Journal articles on the topic 'Cinesex'
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Rufino, Andréa Cronemberger, and Alberto Pereira Madeiro. "6 Práticas Educativas em Saúde: Integrando Sexualidade e Gênero na Graduação em Medicina." Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica 41, no. 1 (January 2017): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-52712015v41n1rb20160020.
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RESUMO A promoção da saúde sexual está na pauta do exercício cotidiano da medicina. Nesse sentido, o debate sobre a inclusão da sexualidade nos currículos das escolas médicas permanece um tema atual em publicações mundiais sobre o ensino médico. Este relato visa divulgar uma experiência de educação em saúde que integra as temáticas sexualidade e gênero na formação médica. A experiência foi realizada por meio de dois cursos de extensão ofertados a estudantes de graduação em Medicina no Piauí. Os cursos, denominados Teórico-Prático em Sexualidade e Sexualidades no Cinema (Cinesex), ofereceram 105 vagas em duas modalidades metodológicas distintas com carga horária de 40 horas, distribuída em dez módulos. Os objetivos de ambos os cursos incluíram melhorar o conhecimento dos estudantes sobre a dimensão biopsicossocial da sexualidade, estimular a mudança de atitudes diante de temas sexuais e de gênero, e facilitar a aquisição de habilidades para a assistência em saúde sexual. O curso Cinesex promoveu a exposição de filmes com temática sexual e/ou de gênero para um grupo de 80 estudantes, com foco central na prática pedagógica de sensibilização e mobilização de sentimentos, opiniões e vivências sobre sexualidade e gênero. O debate que se seguiu após a exposição permitiu a reflexão sobre atitudes e habilidades na assistência em saúde sexual. O curso Teórico-Prático em Sexualidade foi oferecido a um grupo de 25 estudantes e utilizou a prática de sensibilização, acrescida da oferta de bibliografia específica aos temas de cada módulo para favorecer o aprofundamento das discussões. A aquisição de habilidades na realização de uma anamnese sexual foi treinada ao longo dos módulos com este grupo mais restrito de estudantes. As práticas pedagógicas de ambos os cursos foram centradas na sensibilização dos estudantes para os temas sexuais e de gênero por meio de recursos audiovisuais, debate de marcos teóricos e discussão de casos clínicos. A participação discente evidenciou mitos e preconceitos relacionados à sexualidade e dificuldades para conversar sobre o tema. As práticas pedagógicas centradas nos estudantes propiciaram um ambiente favorável ao acolhimento, à desconstrução de dúvidas e à aquisição de conhecimentos e habilidades para a assistência.
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Cirillo, Davide, and Filippo Barbera. "Cause e conseguenze degli investimenti agricoli cinesi in Africa: dai Villaggi Baoding all'acquisizione di terra." SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no. 128 (December 2012): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2012-128008.
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La terra č tornata ad essere un asset chiave per la crescita economica delle nazioni. A riguardo, il caso cinese č di particolare interesse. La Cina infatti necessita di risorse naturali esterne per mantenere gli attuali tassi di crescita e la cosiddetta diaspora cinese č una strategia per affrontare lo squilibrio demografico di genere. L'Africa č quindi un partner cruciale per sostenere la strategia di espansione globale cinese. Sullo sfondo di queste considerazioni, l'articolo analizza l'acquisizione di terre nel continente africano da parte della Cina. Si delineano innanzitutto i fattori economici e demografici che spingono la Cina verso le terre africane. Viene poi analizzato il caso dei villaggi Baoding, che hanno per lungo tempo costituito un elemento di attrazione e propaganda degli investitori cinesi in Africa. Infine, si prendono in considerazione le strategie e l'ampiezza del land grabbing cinese in Africa, con riferimento alle conseguenze sui regimi di proprietŕ fondiaria e alle relazioni tra capitale e lavoro.
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Parbuono, Daniele. "Il centro del centro: Il Tempio buddhista e il capodanno cinese nello spazio urbano di Prato." Anuac 5, no. 1 (August 6, 2016): 171–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7340/anuac2239-625x-2252.
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L’articolo analizza alcuni aspetti importanti delle relazioni e delle contese spaziali tra il Tempio dell’“Associazione Buddista della comunità cinese in Italia” e la complessa realtà Pratese. La città, cresciuta in modo significativo con la migrazione interna (italiana) del secondo dopoguerra, negli ultimi tre decenni è stata interessata da un costante flusso migratorio cinese che ne ha trasformato i rapporti spaziali e le concezioni del vivere. In questo contesto, l’Associazione-Tempio organizza differenti attività aggregative legate al culto o favorite dalle esigenze della condizione migratoria. Nelle occasioni festive il Tempio riceve pellegrini provenienti anche da altre città italiane, oltre ad accoglie con riguardo autorità politiche e religiose, appositamente invitate, sottolineando il peso quantitativo e socioculturale della comunità cinese. La forza propulsiva del Tempio emerge osservando gli eventi e le dinamiche politiche legate al Capodanno cinese, quando le parate in costume promosse dall’Associazione attraversano le vite private e professionali delle famiglie pratesi (albanesi, marocchine, italiane, cinesi…), evocando il diritto simbolico di utilizzare lo spazio urbano durante tutto il corso dell’anno.
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BERTUCCIOLI, GIULIANO, and EDOARDO PROVERBIO. "ON A SINGULAR CHINESE PORTABLE SUNDIAL *." Nuncius 1, no. 1 (1986): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539186x00034.
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Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title La produzione di orologi solari portatili orizzontali e verticali risale in Cina presumibilmente al XVII-XVIII secolo a seguito della diffusione degli orologi di produzione europea. Viene descritto un singolare orologio solare portatile cinese conservato al Museo Siamese di Cagliari. L'orologio presenta caratteristiche del tutto particolari e si presume che sia stato costruito ed utilizzato per fini divinatori sulla base di alcune antiche dottrine astrologiche e geomantiche cinesi.
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Melis, Alessandra, and Shanshan Wang. "Wuhan. Diari da una città chiusa: memoria storica o tradimento?" Altre Modernità, no. 28 (November 30, 2022): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2035-7680/19133.
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Wuhan. Diari da una città chiusa narra il quotidiano vivere in lockdown della città simbolo di inizio pandemia di Covid-19 del 2020. L’autrice, Fang Fang, non ha mancato di esprimere nei suoi resoconti giudizi sull’inerzia burocratica della macchina statale cinese e sull'inosservanza dei doveri da parte di diversi funzionari amministrativi. L’opera è uno straordinario successo editoriale internazionale, eppure non sono mancate critiche degli internauti cinesi connesse alla mancanza di autenticità dell’opera, alla narrazione definita come ‘unilaterale’ e soprattutto alla decisione dell’autrice di far varcare i confini nazionali ai suoi Diari, scelta percepita da una parte dell’opinione pubblica cinese come un vero tradimento alla nazione. Numerose invero sono state anche le voci a sostegno di Fang Fang, al suo coraggio per aver messo nero su bianco diverse questioni sociali e politiche. Ciò nonostante, l’opera pare non soddisfi appieno il desiderio di ‘energia positiva’ del quale il popolo cinese avrebbe avuto necessità durante l’inizio dell’epidemia. Proprio la decisione di pubblicazione del volume all’estero è rea di aver esposto la sofferenza dei cittadini di Wuhan a livello globale e ciò riporta a tutte le considerazioni connesse alla concezione culturale millenaria di preservazione della ‘faccia’, un comportamento considerato in sé e per sé una sconfitta nazionale. Wuhan. Diari da una città chiusa, è quindi sia la storia di una città che tradimento alla nazione?
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Altiero, Salvatore. "Sulla recente normativa cinese in materia di sicurezza alimentare." AGRICOLTURA ISTITUZIONI MERCATI, no. 1 (December 2010): 235–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/aim2009-001015.
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Il 1° giugno 2009, è entrato in vigore il nuovo testo di legge cinese in materia di sicurezza alimentare: è lecito domandarsi se tale normativa debba essere vista come un passo avanti verso la soluzione delle note problematiche legate alla scarsa attenzione tributata da questo Paese - almeno fino ad oggi - all'elaborazione di norme in grado di garantire prodotti alimentari sicuri secondo canoni condivisibili in sede comunitaria e Wto; tale questione investe insieme la sicurezza dei consumatori e il libero commercio. Da un lato, l'approccio del legislatore cinese può essere accostato, per alcuni limitati aspetti, a quello adottato dal regolamento 178/2002 e dall'accordo Sps in quanto, ad esempio, il testo fissa la normativa generale in materia di sicurezza alimentare applicabile a tutti i prodotti del settore. Nel precedente quadro normativo, invece, non solo mancava una netta distinzione trae, ma la disciplina della materia era affidata a norme disconnesse e poteva variare per ciascun tipo di alimento in virtù del fatto che, per ognuno di essi, una legge dettava l'apposita disciplina in materia di produzione e commercio stabilendo a quali procedure e parametri ci si dovesse attenere per assicurarne la sicurezza (ad esempio la legge sulla "agricultural product quality safety"). Ancora, il testo di legge cinese stabilisce ciò che gli standard di sicurezza alimentare dovranno includere e prevede la costituzione di organi centrali incaricati della gestione e del monitoraggio delle situazioni di rischio. D'altro canto, il legislatore cinese ha delegato a futuri e imprecisati atti normativi la definizione della normativa di dettaglio necessaria a rendere realmente efficaci gli standard e ad assicurare il funzionamento delle autorità incaricate delle fasi di monitoraggio e gestione del rischio. Senza una pronta attuazione, quindi, il testo di legge cinese sulla sicurezza alimentare rischia di essere solo una risposta inconcludente e senza incisività alle istanze che la comunità internazionale e, per ciò che più ci interessa, l'Europa rivolgono alla Cina in materia di sicurezza dei consumatori e per la maggiore apertura dei propri mercati ai prodotti cinesi.
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Graziani, Michela. "La tradizione haiku nella poesia contemporanea di lingua portoghese." DILEF. Rivista digitale del Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia, no. 3 (November 7, 2023): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/dilef/2024.4330.
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Il fascino e l’attenzione dei portoghesi verso le culture estremo-orientali (cinese e giapponese) risale al periodo dei viaggi marittimi (XV-XVI secolo). Da lì in avanti, fino all’epoca a noi contemporanea, vari poeti portoghesi si sono ispirati a elementi estetici o filosofico-religiosi della cultura cinese o giapponese, oppure hanno tradotto in lingua portoghese poesie cinesi o giapponesi. Nel presente lavoro intendiamo illustrare le fasi più salienti della ricezione del genere poetico giapponese haiku in Portogallo e Brasile, cercando di capirne i motivi e di mettere in risalto alcuni poeti portoghesi e brasiliani che hanno rivisitato, più o meno fedelmente, lo haiku giapponese. The attraction and attention of the Portuguese to the eastern cultures (Chinese and Japanese) dates back to the maritime travels period (15th-16th centuries). From then on our contemporary age, many Portuguese poets were inspired by Chinese or Japanese aesthetic or philosophical-religious elements, or else they translated Chinese or Japanese poems into Portuguese language. The following work aims to present the most important moments regarding the reception of Japanese haiku genre in Portugal and Brazil, trying to understand the reasons and highlighting some Portuguese and Brazilian poets who more or less accurately revisited Japanese haikus.
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Graziani, Michela. "La tradizione haiku nella poesia contemporanea di lingua portoghese." DILEF. Rivista digitale del Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia, no. 3 (November 7, 2023): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/dilef/2023.4330.
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Il fascino e l’attenzione dei portoghesi verso le culture estremo-orientali (cinese e giapponese) risale al periodo dei viaggi marittimi (XV-XVI secolo). Da lì in avanti, fino all’epoca a noi contemporanea, vari poeti portoghesi si sono ispirati a elementi estetici o filosofico-religiosi della cultura cinese o giapponese, oppure hanno tradotto in lingua portoghese poesie cinesi o giapponesi. Nel presente lavoro intendiamo illustrare le fasi più salienti della ricezione del genere poetico giapponese haiku in Portogallo e Brasile, cercando di capirne i motivi e di mettere in risalto alcuni poeti portoghesi e brasiliani che hanno rivisitato, più o meno fedelmente, lo haiku giapponese. The attraction and attention of the Portuguese to the eastern cultures (Chinese and Japanese) dates back to the maritime travels period (15th-16th centuries). From then on our contemporary age, many Portuguese poets were inspired by Chinese or Japanese aesthetic or philosophical-religious elements, or else they translated Chinese or Japanese poems into Portuguese language. The following work aims to present the most important moments regarding the reception of Japanese haiku genre in Portugal and Brazil, trying to understand the reasons and highlighting some Portuguese and Brazilian poets who more or less accurately revisited Japanese haikus.
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Desoutter, Cécile, and Maria Gottardo. "Il paesaggio linguistico delle Chinatown di Milano e Parigi: non solo i cinesi scrivono in cinese." MONDI MIGRANTI, no. 2 (September 2016): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mm2016-002010.
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Wang, Jinxiao. "INSEGNARE LA LINGUA ITALIANA NELLA REPUBBLICA POPOLARE CINESE: CASE STUDY DEL DIPARTIMENTO DI ITALIANO DELLA BEIJING FOREIGN STUDIES UNIVERSITY TRA IL 1962 E IL 2022." Italiano LinguaDue 14, no. 1 (July 26, 2022): 360–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/18184.
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Il presente articolo illustra la storia dell’insegnamento della lingua italiana nella Repubblica Popolare Cinese, con particolare riferimento alle testimonianze raccolte dal 1962 al 2022 nel Dipartimento di italiano della Beijing Foreign Studies University, una delle prime università cinesi ad insegnare la lingua e la letteratura italiana. Utilizzando le fonti archivistiche dell’Ateneo e le fonti orali dei testimoni, l’autrice ricostruisce la storia del sopracitato Dipartimento in tre fasi, in stretto contatto con l’ambiente cinese e con il contesto del rapporto tra Italia e Cina, sottolineando in ogni fase gli aspetti connessi alle condizioni di ammissione degli studenti, della qualificazione dei docenti, dei lavori lessicografici, dei materiali didattici e delle metodologie glottodidattiche.
Teaching Italian language in the people’s republic of China: a case study at the department of Italian at Beijing foreign studies university between 1962 and 2022
This paper illustrates the history of Italian language teaching in the People’s Republic of China, with particular reference to evidence gathered from 1962 to 2022 at the Department of Italian at Beijing Foreign Studies University, one of the first Chinese universities to teach Italian language and literature. Using the archival sources of the University and the oral sources of witnesses, the author reconstructs the history of the aforementioned Department in three phases, in close contact with the Chinese environment and within the context of the relationship between Italy and China, emphasizing in each phase the aspects related to the conditions for the admission of students, the qualification of teachers, lexicographic works, teaching materials and language teaching methodologies.
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CHEN, JEN-YEN. "MARIA THERESIA AND THE ‘CHINESE’ VOICING OF IMPERIAL SELF: THE AUSTRIAN CONTEXTS OF METASTASIO'S CHINA OPERAS." Eighteenth Century Music 13, no. 1 (February 11, 2016): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570615000408.
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ABSTRACTPietro Metastasio's two librettos featuring ostensibly Chinese subject matter, Le cinesi (1735, revised 1749) and L'eroe cinese (1752), came into being during a period of crisis in the Holy Roman Empire, as the reigning Habsburg dynasty confronted a war of succession motivated by resistance to the Empress Maria Theresia's accession to the throne. This article investigates how Austria envisioned China and how this was used to voice notions of rightful political legitimacy at a time of grave threat to the continuance of a long-standing ruling house. It argues that idealized traits of the Chinese other such as loyalty, deference and wisdom furnished the basis for a reflexive critique that helped to bolster and renew a native imperial self. This stance of ‘dialogic monologism’ towards a foreign culture emerges in a detailed examination of the textual style of the two librettos, the musical characteristics of the settings performed in or near Vienna around the middle of the eighteenth century and the conditions of sponsorship of these performances.
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Lourenço, Jaime, and Maria João Centeno. "A cobertura jornalística do cinema." Media & Jornalismo 21, no. 38 (April 20, 2021): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-5462_38_11.
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No âmbito da investigação de doutoramento, financiada pela FCT, procuramos identificar e problematizar os géneros jornalísticos da cobertura jornalística ao cinema realizada pelos principais media portugueses ao longo do ano de 2019. O Jornalismo de Cinema constitui um objecto de estudo ainda muito pouco explorado pelas ciências sociais e da comunicação. Encarado como um subgénero do jornalismo cultural, o Jornalismo de Cinema assume-se como um campo de sentido informativo, crítico e reflexivo. O presente artigo procura, a partir de uma análise de conteúdo às páginas impressas e online dos principais órgãos de comunicação social portugueses (Correio da Manhã, Diário de Notícias, Expresso, Jornal de Notícias, Observador e Público) e das páginas online dos programas Cinemax, da Antena3 e Cinebox, da TVI24, identificar e problematizar os géneros jornalísticos da cobertura ao cinema realizada por estes órgãos durante o ano de 2019. Neste sentido, procuramos analisar os géneros jornalísticos utilizados, tendo em conta os temas abordados, o estilo discursivo, os protagonistas ou as opções multimédia utilizadas nas páginas online.
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Santi, Ettore. "Il ‘dispositivo' dell'architettura sperimentale cinese. Identità e soft power nell'era del sogno cinese." TERRITORIO, no. 76 (March 2016): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2016-076018.
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van Rensen, Irmgard, Victor Wray, Ludger Witte, Paloma Canto, Roland Greinwald, Gerhard Veen, Markus Veit, and Franz-Christian Czygan. "Ester alkaloids of Genista cinerea subspecies Cinerea." Phytochemistry 35, no. 2 (January 1994): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)94774-5.
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Becucci, Stefano. "La criminalità cinese in Italia." Quaderni di Sociologia, no. 57 (December 1, 2011): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/qds.610.
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Bulfoni, Clara, and Feng Lisi. "GLI ITALIANISMI NELLA LINGUA CINESE." Italiano LinguaDue 15, no. 1 (June 26, 2023): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/20418.
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Rilevare la presenza di parole italiane in cinese è una questione complicata per i diversi fattori storici, socioculturali e geografici che sono chiamati in causa. Questo articolo presenta i primi risultati del gruppo di ricerca cinese del progetto OIM (Osservatorio degli Italianismi nel Mondo). Dapprima si introducono le diverse modalità con cui i prestiti linguistici entrano e si adattano al sistema linguistico cinese, di seguito si presentano gli approcci della ricerca e i dati raccolti, insieme alle informazioni di catalogazione inserite nella banca dati. Infine, si offrono due esempi concreti, mafia e Rinascimento, due parole altamente rappresentative del contesto storico e sociale italiano.
ITALIANISMS IN THE CHINESE LANGUAGE
Detecting the presence of Italian words in Chinese is a demanding issue due to the various historical, socio-cultural and geographical factors involved. This article presents the first results of the Chinese research group of the OIM (Osservatorio degli Italianismi nel Mondo ‘Observatory of Italianisms in the World’) project. First, the many ways in which loanwords enter and adapt to the Chinese linguistic system are introduced, followed by a presentation of the research approaches conducted and the data collected, together with the cataloguing information in the database. Finally, two concrete examples are offered, mafia and Rinascimento ‘Renaissance’, two words that are highly representative of Italian historical and social contest.
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Yuan, Min, Chunliu Zuo, Wen Xu, Li Zhang, Xinyue Guo, Xinyue Yan, Songyang Li, et al. "Transcriptome Analysis Deciphers Trichoderma koningiopsis C5-9 Strategies against Plant Pathogen Botrytis cinerea." Microbiology Research 14, no. 3 (July 27, 2023): 977–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14030067.
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The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) causes severe plant diseases worldwide. Trichoderma is widely used as a biocontrol agent against B. cinerea through multiple biocontrol mechanisms. However, Trichoderma spp. with high biocontrol efficiency against B. cinerea under low-temperature conditions are barely reported. This study aimed to find potential low-temperature resistance biocontrol Trichoderma spp. against B. cinerea, and to characterize the biological principles underlying the activity of Trichoderma. Trichoderma koningiopsis (T. koningiopsis) C5-9 could fully overgrow a B. cinerea colony at 16 °C in a dual-culture assay. Treatment of cucumber leaves with T. koningiopsis C5-9 fermentation broth using the dipping method prior to B. cinerea inoculation significantly reduced the necrotic lesion diameter, with an inhibition rate of 55.30%. T. koningiopsis C5-9 could be successfully cultivated using the mycelia of B. cinerea as a carbon source at 16 °C. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the origin recognition complex, organic substance catabolic process, and peroxisome were involved in the responses of T. koningiopsis C5-9 to B. cinerea. The findings of this study not only identified T. koningiopsis C5-9 as a potential biological control agent inhibiting B. cinerea under low-temperature conditions, but also provided new insights to develop a deeper understanding of the activity of Trichoderma against B. cinerea for plant protection.
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Ling, John K. "Neophoca cinerea." Mammalian Species, no. 392 (June 5, 1992): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504081.
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Smith, Felisa A. "Neotoma cinerea." Mammalian Species, no. 564 (October 24, 1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504384.
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Guibourdenche, M., and J. Y. Riou. "Neisseria cinerea." Revue Française des Laboratoires 2002, no. 344 (June 2002): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0338-9898(02)80012-9.
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Pukkila, Patricia J. "Coprinopsis cinerea." Current Biology 21, no. 16 (August 2011): R616—R617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.042.
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Barnabé, Christophe. "Mutam cinerem." Critique 879-880, no. 8 (2020): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/criti.879.0658.
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Chen, Tong, Zhanquan Zhang, Yong Chen, Boqiang Li, and Shiping Tian. "Botrytis cinerea." Current Biology 33, no. 11 (June 2023): R460—R462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.058.
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Faragher, Sarah Grimké, and Robert G. Jaeger. "Tadpole bullies: examining mechanisms of competition in a community of larval anurans." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-177.
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We examined interference competition during interspecific interactions of larval anurans to determine its importance. We conducted laboratory experiments to examine behavioral and chemical interference competition between tadpoles of the southern leopard frog (Rana utricularia) and those of the green treefrog (Hyla cinerea). Water preconditioned byR. utricularia tadpoles significantly decreased the growth and increased the mortality of H. cinerea tadpoles compared with control treatments. In addition, R. utricularia tadpoles inhibited the feeding rate ofH. cinerea tadpolesby harassing them, and these interactions significantly decreased the growth and increased the mortality of theH. cinerea tadpoles. Rana utricularia tadpoles apparently use both chemical interference and aggressive behavior in securing a competitive advantage over H. cinerea tadpoles, and the H. cinerea tadpoles suffer from these interactions. Intraspecific chemical and behavioral interference competition also significantly decreased the growth of larval H. cinerea. In natural ponds, R. utricularia tadpoles that inhibit the growth and increase the mortality of H. cinerea tadpoles may increase their own chances of survival and metamorphosis, while H. cinerea tadpoles that avoid interactions with conspecifics and with R. utricularia tadpoles may increase their own chances of survival and metamorphosis.
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Wang, Ruolin, Beibei Li, Jiang Zhang, and Ling Chang. "Cytokinin oxidase gene CKX5 is modulated in the immunity of Arabidopsis to Botrytis cinerea." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 13, 2024): e0298260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298260.
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In our previous work, cytokinin (CK) signaling and biosynthesis were found to be modulated during Arabidopsis defense against infection by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Notably, the expression level of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE 5 (CKX5) was significantly induced in B. cinerea-infected leaves and later in distant B. cinerea-untreated leaves of the same plant. To confirm and determine how CKX5 is involved in the response to B. cinerea infection, transcript levels of CKX family genes were analyzed in B. cinerea-inoculated leaves, and only CKX5 was remarkably induced by B. cinerea infection. Furthermore, CKX5-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants were more resistant to B. cinerea than wild-type plants. Transcription factors (TFs) binding to the CKX5 promoter were then screened by yeast one-hybrid assays. Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis further showed that genes encoding TFs, including WRKY40, WRKY33, ERF6, AHL15, AHL17, ANAC003, TCP13 and ANAC019, were also strongly induced in infected leaves, similar to CKX5. Analysis of ERF6-overexpressing plants and ERF6-and AHL15-knockout mutants indicated that ERF6 and AHL15 are involved in plant immunity to B. cinerea. Furthermore, CKX5 upregulation by B. cinerea infection was affected when ERF6 or AHL15 levels were altered. Our work suggests that CKX5 levels are controlled by the plant defense system to defend against attack by the pathogen B. cinerea.
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Salas Murillo, Ariana Geosephin, and Dennis José Almanza Torres. "Derechos del consumidor y libertad de empresa: Las controvertidas resoluciones del Organismo peruano protector de los derechos de los consumidores respecto al caso Cinemark – Cineplex." Economic Analysis of Law Review 12, no. 1 (July 9, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.31501/ealr.v12i1.12825.
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El mercado de cines en el Perú está en constante crecimiento, uno de sus principales ingresos deriva de la exclusividad que tienen para vender bebidas y alimentos dentro de su local comercial; por ello, estas empresas prohibían el ingreso de estos productos a las referidas salas si eran adquiridos fuera del local comercial. En el año 2018, la Sala de Protección al Consumidor del Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual (Indecopi), consideró a esta prohibición como una cláusula abusiva de ineficacia absoluta, bajo el argumento de vulnerar el derecho de elección del consumidor. Si bien la Sala de Protección al Consumidor explica su postura, nosotros consideramos que esta restricción que las empresas establecieron, está justificada y se ampara en el derecho a la libertad de empresa previsto en el artículo 59° de la Constitución Política del Perú. En el presente trabajo, se determina que el pronunciamiento de la Sala, además de vulnerar el derecho a la libertad de empresa que ostentan Cinemark y Cineplex, generará más perjuicios que beneficios a los consumidores.
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Trang, Nguyen Minh, Le Ba Vinh, Nguyen Viet Phong, and Seo Young Yang. "Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities of Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.: An Updated Review." Nutrients 16, no. 9 (May 6, 2024): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16091396.
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Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. is a perennial herbaceous plant found mainly in tropical areas, particularly in Southeast Asia, South America, and India. Various parts of V. cinerea have traditionally been used in folk medicine to treat several diseases, such as malaria, fever, and liver diseases. V. cinerea has so far yielded about 92 secondary metabolites. The majority of these are sesquiterpene lactones, but triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, phenolics, and other compounds are present as well. V. cinerea crude extracts reportedly exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and renoprotective activities. This study aims to provide the latest up-to-date information on the botanical characterization, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activity of V. cinerea. Information on V. cinerea was thoroughly reviewed. The literature published between 1950 and 2024 was compiled through online bibliographic databases, including SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Wiley, and the MDPI online library. The keywords used for the literature search included Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. and the synonyms Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob., Conyza cinerea L., and various others.
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Si Ammour, Melissa, Eleonora Castaldo, Giorgia Fedele, and Vittorio Rossi. "Use of LAMP for Assessing Botrytis cinerea Colonization of Bunch Trash and Latent Infection of Berries in Grapevines." Plants 9, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111538.
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A real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was evaluated for the detection of Botrytis cinerea in grapevine bunch trash, immature berries, and ripening berries. A simple method for the preparation of crude extracts of grape tissue was also developed for on-site LAMP analysis. When tested with 14 other fungal species frequently found in grapevines, the LAMP assay was specific and sensitive to a B. cinerea DNA quantity of 0.1 ng/µL. The sensitivity was further tested using bunch trash samples with B. cinerea colonization levels between 6 and 100% and with bulk-berry samples composed of 4 pathogen-free berries or 4 berries among which 25 to 100% had been inoculated with B. cinerea. The LAMP assay detected the lowest B. cinerea colonization level tested in bunch trash and in immature and mature berries in less than 20 min. In single-berry experiments, LAMP amplified B. cinerea DNA from all artificially inoculated individual immature and mature berries. No amplification occurred in B. cinerea-free material. The real-time LAMP assay has the potential to be used as a rapid on-site diagnostic tool for assessing B. cinerea colonization in bunch trash and B. cinerea latent infections in berries, which represent critical stages for decision-making about disease management.
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Badan, Linda. "Romagnoli, Chiara. 2012. Grammatica cinese. Le parole vuote del cinese moderno. Milano: Hoepli, 296 pp." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 42, no. 2 (May 13, 2013): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-00422p04.
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Zhang, Hongmei, and Huimin Jiang. "Resistance analysis of grape Botrytis cinerea based on PCR and sequencing technology." Cellular and Molecular Biology 67, no. 6 (February 27, 2022): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2021.67.6.25.
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Resistance of grape Botrytis cinerea was analyzed based on PCR and sequencing technology, which provided a reasonable basis for guiding the species and usage of grape Botrytis cinerea. 104 monospora strains of grape B. cinerea were collected from the main grape-producing areas of China. After isolation and purification, the grape B. cinerea DNA was extracted, and PCR primers were designed according to the resistance mechanism of pyrimethene to pyrimethamines, pyridamines and diformolines. Sequence analysis showed that the resistance frequency of B. cinerea to pyrimidine was 22.22%-62.5%, the high-resistant strain frequency was 44.23%, and the mid-temperature zone was 62.5%. The total resistance rate of B. cinerea to pyrimidine was 42.60%. The resistance rate of B. cinerea to pyrimidine was 42.60%. Resistance frequencies of grape gray mold strains were significantly different. The resistance frequencies of grape gray mold strains to pyridimide were significant. The highest resistance frequencies of grape gray mold strains were 53.42% in the cool temperature zone. Only 3.85% of grape gray mold strains showed resistance to pyridimide. Therefore, the resistance of Grape B. cinerea to pyrimidine and pyrimidine is relatively common, and the resistance to enoylmorpholine is still in the initial stage.
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Pu, Te, Jing Shi, Li-hong Tao, Li-ming Fan, Fa-wu Su, and Min Ye. "Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Piperine against Botrytis cinerea." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 50, no. 2 (March 31, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2023.012.
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P iperine is a major component of plants of the Piperaceae family which is widely used in medical science. Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important phytopathogenic fungi causes postharvest losses in fruits and vegetables. To verify the possibility of using piperine as a botanical fungicide against B. cinerea, we determined the in vivo and in vitro antifungal activity of piperine against B. cinerea and investigated its antifungal mechanism effects on the mycelial surface, membrane integrity, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, succinate dehydrogenase and the malondialdehyde content of B. cinerea. The in vitro antifungal activity assay indicated that the EC50 value of piperine against B. cinerea was 58.66 μg/mL and the in vivo antifungal assay showed that piperine at 400 μg/mL suppressed 93.88% growth of B. cinerea on Lycopersic esculentum. The antifungal mechanism assay showed that piperine could inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea by reducing antioxidant activity, inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid pathway, and lysing the cell membrane. All these results indicated that piperine as a natural component has the potential to control B. cinerea and can be considered as a botanical fungicide for postharvest disease control of gray mold.
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Luo, Dan, Jun Cai, Wenhui Sun, Qihong Yang, Guoyu Hu, and Taotao Wang. "Tomato SlWRKY3 Negatively Regulates Botrytis cinerea Resistance via TPK1b." Plants 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2024): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13121597.
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Botrytis cinerea is considered the second most important fungal plant pathogen, and can cause serious disease, especially on tomato. The TPK1b gene encodes a receptor-like kinase that can positively regulate plant resistance to B. cinerea. Here, we identified a tomato WRKY transcription factor SlWRKY3 that binds to the W-box on the TPK1b promoter. It can negatively regulate TPK1b transcription, then regulate downstream signaling pathways, and ultimately negatively regulate tomato resistance to B. cinerea. SlWRKY3 interference can enhance resistance to B. cinerea, and SlWRKY3 overexpression leads to susceptibility to B. cinerea. Additionally, we found that B. cinerea can significantly, and rapidly, induce the upregulation of SlWRKY3 expression. In SlWRKY3 transgenic plants, the TPK1b expression level was negatively correlated with SlWRKY3 expression. Compared with the control, the expression of the SA pathway marker gene PR1 was downregulated in W3-OE plants and upregulated in W3-Ri plants when inoculated with B. cinerea for 48 h. Moreover, SlWRKY3 positively regulated ROS production. Overall, SlWRKY3 can inhibit TPK1b transcription in tomato, and negatively regulate resistance to B. cinerea by modulating the downstream SA and ROS pathways.
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Fatma, Tehsin, Zeeshan Zafar, Sidra Fatima, Rehan Zafar Paracha, Fazal Adnan, Zeshan, Nasar Virk, and Muhammad Faraz Bhatti. "Computational Assessment of Botrytis cinerea Lipase for Biofuel Production." Catalysts 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2021): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11111319.
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The demand for ecofriendly green catalysts for biofuel synthesis is greatly increasing with the effects of fossil fuel depletion. Fungal lipases are abundantly used as biocatalysts for the synthesis of biofuel. The use of Botrytis cinerea lipase is an excellent approach for the conversion of agroindustrial residues into biofuel. In this study, phylogenetic analyses were carried out and the physicochemical properties of B. cinerea lipase were assessed. Furthermore, the protein structure of B. cinerea lipase was predicted and refined. Putative energy-rich phytolipid compounds were explored as a substrate for the synthesis of biofuel, owing to B. cinerea lipase catalysis. Approximately 161 plant-based fatty acids were docked with B. cinerea lipase in order to evaluate their binding affinities and interactions. Among the docked fatty acids, the top ten triglycerides having the lowest number of binding affinities with B. cinerea lipase were selected, and their interactions were assessed. The top three triglycerides having the greatest number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were selected for simulations of 20 ns. The docking and simulations revealed that docosahexaenoic acid, dicranin, and hexadeca-7,10,13-trienoic acid had stable bonding with the B. cinerea lipase. Therefore, B. cinerea lipase has the potential to be used for the transesterification of fatty acids into biofuels, whereas docosahexaenoic acid, dicranin, and hexadeca-7,10,13-trienoic acid can be used as substrates of B. cinerea lipase for biofuel synthesis.
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Rittschof, Dan, and Gregory Gruber. "Response to Prey Odors by Oyster Drills,Urosalpinx cinerea cinerea, Urosalpinx cinerea follyensisandEupleura caudata etterae." Marine Behaviour and Physiology 13, no. 2 (April 1988): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236248809378672.
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Sarven, Most Sinthia, Qiuyan Hao, Junbo Deng, Fang Yang, Gaofeng Wang, Yannong Xiao, and Xueqiong Xiao. "Biological Control of Tomato Gray Mold Caused by Botrytis Cinerea with the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium Anisopliae." Pathogens 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030213.
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Gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that leads to serious financial loss. In this study, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae that acts against the gray mold pathogen B. cinerea was evaluated. M. anisopliae produced a significant inhibition zone in front of the B. cinerea colony in the dual culture test. In addition, volatile organic compounds generated by M. anisopliae were shown to have an inhibitory effect on B. cinerea mycelia growth and reduced 41% of gray mold severity of postharvest tomatoes. The 10% concentration of the culture filtrate of M. anisopliae inhibited 88.62% of colony radial growth as well as 63.85% of sclerotia germination and all conidia germination of B. cinerea. Furthermore, the culture filtrate of M. anisopliae retained its inhibitory effect against the radial growth of B. cinerea even after heating for 15 min at 100 °C. Feasible mechanisms of M. anisopliae involved in the control of B. cinerea were explored, and it was demonstrated that the plasma membrane of B. cinerea conidia was damaged by the product of metabolism of M. anisopliae. In addition, after treating with culture filtrate of M. anisopliae, the B. cinerea phenotype was shown to be abnormal, and cell organelles of B. cinerea mycelia were damaged significantly. A significant control efficacy of M. anisopliae against tomato gray mold was detected on both the detached leaf assay (84.24%) as well as the whole plant (72.38%). In addition, a 78% reduction in tomato fruit mold was detected at a 10% treated concentration of M. anisopliae. These findings suggest that M. anisopliae possesses potential as a biocontrol agent against tomato gray mold in the greenhouse and during the postharvest stage.
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Berto, Philippe, M. Haïssam Jijakli, and Philippe Lepoivre. "Possible Role of Colonization and Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Differential Ability of Three Ulocladium atrum Strains to Control Botrytis cinerea on Necrotic Strawberry Leaves." Phytopathology® 91, no. 11 (November 2001): 1030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.11.1030.
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Ulocladium atrum (strain 385) consistently reduced Botrytis cinerea sporulation on necrotic fragments of strawberry leaves. On these tissues, two strains of U. atrum (isolates 18558 and 18559) showed lower antagonistic activities than the reference strain 385. Colonization of strawberry leaflets by the three U. atrum strains appeared similar in the absence of B. cinerea, whether quantified by chitin or immunological assays. The second method (based on anti-U. atrum antibodies) revealed that strawberry leaflet colonization by U. atrum 385 was better than by the other U. atrum strains in the presence of B. cinerea. An immunoassay using anti-B. cinerea antibodies revealed that the colonization of B. cinerea in tissues was lower in the presence of U. atrum 385 than with the two other U. atrum strains. The enzymatic activities produced by U. atrum 385 during the colonization phases of necrotic tissues were compared to B. cinerea and U. atrum strains 18558 and 18559. U. atrum 385 had the highest lipase, pectate lyase, and cellobiase activities while B. cinerea had the highest endo-β-1,4-glucanase activity. The study of lytic activities hydrolyzing the fungal cell wall revealed higher β-1,3-glucanase activity with U. atrum 385, which was stimulated by B. cinerea on necrotic strawberry leaflets. These results suggest that plant and fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by U. atrum 385 may play a complementary role in the competitive colonization of dead strawberry leaves against B. cinerea.
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Cheng, Chi-Hua, Chia-Ann Yang, and Kou-Cheng Peng. "Antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 on Botrytis cinerea Mycelium in Culture Conditions." Phytopathology® 102, no. 11 (November 2012): 1054–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-11-0315.
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Previous studies have shown that the extracellular proteins of Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 grown in the presence of deactivated Botrytis cinerea in culture include a putative l-amino acid oxidase and have suggested the involvement of this enzyme in the antagonistic mechanism. Here, we hypothesized that the mycoparasitic process of Trichoderma spp. against B. cinerea involves two steps; that is, an initial hyphal coiling stage and a subsequent hyphal coiling stage, with different coiling rates. The two-step antagonism of T. harzianum ETS 323 against B. cinerea during the mycoparasitic process in culture was evaluated using a biexponential equation. In addition, an l-amino acid oxidase (Th-l-AAO) was identified from T. harzianum ETS 323. The secretion of Th-l-AAO was increased when T. harzianum ETS 323 was grown with deactivated hyphae of B. cinerea. Moreover, in vitro assays indicated that Th-l-AAO effectively inhibited B. cinerea hyphal growth, caused cytosolic vacuolization in the hyphae, and led to hyphal lysis. Th-l-AAO also showed disease control against the development of B. cinerea on postharvest apple fruit and tobacco leaves. Furthermore, an apoptosis-like response, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, was observed in B. cinerea after treatment with Th-l-AAO, suggesting that Th-l-AAO triggers programmed cell death in B. cinerea. This may be associated with the two-step antagonism of T. harzianum ETS 323 against B. cinerea.
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Wang, Huiyu, Yushan Zheng, Dong Xiao, Ying Li, Tongkun Liu, and Xilin Hou. "BcWRKY33A Enhances Resistance to Botrytis cinerea via Activating BcMYB51-3 in Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 8222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158222.
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The transcription factor WRKY33 is a vital regulator of the biological process of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea). However, its specific regulatory mechanism remains to be further investigated. In non-heading Chinese cabbage (NHCC, Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. Chinensis), our previous study showed that BcWRKY33A is induced not only by salt stress, but also by B. cinerea infection. Here, we noticed that BcWRKY33A is expressed in trichomes and confer plant defense resistance. Disease symptoms and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that BcWRKY33A-overexpressing and -silencing lines were less and more severely impaired, respectively, than wild type upon B. cinerea treatment. Meanwhile, the transcripts’ abundance of indolic glucosinolates’ (IGSs) biosynthetic genes is consistent with plants’ B. cinerea tolerance. Identification and expression pattern analysis of BcMYB51s showed that BcMYB51-3 has a similar trend to BcWRKY33A upon B. cinerea infection. Moreover, BcWRKY33A directly binds to the BcMYB51-3 promoter, which was jointly confirmed by Y1H, dual-LUC, and EMSA assays. The importance of MYB51, the homolog of BcMYB51-3, in the BcWRKY33A-mediated B. cinerea resistance was also verified using the TRV-based VIGS system. Overall, our data concludes that BcWRKY33A directly activates the expression of BcMYB51-3 and downstream IGSs’ biosynthetic genes, thereby improving the B. cinerea tolerance of NHCC plants.
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Jia, Sizhen, Yuanhua Wang, Geng Zhang, Zhiming Yan, and Qingsheng Cai. "Strawberry FaWRKY25 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulated the Resistance of Strawberry Fruits to Botrytis cinerea." Genes 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010056.
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WRKY genes and jasmonic acid (JA) play a crucial role in plants’ responses against biotic and abiotic stress. However, the regulating mechanism of WRKY genes on strawberry fruits’ resistance against Botrytis cinerea is largely unknown, and few studies have been performed on their effect on the JA-mediated defense mechanism against B. cinerea. This study explored the effect of FaWRKY25 on the JA-mediated strawberry resistance against B. cinerea. Results showed that the JA content decreased significantly as the fruits matured, whereas the FaWRKY25 expression rose substantially, which led to heightened susceptibility to B. cinerea and in strawberries. External JA treatment significantly increased the JA content in strawberries and reduced the FaWRKY25 expression, thereby enhancing the fruits’ resistance against B. cinerea. FaWRKY25 overexpression significantly lowered the fruits’ resistance against B. cinerea, whereas FaWRKY25 silencing significantly increased resistance. Moreover, FaWRKY25 overexpression significantly lowered the JA content, whereas FaWRKY25 silencing significantly increased it. FaWRKY25 expression level substantially affects the expression levels of genes related to JA biosynthesis and metabolism, other members of the WRKY family, and defense genes. Accordingly, FaWRKY25 plays a crucial role in regulating strawberries’ resistance against B. cinerea and may negatively regulate their JA-mediated resistance mechanism against B. cinerea.
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Etebarian, Reza H., Daniel T. O'Gorman, and Peter L. Sholberg. "Relative Virulence of Botrytis cinerea and B. mali in Apple Lesions." Plant Health Progress 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-0920-01-rs.
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Botrytis cinerea and recently B. mali have been identified as important postharvest pathogens of apples in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Three isolates of both B. cinerea and B. mali were studied alone and in combination by inoculating mature ‘Gala’ apple fruit to compare their potential for causing decay. The fruit were incubated at 20°C for 6 and 8 days when lesion areas were calculated from lesion diameters. The lesion areas in apples inoculated with B. cinerea ranged from 1020 to 1514 mm2 compared to 130 to 293 mm2 for B. mali after 6 days. Primers developed to specifically amplify B. mali or B. cinerea were used in a PCR test to determine which Botrytis spp. was present in a particular lesion and estimate the quantity of each species. Relative fluorescent intensity of DNA extracted from apple tissue co-inoculated with B. cinerea + B. mali and amplified with the B. cinerea specific primer averaged 102.3%. On the other hand, the fluorescence produced by the B. mali primer averaged only 11.6% from the same DNA samples. These results confirmed that when both B. cinerea and B. mali are mixed together, B. cinerea becomes the dominant pathogen. Accepted for publication 2 July 2010. Published 20 September 2010.
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Jurick, Wayne M., Otilia Macarisin, Verneta L. Gaskins, Eunhee Park, Jiujiang Yu, Wojciech Janisiewicz, and Kari A. Peter. "Characterization of Postharvest Fungicide-Resistant Botrytis cinerea Isolates From Commercially Stored Apple Fruit." Phytopathology® 107, no. 3 (March 2017): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-16-0250-r.
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Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold and is an economically important postharvest pathogen of fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. Fludioxonil-sensitive B. cinerea isolates were collected in 2011 and 2013 from commercial storage in Pennsylvania. Eight isolates had values for effective concentrations for inhibiting 50% of mycelial growth of 0.0004 to 0.0038 μg/ml for fludioxonil and were dual resistant to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole. Resistance was generated in vitro, following exposure to a sublethal dose of fludioxonil, in seven of eight dual-resistant B. cinerea isolates. Three vigorously growing B. cinerea isolates with multiresistance to postharvest fungicides were further characterized and found to be osmosensitive and retained resistance in the absence of selection pressure. A representative multiresistant B. cinerea strain caused decay on apple fruit treated with postharvest fungicides, which confirmed the in vitro results. The R632I mutation in the Mrr1 gene, associated with fludioxonil resistance in B. cinerea, was not detected in multipostharvest fungicide-resistant B. cinerea isolates, suggesting that the fungus may be using additional mechanisms to mediate resistance. Results from this study show for the first time that B. cinerea with dual resistance to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole can also rapidly develop resistance to fludioxonil, which may pose control challenges in the packinghouse environment and during long-term storage.
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Xie, Yongdong, Jiawen Zhu, Hanyang Liu, Huashan Lian, and Ji Liu. "In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against Botrytis cinerea of postharvest grapes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1035, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1035/1/012008.
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Abstract Botrytis cinerea is a widespread pathogen that infects a wide variety of plants. Postharvest grape infects with B. cinerea results in fruit rot and drop. In this study, the inhibitory effect of 30 kinds of plant essential oils on B. cinerea was investigated through in vitro experiments, and the types and concentrations of essential oils with the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea of postharvest grapes were screened. The results showed that 10 essential oils completely inhibited the growth of B. cinerea when the concentration of essential oils was 1000 μL/L. After reducing the concentration of these 10 essential oils to 500 μL/L, 5 essential oils showed continuous fungistasis effect on B. cinerea. The concentration of these five essential oils dropped to 250 μL/L, and only garlic essential oil showed long-lasting antifungal benefit. But which showed no long-lasting antifungal benefit at 125 μL/L. Therefore, garlic essential oil higher than 125 μL/L has sustained antifungal effect on B. cinerea, which can be used for postharvest preservation and storage of grapes.
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Obanor, F. O., K. Williamson, D. C. Mundy, P. N. Wood, and M. Walter. "Optimisation of PTAELISA detection and quantification of Botrytis cinerea infections in grapes." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6922.
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Botrytis cinerea can be detected in juice pre and postharvest using the monoclonal antibody BC12CA4 in plate trapped antigenenzyme linked immunosorbent assays (PTAELISA) The amount of antigen predicted by PTAELISA was found to increase as grape juice samples were progressively diluted This effect was also observed in B cinerea contaminated boysenberry and blackcurrant juice samples Detection of B cinerea infections by PTAELISA was improved by incubation of grapes at 20C for 48 h and was similar to visual assessments of infected grapes PTAELISA is faster (13 days) than visual B cinerea assessments (1014 days) PTAELISA measurements can be standardised removing human bias in determining B cinerea infection levels
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Zhivotovsky, Olena P., and Yulia A. Kuzovkina. "Response of Two Salix L. Species to Water Deficit." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-28.2.63.
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Abstract Physiological responses and growth of two Salix species — S. miyabeana and S. cinerea — were compared during one and two drought cycles. Photosynthetic rate (Asat), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E) were determined for each species. The highest total biomass and root: shoot ratio were recorded for S. cinerea. After two drought cycles, S. cinerea had significantly higher Asat at wilting and recovery stages compared to S. miyabeana. In addition, after two drought cycles, the stem water potential and water use efficiency were higher in S. cinerea than in S. miyabeana. Based on the results obtained in this study, S. cinerea is more drought tolerant than S. miyabeana.
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Self, Rachel A., Mark D. Harrison, Valentino S. Te’o, and Steve Van Sluyter. "Development of simple, scalable protease production from Botrytis cinerea." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 106, no. 5-6 (February 16, 2022): 2219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11817-1.
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Abstract Heat haze-forming proteins are stable during winemaking and are typically removed via adsorption to bentonite. Proteolytic degradation is an alternative method to prevent wine-haze and offers the opportunity to reduce the environmental impacts and labor cost of the process. Herein, we describe the development of a production system for Botrytis cinerea proteases for the enzymatic degradation of heat haze-forming proteins. The effect of culture medium on the secretion of glucan by B. cinerea was investigated and methods to inactivate B. cinerea laccase in liquid culture medium were assessed. Protease production by B. cinerea was scaled up from 50 mL in shake flasks to 1 L in bioreactors, resulting in an increase in protease yield from 0.30 to 3.04 g L−1. Glucan secretion by B. cinerea was minimal in culture medium containing lactose as a carbon source and either lactic or sulfuric acid for pH control. B. cinerea laccases were inactivated by reducing the pH of culture supernatant to 1.5 for 1 h. B. cinerea proteases were concentrated and partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. SWATH-MS identified aspartic acid protease BcAP8 amongst the precipitated proteins. These results demonstrate a simple, affordable, and scalable process to produce proteases from B. cinerea as a replacement for bentonite in winemaking. Key points • Isolates of B. cinerea that produce proteases with potential for reducing wine heat-haze forming proteins were identified. • Media and fermentation optimization increased protease yield tenfold and reduced glucan secretion. • Low pH treatment inactivated laccases but not proteases. Graphical abstract
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Li, G. Q., H. C. Huang, S. N. Acharya, and R. S. Erickson. "Biological Control of Blossom Blight of Alfalfa Caused by Botrytis cinerea Under Environmentally Controlled and Field Conditions." Plant Disease 88, no. 11 (November 2004): 1246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1246.
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Fungal and bacterial antagonists were tested for their inhibition of sporulation of Botrytis cinerea on detached alfalfa florets. Clonostachys rosea, Gliocladium catenulatum, and Trichoderma atroviride were evaluated for protecting young blossoms and pods of alfalfa from infection by B. cinerea in vitro. C. rosea was further tested to control pod rot and seed rot caused by B. cinerea under field conditions. The results showed that four of the tested antagonists, C. rosea, G. catenulatum, T. atroviride, and Trichothecium roseum, could inhibit sporulation by B. cinerea on detached alfalfa florets. Both C. rosea and G. catenulatum were effective in suppression of infection of alfalfa pods by B. cinerea when inoculated on fresh petals of alfalfa at the anthesis stage, and their efficacy was greater than that of Trichoderma atroviride. A significant suppression of B. cinerea by C. rosea and G. catenulatum on pods and seed of alfalfa was observed when they were inoculated on senescent petals at the pod-development stage. Results of a field trial indicated that C. rosea applied to upper parts of alfalfa plants significantly suppressed pod rot and seed rot caused by B. cinerea, and significantly increased seed production of alfalfa in each of 3 years. These studies show that C. rosea has potential as a biocontrol agent for control of alfalfa blossom blight caused by B. cinerea.
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Si Ammour, Melissa, Giorgia Fedele, Caterina Morcia, Valeria Terzi, and Vittorio Rossi. "Quantification of Botrytis cinerea in Grapevine Bunch Trash by Real-Time PCR." Phytopathology® 109, no. 7 (July 2019): 1312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-18-0441-r.
Full textAbstract:
Quantification of colonization of grape bunch trash by Botrytis cinerea is crucial for Botrytis bunch rot (BBR) control. A previously developed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was adapted to quantify B. cinerea DNA in grape bunch trash, and a colonization coefficient (CC) was calculated as the ratio between the DNA concentrations of B. cinerea and of Vitis vinifera. CC values increased linearly with the number of conidia of B. cinerea or the quantity of mycelium of B. cinerea added to the bunch trash increased. CC values also increased linearly in bunch trash samples containing increasing percentages of B. cinerea-colonized bunch trash; in the latter samples, CC values were correlated with subsequent assessments of B. cinerea colonization of trash (as determined by plating on agar) and sporulation on the trash (as determined by spore counts after incubation in humid chambers). The qPCR assay was also validated using trash collected from bunches treated or not treated with fungicides in three vineyards in two seasons. CC values reflected the reduction in sporulation and in latent infections of mature berries caused by fungicide application. The qPCR assay enables rapid, specific, sensitive, and reliable quantification of the degree of colonization of bunch trash by B. cinerea, which makes it a useful tool for studies of the epidemiology and management of BBR.
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Pi, Kuo-li. "La medicina tradizionale cinese nella guerra moderna (1937-1945)." Storia e Futuro 57, Giugno 2023 (October 24, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/sef5723c.
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Esistono molte ricerche sulla guerra sino-giapponese tra il 1937 e il 1945, anche se la maggior parte di esse si è concentrata sui militari e la diplomazia. Negli ultimi anni sono state condotte rilevanti ricerche storico-culturali. Questo lavoro si concentra sulla medicina cinese durante la guerra, tentando di esplorare problemi raramente toccati nella letteratura sulla storia della medicina cinese: in particolare, il rapporto tra medicina cinese, guerra e paese. È un fatto indiscutibile che la moderna medicina cinese fosse in ritardo nello sviluppo delle tecniche chirurgiche e della conoscenza della fisiologia. Lo scoppio della guerra sino-giapponese, tuttavia, ha portato la comunità medica cinese ad iniziare a pensare al collegamento tra la conoscenza tradizionale e la sopravvivenza del paese, nonché al trattamento dei pazienti feriti durante i periodi di guerra. Questa ricerca ha permesso di scoprire che i medici riflettevano costantemente sulla loro conoscenza della chirurgia, del primo soccorso e dei farmaci della medicina antica, sperando di giocare un ruolo attivo in tempo di guerra. Inoltre, la comunità medica cinese ha cercato di aprire nuove scuole e ospedali per far progredire la conoscenza della medicina cinese all’interno della società. La maggior parte dei medici credeva che la medicina cinese non avrebbe dovuto essere assente durante le guerre e i disastri nazionali. Oltre ad arricchire la ricerca sulla storia medica cinese, questo lavoro mira anche ad integrare la discussione attuale sulla storia della guerra sino-giapponese, che è stata tradizionalmente distorta attraverso gli aspetti politici e militari, fornendo così un quadro più completo di questo periodo.
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ERRICHIELLO, Carmelo. "Cenni storici sull'antica medicina cinese." Medicina e Chirurgia della Caviglia e del Piede 47, no. 3 (November 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/s2284-2993.23.01860-5.
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Huang, Huang, Wenchao Zhao, Chonghua Li, Hui Qiao, Susheng Song, Rui Yang, Lulu Sun, Jilin Ma, Xuechun Ma, and Shaohui Wang. "SlVQ15 interacts with jasmonate-ZIM domain proteins and SlWRKY31 to regulate defense response in tomato." Plant Physiology, June 11, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac275.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Botrytis cinerea is one of the most widely distributed and harmful pathogens worldwide. Both the phytohormone jasmonate (JA) and the VQ motif-containing proteins play crucial roles in plant resistance to B. cinerea. However, their crosstalk in resistance to B. cinerea is unclear, especially in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this study, we found that the tomato VQ15 was highly induced upon B. cinerea infection and localized in the nucleus. Silencing SlVQ15 using virus-induced gene silencing reduced resistance to B. cinerea. Overexpression of SlVQ15 enhanced resistance to B. cinerea, while disruption of SlVQ15 using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein9 (Cas9) technology increased susceptibility to B. cinerea. Furthermore, SlVQ15 formed homodimers. Additionally, SlVQ15 interacted with JA-ZIM domain proteins, repressors of the JA signaling pathway, and SlWRKY31. SlJAZ11 interfered with the interaction between SlVQ15 and SlWRKY31 and repressed the SlVQ15-increased transcriptional activation activity of SlWRKY31. SlVQ15 and SlWRKY31 synergistically regulated tomato resistance to B. cinerea, as silencing SlVQ15 enhanced the sensitivity of slwrky31 to B. cinerea. Taken together, our findings showed that the SlJAZ-interacting protein SlVQ15 physically interacts with SlWRKY31 to cooperatively control JA-mediated plant defense against B. cinerea.