Journal articles: 'Chytri'

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Rohrlack, Thomas, Guntram Christiansen, and Rainer Kurmayer. "Putative Antiparasite Defensive System Involving Ribosomal and Nonribosomal Oligopeptides in Cyanobacteria of the Genus Planktothrix." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 8 (February 8, 2013): 2642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03499-12.

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ABSTRACTParasitic chytrid fungi can inflict significant mortality on cyanobacteria but frequently fail to keep cyanobacterial dominance and bloom formation in check. Our study tested whether oligopeptide production, a common feature in many cyanobacteria, can be a defensive mechanism against chytrid parasitism. The study employed the cyanobacterial strainPlanktothrixNIVA-CYA126/8 and its mutants with knockout mutations for microcystins, anabaenopeptins, and microviridins, major oligopeptide classes to be found in NIVA-CYA126/8. Four chytrid strains were used as parasite models. They are obligate parasites ofPlanktothrixand are unable to exploit alternative food sources. All chytrid strains were less virulent to the NIVA-CYA126/8 wild type than to at least one of its oligopeptide knockout mutants. One chytrid strain even failed to infect the wild type, while exhibiting considerable virulence to all mutants. It is therefore evident that producing microcystins, microviridins, and/or anabaenopeptins can reduce the virulence of chytrids toPlanktothrix, thereby increasing the host's chance of survival. Microcystins and anabaenopeptins are nonribosomal oligopeptides, while microviridins are produced ribosomally, suggesting thatPlanktothrixresists chytrids by relying on metabolites that are produced via distinct biosynthetic pathways. Chytrids, on the other hand, can adapt to the oligopeptides produced byPlanktothrixin different ways. This setting most likely results in an evolutionary arms race, which would probably lead toPlanktothrixand chytrid population structures that closely resemble those actually found in nature. In summary, the findings of the present study suggest oligopeptide production inPlanktothrixto be part of a defensive mechanism against chytrid parasitism.

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Roberts, Cordelia, Ro Allen, Kimberley E. Bird, and Michael Cunliffe. "Chytrid fungi shape bacterial communities on model particulate organic matter." Biology Letters 16, no. 9 (September 2020): 20200368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0368.

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Microbial colonization and degradation of particulate organic matter (POM) are important processes that influence the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. Although POM is readily used by aquatic fungi and bacteria, there is a limited understanding of POM-associated interactions between these taxa, particularly for early-diverging fungal lineages. Using a model ecological system with the chitin-degrading freshwater chytrid fungus Rhizoclosmatium globosum and chitin microbeads, we assessed the impacts of chytrid fungi on POM-associated bacteria. We show that the presence of chytrids on POM alters concomitant bacterial community diversity and structure, including differing responses between chytrid life stages. We propose that chytrids can act as ecosystem facilitators through saprotrophic feeding by producing ‘public goods’ from POM degradation that modify bacterial POM communities. This study suggests that chytrid fungi have complex ecological roles in aquatic POM degradation not previously considered, including the regulation of bacterial colonization, community succession and subsequent biogeochemical potential.

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Gerphagnon, Mélanie, Delphine Latour, Jonathan Colombet, and Télesphore Sime-Ngando. "A Double Staining Method Using SYTOX Green and Calcofluor White for Studying Fungal Parasites of Phytoplankton." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 13 (April 19, 2013): 3943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00696-13.

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ABSTRACTWe propose a double staining method based on the combination of two fluorochromes, calcofluor white (CFW; specific chitinous fluorochrome) and SYTOX green (nucleic acid stain), coupled to epifluorescence microscopy for counting, identifying, and investigating the fecundity of parasitic fungi of phytoplankton and the putative relationships established between hosts and their chytrid parasites. The method was applied to freshwater samples collected over two successive years during the terminal period of autumnal cyanobacterial blooms in a eutrophic lake. The study focused on the uncultured host-parasite coupleAnabaena macrospora(cyanobacterium) andRhizosiphon akinetum(Chytridiomycota). Our results showed that up to 36.6% of cyanobacterial akinetes could be parasitized by fungi. Simultaneously, we directly investigated the zoosporic content inside the sporangia and found that both the host size and intensity of infection conditioned the final size and hence fecundity of the chytrids. We found that relationships linking host size, final parasite size, and chytrid fecundity were conserved from year to year and seemed to be host-chytrid couple specific. We concluded that our double staining method was a valid procedure for improving our knowledge of uncultured freshwater phytoplankton-chytrid couples and so of the quantitative ecology of chytrids in freshwater ecosystems.

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James, Timothy Y., David Porter, Celeste A. Leander, Rytas Vilgalys, and Joyce E. Longcore. "Molecular phylogenetics of the Chytridiomycota supports the utility of ultrastructural data in chytrid systematics." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 3 (April 20, 2000): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-009.

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The chytrids (Chytridiomycota) are morphologically simple aquatic fungi that are unified by their possession of zoospores that typically have a single, posteriorly directed flagellum. This study addresses the systematics of the chytrids by generating a phylogeny of ribosomal DNA sequences coding for the small subunit gene of 54 chytrids, with emphasis on sampling the largest order, the Chytridiales. Selected chytrid sequences were also compared with sequences from Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota to derive an overall fungal phylogeny. These analyses show that the Chytridiomycota is probably not a monophyletic group; the Blastocladiales cluster with the Zygomycota. Analyses did not resolve relationships among chytrid orders, or among clades within the Chytridiales, which suggests that the divergence times of these groups may be ancient. Four clades were well supported within the Chytridiales, and each of these clades was coincident with a group previously identified by possession of a common subtype of zoospore ultrastructure. In contrast, the analyses revealed homoplasy in several developmental and zoosporangial characters.Key words: zoospore ultrastructure, Chytridiales, molecular phylogeny, Chytridiomycota, operculum.

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Letcher, Peter M., Peter A. McGee, and Martha J. Powell. "Distribution and diversity of zoosporic fungi from soils of four vegetation types in New South Wales, Australia." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-109.

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Chytrids are common microfungi in soils, but their distribution and diversity in Australian soils is poorly described. In this study we analyzed chytrid distribution and diversity in soils from four collection sites representing a subtropical rain forest, wet sclerophyll forest, dry sclerophyll forest, and open heath, using a defined and reproducible sampling protocol. The greatest number of chytrid species was observed from dry sclerophyll forest soils, while the least number of species occurred in the open heath soils, although each soil sample of the open heath harbored more species per sample. Differences in patterns of distribution of chytrid species were statistically significant between subtropical rain forest and open heath. Patterns in other habitats differed but could not be verified statistically to be significant at the 5% level. Observed differences in chytrid distribution, diversity, and freqency indicate that their ecological strategies may be in response to environmental cues such as specific edaphic conditions and substrate availability, and their capacity to respond to the environment.Key words: Chytridiomycota, frequency, habitat, sampling.

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P Symonds, Emma. "Amphibian disease and declines: Chytridiomycosis." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 2 (2005): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05085.

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Chytridiomycosis is caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a unique fungal organism of the phylum Chytridiomycota, a large group of ubiquitous fungi better known as silent digesters of organic waste or as parasites of nematodes and unicellular organisms such as pollen or algae. Chytr is the Greek root for earthen pot, Batracho ? frog and dendrobates the genus of frogs from which it was first formally described in 1999. When viewed with a scanning electron microscope it is easy to understand the origins of the name chytrid given to this group of fungi.

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Laundon, Davis, Nathan Chrismas, Glen Wheeler, and Michael Cunliffe. "Chytrid rhizoid morphogenesis resembles hyphal development in multicellular fungi and is adaptive to resource availability." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (June 10, 2020): 20200433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0433.

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Key to the ecological prominence of fungi is their distinctive cell biology, our understanding of which has been principally based on dikaryan hyphal and yeast forms. The early-diverging Chytridiomycota (chytrids) are ecologically important and a significant component of fungal diversity, yet their cell biology remains poorly understood. Unlike dikaryan hyphae, chytrids typically attach to substrates and feed osmotrophically via anucleate rhizoids. The evolution of fungal hyphae appears to have occurred from rhizoid-bearing lineages and it has been hypothesized that a rhizoid-like structure was the precursor to multicellular hyphae. Here, we show in a unicellular chytrid, Rhizoclosmatium globosum , that rhizoid development exhibits striking similarities with dikaryan hyphae and is adaptive to resource availability. Rhizoid morphogenesis exhibits analogous patterns to hyphal growth and is controlled by β-glucan-dependent cell wall synthesis and actin polymerization. Chytrid rhizoids growing from individual cells also demonstrate adaptive morphological plasticity in response to resource availability, developing a searching phenotype when carbon starved and spatial differentiation when interacting with particulate organic matter. We demonstrate that the adaptive cell biology and associated developmental plasticity considered characteristic of hyphal fungi are shared more widely across the Kingdom Fungi and therefore could be conserved from their most recent common ancestor.

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Song, P., R. Yi, S. Tanabe, N. Goto, K. Seto, M. Kagami, and S. Ban. "Temporal variation in community structure of zoosporic fungi in Lake Biwa, Japan." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 87 (June 17, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01970.

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Zoosporic fungi play an important role in aquatic environments, but their diversity, especially that of parasitic fungi of phytoplankton, has still not been fully revealed. We conducted monthly analyses of the community structure of zoosporic fungi at a pelagic site in Lake Biwa, Japan, from May to December 2016. Metabarcoding analysis, targeted to a large subunit region of ribosomal DNA in the nano-size fraction of particles (2-20 µm), was carried out on the samples. We also counted large phytoplankton and chytrid sporangia attached to the hosts. We detected 3 zoosporic fungal phyla (Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota and Cryptomycota) within 107 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), in which Chytridiomycota was the most diverse and abundant phylum. Few fungal OTUs overlapped between months, and specific communities were detected in each month. These results showed that diverse zoosporic fungi with high temporal variability inhabited the lake. Five large phytoplankton species were found to be infected by chytrids: Staurastrum dorsidentiferum, S. rotula, Closterium aciculare, Asterionella formosa and Aulacoseira granulata. Some chytrids were detected by metabarcoding analysis: Zygophlyctis asterionellae infecting A. formosa, Staurastromyces oculus infecting S. dorsidentiferum and Pendulichytrium sphaericum infecting A. granulata. One OTU detected in association with infected C. aciculare by microscopic counting might have been an obligate parasitic chytrid of C. aciculare. The results indicated that a combination of metabarcoding and microscopic analysis revealed more information on zoosporic fungi, including those that are parasitic.

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Longcore, Joyce E. "Zoosporic fungi from Australian and New Zealand tree-canopy detritus." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 3 (2005): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04048.

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The canopy of rainforest trees is an example of a species-rich habitat; however, most of the species known are invertebrates. Zoosporic fungi live in water and soils throughout the world, but have not been reported from the organic detritus of the rainforest canopy. I added water and baits to samples of Australian and New Zealand canopy detritus, and recovered zoosporic fungi representing three major phylogenetic groups, the Chytridiomycota, Oomycota and Hyphochytriomycota. Queensland samples yielded seven chytrid species, a hyphochytrid species and two members of the Saprolegniales. New Zealand samples yielded five chytrids and one member of the Saprolegniales. Most of these fungi were species that have been reported from terrestrial soils or that belong to typically soil-inhabiting groups. Most of the chytrids were isolated into pure cultures and illustrations of their developmental stages are included.

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Kagami, Maiko, Eric von Elert, Bas W. Ibelings, Arnout de Bruin, and Ellen Van Donk. "The parasitic chytrid, Zygorhizidium , facilitates the growth of the cladoceran zooplankter, Daphnia , in cultures of the inedible alga, Asterionella." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1617 (April 17, 2007): 1561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0425.

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In food-web studies, parasites are often ignored owing to their insignificant biomass. We provide evidence that parasites may affect trophic transfer in aquatic food webs. Many phytoplankton species are susceptible to parasitic fungi (chytrids). Chytrid infections of diatoms in lakes may reach epidemic proportions during diatom spring blooms, so that numerous free-swimming fungal zoospores (2–3 μm in diameter) are produced. Analysis shows that these zoospores are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols (particularly cholesterol), which indicates that they provide excellent food for zooplankters such as Daphnia . In life-table experiments using the large diatom Asterionella formosa as food, Daphnia growth increased significantly in treatments where a parasite was present. By grazing on the zoospores, Daphnia acquired important supplementary nutrients and were able to grow. When large inedible algae are infected by parasites, nutrients within the algal cells are consumed by these chytrids, some of which, in turn, are grazed by Daphnia . Thus, chytrids transfer energy and nutrients from their hosts to zooplankton. This study suggests that parasitic fungi alter trophic relationships in freshwater ecosystems and may be the important components in shaping the community and the food-web dynamics of lakes.

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Lips, Karen R. "Overview of chytrid emergence and impacts on amphibians." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1709 (December 5, 2016): 20150465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0465.

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Chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease of amphibians that affects over 700 species on all continents where amphibians occur. The amphibian–chytridiomycosis system is complex, and the response of any amphibian species to chytrid depends on many aspects of the ecology and evolutionary history of the amphibian, the genotype and phenotype of the fungus, and how the biological and physical environment can mediate that interaction. Impacts of chytridiomycosis on amphibians are varied; some species have been driven extinct, populations of others have declined severely, whereas still others have not obviously declined. Understanding patterns and mechanisms of amphibian responses to chytrids is critical for conservation and management. Robust estimates of population numbers are needed to identify species at risk, prioritize taxa for conservation actions, design management strategies for managing populations and species, and to develop effective measures to reduce impacts of chytrids on amphibians. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.

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Pandey, Jitendra, Bimal Khanal, Jhabilal Bhandari, Rishav Bashyal, Asmita Pandey, Asgar Ali Mikrani, Pramod Aryal, and Ravin Bhandari. "Physicochemical Evaluation of Diploknema butyracea Seed Extract and Formulation of Ketoconazole Ointment by Using the Fat as a Base." Journal of Food Quality 2021 (November 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6612135.

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The fat obtained from the ripened seeds of Diploknema butyracea is widely used as a vegetable oil in rural areas of Nepal. This study was aimed for the physicochemical evaluation (acid value, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, ester value, pH, and liquefaction point) of the Diploknema butyracea seed extract (chyuri fat) and the formulation of 2% w/w ketoconazole ointment by using it as a base. All the physicochemical parameters were determined quantitatively by using the method of Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), volume-I. By fusion method, 3 different formulations F-A, F-B, and F-C were prepared, in which different proportions of chyuri fat, polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 600), Tween 80, and propylene glycol were used as an ointment base. Various quality parameters such as spreadability, extrudability, viscosity, smoothness, pH, average fill weight, assay, content uniformity, accelerated stability, and drug release profiles were determined. HPLC was used for the determination of ketoconazole content in the ointment formulations. Physicochemical evaluation of the chyuri fat ensured its suitability for industrial purpose. The active ingredient release profile of formulations F-A (87.71%), F-B (88.89%), and F-C (91.09%) after 5 hours were within acceptable range along with other parameters. Assay of the formulations F-A, F-B, and F-C were reported to be 103.01, 107.9, and 102.45%, respectively. Overall, evaluation of the formulation F-A, prepared by using chyrui fat only, gave satisfactory results and most of the parameters were statistically similar ( p > 0.05 ) to the F-B and F-C formulated by incorporating a certain proportion of synthetic base. Thus it can be concluded that chyuri fat can be the best alternative to replace the expensive synthetic base.

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Rasconi, Serena, Marlène Jobard, Lionel Jouve, and Télesphore Sime-Ngando. "Use of Calcofluor White for Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Phytoplanktonic Fungal Parasites." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 8 (February 20, 2009): 2545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02211-08.

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ABSTRACT We propose a routine protocol based on size fractionation of pelagic samples and the use of the fluorochrome calcofluor white (which binds to β-1,3 and β-1,4 polysaccharides) for diagnosing, identifying, and counting chitinaceous fungal parasites (i.e., the sporangia of chytrids) of phytoplankton. The protocol was applied to freshwater samples collected during different seasons (spring and summer/autumn) in two lakes whose trophic statuses varied. Because few samples were collected (i.e., two dates per site), the findings are considered preliminary and mainly a “proof of concept” rather than a valid comparison of sites versus seasons. The results from the proposed protocol indicate higher diversity of infected host and parasite communities than in previous studies. Chytrid epidemics were omnipresent, infecting diverse phytoplankton host communities, primarily diatoms, chlorophytes, and colonial and filamentous cyanobacteria. The diversity and numerical abundance of sporangia and of hosts, and the prevalence of infection (range, <1 to 24% of total host cells) as well, increased from the oligotrophic Lake Pavin to the eutrophic Lake Aydat, while the temporal changes in parasites were apparently more influenced by the host community composition. We conclude that the proposed protocol offers a valid method for the quantitative ecology of chytrid epidemics in aquatic ecosystems and food web dynamics.

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Maier, Michelle A., and Tawnya D. Peterson. "Enumeration of Parasitic Chytrid Zoospores in the Columbia River via Quantitative PCR." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 13 (April 22, 2016): 3857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00084-16.

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ABSTRACTThrough lethal infection, fungal parasites of phytoplankton (“chytrids”) repackage organic material from the large, effectively inedible, colonial diatoms they infect into much smaller zoospores, which are easier for zooplankton to consume. However, their small size and lack of distinguishing morphological features render it difficult to distinguish zoospores from other small flagellates in mixed assemblages in the natural environment. In this study, we developed and tested a method to quantify chytrid zoospores in field studies using quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region within the rRNA gene cluster. To achieve accurate quantification, the assay was designed to be highly specific for a parasite (Rhizophydium planktonicum) of the diatomAsterionella formosa; however, the approach is applicable to additional host-parasite systems. Parasitic zoospores were detected and quantified in the freshwater reaches of the lower Columbia River, as well as in the salt-influenced estuary and river plume. The coincidence between zoospore abundances and a prevalence of small zooplankton during blooms of large, colonial diatoms in the spring suggests that Columbia River zooplankton may be poised to benefit nutritionally from chytrid zoospores, thus providing a mechanism to retain organic carbon within the system and reduce losses to downstream export. We estimate that ∼15% of the carbon biomass tied up in blooms of the dominant diatom species is transformed into zoospores through the parasitic shunt during spring.IMPORTANCEThe small size of the parasitic fungi that infect phytoplankton makes it difficult to identify and quantify them in natural systems. We developed and tested a method to quantify these organisms (chytrid zoospores) using a molecular technique that targets the internal transcribed spacer region within the rRNA gene cluster. Using this method, we quantified the abundance of the motile stage of a specific parasite in the freshwater and saltwater-influenced regions of the Columbia River in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Parasitic chytrid zoospores were found to be present throughout the year and at higher abundances during the spring, when phytoplankton blooms occur. The presence of these organisms indicates not only that they may be responsible for the death of host phytoplankton cells but that they may also provide a readily available food source to small consumers (zooplankton) in the food web of the Columbia River.

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Maier, Michelle A., Kimiko Uchii, Tawnya D. Peterson, and Maiko Kagami. "Evaluation of Daphnid Grazing on Microscopic Zoosporic Fungi by Using Comparative Threshold Cycle Quantitative PCR." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 13 (April 22, 2016): 3868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00087-16.

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ABSTRACTLethal parasitism of large phytoplankton by chytrids (microscopic zoosporic fungi) may play an important role in organic matter and nutrient cycling in aquatic environments by shunting carbon away from hosts and into much smaller zoospores, which are more readily consumed by zooplankton. This pathway provides a mechanism to more efficiently retain carbon within food webs and reduce export losses. However, challenges in accurate identification and quantification of chytrids have prevented a robust assessment of the relative importance of parasitism for carbon and energy flows within aquatic systems. The use of molecular techniques has greatly advanced our ability to detect small, nondescript microorganisms in aquatic environments in recent years, including chytrids. We used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify the consumption of zoospores byDaphniain laboratory experiments using a culture-based comparative threshold cycle (CT) method. We successfully quantified the reduction of zoospores in water samples duringDaphniagrazing and confirmed the presence of chytrid DNA inside the daphnid gut. We demonstrate that comparativeCTqPCR is a robust and effective method to quantify zoospores and evaluate zoospore grazing by zooplankton and will aid in better understanding how chytrids contribute to organic matter cycling and trophic energy transfer within food webs.IMPORTANCEThe study of aquatic fungi is often complicated by the fact that they possess complex life cycles that include a variety of morphological forms. Studies that rely on morphological characteristics to quantify the abundances of all stages of the fungal life cycle face the challenge of correctly identifying and enumerating the nondescript zoospores. These zoospores, however, provide an important trophic link between large colonial phytoplankton and zooplankton: that is, once the carbon is liberated from phytoplankton into the parasitic zoospores, the latter are consumed by zooplankton and carbon is retained in the aquatic food web rather than exported from the system. This study provides a tool to quantify zoospores and evaluate the consumption of zoospores by zooplankton in order to further our understanding of their role in food web dynamics.

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Hanrahan-Tan, Deirdre G., Linda Henderson, Michael A. Kertesz, and Osu Lilje. "The Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Colony Growth and Zoospore Characteristics of Soil Chytridiomycota." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8040341.

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The Chytridiomycota phylum contributes to nutrient cycling and the flow of energy between trophic levels in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems yet remains poorly described or absent from publications discussing fungal communities in these environments. This study contributes to the understanding of three species of soil chytrids in vitro—Gaertneriomyces semiglobifer, Spizellomyces sp. and Rhizophlyctis rosea—in the presence of elevated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and with different sources of nitrogen. Colony growth was measured after 4 weeks as dry weight and total protein. To determine the impacts on zoospore reproduction, motility, lipid content, and attachment to organic substrates, 4- and 8-week incubation times were investigated. Whilst all isolates were able to assimilate ammonium as a sole source of nitrogen, nitrate was less preferred or even unsuitable as a nutrient source for G. semiglobifer and R. rosea, respectively. Increasing phosphate concentrations led to diverse responses between isolates. Zoospore production was also variable between isolates, and the parameters for zoospore motility appeared only to be influenced by the phosphate concentration for Spizellomyces sp. and R. rosea. Attachment rates increased for G. semiglobifer in the absence of an inorganic nitrogen source. These findings highlight variability between the adaptive responses utilised by chytrids to persist in a range of environments and provide new techniques to study soil chytrid biomass and zoospore motility by total protein quantification and fluorescent imaging respectively.

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Sønstebø, Jørn Henrik, and Thomas Rohrlack. "Possible Implications of Chytrid Parasitism for Population Subdivision in Freshwater Cyanobacteria of the GenusPlanktothrix." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 4 (December 17, 2010): 1344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02153-10.

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ABSTRACTPopulations of the cyanobacteriumPlanktothrixcomprise multiple coexisting oligopeptide chemotypes that can behave differently in nature. We tested whether this population subdivision can, in principle, be driven by parasitic chytrid fungi, which are almost neglected agents ofPlanktothrixmortality. Two chytrid strains, Chy-Lys2009 and Chy-Kol2008, were isolated fromPlanktothrix-dominated lakes in Norway. The two strains shared 98.2% and 86.2% of their 28S and internal transcribe spacer rRNA gene sequences, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis placed them in the order Rhizophydiales family Angulomycetaceae. Chy-Lys2009 and Chy-Kol2008 could completely lysePlanktothrixcultures within days, while they failed to infect other filamentous cyanobacteria. The effect onPlanktothrixwas chemotype dependent, and both chytrid strains showed distinct chemotype preferences. These findings identify chytrid fungi infectingPlanktothrixas highly potent and specialized parasites which may exert strong selective pressure on their hosts. According to established hypotheses on host-parasite coevolution, parasitism with the above properties may result in subdivision ofPlanktothrixpopulations into coexisting chemotypes and periodic shifts in the relativePlanktothrixchemotype composition. These predictions are in agreement with field observations. Moreover, a genetic analysis verified the co-occurrence of Chy-Lys2009 and Chy-Kol2008 or related chytrid strains along with distinctPlanktothrixchemotypes in at least one water body. Our findings are consistent with a scenario where chytrid parasitism is one driving force ofPlanktothrixpopulation subdivision, which in turn leads to polymorphism in parasitic chytrid fungi. Future studies should test the validity of this scenario under field conditions.

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Sánchez Barranco, Virginia, Marcel T. J. Van der Meer, Maiko Kagami, Silke Van den Wyngaert, Dedmer B. Van de Waal, Ellen Van Donk, and Alena S. Gsell. "Trophic position, elemental ratios and nitrogen transfer in a planktonic host–parasite–consumer food chain including a fungal parasite." Oecologia 194, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04721-w.

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AbstractParasitism is arguably the most commonly occurring consumer strategy. However, only a few food web studies assess how well stable isotopes reflect the trophic position of parasitic consumers and results are variable. Even fewer studies have measured the nutrient transfer by parasitic consumers, hindering an assessment of their role in nutrient transfer through food webs. Here we used a food chain consisting of a diatom as host, a chytrid as its parasitic consumer and a rotifer as the predatory consumer of the chytrid, to assess the trophic position of all three food-chain components using their natural 13C and 15N isotope signatures, and to measure the nitrogen transfer from the host via the chytrid to the rotifer by tracing 15N of a labelled host up the food chain. Additionally, we measured the carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios of all food-chain components. Natural isotope abundance results showed no clear 15N enrichment in the chytrid or rotifer relative to the primary producer. However, estimates of nitrogen transfer indicated that about 14% of host nitrogen was transferred per day from host to chytrid during infection epidemics and that some of this nitrogen was also transferred onward to the rotifer. Moreover, C:N ratios decreased with trophic level, suggesting that the chytrid provided a high-quality food source to the rotifer. In conclusion, our results support the “mycoloop”. The mycooloop proposes that chytrid infections allow the transfer of nutrients bound in large, inedible phytoplankton to zooplankton through the production of edible transmission spores, thereby rerouting nutrients back into the food web.

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Medina, Edgar M., and Nicolas E. Buchler. "Chytrid fungi." Current Biology 30, no. 10 (May 2020): R516—R520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.076.

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Page, Kathleen A., and Meghan K. Flannery. "Chytrid Fungi Associated with Pollen Decomposition in Crater Lake, Oregon." Fine Focus 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/ff.4.1.83-100.

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We identified chytrid fungi that were attached to pine pollen on the surface of Crater Lake. Fungi were identified by large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene sequencing of lake pollen extracts and by isolation of a chytrid fungus that was present on the pollen. LSU rRNA PCR products were cloned, sequenced and identified. The majority of eukaryotic LSU rRNA sequences associated with pollen were found to be members of the chytrid order Rhizophyidiales. A fungal isolate was characterized culturally, morphologically, and by DNA sequencing and was identified as a member of the genus Paranamyces, in the order Rhizophydiales. In addition, protist LSU rRNA sequences from the phylum Ciliophora were found. The concentrations of dissolved organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphate in surface water that had visible pollen rafts increased according to the concentration of pollen in the water. Each of these nutrients was detected at several fold higher levels in water with pollen rafts as compared to surface water lacking pollen rafts. These results provide evidence for the role of chytrid fungi in nutrient release from pollen deposited on Crater Lake.

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Rahman, Md Mokhlesur. "Chytrid infection in Asia: How much do we know and what else do we need to know?" Herpetological Journal, Volume 30, Number 2 (April 1, 2020): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj30.2.99111.

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We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the knowledge base for amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection in the continent of Asia. Despite an indication of geographic bias in terms of studying chytrid fungus distribution in Asia, 167 amphibian species (145 spp. native to Asia) from 16 countries have been reported as infected with Bd. Our meta-analysis shows that overall prevalence is 8.19 % (out of 28,433 samples), and Bd-positive rate in amphibia significantly varies among sampling sources (χ2= 380.57, DF= 6, P< 0.001) and age categories (χ2= 22.09, DF= 2, P< 0.001). We used Kernel Density analysis to produce a hotspot map for chytrid infection, and Digital Elevation Model to understand the distribution of chytrid positive locations across different elevations. In our meta-analysis, most of the Bd-positive sites range between 4.45–27.49 °C, 167–4,353 mm rainfall, 10–40°N, and at lower elevations (<500 m). Using land cover analysis, we did not find a statistically significant difference among six different land cover categories in relation to the prevalence of Bd across Asia. Although no mass die-off events have been reported so far, Maximum Entropy modelling shows that Bd distribution and infection may potentially occur across a vast region of south-east Asia. In conclusion, we call for more systematic research and monitoring strategies in place for countries with little to no information, but have a moderately higher risk of chytrid distribution and infection.

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Li, Jinliang, and I. Brent Heath. "The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiomycota. I. Cladistic analysis of rRNA sequences." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-215.

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To clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the Chytridiomycota and the anaerobic fungi from the rumen and caecum of herbivorous animals, we analyzed the partial 18S rRNA sequences from 28 species ranging from protists to mammals and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and its adjacent sequences from four gut fungi and one chytrid by using three algorithms from the Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP). To get the confidence limits for each branch, we applied bootstrapping for each algorithm. Our analysis on partial 18S rRNA sequences shows that the Chytridiomycota are clustered with other fungi with 98, 76, and 30% confidences in the Fitch–Margoliash, neighbour-joining, and maximum parsimony algorithms. None of these three algorithms place any of 17 protists from 12 phyla with the fungi, including the chytrids. The same analysis also shows that the Spizellomycetales and Chytridiales cluster with the gut fungi but does not identify which order is closest to them. These results suggest that the Chytridiomycota, including the gut fungi, are indeed fungi but the gut fungi might not belong to the Spizellomycetales. The phylogenetic trees generated by the above three algorithms, plus the maximum likelihood algorithm, based on ITS1 and its adjacent regions show that Anaeromyces is more distant from Orpinomyces, Neocallimastix, and Piromyces. However, they failed to determine the relationships among the last three genera. Key words: Chytridiomycota, gut fungi, rumen fungi, phylogeny, rRNA sequences.

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Procter, Andrew C., J. Christopher Ellis, Philip A. Fay, H. Wayne Polley, and Robert B. Jackson. "Fungal Community Responses to Past and Future Atmospheric CO2Differ by Soil Type." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 23 (September 19, 2014): 7364–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02083-14.

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ABSTRACTSoils sequester and release substantial atmospheric carbon, but the contribution of fungal communities to soil carbon balance under rising CO2is not well understood. Soil properties likely mediate these fungal responses but are rarely explored in CO2experiments. We studied soil fungal communities in a grassland ecosystem exposed to a preindustrial-to-future CO2gradient (250 to 500 ppm) in a black clay soil and a sandy loam soil. Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing of the rRNA gene cluster revealed that fungal community composition and its response to CO2differed significantly between soils. Fungal species richness and relative abundance of Chytridiomycota (chytrids) increased linearly with CO2in the black clay (P< 0.04,R2> 0.7), whereas the relative abundance of Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) increased linearly with elevated CO2in the sandy loam (P= 0.02,R2= 0.63). Across both soils, decomposition rate was positively correlated with chytrid relative abundance (r= 0.57) and, in the black clay soil, fungal species richness. Decomposition rate was more strongly correlated with microbial biomass (r= 0.88) than with fungal variables. Increased labile carbon availability with elevated CO2may explain the greater fungal species richness and Chytridiomycota abundance in the black clay soil, whereas increased phosphorus limitation may explain the increase in Glomeromycota at elevated CO2in the sandy loam. Our results demonstrate that soil type plays a key role in soil fungal responses to rising atmospheric CO2.

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Meirinho, Patrícia do Amaral, Paula Yuri Nishimura, Carmen Lidia Amorim Pires-Zottarelli, Viviane Mochini-Carlos, and Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo. "Olpidium gregarium, a chytrid fungus affecting rotifers populations in Rio Grande Reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil." Biota Neotropica 13, no. 1 (March 2013): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032013000100036.

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A chytrid fungus Olpidium gregarium was found in Rio Grande Reservoir as rotifers populations' parasite. Along the reservoir central axis, the rotifers density decreased in the dam direction, while the density of affected rotifers by the chytrid fungus increased in the same direction. Moreover, some rotifers species were more affected than others, thus showing certain preference for some rotifers species. Thereby, this parasite may be interfering in the distribution of rotifers population in Rio Grande Reservoir. This is the first report of this species for Brazil.

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UNE, Yumi. "Chytrid Fungus in Japan." Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology 17, no. 2 (2013): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2743/jve.17.138.

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Nour-El-Deen, Samar. "Rostellopsid (chytrid) galls onFissidensrhizoids." Journal of Bryology 33, no. 1 (March 2011): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743282010y.0000000009.

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Garner, Trenton W. J., Susan Walker, Jaime Bosch, Alex D. Hyatt, Andrew A. Cunningham, and Matthew C. Fisher. "Chytrid Fungus in Europe." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 10 (October 2005): 1639–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1110.050109.

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AZMANIS, P. N., I. STRACHINIS, P. LYMBERAKIS, and R. E. MARSCHANG. "First detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytridium dendrobatidis) in free- living anuran populations in Greece." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 67, no. 4 (January 29, 2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15647.

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The amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) is a widespread, cosmopolitan pathogen largely affecting free-living amphibian populations. So far there are no published studies for the presence of B. dendrobatidis in Greece. In this preliminary study we sampled 59 metamorphosed anurans from four Greek wetlands. Five samples were positive for the fungus by real-time PCR. B. dendrobatidis was detected in three species (Bufo viridis, Pelophylax epeiroticus, Pelophylax ridibundus) but not in endangered endemic Karpathos water frogs (Pelophylax cerigensis). This is the first report of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in free-living anuran populations from Greece.

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Batko, A., and S. K. Hassan. "A heliozoan devouring motile chytrid zoospores." Acta Mycologica 23, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1987.004.

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Wallace, Zach, and Lusha M. Tronstad. "Factors influencing amphibian distributions in Grand Teton National Park and western Wyoming." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 41 (December 15, 2018): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2018.5663.

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Predicting the distribution of amphibians can be difficult because habitat suitability may depend on a variety of environmental and anthropogenic factors, including water quality of wetlands, geology of watersheds, and presence of invasive pathogens. Previous studies hypothesized that water chemistry may influence the rate of chytrid infection in amphibians where higher conductivity sites may have less infection. We sampled two watersheds in Grand Teton National Park and 3 watersheds adjacent to the park, and measured amphibian presence, chytrid infection, basic water quality, major ion concentrations and geology of the wetland. This is part of a larger project where we are comparing amphibian presence and infection rate among wetlands in the Gros Ventre, Wind River, and Teton Ranges. We sampled watersheds that were predominately limestone, granite or a mixture. Water quality varied among sites with higher conductivity and ion concentrations for limestone watersheds compared to granite watersheds. This report includes preliminary results of amphibian surveys and water quality analyses. Future analyses will relate occupancy rates of amphibians to environmental factors, including water chemistry, geology, and presence of chytrid fungus, as well as comparing detection rates of amphibians with environmental DNA (eDNA) and visual observation surveys. Featured photo by Neal Herbert on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/2gv9PJA

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Tao, Yile, Justyna Wolinska, Franz Hölker, and Ramsy Agha. "Light intensity and spectral distribution affect chytrid infection of cyanobacteria via modulation of host fitness." Parasitology 147, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 1206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000931.

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AbstractLight gradients are an inherent feature in aquatic ecosystems and play a key role in shaping the biology of phytoplankton. Parasitism by chytrid fungi is gaining increasing attention as a major control agent of phytoplankton due to its previously overlooked ubiquity, and profound ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite this interest, if and how light conditions modulate phytoplankton chytridiomycosis remains poorly studied. We investigated life-history traits of a chytrid parasite, Rhizophydium megarrhizum, under different light intensities and spectral compositions when infecting two closely related planktonic cyanobacteria with different light-harvesting strategies: Planktothrix rubescens and P. agardhii. In general, parasite transmission was highest under light conditions (both intensity and quality) that maximized growth rates for uninfected cyanobacteria. Chytrid encystment on hosts was significantly affected by light intensity and host strain identity. This likely resulted from higher irradiances stimulating the increased discharge of photosynthetic by-products, which drive parasite chemotaxis, and from strain-specific differences at the cell-surface. Comparisons of parasite transmission and host growth rates under different light conditions suggest the potential for epidemic development at higher irradiances, whereas host and parasite could coexist without epidemic outbreaks at lower light levels. These results illustrate the close relationship between parasite transmission and host fitness, which is ultimately modulated by the external environment.

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Ouellet, Martin, Tony Dejean, and Patrick Galois. "Occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in introduced and native species from two regions of France." Amphibia-Reptilia 33, no. 3-4 (2012): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002845.

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To investigate the occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in France, we examined 575 amphibians collected between 1875 and 2008 for the presence of the infection in the epidermis. We confirmed Bd in seven of the 15 stations investigated in the Aquitaine and Poitou-Charentes regions. Histological examination revealed the presence of the infectious agent associated with mild epidermal changes in 25 of 493 (5.1%) amphibians sampled in 2007-2008. The overall occurrence was 21.9% (21/96) in the introduced American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) and 2.3% (4/172) in the native European water frog complex (Pelophylax sp.). These prevalence data should be viewed as conservative giving the limitation of histology. Morbidity and mortality attributable to chytridiomycosis were not observed in these two species during this period. The introduced African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and all native museum specimens tested negative for chytrid infection. Unlike L. catesbeianus, Pelophylax sp. is broadly distributed at local and regional scales and whether or not this complex could act as a reservoir host in the dissemination of Bd remains to be determined. The presence of the chytrid fungus in amphibian populations from different locations in southwestern France calls for disease surveillance and for precautionary measures to avoid the spread of this emerging disease.

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Hajek, Ann E., Joyce E. Longcore, D. Rabern Simmons, Kenlyn Peters, and Richard A. Humber. "Chytrid mycoparasitism of entomophthoralean azygospores." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 114, no. 3 (November 2013): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2013.10.002.

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34

Papasavvas, Savvas. "Chypre." Annuaire international de justice constitutionnelle 10, no. 1994 (1995): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/aijc.1995.1303.

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35

Papasavvas, Savvas. "Chypre." Annuaire international de justice constitutionnelle 11, no. 1995 (1996): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/aijc.1996.1353.

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Blanc, Pierre. "Chypre." Confluences Méditerranée N°67, no. 4 (2008): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/come.067.0083.

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Bosta, Gabrielle. "Chypre." Confluences Méditerranée N°67, no. 4 (2008): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/come.067.0099.

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38

Krótki, Zuzanna. "Z dziejów polskich przymiotników znaczących ‘chytry’." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 23, no. 2 (December 4, 2016): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2016.23.2.6.

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In the article there were analyzed etymologically and semantically 37 names of adjectives ‘crafty’ in the Old Polish lexicology. The material was gathered from all available lexicographical sources registering the vocabulary to the end of 19th century.It was evidenced that the formal structures investigated adjectives implied pictures such as: the picture of grasping at something, a picture of efficiency and excellence in particular field, the image of vector of change movement, the picture of phatamorgana, deception of something duplicitous, the figure of something hidden. Moreover the gross of analyzed units found its place in noun-derivation group of actions manifesting – cunningness or created in the ‘noun place’ with figurative sense. The implemented analysis depicted the differences between old Polish and the contemporary Polish language demonstrating itself on the par with lexicology and semantics.

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39

Ash, Caroline. "Panzootic chytrid fungus out of Asia." Science 360, no. 6389 (May 10, 2018): 615.12–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.360.6389.615-l.

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Barr, Donald J. S., and Nicole L. Désaulniers. "Precise configuration of the chytrid zoospore." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-126.

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By matching serial sections from the flagellum to the kinetosome in selected species of chytrids (Chytridiales), the kinetosome triplets have been assigned numbers that correspond to the numbers given by general convention to the flagellum doublets. The various organelles in the zoospore are located in nine longitudinal segments that lie proximal to the kinetosome. Each segment is delineated by the cartwheel spokes of the kinetosome; segment 1 lies between subfibers A of triplets 1 and 2. In Rhizophydium chlorogonii Jaczewski, R. granulosporum Scherffel, Chytridium confervae (Wille) Minden, and Chytriomyces hyalinus Karling, the rootlet extends from between kinetosome triplets 1 and 2, but at different angles in each species. In Catenochytridium hemicysti Knox the rootlet extends from the triplet 1, and in Allochytridium luteum Barr & Désaulniers between triplets 9 and 1. In all species the center of the rumposome is located in segments 8, 9, or 1, and the nucleus in segments on the opposite side. The nonfunctional centriole is connected by fibers that extend from kinetosome triplets 6–7 in all species and also from triplets 5 and 8 in some species.

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41

Fisher, Matthew C., and Trenton W. J. Garner. "Chytrid fungi and global amphibian declines." Nature Reviews Microbiology 18, no. 6 (February 25, 2020): 332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0335-x.

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Weldon, Ché, Louis H. du Preez, Alex D. Hyatt, Reinhold Muller, and Rick Speare. "Origin of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 12 (December 2004): 2100–2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1012.030804.

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Davis, William J., Peter M. Letcher, and Martha J. Powell. "Chytrid Diversity of Tuscaloosa County, Alabama." Southeastern Naturalist 12, no. 4 (December 2013): 666–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.012.0407.

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Nirnbergová, Veronika. "[Weeks, Marcus. Filozofie pro chytré hlavy]." Studia philosophica, no. 1 (2022): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sph2022-1-8.

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Briois, François, Isabelle Carrère, Jacques Coularou, Jean Guilaine, and Jean-Denis Vigne. "Shillourokambos (Chypre)." Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 120, no. 2 (1996): 953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bch.1996.7035.

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Guilaine, Jean, François Briois, Jacques Coularou, Jean-Denis Vigne, and Isabelle Carrère. "Shillourokambos (Chypre)." Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 121, no. 2 (1997): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bch.1997.7062.

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Guilaine, Jean, François Briois, Jacques Coularou, Philippe Devèze, Sylvie Philibert, Jean-Denis Vigne, and Isabelle Carrère. "Shillourokambos (Chypre)." Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 122, no. 2 (1998): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bch.1998.7198.

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Guilaine, Jean, François Briois, Isabelle Carrère, Jacques Coularou, E. CRUBEZY, Claire Manen, Thomas Perrin, and Jean-Denis Vigne. "Shillourokambos (Chypre)." Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 123, no. 2 (1999): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bch.1999.7248.

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Powell, Martha J., and Linda Gillette. "Septal Structure of the Chytrid Rhizophlyctis Harderi." Mycologia 79, no. 4 (July 1987): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1987.12025436.

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Joneson, Suzanne, Jason E. Stajich, Shin-Han Shiu, and Erica Bree Rosenblum. "Genomic Transition to Pathogenicity in Chytrid Fungi." PLoS Pathogens 7, no. 11 (November 3, 2011): e1002338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002338.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chytri'

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