Academic literature on the topic 'Church of England'

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Journal articles on the topic "Church of England"

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Smith, Charlotte. "The Church of England and Same-Sex Marriage: Beyond a Rights-Based Analysis." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 21, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x19000048.

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Some scholars, faced with the apparent conflict between the Church of England's teaching on marriage and the idea of equal marriage embraced by the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, have focused on the implications of that Act for the constitutional relationship between Church, State and nation. More frequently, noting the position of the Church of England under that Act, academics have critiqued the legislation as an exercise in balancing competing human rights. This article by contrast, leaving behind a tendency to treat religion as a monolithic ‘other’, and leaving behind the neat binaries of rights-based analyses, interrogates the internal agonies of the Church of England as it has striven to negotiate an institutional response to the secular legalisation of same-sex marriage. It explores the struggles of the Church to do so in a manner which holds in balance a wide array of doctrinal positions and the demands of mission, pastoral care and the continued apostolic identity of the Church of England.
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Beardsley, Christina. "‘On Consulting the Faithful’ in Matters of Human Identity, Sexuality and Gender." Modern Believing 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/mb.2021.4.

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This article considers a perceived gap between Church of England House of Bishops’ statements on human identity, sexuality and gender, and the outlook of many congregations. It does this under five headings suggested by a brief study of St John Henry Newman’s On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine. Topics are the bishops’ teaching responsibilities, how doctrinal consultation works in the Church of England, the tendency to prioritise church unity and the role of formation and of emotion. It concludes that the Church of England’s protracted conversations on sexuality should be resolved in a General Synod debate on equal marriage.
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Rischkowsky, Nikitas Leander. "Kirchliches Establishment in England und Wales." Kirche und Recht 29, no. 1 (2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35998/kur-2023-0007.

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Coleman, Stephen. "The Process of Appointment of Bishops in the Church of England: A Historical and Legal Critique." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 19, no. 2 (May 2017): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x17000072.

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‘The manner of appointment [of bishops] reflects the delicate balance between the established nature of the Church of England and its autonomous self-governance.’ As with most matters of Church of England ecclesiology and polity, the process of the appointment of bishops in the Church of England is firmly rooted within the reforms of the sixteenth century, but has origins which stretch back to the mediaeval Church. This comment article focuses on the appointment of diocesan bishops in the Church of England.
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Butler, James. "Setting God’s pioneers free?" Ecclesial Futures 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54195/ef12149.

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This paper argues that the reason that the Church of England has strug­gled to relate to lay pioneering is because its primary mode of engagement of resourcing and equipping is out of step with the realities of lay pioneering. It argues that despite numerous recommendations to release the laity in mis­sion and ministry, when it happened through grassroots communities which became known as ‘fresh expressions’, the Church of England was unable to recognize it. By exploring both the “organizational story” and the “grassroots story”, this paper demonstrates that the problem is the Church of England’s reflex to view everything through a lens of resourcing and equipping. This lens means all problems are framed as deficit, in this case of the laity, which are remedied through the resources of the church. The paper reveals that this lens causes it to miss the gifts and challenges of lay pioneering, and makes it unable to engage in the mutual relationships called for in the report “Setting God’s People Free” (Archbishops Council, 2017). The paper calls for a deeper engage­ment by the Church of England with grassroots stories of lay pioneers and to allow the narrative of resourcing and equipping to be interrupted. It suggests that attentive listening to lay pioneers and their stories can lead to more mutual and reciprocal engagement and as a result enrich the Church of England and other denominations.
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Peters, Kate. "‘Women’s Speaking Justified’: Women and Discipline in the Early Quaker Movement, 1652–56." Studies in Church History 34 (1998): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042420840001367x.

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In October 1655, two Quakers, Priscilla Cotton and Mary Cole, imprisoned in Exeter gaol, published a warning to the priests and people of England. It was in many ways a typical Quaker tract, decrying the national Church of England, and urging people to turn to the inner light of Christ, rather than rely on the outward teachings of the national Church. But Priscilla Cotton and Mary Cole also levelled the following bitter accusation against England’s ministry:
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Fisher, Peter. "Presbyteral Ministry in the Church of England." Ecclesiology 1, no. 2 (2005): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744136605051886.

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AbstractThe Church of England’s Ordination rites of the sixteenth and twentieth centuries are presented and interpreted as primary sources for the understanding of Priestly/presbyteral ministry in the Church of England today. These texts are supplemented by reference to other ‘official’ sources and to some classic nineteenth-century and more recent discussions. The article concludes with a definition of ministerial priesthood as a ‘sacred office’.
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Duffy, Eamon. "The Shock of Change: Continuity and Discontinuity in the Elizabethan Church Of England." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 7, no. 35 (July 2004): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00005615.

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This paper questions accounts of the English Reformation which, in line with sometimes unacknowledged Anglo-Catholic assumptions, present it as a mere clean-up operation, the creation of a reformed Catholicism which removed medieval excesses but left an essentially Catholic Church of England intact. It argues instead that the Elizabethan reformers intended to establish a Reformed Church which would be part of a Protestant international Church, emphatic in disowning its medieval inheritance and rejecting the religion of Catholic Europe, with formularies, preaching and styles of worship designed to signal and embody that rejection. But Anglican self-identity was never simply or unequivocally Protestant. Lay and clerical conservatives resisted the removal of the remains of the old religion, and vestiges of the Catholic past were embedded like flies in amber in the Prayer Book liturgy, in church buildings, and in the attitudes and memories of many of its Elizabethan personnel. By the early seventeenth century influential figures in the Church of England were seeking to distance themselves from European Protestantism, and instead to portray the Church of England as a conscious via media between Rome and Geneva. In the hands of the Laudians and their followers, this newer interpretation of the Reformation was to prove potent in reshaping the Church of England's self-understanding.
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Fadeyev, Ivan. "Confessional (Self-)Identification of the Church of England and Calvinism." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-2 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018211-1.

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The most difficult aspect of the problem of the Church of England’s identity is constituted by a lack of specific confessional orthodoxy in the reformed English Church forming the core of her identity. One of many reasons for it lies in the fact that there are no explicit doctrinal sources. The Church of England’s doctrine is dispersed over several documents, called “historical formularies”, that are either political, like the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, or liturgical, like the Book of Common Prayer and the Ordinal, in nature, but are neither discursive nor analytical in character. In this article, the author attempts to verify and falsify the validity of the claim that the Church of England’s hamartiology and soteriology are fundamentally Calvinistic. To achieve that goal, he turns to “Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity” by Richard Hooker, a prominent 16th-century English theologian, who played a pivotal role as the primary apologist of the “Elizabethan settlement” and a “Founding Father” of the Church of England’s orthodoxy, in order to analyse his hamartiological and soteriological views. Taking into consideration Richard Hooker’s “place of honour” in the political and religious history of the reformed English Church, the author concludes that the doctrine of the Established Church in England used by the Crown as a litmus test of political loyalty, was not Calvinistic either in its form or content, but preserving continuity with the pre-Reformation Latin theology, on the one hand, and, in the spirit of Christian Humanism, receiving and adopting Eastern Christian theological thought, on the other, it, somewhat unsuccessfully, tended towards a via media between Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox, and radical reformers, i.e. was used as a negative identification tool marking the Christians of England along the “us — them” line.
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Whyte, William. "The Ethics of the Empty Church: Anglicanism’s Need for a Theology of Architecture." Journal of Anglican Studies 13, no. 2 (July 2, 2015): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740355315000108.

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AbstractIn this polemical paper, produced for the Churches, Communities, and Society conference at the Lincoln Theological Institute, University of Manchester, I argue that the Church of England has failed to develop a coherent or convincing theology of architecture. Such a failure raises practical problems for an institution responsible for the care of 16,000 buildings, a quarter of which are of national or international importance. But it has also, I contend, produced an impoverished understanding of architecture’s role as an instrument of mission and a tool for spiritual development. Following a historical survey of attitudes towards church buildings, this paper explores and criticizes the Church of England’s current engagement with its architecture. It raises questions about what has been done and what has been said about churches. It argues that the Church of England lacks a theology of church building and church closing, and calls for work to develop just such a thing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Church of England"

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Kaplowitz, Benjamin Mark. "A Church in New England." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64453.

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The project explores light as a material element and as a spacial generator, and how the intercession of other disparate, different material elements can work to create disparate, different material conditions that manifest specific physical phenomena that hold direct implications for the metaphysical (here, spiritual) experience of the inhabitant. This project doesn't create an arena for a specific experience, but rather strives to generate a spectrum on which to relate an individual chosen action to the physical self (here, now, made spiritual). A self-reflection inspired by a visceral interaction with an ordered space, resulting in self-awareness in metaphysical (phenomenological) context. A building made of concrete, steel, wood, and light. A place for meditation, for prayer, and for worship.
Master of Architecture
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Fenwick, Richard David. "The Free Church of England, otherwise called the Reformed Episcopal Church, c.1845 to c.1927." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683131.

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Marsh, Dana Trombley. "Music, church, and Henry VIII's Reformation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670102.

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Kuhrt, Gordon Wilfred. "Ministry issues for the Church of England." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2001. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6475/.

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Volume 1 is substantially written by the author. The introduction explains the genesis of the Report - a call for a strategic national overview of the whole range of Ministry issues. Chapter 1 highlights key aspects of the changes in the contexts during the last two decades. These include church attendance, culture, mission, youth, women, laity, clergy numbers, finance and the national organisation of the Church of England. Chapter 2 describes the research methods. These included documentary material, field work throughout the country and beyond, and close collaboration with numerous colleagues. Chapter 3 employs papers from sociological and theological contributors on aspects of the history and theology of ordained ministry. This includes recent ecumenical developments. Chapter 4 provides both text and analysis of the little-known Canons, Regulations and especially Bishops' Statements of 1978, 1992 and 1994. Major themes emerge. Chapter 5 provides a historical survey of key events and reports on ministry strategy since 1964. These indicate important national developments, and, of special significance, emerging common patterns in diocesan strategies. Chapter 6 explains how areas of current uncertainty about finance, the law of employment and data protection, clergy numbers and ministry development affect strategic thinking. There are also four Working Parties now preparing major Reports. Chapter 7 addresses the unchanging aspects and the changing role of the stipendiary clergy, especially the episcopal, missionary and managerial elements. Chapter 8 offers Conclusions about a vision of the Church, the present key planks of strategy, and seven areas where strategic development could be pursued. Finally, I propose Recommendations for a way ahead. Volume 2 starts with Chapter 9. This consists of brief essays in thirty-five key areas. The expert contributors have mapped the situation at present and often offered some historical perspective. They have frequently pointed up issues to be addressed and listed the vital Reports etc. for those who need more detail. Crucial statistics are given at various points with numerous Tables, graphs and diagrams. The Bibliography includes all works cited in the Report, and other books etc. found useful in the years of writing. Appendices offer detailed information on 19 areas.
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Galloway, James. "English Arminianism and the parish clergy : a study of London and its environs c.1620-1640 /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg174.pdf.

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Spurr, John. "Anglican apologetic and the Restoration Church." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670403.

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Chapman, Robert Bertram. "Eucharistic sacrifice as missionary gift in mission-shaped church." Thesis, Lambeth Palace Library, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.734180.

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Albright, Andrea S. "The Religious and Political Reasons for the Changes in Anglican Vestments Between the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Centuries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500237/.

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This study investigates the liturgical attire of the Church of England from the seventeenth through the nineteenth century, by studying the major Anglican vestments, observing modifications and omissions in the garments and their uses, and researching the reasons for any changes. Using the various Anglican Prayer Books and the monarchial time periods as a guide, the progressive usages and styles of English liturgical attire are traced chronologically within the political, social and religious environments of each era. By examining extant originals in England, artistic representations, and ancient documentation, this thesis presents the religious symbolism, as well as the artistic and historical importance, of vestments within the Church of England from its foundation to the twentieth century.
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Revell, Lynn. "Community and commitment in the Church of England." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369682.

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Village, Andrew. "Biblical interpretation among Church of England lay people." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/63960063-1dc5-475f-ba8b-e1c67a0c237f.

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Biblical interpretation among Church of England laity was assessed by questionnaire. Eleven churches took part in the final survey: 1800 questionnaires were distributed and 404 returned. Subjects read the healing story in Mark 9: 14-29 and then responded to questions on the passage, their attitudes to the bible and healing prayer. Liken scales assessed attitudes to the bible, morality, religious exclusivity and supernatural healing. Personality was assessed according to the Myers-Briggs typology using the Keirsey Temperament Sorter. Subjects from Evangelical churches had more conservative attitudes than those in Anglo-catholic or Broad churches. Attitudes were related to education level and the perceiving personality function, and were clustered according to level of conservatism and charismatic belief. Literal interpretation of the passage declined with age. Literal interpretation of biblical events declined with education level, but not among Evangelicals. Respondents preferred interpretations that matched their preferred perceiving or judging personality functions. Those who preferred intuition and feeling were also most likely to identify with characters in the story. Perception of horizon separation was related to familiarity with the passage, and preference for interpretative horizon was related to attitudes, judging personality function and education level. There was little evidence of strong community effects on interpretation. Dependence on others for interpretation was greater among women, negatively correlated with education level and positively correlated with age and personality preferences for sensing and feeling. Findings are discussed in relation to the roles of the individual, the Holy Spirit and the community in shaping interpretation, and to problems of evaluating interpretations in the church. Factors external to the text are important in generating meaning, but are sometimes less valuable in deciding between interpretations. Church and academy are fundamentally different worlds of discourse that overlap: the difference needs to be recognized, accepted and respected.
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Books on the topic "Church of England"

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Pond, C. C. Church of England measures. 5th ed. London: House of Commons, Public Information Office, 1987.

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Pond, C. C. Church of England measures. 8th ed. London: House of Commons, 1993.

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Pond, C. C. Church of England measures. 5th ed. London: House of Commons Library, Public Information Office, 1988.

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Jo, Linzey, ed. The Church of England yearbook. London: Church HousePublishing, 1995.

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England, Church of. The Church of England yearbook. London: Church House Publishing, 1993.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Church of England (Pensions) Measure. London: Stationery Office, 2002.

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Ingram, Robert G. The Church of England, 1714–1783. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0003.

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This chapter surveys the history of the Church of England between the Hanoverian succession and the American Revolution. The religio-political questions that bedevilled the English nation during the 1530s remained live ones during the eighteenth century. What sort of Church should the Church of England be? What should the relation of Church to state be? What should constitute the Church’s doctrinal orthodoxy? Whom should the Church comprehend? What were the bounds of toleration? These questions had not been solved at the Glorious Revolution, so that the story of the eighteenth-century Church of England is the concluding chapter in the story of England’s long Reformation. What ultimately brought that particular story to a close was not Enlightenment secularism but the changes catalysed by war and the fear of relapse into seventeenth-century-like religious violence.
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Hill QC, Mark. The Canons of the Church of England. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807568.003.0009.

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This section presents the canons of the Church of England. It begins with a background on the Church of England, focusing on the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, The Book of Common Prayer, and the form and manner of making, ordaining, and consecrating of bishops, priests, and deacons, along with the doctrine and government of the Church, the royal supremacy, and schisms within the Church of Christ. The chapter proceeds by discussing the Church's divine service and administration of the sacraments; church ministers, their irdination, functions, and charge; the order of deaconesses; the lay officers of the Church; things appertaining to churches; the ecclesiastical courts; and the synods of the Church. Finally, it explains how any canon to the repealed enactment may be interpreted.
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Huchthausen, Peter A. October Fury (Church of England) (Church of England). 3rd ed. Chivers Sound Library, 2003.

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Henson, Herbert Hensley. Church of England. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Church of England"

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Rowse, A. L. "The Church." In The England of Elizabeth, 433–89. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599444_10.

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Chapman, Mark. "The Church of England." In The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion, 412–25. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118320815.ch38.

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Lepine, David. "England: Church and Clergy." In A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages, 357–80. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470998786.ch18.

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Gregory, Jeremy. "The Church of England." In A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain, 223–40. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470998885.ch17.

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Poole, Eve. "Church of England Commentators." In The Church on Capitalism, 41–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230290761_3.

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Russell, Alexander. "Conciliarism and Heresy in England." In Medieval Church Studies, 155–66. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.mcs-eb.4.2008.

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Thomson, Mark A. "Church and State." In A Constitutional History of England, 404–10. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003438786-45.

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Thomson, Mark A. "Church and State." In A Constitutional History of England, 124–39. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003438786-17.

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Thomson, Mark A. "Church and State." In A Constitutional History of England, 267–81. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003438786-31.

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Kelly, Stephen, and Ryan Perry. "Devotional Cosmopolitanism in Fifteenth-Century England." In Medieval Church Studies, 363–80. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.mcs-eb.4.2019.

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Conference papers on the topic "Church of England"

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Daunt, Lisa Marie. "Tradition and Modern Ideas: Building Post-war Cathedrals in Queensland and Adjoining Territories." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4008playo.

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As recent as 1955, cathedrals were still unbuilt or incomplete in the young and developing dioceses of the Global South, including in Queensland, the Northern Territory and New Guinea. The lack of an adequate cathedral was considered a “reproach” over a diocese. To rectify this, the region’s Bishops sought out the best architects for the task – as earlier Bishops had before them – engaging architects trained abroad and interstate, and with connections to Australia’s renown ecclesiastical architects. They also progressed these projects remarkably fast, for cathedral building. Four significant cathedral projects were realised in Queensland during the 1960s: the completion of St James’ Church of England, Townsville (1956-60); the extension of All Souls’ Quetta Memorial Church of England, Thursday Island (1964-5); stage II of St John’s Church of England, Brisbane (1953-68); and the new St Monica’s Catholic, Cairns (1965-8). During this same era Queensland-based architects also designed new Catholic cathedrals for Darwin (1955-62) and Port Moresby (1967-69). Compared to most cathedrals elsewhere they are small, but for their communities these were sizable undertakings, representing the “successful” establishment of these dioceses and even the making of their city. However, these cathedral projects had their challenges. Redesigning, redocumenting and retendering was common as each project questioned how to adopt (or not) emergent ideas for modern cathedral design. Mid-1960s this questioning became divisive as the extension of Brisbane’s St John’s recommenced. Antagonists and the client employed theatrics and polemic words to incite national debate. However, since then these post-war cathedral projects have received limited attention within architectural historiography, even those where the first stage has been recognised. Based on interviews, archival research and fieldwork, this paper discusses these little-known post-war cathedrals projects – examining how regional tensions over tradition and modern ideas arose and played out.
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Чернова, Л. Н. "CITIZENS AND THE CHURCH IN ENGLAND DURING THE REFORMATION (BASED ON LONDON MATERIAL OF THE XVIth c.)." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.87.13.004.

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В статье рассматривается влияние Реформации на экономическую жизнь и социокультур-ные представления горожан Лондона, выявляются различные конфессиональные предпочтения и неоднозначное отношение купцов и ремесленных мастеров к церковной политике английских мо-нархов, особенно к секуляризации монастырских имуществ. На материале оригинальных источни-ков автор показывает активное участие богатых горожан в покупке бывших монастырских и цер-ковных земель, переориентацию купечества с рынка в Антверпене на рынки Гамбурга и Данцига, заинтересованность предприимчивых горожан в светском образовании, нашедшую отражение в основании ими бесплатных грамматических школ. Вместе с тем отмечается, что среди части го-рожан сохранялась приверженность католичеству: неприятие реформационного вероучения и но-вой обрядности, политики королевской власти в отношении церкви. The article examines the influence of the Reformation on the economic life and socio-cultural views of Londonʼs citizens, reveals various confessional preferences and the ambiguous attitude of mer-chants and artisans to the ecclesiastical policy of the English monarchs, especially to the secularization of monastic properties. Basing on the material of the original sources the author shows the active participa-tion of rich citizens in the purchase of former monastery and church lands, the merchantsʼ reorientation from the market in Antwerp to the markets of Hamburg and Danzig, the interest of enterprising citizens in secular education that is reflected in the foundation of free grammar schools. At the same time it is noted that among some of the citizens remained committed to Catholicism: rejection of the Reformation doctrine and the new rite, the policy of the royal government in relation to the Church.
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Андросова, Т. В. "Finland as a Part of the Russian Empire 1809–1917: A State within a State." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.018.

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Географический фактор играет двоякую роль в истории Финляндии и ее взаимоотношений с внешним миром. С одной стороны, территориальное положение на окраине Европы обусловило то, что финны сравнительно поздно включились в цивилизационный процесс. С другой стороны, земли, омываемые водами дальних заливов Балтийского моря, находятся в одном из наиболее важных со стратегической точки зрения европейских регионов. Хотя к «финским территориям» издавна проявляли интерес также Англия, Германия и Франция, влияние извне связано для финнов прежде всего с соперничеством ближайших соседей. Политический вакуум, в котором финны пребывали вплоть до начала XI в., пытались заполнить с запада – Швеция и римскокатолическая церковь, с востока – Россия (Великий Новгород) и православная церковь. Первая граница между Швецией и Россией была установлена в 1323 г. Согласно Ореховскому мирному договору Швеция получила юго-западные и западные финляндские территории, Россия – Восточную Карелию. В XVIII в. Россия приступила к поэтапному возвращению финляндских земель, присоединив Финляндию по итогам войны 1808–1809 гг. В границах архиконсервативной Российской империи родилось и постепенно оформилось финляндское государство западного типа. Финляндия получила широкую политическую и экономическую автономию – правительство, четырехсословный орган народного представительства (сейм), налоговую и финансовую систему, свое гражданство, валюту и пр. Финляндию от новой метрополии изначально отделяла таможенная граница. Главой законодательной власти являлся император, управлявший Финляндией на основе коренных законов (конституции) шведского времени. Будучи частью Российского государства, Финляндия постепенно стала политической общностью, а также одним из наиболее экономически развитых регионов империи. Уступки со стороны России были связаны с необходимостью обеспечить безопасность западной границы. The geographical factor plays a twofold role in the history of Finland and its relations with the outside world. On the one hand, the territorial situation on the edge of Europe caused the Finns to join the civilizational process relatively late. On the other hand, the lands washed by the waters of the far reaches of the Baltic Sea are located in one of the most strategically important European regions. Although England, Germany and France have long been interested in the "Finnish territories", external influence for Finns is primarily connected with the hostility of their closest neighbors. It was the political vacuum in which the Finns remained until the beginning of the XI century, that Sweden and the Roman Catholic Church tried to fill from the west, Russia (Veliky Novgorod) and the Orthodox Church – from the east. The first border between Sweden and Russia was established in 1323. According to the Orekhov Peace Treaty, Sweden received the southwestern and western Finnish territories, Russia – East Karelia. In the XYIII century Russia began the gradual return of the Finnish lands, annexing Finland after the results of the war of 1808–1809. Within the borders of the arch-conservative Russian Empire, a Western-type Finnish state was born and gradually took shape. Finland received a wide political and economic autonomy – the government, the four–member body of the People's representation (Seim), the tax and financial system, its citizenship, currency, etc. Finland and the new metropolis were initially separated by the customs border. The head of the legislative power was the emperor, who ruled Finland on the basis of the fundamental laws (constitution) of the Swedish period. Being a part of the Russian state, Finland gradually became a political community, as well as one of the most economically developed regions of the empire. Russia's concessions were determined by the need to ensure the security of the western border.
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Wallace, Albin. "AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL PATTERNS OF LEARNING PLATFORM USE BY STUDENTS IN SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES." In eLSE 2012. Editura Universitara, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-12-064.

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An Analysis of National Patterns of Learning Platform Use by Students in Schools and Academies in the United Kingdom The United Church Schools Trust and the United Learning Trust comprise a national group of 12 independent schools and 17 academies across a wide range of geographic and demographic areas of England. In 2008, the decision to implement a learning platform (also known as a Virtual Learning Environment or VLE) across the group was made. Although a fully supported technical solution was provided along with a sustained programme of continuous professional development, the decision as to how the learning platform was to be used was owned by each individual school and academy according to its own priorities. The learning platform chosen was itslearning©, developed in Bergen University College in Norway and now adopted across a wide range of educational establishments. As a cloud-based product, itslearning offered a number of attractive potential benefits. Now that the learning platform is embedded in many of the schools and academies with consistent, sustained usage in areas of excellence, it has been decided to undertake research into how the learning platform is being used and what strategic and implementation lessons can be learned so far. A survey has been consequently undertaken of 1000 students into how they used the learning platform and what their perceptions were about it as a vehicle for teaching and learning. The survey was based on the most commonly used features of the learning platform and was conducted online using the built-in survey tools of itslearning. This paper will report back on the findings of the survey, indicating those elements of the online learning environment that students themselves found most useful. It will discuss issues relating to pedagogy, learning styles, functionality and will also analyse those particular subjects in which the learning platform were found to be most useful. In particular the paper will analyse how the use of a learning platform has changed the nature of teaching and learning. Now that the learning platform is embedded in many of the schools and academies with consistent, sustained usage in areas of excellence, it has been decided to undertake research into how the learning platform is being used and what strategic and implementation lessons can be learned so far. A survey has been consequently undertaken of 1000 students into how they used the learning platform and what their perceptions were about it as a vehicle for teaching and learning. The survey was based on the most commonly used features of the learning platform and was conducted online using the built-in survey tools of itslearning. The learning platform chosen was itslearning©, developed in Bergen University College in Norway and now adopted across a wide range of educational establishments. As a cloud-based product, itslearning offered a number of attractive potential benefits including: 1. Ease of use 2. Speed of implementation 3. Enhanced collaboration 4. Continuity of curriculum anywhere and anytime 5. Minimal initial investment 6. Scalability 7. Reduction of operating costs 8. Reduction of hosting costs The following is a list of questions that were asked using the survey: 1. Which school or academy do you attend? 2. Are you a boy or a girl? 3. Which year are you in? 4. How often do you use Itslearning? 5. Where do you use Itslearning? 6. When do you prefer to use Itslearning? 7. Which subjects do you use it in? 8. What do you use Itslearning for? 9. What do your teachers use Itslearning for? 10. Have you ever used Itslearning on your phone? 11. Would you like to be able to change the colour and design of Itslearning? 12. How much does Itslearning help with your learning? 13. How much do you enjoy using Itslearning? 14. How easy is Itslearning to use? 15. Do the people who look after you at home have access to Itslearning? 16. What do you like best about Itslearning? 17. For which subjects do you find Itslearning most useful? 18 What things in Itslearning could be made better?
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