativas mais sustentáveis. Este trabalho teve como objectivo apresentar um primeiro contributo para a selecção de plantas com um efeito alelopático sobre P. cinnamomi. Para tal, seleccionaram-se doze espécies das seguintes famílias: Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae e Brassicaceae. Avaliou-se a susceptibilidade das espécies selecionadas a P. cinnamomi em ensaios em estufa, tendo-se observado que três espécies foram infectadas. Realizaram-se ensaios in vitro de modo a testar os extractos aquosos radiculares das plantas e determinar os seus efeitos na actividade do patogénio através do seu crescimento micelial, produção de esporângios e clamidósporos bem como da viabilidade e germinação de zoósporos. Como resultado, seleccionou-se as espécies Eruca sativa e Raphanus raphanistrum por inibirem quase totalmente o crescimento e desenvolvimento do patogénio, O efeito inibitório total fna actividade do patogénio foi observado no extracto combinado das duas espécies. Por outro lado, os extractos de gramíneas, em particular de Lolium rigidum, tiveram um efeito promotorr do patogénio
N/A
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Anderson, Nari Michelle. "DNA methods for the detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi from soil." Thesis, Anderson, Nari Michelle (2006) DNA methods for the detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi from soil. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/42/.
Full textAbstract:
This project assesses two aspects of DNA detection of Phytophthora species from soil samples. Firstly, a nested PCR protocol was established with both primary and nested PCR specific for P. cinnamomi detection. PCR amplification of P. cinnamomi DNA isolated from soil was optimised with the addition of bovine serum albumin and formamide. This was found to improve both the specificity and sensitivity of PCR amplification of DNA in the presence of inhibitors co-extracted along with the target DNA from soil samples. The application of diagnostic nested PCR with the addition of BSA and formamide was verified by comparison with routine culture based detection methods. In all cases, nested PCR detection incorporating BSA and formamide was found to be considerably more sensitive than the culture based detection methods.
The second component of this thesis investigates the simultaneous detection of multiple species of Phytophthora using microarray analysis. Microarray based detection has been previously limited by variable and inconsistent hybridisation intensities across the diversity of probes used in each array. In this study a novel concept for the differentiation of detection targets using duplex melting kinetics is introduced. A microarray assay was developed on a PamChip microarray enabling the differentiation of target Phytophthora species using the melting kinetics of probe-target duplexes. In the majority of cases the hybridization kinetics of target and non-target duplexes differed significantly. Analysis of the melting kinetics of duplexes formed by probes with target and non-target DNA was found to be an effective method for determining specific hybridization and was independent of fluctuations in hybridization signal intensity. This form of analysis was more robust than the traditional approach based on hybridisation intensity, and allowed the detection of individual Phytophthora species and mixtures there of.
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Anderson, Nari Michelle. "DNA methods for the detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi from soil." Anderson, Nari Michelle (2006) DNA methods for the detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi from soil. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/42/.
Full textAbstract:
This project assesses two aspects of DNA detection of Phytophthora species from soil samples. Firstly, a nested PCR protocol was established with both primary and nested PCR specific for P. cinnamomi detection. PCR amplification of P. cinnamomi DNA isolated from soil was optimised with the addition of bovine serum albumin and formamide. This was found to improve both the specificity and sensitivity of PCR amplification of DNA in the presence of inhibitors co-extracted along with the target DNA from soil samples. The application of diagnostic nested PCR with the addition of BSA and formamide was verified by comparison with routine culture based detection methods. In all cases, nested PCR detection incorporating BSA and formamide was found to be considerably more sensitive than the culture based detection methods.
The second component of this thesis investigates the simultaneous detection of multiple species of Phytophthora using microarray analysis. Microarray based detection has been previously limited by variable and inconsistent hybridisation intensities across the diversity of probes used in each array. In this study a novel concept for the differentiation of detection targets using duplex melting kinetics is introduced. A microarray assay was developed on a PamChip microarray enabling the differentiation of target Phytophthora species using the melting kinetics of probe-target duplexes. In the majority of cases the hybridization kinetics of target and non-target duplexes differed significantly. Analysis of the melting kinetics of duplexes formed by probes with target and non-target DNA was found to be an effective method for determining specific hybridization and was independent of fluctuations in hybridization signal intensity. This form of analysis was more robust than the traditional approach based on hybridisation intensity, and allowed the detection of individual Phytophthora species and mixtures there of.
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Palmer, Bryony. "The dispersal of Phytophthora cinnamomi by the woylie (Bettongia penicillata)." Thesis, Palmer, Bryony (2009) The dispersal of Phytophthora cinnamomi by the woylie (Bettongia penicillata). Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32592/.
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Phillips, Tom. "Detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi from bulk water and soil samples." Thesis, Phillips, Tom (2008) Detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi from bulk water and soil samples. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32595/.
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Christie, John Barry. "Determining the phenotypic resistance mechanisms in avocado against Phytophthora cinnamomi." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31497.
Full textAbstract:
The avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an economically important crop worldwide. The most important disease of avocado is Phytophthora root rot, which is caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Currently, phosphonate trunk injections provide satisfactory disease control; however, the possibility of reduced sensitivity and eventually resistance to this fungicide is lurking on the horizon. Furthermore, consumer demands for “organic” fruit has been increasing over the past decade, emphasising the need to use root rot-resistant rootstocks. Due to a lack of understanding of the interaction between these two organisms, screening for specific resistant mechanisms is not possible and consequently only partially resistant rootstocks are currently commercially available. The aim of this thesis was therefore to address this need by investigating phenotypic traits in avocado rootstocks that could play a role in resistance against P. cinnamomi.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Atkinson, Samantha D. M. "Applications of vibrational microspectroscopy." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368896.
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Batista, Vanessa Filipa do Rosário. "Avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa do óleo de castanha do Pará adicionado de antioxidantes naturais." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5273.
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Keyhanfar, Fariborz. "Metabolic studies of cinnamyl anthranilate in relation to its safety evaluation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46863.
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Schoenbaum, Elizabeth. "Genotypic Characterization of Phytophthora cinnamomi from Ornamental Crops in North Carolina." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11042008-100454/.
Full textAbstract:
Forty-two Phytophthora cinnamomi isolates from Camellia spp., Ilex spp., Juniperus spp., and Rhododendron spp. were characterized for mating type, mefenoxam fungicide sensitivity, and aggressiveness on Rhododendron âHino de Giriâ. Isolates collected from Camellia spp. were of the A1 mating type, while isolates from the other host plants were A2. All isolates were sensitive to mefenoxam at 100 ppm and all but one was sensitive at 1 ppm. Isolates from Rhododendron spp. scored higher average foliar disease and root rot ratings, while A1 isolates from Camellia spp. had the lowest average foliar disease and root rot ratings. The population sample of 42 isolates was also examined for DNA sequence polymorphisms in two nuclear loci, beta-tubulin (Btu) and a portion of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the nuclear rDNA repeat, and one mitochondrial DNA locus, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX 1). Six base substitutions were found among the 42 isolates with a multi-locus data set. Isolates grouped into four haplotypes. Haplotype grouping corresponded to isolate mating type, plant host, and heterozygosity in the Btu locus. Our inferred multilocus rooted gene genealogy revealed a putative ancestral lineage representing the most frequently sampled haplotype in the population. This haplotype contained A2 isolates collected from Ilex spp., Juniperus spp., and Rhododendron spp.. Isolates of the A1 mating type diverged more recently in the genealogy. There is an increase in heterozygosity at the Btu locus that coincides with the appearance of the A1 mating type. These findings increase our understanding of the population structure of P. cinnamomi.
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Monteiro, Brígida Trigo de Miranda Strecht. "Interacção in vitro entre Quercus suber L. e Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/979.
Full textAbstract:
Doutoramento em BiologiaEste trabalho circunscreve-se na área da fitopatologia e tem por objectivo principal a contribuição para o levantamento de alguns mecanismos relacionados com a resistência e a susceptibilidade de Quercus suber ao agente etiológico Phytophthora cinnamomi. Para a iniciação de culturas in vitro de Q. suber propõe-se uma abordagem de desinfecção superficial por aplicação de Peróxido de Hidrogénio. Tanto do ponto de vista quantitativo, como qualitativo, este método produziu resultados melhores em termos de indução e manutenção de porções aéreas e de tecido caloso de Q. suber in vitro (p < 0,001) e taxas de descontaminação sempre superiores a 88,8%. Os tecidos vegetais cresceram melhor em meio nutritivo de Gresshoff e Doy modificado. Por aplicação de uma combinação de dois métodos para produção de zoósporos e duas estirpes patogénicas, obtiveram-se suspensões de zoósporos de P. cinnamomi. O método se CHAMBERS et al. (1995) e a estirpe H1000 contribuíram com os melhores resultados (104 zoósporos.mL-1). A infecção das culturas (plântulas micropropagadas, porções aéreas e tecido caloso) forneceu quadros sintomatológicos de infecção em tudo semelhantes ao que sucede na interacção in vivo. Foram eleitos entre os clones de tecido caloso disponíveis um resistente (proveniente de Montemor-o-Novo) e um susceptível (proveniente de Ponte-de-Sôr). Foram analisados alguns parâmetros químicos e bioquímicos (Cl- , SO4 2-, NO3 - , NO2 - , HPO4 3-, F- , ião oxalato, Na+ , K+ , NH4 + , Mg2+, Ca2+ por electroforese capilar e perfis peptídicos em electroforese de geles de poli-acrilamida em condições desnaturantes) após a interacção do tecido caloso (a crescer em meios com diferentes composições hormonais) com os zoósporos de P. cinnamomi. Na presença do agente patogénico as quantidades dos iões NH4 + , NO2 - , NO3 - e F- eram vestigiais, dos iões K+ , Ca2+ e Na+ diminuíam, do ião Mg2+ mantinhamse, mais ou menos estáveis, dos iões Cl- e SO4 2- diminuíam no tecido resistente e mantinham-se constantes no tecido susceptível, e do anião HPO4 2- mantinham-se constantes no tecido resistente e diminuíam no tecido susceptível. Para o tecido susceptível os ganhos em número de bandas são maiores entre os 205-100 kDa e para o tecido resistente entre os 13-5 kDa. Nos pesos moleculares entre 100-60 kDa, 60-40 kDa e 40-13 kDa, o número de bandas é sempre superior no tecido resistente e este é o que apresenta maiores perdas ao longo da interacção. Correlacionando o número de bandas dos perfis peptídicos com as concentrações em iões foram obtidas três correlações positivas (Mg2+/40-13 kDa; Cl- /100-60 kDa e Cl- /60-40 kDa) e duas negativas (K+ /13-5 kDa e Oxalato/205-100 kDa). Neste modelo de interacção foi encontrada maior relevância nas variações do número de bandas nos perfis peptídicos (60-40 kDa>40-13 kDa>100-60 kDa>205-100 kDa>13-5 kDa), seguida da relevância dos catiões (K+ >Na+ >Mg2+>Ca2+) e dos aniões (SO4 2->Cl- >HPO4 2 ). Igualmente relevante o número de bandas entre 13 a 5 kDa e a concentração em ião oxalato (com contributos com 52,08% e 60,99%, respectivamente).
This is a work in the area of the phytopathology and the main goal is to contribute to the finding of some mechanisms related to the resistance and the susceptibility of Quercus suber to the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. To initiate Q. suber in vitro cultures the application of hydrogen peroxide as a superficial disinfection agent is proposed. This method was better from the qualitative and quantitative point of view to the induction and maintenance of Q. suber in vitro cultures (p < 0,001) and the decontamination level was over 88%. The tissues grew better in modified Gresshoff and Doy medium. P. cinnamomi zoospores suspensions were obtained by combining two zoospores production methods and two pathogenic isolates. The bests results were achieved with CHAMBERS et al. (1995) method and H1000 isolate (104 zoospores.mL-1). The infection of the cultures (micropropagated plantlets, shoots and calli) showed several symptomatologic degrees of infection comparable to the in vivo interaction. One calli clone resistant (from Montemor-o-Novo) and other susceptible (from Ponte-de-Sôr) were elected from the available clones. Some chemical and biochemical parameters (Cl - , SO 4 2-, NO 3 - , NO 2 - , HPO 4 3-, F - , oxalate ion, Na + , K + , NH 4 + , Mg2+, Ca2+ by capillary electrophoresis and the polypeptide profile determination by denaturant polyacrilamide gels electrophoresis) were analysed after calli cultures (growing in different hormonal compositions) and P. cinnamomi zoospores interaction. In the presence of the pathogen the quantities of NH 4 + , NO 2 - , NO 3 - and F- ions were almost nulls, K + , Ca2+ and Na+ ions diminished, Mg2+ ion maintained more or less stable, Cl - and SO 4 2- ions diminished in the resistant tissue and maintained constant in the susceptible tissue, and HPO 4 2- ion maintained constant in the resistant tissue and diminished in the susceptible tissue. Gains in the number of bands in the challenged susceptible tissue were grater between 205-100 kDa and in the susceptible tissue between 13-5 kDa. The number of bands in the molecular weights between 100-60 kDa, 60-40 kDa and 40-13 kDa was always superior in the resistant tissue and this always showed grater losses along the interaction. By correlating the number of band obtained in SDS PAGE with the ion concentrations we obtained tree positive correlations (Mg2+/40-13 kDa; Cl - /100-60 kDa and Cl - /60-40 kDa) and two negative correlations (K + /13-5 kDa and Oxalate/205-100 kDa). In this interaction model grater relevancy was found in the polypeptide profile bands numbers variations (60-40 kDa > 40-13 kDa > 100-60 kDa > 205-100 kDa > 13-5 kDa), followed by the relevancy of the cations (K + > Na + > Mg2+ > Ca2+) and of the anions (SO 4 2- > Cl - > HPO 4 2 ). The band number between 13-5 kDa and the oxalate concentration were equally important (with 52,08% and 60,99% contributions, respectively).
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Stasikowski, Patricia. "Biochemical effects of phosphite on the phytopathogenicity of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands." Thesis, Stasikowski, Patricia (2012) Biochemical effects of phosphite on the phytopathogenicity of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/14887/.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphite, a chemical analogue of orthophosphate, controls disease symptoms and spread of Oomycete plant pathogens, particularly those caused by Phythophthora spp. Phosphite can be applied to horticultural and native plant species as a foliar spray or trunk injection and results in in planta phosphite concentrations of between 25 - 425 μg g-1 dry weight (equivalent to 0.3 – 6.0 mM). However, despite its extensive use it is not known why phosphite is biostatic towards oomycetes, although several mechanisms have been proposed.
This thesis aims to devise and test a biochemical model of phosphite action that could account for the observed effects of phosphite on the interaction between Phytophthora cinnamomi and a susceptible plant host. However, prior to this it was necessary to devise a test to assess the concentration of phosphite in planta and to establish that phosphite needs to be present at the plant /pathogen interface in order to have an effect. A silver nitrate staining method was developed and its ability to detect phosphite was assessed in a variety of native Australian and horticultural plants. The method demonstrated that phosphite concentrations of between 1 and 3 mM were present in the tips of the roots of lupins that had been foliar sprayed with 0.5 % phosphite (equivalent to 62 mM) and that in most instances, these concentrations were sufficient to completely control the development of disease symptoms.
As phosphite is chemically similar to orthophosphate its presence in a cell is likely to interfere with many aspects phosphate metabolism in both plant and pathogen. In order to discern the mechanism of action of phosphite it was important to separate the antipathogenic effects from the general/ pleotropic effects. A bioassay was devised whereby the roots of lupin seedlings were inoculated with filter paper discs that had been colonised with P. cinnamomi isolate MP94-48 and then treated with phosphite or other chemicals that would be expected to reduce its pathogenicity. The extent of lesion development and the root growth below the point of inoculation were the two parameters by which the effect of the chemicals on pathogenicity was assessed.
Increasing either the concentration of orthophosphate (0 – 100 mM) or phosphite (0 – 10 mM) in the growth medium of P. cinnamomi colonised discs reduced lesion development on inoculated lupin seedling roots. Orthophosphate concentrations of between 3 – 10 mM, in combination with 1 mM phosphite did not reduce the extent of lesion development. In contrast, plants inoculated with discs treated with concentrations of orthophosphate above 10 mM together with 3 and 10 mM phosphite, lesions were reduced when compared to plants inoculated with discs treated with phosphite alone.
The inhibition of phosphatase activity in P. cinnamomi is often proposed to be a primary effect of phosphite. Treatment of P. cinnamomi colonized discs with the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid, sodium fluoride, and a mixture of inhibitors containing sodium vanadate, sodium molybdate, sodium tartrate and imidazole, neither decreased nor increased the development of lesions, and no change in the degree of phosphorylation of cytosolic proteins could be detected by Pro-Q Diamond phosphoproteins staining. The addition of the kinase inhibitor staurosporine (0.1 - 1 mM) reduced lesion development on lupins and this effect was augmented slightly, but significantly, by the addition of phosphite (3 mM). It was not possible to draw any conclusions from the results of experiments testing the effect of addition of exogenous cAMP or the phosphatase inhibitor phenyl arsine oxide to colonised discs on the ability of P. cinnamomi to produce lesions in lupins. These results suggest that phosphorylation reactions and cascades may not be the primary control mechanism in either initiation or inhibition of phytopathogenesis. However, the addition of glucose (30 mM) increased pathogenicity and the development of lesions.
As evidence exists that abscisic acid (ABA) increases the susceptibility of plants to infection by Phytophthora spp. and that ABA signaling involves phospholipase D (PLD) the effect of inhibitors on this signaling pathway were tested on the ability of P. cinnamomi to produce lesions. Primary, 2o and 3o butyl alcohol, as well as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) inhibitor brefeldin A, and ABA itself were added to cultures of P. cinnamomi. The application of either 1o, 2o or 3o butyl alcohol to P. cinnamomi colonised discs had no effect on lesion development, which would be expected were the generation of phosphatidic acid per se was vital to pathogenicity. However, Brefeldrin A (10 - 250 μM) had a highly significant and concentration dependent effect on the development of lesion on lupins. These results suggested that a member of the Ras-superfamily (such as an ADP ribosylation factor) is likely to be involved in the development of lesions and that the exchange of GDP for GTP on this protein is required for pathogenesis. The results from the bioassays of addition of exogenous ABA to P. cinnamomi colonised discs were ambiguous and additional experimentation is needed to elucidate the role of ABA in the phytopathogenesis of P. cinnamomi.
Calcium ion signatures and cytosolic gradients are known to be important components of many signal transduction pathways and increased soil calcium can limit the development of Phytophthora disease. The effect of external calcium ion concentration and the calcium channel blockers ruthenium red (RR), lanthanum chloride (La3+) and the calcium ion chelator EGTA on the development of lesions was investigated. The results of the bioassays indicated that external calcium ion concentration, RR and La3+ (100 μM) reduced lesion development significantly as did EGTA (1 mM) and that this reduction was further enhanced in the presence of phosphite.
The combined role of phosphite and external calcium ion concentration was further investigated in a glasshouse pathogenicity trial using P. cinnamomi and the Australian plant Banksia leptophilia in a factorial nested pot design with foliar phosphite and soil calcium sulphate concentration as independent variables. The results one year post-inoculation confirmed that when foliar phosphite (0.1% - 0.3%) was used in conjunction with soil supplementation with calcium sulphate (3 – 30 mM) disease symptoms and lesion development were significantly reduced and general plant health was improved.
The combined results of these experiments suggested not only a role for calcium ion concentration and signaling in pathogenicity but, together with the 35-fold increase in PPi concentration, imply that inhibition of the calcium dependent ATPase responsible for regulating cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration may be the cause of the antipathogenic effect of phosphite in P. cinnamomi. Calcium dependent ATPases are known to be involved in the gravitropic response of roots as well as the polar growth of pollen tubes (i.e. presence of the Ca2+ channel blocker La3+ results in inhibition of the gravitropic and polar response). Preliminary results of the effect of phosphite on the gravitropism of lupin seedling roots indicate that phosphite does inhibit the gravitropic response, suggesting that there is a causal link between the mechanism of action of phosphite and calcium-dependent ATPases.
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Kunadiya, Manisha B. "New tools for the detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi in environmental samples." Thesis, Kunadiya, Manisha B (2018) New tools for the detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi in environmental samples. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/45563/.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora cinnamomi (Rands) is one of the world’s most invasive plant pathogens and accurate diagnosis of its presence in plants and soil using molecular tools is very important. Few of the existing primers were found to discriminate between P. cinnamomi and a number of newly described species, and for those that could do so, the sensitivity was inadequate. Further, for my research, primers to detect both DNA and RNA were required, and the existing primers based on non-protein coding gene regions were inappropriate. New primers were developed based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 (cox2) gene, a mitochondrial gene without introns and suitable for the RT-qPCR assay and applicable to both DNA and RNA. Procedures were modified to minimize loss of nucleic acids during extraction. These primers were specific for P. cinnamomi and able to detect as little as 150ag DNA. An exception was the closely related P. parvispora, which showed late amplification at high DNA concentrations. Primers were successfully used to detect infection in plant materials and in a range of soil types. The rate of decay of P. cinnamomi DNA and RNA in different soil types, under wet or dry conditions were also studied. P. cinnamomi DNA can survive in soil with no living host plant roots, for 378 days or more if the soil is dry, but only up to 90 days if it is wet. P. cinnamomi RNA can persist in soil for only 3 days or less in both dry and wet soil; in wet silty loam it could not be recovered after ~30 minutes. The clay content of the soil also affected the survival time of the DNA. Although RNA analysis is very accurate for the detection of living P. cinnamomi, the high cost of the analysis makes it impractical for widespread use at present. The new primers have already been adopted by the Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management as part of a best-practice protocol used to determine is P. cinnamomi is still present following eradication activities on Alcoa mine sites.
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Plaatjes, Celestine Vida. "A search for Western Australian actinomycete metabolites active against Phytopthora cinnamomi." Thesis, Plaatjes, Celestine Vida (1997) A search for Western Australian actinomycete metabolites active against Phytopthora cinnamomi. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1997. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52516/.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research was to effect biochemical control of the jarrah dieback fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi) by rare actinomycetes isolated from soil in Western Australia. Five isolates of actinomycetes were initially selected on the basis that they displayed very strong growth inhibition of the pathogen, but only three of these could be cultivated successfully. These three were found to be identical and their classification revealed them to be Actinomadura rubra.
Actinomadura rubra was cultured in an aqueous broth and the crude metabolites extracted from it. Standard techniques were used to effect the purification of the active metabolites. The extracts were subjected to various spectroscopic techniques in an attempt to identify the structure of the compounds present. These methods included one dimensional 1H- and 13CNMR experiments, as well as their two dimensional counterparts such as Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Correlation (HMQC) and Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY). Mass and infrared spectroscopy were also used.
Initial expectations were that it was highly probable that novel antibiotics would be discovered because the extreme conditions under which the microorganisms were isolated would favour the selection of rare actinomycetes. The complexity of the problem and time limitations imposed by a Master’s degree have thus far not permitted the identification of the material isolated.
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Mohr, Thomas Adrian [Verfasser]. "Effects of the dietary supplement cinnamon on metabolic markers of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients / Thomas Adrian Mohr." Köln : Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1006142061/34.
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Theodoulou, Louise. "Supported platinum and iridium catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343323.
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McCarren, Kathryn. "Saprophytic ability and the contribution of chlamydospores and oospores to the survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi." Thesis, McCarren, Kathryn (2006) Saprophytic ability and the contribution of chlamydospores and oospores to the survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/190/.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora cinnamomi has been recognised as a key threatening process to Australia's biodiversity by the Commonwealth's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Despite over 80 years of extensive research, its exact mode of survival is still poorly understood. It is widely accepted that thin- and thick-walled chlamydospores are the main survival propagules while oospores are assumed to play no role in the survival of the pathogen in the Australian environment, yet evidence is limited. The saprophytic ability of the pathogen is still unresolved despite the important role this could play in the ability of the pathogen to survive in the absence of susceptible hosts. This thesis aimed to investigate chlamydospores, oospores and the saprophytic ability of P. cinnamomi to determine their contribution to survival.
Phytophthora cinnamomi did not show saprophytic ability in non-sterile soils. The production of thick-walled chlamydospores and selfed oospores of P. cinnamomi in vitro was documented. Thick-walled chlamydospores were sporadically formed under sterile and non-sterile conditions in vitro but exact conditions for stimulating their formation could not be determined. The formation of thick-walled chlamydospores emerging from mycelium of similar wall thickness was observed, challenging the current knowledge of chlamydospore formation.
Selfed oospores were abundant in vitro on modified Ribeiro's minimal medium in one isolate. Three other isolates tested also produced oospores but not in large numbers. Although the selfed oospores did not germinate on a range of media, at least 16 % were found to be viable using Thiozolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide staining and staining of the nuclei with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.2HCl (DAPI). This indicated the potential of selfed oospores as survival structures and their ability to exist dormantly.
The ability of phosphite to kill chlamydospores and selfed oospores was studied in vitro. Results challenged the efficacy of this chemical and revealed the necessity for further study of its effect on survival propagules of P. cinnamomi in the natural environment. Phosphite was shown to induce dormancy in thin-walled chlamydospores if present during their formation in vitro. Interestingly, dormancy was only induced by phosphite in isolates previously reported as sensitive to phosphite and not those reported as tolerant.
Chlamydospores were produced uniformly across the radius of the colony on control modified Ribeiro's minimal medium but on medium containing phosphite (40 or 100 mcg ml-1), chlamydospore production was initially inhibited before being stimulated during the log phase of growth. This corresponded to a point in the colony morphology where mycelial density changed from tightly packed mycelium to sparse on medium containing phosphite. This change in morphology did not occur when the pathogen was grown on liquid media refreshed every four days, and chlamydospores were evenly distributed across the radius of these colonies. This trend was not observed in selfed oospores produced in the presence of phosphite. Selfed oospore production was found to be inhibited by phosphite at the same concentrations that stimulated chlamydospore production.
Isolates of P. cinnamomi were transformed using a protoplast/ polyethylene glycol method to contain the Green Fluorescent Protein and geneticin resistance genes to aid in future studies on survival properties of the organism. Although time constraints meant the stability of the transgene could not be determined, it was effective in differentiating propagules of the transformed P. cinnamomi from spores of other microrganisms in a non-sterile environment. Two different sized chlamydospores (approximately 30 mcg diameter and < 20 mcg diameter) were observed in preliminary trials of transformed P. cinnamomi inoculated lupin roots floated in non-sterile soil extracts and these were easily distinguished from microbial propagules of other species. The growth and pathogenicity was reduced in two putative transformants and their ability to fluoresce declined over ten subcultures but they still remained resistant to geneticin.
This study has improved our knowledge on the survival abilities of P. cinnamomi in vitro and has provided a useful tool for studying these abilities under more natural glasshouse conditions. Important implications of phosphite as a control have been raised.
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McCarren, Kathryn. "Saprophytic ability and the contribution of chlamydospores and oospores to the survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi." McCarren, Kathryn (2006) Saprophytic ability and the contribution of chlamydospores and oospores to the survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/190/.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora cinnamomi has been recognised as a key threatening process to Australia's biodiversity by the Commonwealth's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Despite over 80 years of extensive research, its exact mode of survival is still poorly understood. It is widely accepted that thin- and thick-walled chlamydospores are the main survival propagules while oospores are assumed to play no role in the survival of the pathogen in the Australian environment, yet evidence is limited. The saprophytic ability of the pathogen is still unresolved despite the important role this could play in the ability of the pathogen to survive in the absence of susceptible hosts. This thesis aimed to investigate chlamydospores, oospores and the saprophytic ability of P. cinnamomi to determine their contribution to survival.
Phytophthora cinnamomi did not show saprophytic ability in non-sterile soils. The production of thick-walled chlamydospores and selfed oospores of P. cinnamomi in vitro was documented. Thick-walled chlamydospores were sporadically formed under sterile and non-sterile conditions in vitro but exact conditions for stimulating their formation could not be determined. The formation of thick-walled chlamydospores emerging from mycelium of similar wall thickness was observed, challenging the current knowledge of chlamydospore formation.
Selfed oospores were abundant in vitro on modified Ribeiro's minimal medium in one isolate. Three other isolates tested also produced oospores but not in large numbers. Although the selfed oospores did not germinate on a range of media, at least 16 % were found to be viable using Thiozolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide staining and staining of the nuclei with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.2HCl (DAPI). This indicated the potential of selfed oospores as survival structures and their ability to exist dormantly.
The ability of phosphite to kill chlamydospores and selfed oospores was studied in vitro. Results challenged the efficacy of this chemical and revealed the necessity for further study of its effect on survival propagules of P. cinnamomi in the natural environment. Phosphite was shown to induce dormancy in thin-walled chlamydospores if present during their formation in vitro. Interestingly, dormancy was only induced by phosphite in isolates previously reported as sensitive to phosphite and not those reported as tolerant.
Chlamydospores were produced uniformly across the radius of the colony on control modified Ribeiro's minimal medium but on medium containing phosphite (40 or 100 mcg ml-1), chlamydospore production was initially inhibited before being stimulated during the log phase of growth. This corresponded to a point in the colony morphology where mycelial density changed from tightly packed mycelium to sparse on medium containing phosphite. This change in morphology did not occur when the pathogen was grown on liquid media refreshed every four days, and chlamydospores were evenly distributed across the radius of these colonies. This trend was not observed in selfed oospores produced in the presence of phosphite. Selfed oospore production was found to be inhibited by phosphite at the same concentrations that stimulated chlamydospore production.
Isolates of P. cinnamomi were transformed using a protoplast/ polyethylene glycol method to contain the Green Fluorescent Protein and geneticin resistance genes to aid in future studies on survival properties of the organism. Although time constraints meant the stability of the transgene could not be determined, it was effective in differentiating propagules of the transformed P. cinnamomi from spores of other microrganisms in a non-sterile environment. Two different sized chlamydospores (approximately 30 mcg diameter and < 20 mcg diameter) were observed in preliminary trials of transformed P. cinnamomi inoculated lupin roots floated in non-sterile soil extracts and these were easily distinguished from microbial propagules of other species. The growth and pathogenicity was reduced in two putative transformants and their ability to fluoresce declined over ten subcultures but they still remained resistant to geneticin.
This study has improved our knowledge on the survival abilities of P. cinnamomi in vitro and has provided a useful tool for studying these abilities under more natural glasshouse conditions. Important implications of phosphite as a control have been raised.
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Gouveia, Maria Eugénia. "Doença da tinta do castanheiro. Avaliação da resistência a Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands." Master's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/4321.
Full textAbstract:
É apresentada uma nova metodologia de avaliação da resistência do castanheiro
11 Phytophthora cinnamomi, fungo mais frequentemente associado 11 doença da tinta.
Envolve a inoculação de micelio de P. cinnamomi em ramos destacados de castanheiro,
quando os lançamentos apresentam 30-40cm de crescimento e a incubação em condições
adequadas de temperatura e humidade a que se segue a avaliação da dimensão da lesão.JNICT
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Gutierrez, Rodriguez Edwin Antonio. "Tolerância a Phytophthora cinnamomi de portaenxertos de abacateiro e propagação in vitro /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144407.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Renata Aparecida de AndradeCoorientador: Rita de Cássia Panizzi
Banca: Priscila Lupino Gratão
Banca: Eduardo Custódio Gasparino
Banca: Tatiana Eugenia Cantuarias Avilés
Banca: Simone Rodrigues da Silva
Abstract: The tests in this study aimed to approach the answer to the question : The progeny of avocado tolerant rootstocks keeps the tolerance to to Phytophthora cinnamomi. Moreover aimed at addressing issues related to the in vitro establishment of explants of Duke 7 and Toro canyon cultivars.
Resumo: Os testes relacionados neste trabalho objetivaram se aproximar da resposta da pergunta: A progênie de matrizes de abacateiro tolerantes a Phytophthora cinnamomi mantém a tolerância dos parentais. Alem disso visaram abordar aspectos relacionados à introdução in vitro de explantes dos materiais Duke 7 e Toro canyon.
Doutor
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Dobrowolski, Mark Paul. "Population and sexual genetics of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australia using microsatellite markers." Thesis, Dobrowolski, Mark Paul (1999) Population and sexual genetics of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australia using microsatellite markers. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1999. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/3327/.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a plant pathogen that causes dieback disease in southern Australia. It threatens the biodiversity of many natural ecosystems due to the susceptibility of the native vegetation. If methods of control are to be successful then we must appreciate the genetic variation in the pathogen and the ways in which this variation is generated. Previously, the only genetic markers available to study P. cinnamomi were isozymes, which showed that isolates in Australia were one of three isozyme types.
In this thesis I describe the development of microsatellite DNA markers for P. cinnamomi. Five microsatellites were successfully developed into markers for the nuclear genome and protocols for their use were established. Research into microsatel1ites for the mitochondrial genome is also presented though this was unsuccessful in providing markers useful for population genetic studies.
The developed micro satellite markers were used to study inheritance in sexual progeny of four P. cinnamomi crosses. All but one of 201 progeny germinated were outcrosses. A large amount of non-Mendelian inheritance of the microsatellite alleles was observed. This could be explained by a high frequency of imperfect meiosis (e.g., nondisjunction, unequal crossing over) leading to additions and deletions in the chromosome complement of the sexually derived progeny.
A population genetic study of three intensively sampled P. cinnamomi disease fronts located in southwest Australia is also presented. A total of 647 isolates were analysed from these hierarchically sampled sites with the micro satellite markers along with 133 culture collection isolates from across Australia. This analysis revealed that P. cinnamomi in Australia consists of three clonal lineages, with no sexual reproduction evident, even though both mating types co-occur. However, within these clonal lineages I found evidence for frequent mitotic recombination (mitotic crossing over). This mechanism for producing genetic variation may explain phenotypic variation known to occur within the identified clonal lineages.