Relevant bibliographies by topics / CIA machinery

Academic literature on the topic 'CIA machinery'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "CIA machinery"

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Tsaousis, Anastasios D., Eleni Gentekaki, Laura Eme, Daniel Gaston, and Andrew J. Roger. "Evolution of the Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machinery in Blastocystis Species and Other Microbial Eukaryotes." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 1 (November 15, 2013): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00158-13.

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ABSTRACT The cytosolic iron/sulfur cluster assembly (CIA) machinery is responsible for the assembly of cytosolic and nuclear iron/sulfur clusters, cofactors that are vital for all living cells. This machinery is uniquely found in eukaryotes and consists of at least eight proteins in opisthokont lineages, such as animals and fungi. We sought to identify and characterize homologues of the CIA system proteins in the anaerobic stramenopile parasite Blastocystis sp. strain NandII. We identified transcripts encoding six of the components—Cia1, Cia2, MMS19, Nbp35, Nar1, and a putative Tah18—and showed using immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and subcellular fractionation that the last three of them localized to the cytoplasm of the cell. We then used comparative genomic and phylogenetic approaches to investigate the evolutionary history of these proteins. While most Blastocystis homologues branch with their eukaryotic counterparts, the putative Blastocystis Tah18 seems to have a separate evolutionary origin and therefore possibly a different function. Furthermore, our phylogenomic analyses revealed that all eight CIA components described in opisthokonts originated before the diversification of extant eukaryotic lineages and were likely already present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). The Nbp35, Nar1 Cia1, and Cia2 proteins have been conserved during the subsequent evolutionary diversification of eukaryotes and are present in virtually all extant lineages, whereas the other CIA proteins have patchy phylogenetic distributions. Cia2 appears to be homologous to SufT, a component of the prokaryotic sulfur utilization factors (SUF) system, making this the first reported evolutionary link between the CIA and any other Fe/S biogenesis pathway. All of our results suggest that the CIA machinery is an ubiquitous biosynthetic pathway in eukaryotes, but its apparent plasticity in composition raises questions regarding how it functions in nonmodel organisms and how it interfaces with various iron/sulfur cluster systems (i.e., the iron/sulfur cluster, nitrogen fixation, and/or SUF system) found in eukaryotic cells.
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Seki, Mineaki, Yukiko Takeda, Kazuhiro Iwai, and Kiyoji Tanaka. "IOP1 Protein Is an External Component of the Human Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly (CIA) Machinery and Functions in the MMS19 Protein-dependent CIA Pathway." Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 23 (April 12, 2013): 16680–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m112.416602.

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The emerging link between iron metabolism and genome integrity is increasingly clear. Recent studies have revealed that MMS19 and cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly (CIA) factors form a complex and have central roles in CIA pathway. However, the composition of the CIA complex, particularly the involvement of the Fe-S protein IOP1, is still unclear. The roles of each component are also largely unknown. Here, we show that MMS19, MIP18, and CIAO1 form a tight “core” complex and that IOP1 is an “external” component of this complex. Although IOP1 and the core complex form a complex both in vivo and in vitro, IOP1 behaves differently in vivo. A deficiency in any core component leads to down-regulation of all of the components. In contrast, IOP1 knockdown does not affect the level of any core component. In MMS19-overproducing cells, other core components are also up-regulated, but the protein level of IOP1 remains unchanged. IOP1 behaves like a target protein in the CIA reaction, like other Fe-S helicases, and the core complex may participate in the maturation process of IOP1. Alternatively, the core complex may catch and hold IOP1 when it becomes mature to prevent its degradation. In any case, IOP1 functions in the MMS19-dependent CIA pathway. We also reveal that MMS19 interacts with target proteins. MIP18 has a role to bridge MMS19 and CIAO1. CIAO1 also binds IOP1. Based on our in vivo and in vitro data, new models of the CIA machinery are proposed.
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Balk, Janneke, Daili J. Aguilar Netz, Katharina Tepper, Antonio J. Pierik, and Roland Lill. "The Essential WD40 Protein Cia1 Is Involved in a Late Step of Cytosolic and Nuclear Iron-Sulfur Protein Assembly." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 24 (December 15, 2005): 10833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.24.10833-10841.2005.

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ABSTRACT The assembly of cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins in yeast is dependent on the iron-sulfur cluster assembly and export machineries in mitochondria and three recently identified extramitochondrial proteins, the P-loop NTPases Cfd1 and Nbp35 and the hydrogenase-like Nar1. However, the molecular mechanism of Fe/S protein assembly in the cytosol is far from being understood, and more components are anticipated to take part in this process. Here, we have identified and functionally characterized a novel WD40 repeat protein, designated Cia1, as an essential component required for Fe/S cluster assembly in vivo on cytosolic and nuclear, but not mitochondrial, Fe/S proteins. Surprisingly, Nbp35 and Nar1, themselves Fe/S proteins, could assemble their Fe/S clusters in the absence of Cia1, demonstrating that these components act before Cia1. Consequently, Cia1 is involved in a late step of Fe/S cluster incorporation into target proteins. Coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated a specific interaction between Cia1 and Nar1. In contrast to the mostly cytosolic Nar1, Cia1 is preferentially localized to the nucleus, suggesting an additional function of Cia1. Taken together, our results indicate that Cia1 is a new member of the cytosolic Fe/S protein assembly (CIA) machinery participating in a step after Nbp35 and Nar1.
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Gomez-Casati, Diego F., Maria V. Busi, Julieta Barchiesi, Maria A. Pagani, Noelia S. Marchetti-Acosta, and Agustina Terenzi. "Fe-S Protein Synthesis in Green Algae Mitochondria." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020200.

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Iron and sulfur are two essential elements for all organisms. These elements form the Fe-S clusters that are present as cofactors in numerous proteins and protein complexes related to key processes in cells, such as respiration and photosynthesis, and participate in numerous enzymatic reactions. In photosynthetic organisms, the ISC and SUF Fe-S cluster synthesis pathways are located in organelles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, respectively. There is also a third biosynthetic machinery in the cytosol (CIA) that is dependent on the mitochondria for its function. The genes and proteins that participate in these assembly pathways have been described mainly in bacteria, yeasts, humans, and recently in higher plants. However, little is known about the proteins that participate in these processes in algae. This review work is mainly focused on releasing the information on the existence of genes and proteins of green algae (chlorophytes) that could participate in the assembly process of Fe-S groups, especially in the mitochondrial ISC and CIA pathways.
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Lill, Roland, Rafal Dutkiewicz, Sven A. Freibert, Torsten Heidenreich, Judita Mascarenhas, Daili J. Netz, Viktoria D. Paul, et al. "The role of mitochondria and the CIA machinery in the maturation of cytosolic and nuclear iron–sulfur proteins." European Journal of Cell Biology 94, no. 7-9 (July 2015): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.05.002.

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Stehling, Oliver, Jae-Hun Jeoung, Sven A. Freibert, Viktoria D. Paul, Sebastian Bänfer, Brigitte Niggemeyer, Ralf Rösser, Holger Dobbek, and Roland Lill. "Function and crystal structure of the dimeric P-loop ATPase CFD1 coordinating an exposed [4Fe-4S] cluster for transfer to apoproteins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 39 (September 10, 2018): E9085—E9094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807762115.

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Maturation of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins in eukaryotes requires complex machineries in mitochondria and cytosol. Initially, Fe-S clusters are assembled on dedicated scaffold proteins and then are trafficked to target apoproteins. Within the cytosolic Fe-S protein assembly (CIA) machinery, the conserved P-loop nucleoside triphosphatase Nbp35 performs a scaffold function. In yeast, Nbp35 cooperates with the related Cfd1, which is evolutionary less conserved and is absent in plants. Here, we investigated the potential scaffold function of human CFD1 (NUBP2) in CFD1-depleted HeLa cells by measuring Fe-S enzyme activities or 55Fe incorporation into Fe-S target proteins. We show that CFD1, in complex with NBP35 (NUBP1), performs a crucial role in the maturation of all tested cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins, including essential ones involved in protein translation and DNA maintenance. CFD1 also matures iron regulatory protein 1 and thus is critical for cellular iron homeostasis. To better understand the scaffold function of CFD1-NBP35, we resolved the crystal structure of Chaetomium thermophilum holo-Cfd1 (ctCfd1) at 2.6-Å resolution as a model Cfd1 protein. Importantly, two ctCfd1 monomers coordinate a bridging [4Fe-4S] cluster via two conserved cysteine residues. The surface-exposed topology of the cluster is ideally suited for both de novo assembly and facile transfer to Fe-S apoproteins mediated by other CIA factors. ctCfd1 specifically interacted with ATP, which presumably associates with a pocket near the Cfd1 dimer interface formed by the conserved Walker motif. In contrast, ctNbp35 preferentially bound GTP, implying differential regulation of the two fungal scaffold components during Fe-S cluster assembly and/or release.
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Chen, Ya-qin, Xin-guang Liu, Wei Zhao, Hongjing Cui, Jie Ruan, Yuan Yuan, and Zhiguang Tu. "MET18 Deficiency Increases the Sensitivity of Yeast to Oxidative Stress and Shortens Replicative Lifespan by Inhibiting Catalase Activity." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7587395.

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Yeast MET18, a subunit of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery which is responsible for the maturation of Fe/S proteins, has been reported to participate in the oxidative stress response. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we constructed a MET18/met18Δ heterozygous mutant yeast strain and found that MET18 deficiency in yeast cells impaired oxidative stress resistance as evidenced by increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). Mechanistically, the mRNA levels of catalase A (CTA1) and catalase T (CTT1) as well as the total catalase activity were significantly reduced in MET18-deficient cells. In contrast, overexpression of CTT1 or CTA1 in MET18-deficient cells significantly increased the intracellular catalase activity and enhanced the resistance ability against H2O2 and CHP. In addition, MET18 deficiency diminished the replicative capacity of yeast cells as evidenced by the shortened replicative lifespan, which can be restored by CTT1 overexpression, but not by CTA1, in the MET18-deficient cells. These results suggest that MET18, in a catalase-dependent manner, plays an essential role in enhancing the resistance of yeast cells to oxidative stress and increasing the replicative capacity of yeast cells.
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Zheng, Biao, Lei Fang, Qi Zhang, Wen Jiang, Shuhua Han, and Jun Qin. "Atg7 is critical for the functional maturation of germinal center B cells (LYM7P.625)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 200.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.200.17.

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Abstract The role of autophagy, especially individual components of the autophagy machinery, in antibody response has not been well established. Atg7 is an integral part in autophagesome formation and elongation. Using lineage- and stage-specific conditional knockout (CKO) mice, we have found that, in GC B cell-specific Atg7 CKO mice, although GC formation and structure were not affected by Atg7 deficiency, both primary and memory antibody responses were severely impaired in Atg7 CKO mice. Class-switch recombination (CSR) and Ig somatic hypermutation (SHM) were defective in Atg7-/- GC B-cells, leading to a severely inhibited production of class-switched high-affinity antibodies. Analysis of GC B-cell clones showed that Atg7-deficiency in GC B-cells causes a dramatic change in Ig gene composition in the responding B-cell repertoire, which is dominated by non-canonical Ig genes encoding lower affinity antibodies. Thus, our study demonstrated for the first time that a single gene mutation affects GC function without inhibiting GC formation. The underlying molecular mechanism for impaired GC function in Atg7 mutant mice is that Atg7 is critical in regulating activation-induced deaminase (AID). Atg7-deficiency in GC B cells led to delayed onset and reduced disease severity in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), demonstrating that Atg7 is critical in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.
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David, Jacques, Alain Hoffmann, and Alain Kavenoky. "Machines disponibles et optimisation du couplage logiciel-machine au CEA." La Houille Blanche, no. 2 (April 2001): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2001019.

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Sayapin, S. N., and E. V. Nikolaev. "Technical and environmental safety of machines." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2005-04.

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Quaestiones quae oriuntur ex Aestimatio technicorum condi vehiculis cum technica inspectionem gostehinspektsiey. Articulum interesting erit Gostehnadzora inspectores, mechanicis, offi cia technica, adipiscing et alumnis studebat in respective Propria.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CIA machinery"

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Ridley, G. K. "Application of EL CID to salient-pole electrical machines." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/107783/.

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Sutton introduced EL CID in the 1970's. This thesis records the development of EL CID theory, with particular reference to its application to large, salient-pole, water-turbine driven, electrical machines, known as hydrogenerators. Factors are identified and clarified which otherwise may cause misunderstanding of hydrogenerator stator core interlamination insulation condition. Features discussed, with reference to their impact upon the detected EL CID signal, are alternative forms of excitation winding of the stator core, its constructional features, including core build bars (or key bars), core segmentation, proximity of ferrous components, plus ancillary matters such as the location of brake/jack units, the degree of machine assembly, whether in or out of the operational situation, the extent of the machine enclosure, and the presence of the stator winding and rotor-mounted salient poles. Although satisfactory application of EL CID to turbogenerators was achieved in the 1970's, anomalies arose when applied to salient-pole machines, due to shorter stator winding end-overhang, its multi-parallel circuits, and also the disincentive of realignment of the rotor if removed, making access to the stator bore and accurate location of the excitation cable more difficult. When present, joints in very large hydrogenerator stator frames and cores, for transportation, made analysis of EL CID results particularly difficult. The problem presented by core joints arose in the initial factory demonstration of application of EL CID to hydrogenerators. The solution recognises the interdependence of the two orthogonal EL CID signal components, which indicate EL CID as analogous to a transformer, with two short-circuited secondary windings; one for interlamination fault current (designated "delta"), the other being the stator winding, when present. In order to draw the phasor diagram with reference to the secondary side of the analogous transformer, the direction of the excitation phasor is reversed, since the fault current is detected in a secondary circuit. Application of standard transformer theory produces an appropriate EL CID phasor diagram, in various forms, depending upon the particular test circumstance. In this context, the significant concept of a line for which interlamination fault current (delta) is zero (i.e. a zero delta line) was introduced. The two orthogonal EL CID signals, designated PHASE and QUAD, are plotted on equal scales; unless related appropriately by a technique described, which takes the difference into account, to ensure the highest accuracy. Evaluation of delta indicates the effectiveness of core repairs, which supports the usefulness of the EL CID technique when applied to hydrogenerators, as well as turbogenerators. At core joints, the detected maximum fault current (deltamax) is usually appreciably greater than the traditional acceptance criterion of 100 mA. This is discussed, and the conclusion drawn that the distribution of delta along the core length provides an adequate indication of any weak region of interlamination insulation. The practise of routinely resetting the Phase Reference for an EL CID test is examined, and found to be not acceptable, unless the results are subsequently referred back to the basic reference. As a final demonstration of the EL CID technique usefulness, the analysis of results from a core joint, where there was an imposed artificial fault, identifies the location concerned.
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McKellar, Cindy. "Dataselektering en –manipulering vir statistiese Engels–Afrikaanse masjienvertaling / McKellar C.A." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7626.

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Die sukses van enige masjienvertaalsisteem hang grootliks van die hoeveelheid en kwaliteit van die beskikbare afrigtingsdata af. n Sisteem wat met foutiewe of lae–kwaliteit data afgerig is, sal uiteraard swakker afvoer lewer as n sisteem wat met korrekte of hoë–kwaliteit data afgerig is. In die geval van hulpbronarm tale waar daar min data beskikbaar is en data dalk noodgedwonge vertaal moet word vir die skep van parallelle korpora wat as afrigtingsdata kan dien, is dit dus baie belangrik dat die data wat vir vertaling gekies word, so gekies word dat dit teksgedeeltes insluit wat die meeste waarde tot die masjienvertaalsisteem sal bydra. Dit is ook in so n geval uiters belangrik om die beskikbare data so goed moontlik aan te wend. Hierdie studie stel ondersoek in na metodes om afrigtingsdata te selekteer met die doel om n optimale masjienvertaalsisteem met beperkte hulpbronne af te rig. Daar word ook aandag gegee aan die moontlikheid om die gewigte van sekere gedeeltes van die afrigtingsdata te verhoog om sodoende die data wat die meeste waarde tot die masjienvertaalsisteem bydra te beklemtoon. Alhoewel hierdie studie spesifiek gerig is op metodes vir dataselektering en –manipulering vir die taalpaar Engels–Afrikaans, sou die metodes ook vir toepassing op ander taalpare gebruik kon word. Die evaluasieproses dui aan dat beide die dataselekteringsmetodes, asook die aanpassing van datagewigte, n positiewe impak op die kwaliteit van die resulterende masjienvertaalsisteem het. Die uiteindelike sisteem, afgerig deur n kombinasie van verskillende metodes, toon n 2.0001 styging in die NIST–telling en n 0.2039 styging in die BLEU–telling.
Thesis (M.A. (Applied Language and Literary Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Alhussainy, Amel Tuama. "Forensic Source Camera Identification by Using Features in Machine Learning Approach." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS024/document.

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L'identification d'appareils photos a récemment fait l'objet d'une grande attention en raison de son apport en terme sécurité et juridique. Établir l'origine d'un médias numériques, obtenus par un appareil d'imagerie est important à chaque fois que le contenu numériques est présente et utilise comme preuve devant un tribunal.L'identification d'appareils photos consiste à déterminer la marque, le modèle, ou le dispositif qui a été utilisé pour prendre une image.Notre première contribution pour l'identification du modèle d'appareil photo numérique est basée sur l'extraction de trois ensembles de caractéristiques puis l'utilisation d'apprentissage automatique. Ces caractéristiques sont la matrice de cooccurrences,des corrélations inter-canaux mesurant la trace laissée par l'interpolation CFA, et les probabilités conditionnelles calculées dans le domaine JPEG. Ces caractéristiques donnent des statistiques d'ordre élevées qui complètent et améliorent le taux d'identification. Les expériences prouvent la force de notre proposition, car la précision obtenue est supérieure à celle des méthodes basées sur la corrélation.La deuxième contribution est basée sur l'utilisation des CNNs. Contrairement aux méthodes traditionnelles, les CNNs apprennent simultanément les caractéristiques et la classification. Nous proposons d'ajouter une couche de pré-traitement (filtre passe-haut applique à l'image d’entrée) au CNN. Le CNN obtenu donne de très bonnes performances pour une faible complexité d'apprentissage. La méthode proposée donne des résultats équivalent à ceux obtenu par une approche en deux étapes (extraction de caractéristiques + SVM). Par ailleurs nous avons également examines les CNNs : AlexNet et GoogleNet. GoogleNet donne actuellement les meilleurs taux d'identification pour une complexité d'apprentissage plus grande
Source camera identification has recently received a wide attention due to its importantrole in security and legal issue. The problem of establishing the origin ofdigital media obtained through an imaging device is important whenever digitalcontent is presented and is used as evidence in the court. Source camera identification is the process of determining which camera device or model has been used to capture an image.Our first contribution for digital camera model identification is based on the extractionof three sets of features in a machine learning scheme. These featuresare the co-occurrences matrix, some features related to CFA interpolation arrangement,and conditional probability statistics computed in the JPEG domain.These features give high order statistics which supplement and enhance the identification rate. The experiments prove the strength of our proposition since it achieves higher accuracy than the correlation-based method.The second contribution is based on using the deep convolutional neural networks(CNNs). Unlike traditional methods, CNNs can automatically and simultaneouslyextract features and learn to classify during the learning process. A layer ofpreprocessing is added to the CNN model, and consists of a high pass filter which isapplied to the input image. The obtained CNN gives very good performance for avery small learning complexity. Experimental comparison with a classical two stepsmachine learning approach shows that the proposed method can achieve significantdetection performance. The well known object recognition CNN models, AlexNetand GoogleNet, are also examined
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Deaney, Mogammat Waleed. "A Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques for Facial Expression Recognition." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6412.

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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Computer Science)
A machine translation system that can convert South African Sign Language (SASL) video to audio or text and vice versa would be bene cial to people who use SASL to communicate. Five fundamental parameters are associated with sign language gestures, these are: hand location; hand orientation; hand shape; hand movement and facial expressions. The aim of this research is to recognise facial expressions and to compare both feature descriptors and machine learning techniques. This research used the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. A DSR artefact was built which consisted of two phases. The rst phase compared local binary patterns (LBP), compound local binary patterns (CLBP) and histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) using support vector machines (SVM). The second phase compared the SVM to arti cial neural networks (ANN) and random forests (RF) using the most promising feature descriptor|HOG|from the rst phase. The performance was evaluated in terms of accuracy, robustness to classes, robustness to subjects and ability to generalise on both the Binghamton University 3D facial expression (BU-3DFE) and Cohn Kanade (CK) datasets. The evaluation rst phase showed HOG to be the best feature descriptor followed by CLBP and LBP. The second showed ANN to be the best choice of machine learning technique closely followed by the SVM and RF.
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Talevi, Luca. "Sviluppo e test di un sistema BCI SSVEP-based." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11636/.

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Una Brain Computer Interface (BCI) è un dispositivo che permette la misura e l’utilizzo di segnali cerebrali al fine di comandare software e/o periferiche di vario tipo, da semplici videogiochi a complesse protesi robotizzate. Tra i segnali attualmente più utilizzati vi sono i Potenziali Evocati Visivi Steady State (SSVEP), variazioni ritmiche di potenziale elettrico registrabili sulla corteccia visiva primaria con un elettroencefalogramma (EEG) non invasivo; essi sono evocabili attraverso una stimolazione luminosa periodica, e sono caratterizzati da una frequenza di oscillazione pari a quella di stimolazione. Avendo un rapporto segnale rumore (SNR) particolarmente favorevole ed una caratteristica facilmente studiabile, gli SSVEP sono alla base delle più veloci ed immediate BCI attualmente disponibili. All’utente vengono proposte una serie di scelte ciascuna associata ad una stimolazione visiva a diversa frequenza, fra le quali la selezionata si ripresenterà nelle caratteristiche del suo tracciato EEG estratto in tempo reale. L’obiettivo della tesi svolta è stato realizzare un sistema integrato, sviluppato in LabView che implementasse il paradigma BCI SSVEP-based appena descritto, consentendo di: 1. Configurare la generazione di due stimoli luminosi attraverso l’utilizzo di LED esterni; 2. Sincronizzare l’acquisizione del segnale EEG con tale stimolazione; 3. Estrarre features (attributi caratteristici di ciascuna classe) dal suddetto segnale ed utilizzarle per addestrare un classificatore SVM; 4. Utilizzare il classificatore per realizzare un’interfaccia BCI realtime con feedback per l’utente. Il sistema è stato progettato con alcune delle tecniche più avanzate per l’elaborazione spaziale e temporale del segnale ed il suo funzionamento è stato testato su 4 soggetti sani e comparato alle più moderne BCI SSVEP-based confrontabili rinvenute in letteratura.
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Kvapilová, Beáta. "Stavebně technologický projekt Regionálního centra pokročilých technologií a materiálů v Olomouci." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265728.

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The thesis solves construction technological project of the Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials in Olomouc. The thesis contains a engineering report to the resolved issues, block plan and block plan drawing, technological regulation for CFA piles and testing plan for CFA piles. Other parts of the thesis are the schedule, itemized budget for the shell construction, calculation structures according THU, time and financial plan of the whole building, work safety in the implementation of cast-in-place reinforced concrete structures, design of machine formation and solution organization of construction, which includes an engineering report site equipment and site equipment drawing.
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Hubáček, Lukáš. "Stavebně technologický projekt železobetonové monolitické haly." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372006.

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This diploma thesis deals with the construction and technological project of the reinforced concrete monolithic hall for Dinel s.r.o., which has its seat in the industrial zone Zlín - Příluky. There are prepared a technical report for the construction project, time and financial plan of the construction of the second stage, a study of the implementation of the main technological stages, a project of the building facility, a design of the main building machines and mechanisms, a schedule of the main building including a plan of the material resources and technological regulations of selected stages together with control and test plans. In addition there is prepared a budget item of the main building, the health and safety plan and a problematics of the antistatic floors.
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Stopka, Peter. "Stavebně technologický projekt výstavby centrální nabíjecí stanice v Púchově." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391912.

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This diploma thesis focuses on the construction of a construction technological project for the construction of the Central Charging Station in Púchov. The building is located in the industrial area of Púchov and in the area of Continental Matador Rubber. In the thesis is elaborated technical report for building technological project, co-ordination situation of construction with wider transport routes, time and financial object plan, study of the realization of the main technological stages, construction site design, design of main building machines and mechanisms, time schedule of main building, securing material resources for the monolithic part of the building. In the thesis are made, technological rules for drilled pilots and ceiling structure above the first overground floor. Technological regulations follow control and test plans. Other assignments that have been made in this work, such as the occupational safety and health plan, the design and comparison of cranes and the item budget.
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Maršál, Martin. "Elektronický modul pro akustickou detekci." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240831.

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This diploma thesis deals with the design and implementation of an electronic module for acoustic detection. The module has the task of detecting a predetermined acoustic signals through them learned classification model. The module is used mainly for security purposes. To identify and classify the proposed model using machine learning techniques. Given the possibility of retraining for a different set of sounds, the module becomes a universal sound detector. With acoustic sound using the digital MEMS microphone, for which it is designed and implemented conversion filter. The resulting system is implemented into firmware microcontroller with real time operating system. The various functions of the system are realized with regard to the possible optimization (less powerful MCU or battery power). The module transmits the detection results of the master station via Ethernet network. In the case of multiple modules connected to the network to create a distributed system, which is designed for precise time synchronization using PTP protocol defined by the IEEE-1588 standard.
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Braga, Ígor Assis. "Aprendizado semissupervisionado multidescrição em classificação de textos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-02062010-160019/.

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Algoritmos de aprendizado semissupervisionado aprendem a partir de uma combinação de dados rotulados e não rotulados. Assim, eles podem ser aplicados em domínios em que poucos exemplos rotulados e uma vasta quantidade de exemplos não rotulados estão disponíveis. Além disso, os algoritmos semissupervisionados podem atingir um desempenho superior aos algoritmos supervisionados treinados nos mesmos poucos exemplos rotulados. Uma poderosa abordagem ao aprendizado semissupervisionado, denominada aprendizado multidescrição, pode ser usada sempre que os exemplos de treinamento são descritos por dois ou mais conjuntos de atributos disjuntos. A classificação de textos é um domínio de aplicação no qual algoritmos semissupervisionados vêm obtendo sucesso. No entanto, o aprendizado semissupervisionado multidescrição ainda não foi bem explorado nesse domínio dadas as diversas maneiras possíveis de se descrever bases de textos. O objetivo neste trabalho é analisar o desempenho de algoritmos semissupervisionados multidescrição na classificação de textos, usando unigramas e bigramas para compor duas descrições distintas de documentos textuais. Assim, é considerado inicialmente o difundido algoritmo multidescrição CO-TRAINING, para o qual são propostas modificações a fim de se tratar o problema dos pontos de contenção. É também proposto o algoritmo COAL, o qual pode melhorar ainda mais o algoritmo CO-TRAINING pela incorporação de aprendizado ativo como uma maneira de tratar pontos de contenção. Uma ampla avaliação experimental desses algoritmos foi conduzida em bases de textos reais. Os resultados mostram que o algoritmo COAL, usando unigramas como uma descrição das bases textuais e bigramas como uma outra descrição, atinge um desempenho significativamente melhor que um algoritmo semissupervisionado monodescrição. Levando em consideração os bons resultados obtidos por COAL, conclui-se que o uso de unigramas e bigramas como duas descrições distintas de bases de textos pode ser bastante compensador
Semi-supervised learning algorithms learn from a combination of both labeled and unlabeled data. Thus, they can be applied in domains where few labeled examples and a vast amount of unlabeled examples are available. Furthermore, semi-supervised learning algorithms may achieve a better performance than supervised learning algorithms trained on the same few labeled examples. A powerful approach to semi-supervised learning, called multi-view learning, can be used whenever the training examples are described by two or more disjoint sets of attributes. Text classification is a domain in which semi-supervised learning algorithms have shown some success. However, multi-view semi-supervised learning has not yet been well explored in this domain despite the possibility of describing textual documents in a myriad of ways. The aim of this work is to analyze the effectiveness of multi-view semi-supervised learning in text classification using unigrams and bigrams as two distinct descriptions of text documents. To this end, we initially consider the widely adopted CO-TRAINING multi-view algorithm and propose some modifications to it in order to deal with the problem of contention points. We also propose the COAL algorithm, which further improves CO-TRAINING by incorporating active learning as a way of dealing with contention points. A thorough experimental evaluation of these algorithms was conducted on real text data sets. The results show that the COAL algorithm, using unigrams as one description of text documents and bigrams as another description, achieves significantly better performance than a single-view semi-supervised algorithm. Taking into account the good results obtained by COAL, we conclude that the use of unigrams and bigrams as two distinct descriptions of text documents can be very effective
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Books on the topic "CIA machinery"

1

Zhuan li fu shen he wu xiao shen cha jue ding xuan bian (2005): Cai liao. Beijing Shi: Zhi shi chan quan chu ban she, 2009.

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Castro's secrets: The CIA and Cuba's intelligence machine. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Zhongguo pao mei ji cai mei ji shu. Beijing: Mei tan gong ye chu ban she, 2000.

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Europäische Gemeinschaften. CIM Europe Commission. Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Einsatz in der mittelständischen Wirtschaft Fachtagung, Saarbrücken, 24.-25. Februar 1988. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988.

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Dian ji yu tuo dong: Electric machinery and electric drives. Beijing: Qing hua da xue chu ban she, 2006.

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Shui ji mo shi yu kang mo shi shui ji cai liao. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo shui li shui dian chu ban she, 2008.

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Norbert, Lang. Charles E.L. Brown 1863-1924, Walter Boveri 1865-1924: Gründer eines Weltunternehmens. Meilen: Verein für Wirtschaftshistorische Studien Meilen, 1992.

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Che jian guan li: Che jian zhu ren pei xun jiao cai. Beijing: Ji xie gong ye chu ban she, 1986.

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Zhonghua min guo dui wai mao yi fa zhan xie hui. Chan pin tui guang chu., ed. Faguo gong ju ji shi chang diao cha bao gao. Taibei Shi: Zhonghua min guo dui wai mao yi fa zhan xie hui zi liao gong ying chu, 1985.

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Dampfturbinenkonstruktion bei der Brown Boveri AG & Cie nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "CIA machinery"

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Mackay, D. M. "Machines and Societies." In Ciba Foundation Symposium - Man and His Future, 132–67. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470715291.ch10.

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Viinikanoja, Jaakko, Arto Klami, and Samuel Kaski. "Variational Bayesian Mixture of Robust CCA Models." In Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 370–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15939-8_24.

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Buongiorno, Federica. "Reduction in Computer Music." In The Case for Reduction, 175–90. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-25_09.

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In the age of pervasive computing the way our body interacts with reality needs to be reconceptualized. The reduction of embodiment is a problem for computer music since this music relies heavily on different layers of (digital) technology and mediation in order to be produced and performed. The article shows that such a mediation should not be conceived of as an obstacle but rather as a constitutive element of a permanent, complex negotiation between the artist, the machinery, and the audience, aimed at shaping a different temporality for musical language (as the Italian artist Caterina Barbieri develops).
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Travers, Andrew. "The Subversion of the Bacterial Transcription Machinery During Phage Infection." In Ciba Foundation Symposium - Strategy of the Viral Genome, 155–68. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719824.ch9.

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Revel, Michel, Yoram Groner, Yaakov Pollack, Ruth Scheps, and Hanna Berissi. "Protein Synthesis Machinery and the Regulation of Messenger RNA Translation." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 7 - Polymerization in Biological Systems, 69–85. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719909.ch5.

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Nikhil, Rishiyur S. "Cid: A parallel, “shared-memory” C for distributed-memory machines." In Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing, 376–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0025891.

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Wilkie, D. R. "Muscle as a Thermodynarnic Machine." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 31 - Energy Transformation in Biological Systems, 327–39. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470720134.ch17.

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He, Zhibin, Shu Zhang, Songyao Zhang, Yin Zhang, Xintao Hu, Xi Jiang, Lei Guo, Tianming Liu, Lei Du, and Tuo Zhang. "Interwound Structural and Functional Difference Between Preterm and Term Infant Brains Revealed by Multi-view CCA." In Machine Learning in Medical Imaging, 465–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59861-7_47.

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Alberi, Tom, William A. Gilbert, Dagmar Ringe Ponzi, and Gregory A. Petsko. "The Role of Mobility in the Substrate Binding and Catalytic Machinery of Enzymes." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 93 - Mobility and Function in Proteins and Nucleic Acids, 4–24. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470720752.ch2.

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Krzysztoń, Mateusz, Marcin Lew, and Michał Marks. "NAD: Machine Learning Based Component for Unknown Attack Detection in Network Traffic." In Cybersecurity of Digital Service Chains, 83–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04036-8_4.

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AbstractDetection of unknown attacks is challenging due to the lack of exemplary attack vectors. However, previously unknown attacks are a significant danger for systems due to a lack of tools for protecting systems against them, especially in fast-evolving Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The most widely used approach for malicious behaviour of the monitored system is detecting anomalies. The vicious behaviour might result from an attack (both known and unknown) or accidental breakdown. We present a Net Anomaly Detector (NAD) system that uses one-class classification Machine Learning techniques to detect anomalies in the network traffic. The highly modular architecture allows the system to be expanded with adapters for various types of networks. We propose and discuss multiple approaches for increasing detection quality and easing the component deployment in unknown networks by known attacks emulation, exhaustive feature extraction, hyperparameter tuning, detection threshold adaptation and ensemble models strategies. Furthermore, we present both centralized and decentralized deployment schemes and present preliminary results of experiments for the TCP/IP network traffic conducted on the CIC-IDS2017 dataset.
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Conference papers on the topic "CIA machinery"

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Kiritsis, Dimitris, and Paul Xirouchakis. "Deviplan: A Bid Preparation System for Mechanical SMEs." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/cie-14640.

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Abstract The problem under consideration is the cost estimation and consequent bid preparation for machined parts subcontracted to mechanical small and medium enterprises (SME). This activity, i.e. cost estimation and corresponding bid preparation, becomes more and more important due to the increasing and globalized competition in this market. There is, therefore, a clear need for precise and accurate cost estimation of machined parts in order for a small company to justify its prices. The proposed prototype software system is based (i) on a manufacturing feature based product description of the part to be machined and (ii) on a non-linear model of its process plan using Petri nets, taking into consideration processing alternatives and precedence constraints, which allows a heuristic based best search of the process plan and, consequently, the corresponding machining time and cost. Product description is done interactively through user friendly interfaces and the corresponding process planning model is constructed automatically in the form of a Petri net. Machine tools and their characteristics are selected from a customized database. Tools and machining parameters are selected through a link with the tool management software TOOL Light©. Minimum time or cost process plans and corresponding bids are reported using the Petri net model of the machined part under consideration and using machining heuristics. The type of parts that are considered in our application are rotational or prismatic parts that are used as components in complex machines like machine tools or automatic assembly machines.
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Hegelmann, Rainer. "Nahbereichs-photogrammetrie im CAI-verbund." In Close-Range Photogrammetry Meets Machine Vision. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2294287.

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Alam, Md Ashad, and Kenji Fukumizu. "Higher-Order Regularized Kernel CCA." In 2013 12th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmla.2013.76.

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Ridley, G. K. "Pole proximity effect on EL CID results." In Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19971096.

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Ridley, G. K. "Electromagnetic field effects on El CID tests." In Seventh International Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950860.

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Sigg, Christian, Bernd Fischer, Bjorn Ommer, Volker Roth, and Joachim Buhmann. "Nonnegative CCA for Audiovisual Source Separation." In 2007 IEEE Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsp.2007.4414315.

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Yi, Xianzhong. "Tool Path Planning Algorithm of Normal Curvature Approach Milling Model for Freeform Surfaces." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/cie-21297.

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Abstract The normal curvature approach model is a new milling method of machining complex freeform surfaces presented in this paper based on 5-axis CNC machines. For this milling model, its key is to optimize the CL-data of whirlwind milling tool so that the symmetric rotational surface, which is generated while the whirlwind milling tool rotates, can closely approach to the surface being machined. Then, this method evidently raises the material removal rate at the point of contact and efficiently improves the machining productivity. In the paper, a new-typed whirlwind milling tool with standard-sized circular cutters is introduced, and a special 5-axis CNC horizontal bed-typed milling machine is used in manufacturing the freeform surfaces. The tool path generation algorithm about normal curvature approach milling method and its typical examples are analyzed in detail.
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Tian, Xian-Zhi. "Research on CAI English Organizational Instructional Strategy." In 2007 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2007.4370880.

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Tripathi, Abhishek, Arto Klami, and Sami Virpioja. "Bilingual sentence matching using Kernel CCA." In 2010 IEEE International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsp.2010.5589249.

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Kim, Daehyon, Gwang-Jun Kim, and Se-Jung Lim. "Effects of image size reduction and gray level compression in Support Vector Machines." In CIA 2015. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.95.09.

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Reports on the topic "CIA machinery"

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Kawano, Toshihiko, Marc Dupuis, and Amy Elizabeth Lovell. Summary report on CEA/DAM - CEA/DEN - LANL - IAEA - IPHC Collaboration Meeting on Nuclear Data, Nuclear Reaction Theories, and Machine Learning. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1602734.

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Duersch, Jed, Thomas Catanach, and Ming Gu. CIS-LDRD Project 218313 Final Technical Report. Parsimonious Inference Information-Theoretic Foundations for a Complete Theory of Machine Learning. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1668936.

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Barash, Itamar, and Robert E. Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms that Govern Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586474.bard.

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Original objectives: The long term objective of the project is to achieve higher content of protein in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational machinery in the mammary gland. The first specific aim of the BARD proposal was to characterize responsiveness of various experimental systems to combination of lactogenic hormones and amino acids with particular emphasis on discrimination between the control of total protein synthesis and milk protein synthesis. Based on the results, we planned to proceed by characterizing the stage of protein synthesis in which the stimulation by lactogenic hormones and amino acid occur and finally we proposed to identify which components of the translation machinery are modified. Background to the topic: Milk protein is the most valuable component in milk, both for direct human consumption and for manufacturing cheese and other protein-based products. Attempts to augment protein content by the traditional methods of genetic selection and improved nutritional regimes have failed. The proposal was based on recent results suggesting that the limiting factor for augmenting protein synthesis in the bovine mammary gland is the efficiency of converting amino acids to milk proteins. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Insulin and prolactin synergistically stimulate â-casein mRNA translation by cytoplasmatic polyadenylation. The interaction between insulin and prolactin was demonstrated two decades ago as crucial for milk-protein synthesis, but the molecular mechanisms involved were not elucidated. We found in differentiated CID 9 mouse mammary epithelial cells line that insulin and prolactin synergistically increases the rate of milk protein mRNA translation. We focused on â-casein, the major milk protein, and found that the increase in â-casein mRNA translation was reflected in a shift to larger polysomes, indicating an effect on translational initiation. Inhibitors of the PI3K, mTOR, and MAPK pathways blocked insulin-stimulated total protein and â-casein synthesis but not the synergistic stimulation. Conversely, cordycepin, a polyadenylation inhibitor, abolished synergistic stimulation of protein synthesis without affecting insulin-stimulated translation. The poly(A) tract of â-casein mRNA progressively increased over 30 min of treatment with insulin plus prolactin. The 3’-untranslated region of â-casein mRNA was found to contain a cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), and in reporter constructs, this was sufficient for the translational enhancement and mRNA-specific polyadenylation. Furthermore, insulin and prolactin stimulated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) but did not increase cytoplasmic polyadenylation.
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Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.

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Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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