Journal articles on the topic 'Church and state – European Union countries'
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1
Schanda, Balázs. "Church and State In the New Member Countries of the European Union." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 8, no. 37 (July 2005): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00006244.
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In May 2004 eight former communist Central and Eastern European countries joined the European Union. Written constitutions in the region now contain guarantees on freedom of religion together with fundamental statements on Church-State relations. Since the fall of communism a net of bilateral agreements has been negotiated with the Holy See. Of the established members of the EU only Austria, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain had concordats whilst France and Luxembourg were partly bound by such treaties. Amongst the new member states only the predominantly Orthodox Cyorus has no contractual relationship with the Vatican. A pragmatic reason for this may be that the new members went through a very rapid leagal transition marked by considerable uncertainties after the fall of communism. The Catholic Church did not seek privileges with the agrements, but rather legal certainty. The stadards of religious with the agreements, but rather legal certainty. The standards of religious freedom in the new member states are generally good compared with the resrt of Europe. None of the new member states adopted a state church model, and none of them followed a rigid separation model either. Most new member states to be particularly valued by those who experienced forced secularism during communist rule.
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Verbytskyi, Volodymyr. "Main Vectors of International Activity of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church." Roczniki Kulturoznawcze 12, no. 2 (June 17, 2021): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rkult21122-4.
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During the 1950s and 1980s, the Eastern Catholic Church (sharing the Byzantine tradition) was maintained in countries with a Ukrainian migrant diaspora. In the 1960s, this branched and organized church was formed in the Ukrainian diaspora. It was named the Ukrainian Catholic Church (UCC). The Galician Metropolitan Department was headed by Andriy Sheptytskyi until 1944, and after that Sheptytskyi was preceded by Yosyp Slipiy, who headed it until 1984. In addition to the Major Archbishop and Metropolitan Yosyp, this church included two dioceses (in the United States and Canada), a total of 18 bishops. It had about 1 million believers and 900 priests. The largest groups of followers of the union lived in France, Yugoslavia, Great Britain, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia. Today, the number of Greek Catholics in the world is more than 7 million.
The international cooperation of denominations in the field of resolving historical traumas of the past seems to be quite productive. An illustrative example was shared on June 28, 2013. Preliminary commemorations of the victims of the 70th anniversary of the Volyn massacres, representatives of the UGCC and the Roman Catholic Church of Poland signed a joint declaration. The documents condemned the violence and called on Poles and Ukrainians to apologize and spread information about the violence. This is certainly a significant step towards reconciliation between the nations.
The most obvious fact is that the churches of the Kyiv tradition—ОCU and UGCC, as well as Protestant churches (All-Ukrainian Union of Evangelical Churches—Pentecostals, Ukrainian Lutheran Church, German People’s Church)—are in favor of deepening the relations between Ukraine and the European Union. A transformation of Ukrainian community to a united Europe, namely in the European Union, which, in their view, is a guarantee of strengthening state sovereignty and ensuring the democratic development of countries and Ukrainian society.
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HORBACHEVSKYI, Taras. "Ukraine – Vatican: Interstate and inter-church relations (1991–2005)." Ukraine-Poland: Historical Heritage and Public Consciousness 11 (2018): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/up.2018-11-131-139.
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The article examines the stages of the formation of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and the Vatican in the 1990s. The chronology of official meetings and visits of officials was followed, the causes of difficulties with delaying the opening of the Ukrainian Embassy in the Vatican were identified. The Vatican was interested in a close relationship with Ukraine, where the Catholic Church was granted equal rights alongside other denominations, which served as a basis and example for further in-depth dialogue with the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). The papal mission in Ukraine aimed to protect the status of the Catholic Church and to ensure religious freedom. The Vatican's policy towards an independent Ukraine, its support in the state's aspirations for European integration are analyzed. The importance of the visit of Pope John Paul II and his dialogue in Ukrainian society for the development of inter-church cooperation, inter-confessional dialogue, Ukrainian-Polish reconciliation in matters of historical memory was established. The disconnection of inter-denominational disputes smoothed out the activities of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations, whose work was judged to be attended by the Pope. In his speech to the audience of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations, the Pope emphasized the multicultural space of Ukraine. The framework of cooperation between Ukraine and the Vatican in humanitarian policy, social and educational programs is traced. Cooperation between the two countries has contributed to the growth of the moral authority of Ukraine, as a European state with Western European values. Countries seeking to join the European Union (among them Ukraine) paid great attention to the spiritual factors of European integration, attending various forums and meetings held by the Vatican. Keywords Ukraine, Vatican, Roman Catholic Church, diplomatic relations, ecumenism.
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Vukoszávlyev, Zorán. "Perception of Latin America’s church architecture in the time of II Vatican Council." Actas de Arquitectura Religiosa Contemporánea 4 (February 16, 2017): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/aarc.2015.4.0.5118.
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Events of World War II resulted in significant social changes from 1945. This is considered to be the main motive behind the attempts for transforming the Catholic sacral space, defining the Christ-centered Church. While in most parts of the Catholic world it was a result of a natural, internal process, these changes didn’t make an effect in the Eastern European countries occupied by the Soviet Union, because religion and religiousness became persecuted under the newly established world order. The political powers professing atheist ideology and communist concepts considered the Church as the main power opponent of their own system. Not only in ideological sense, but also because of the Holy See’s organizational structure that spans state borders. The article interprets the presence of the effects of liturgic reforms, in correspondence with the Eastern politics of the Holy See.
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Rushchenko, Ihor. "Civilizational values of EU countries, Russia, and Ukraine (based on the expert survey)." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, Issue Stmm 2020 (2) (May 15, 2020): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2020.02.072.
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The article discusses the differences between societal values in the European Union, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. According to the author's hypothesis, the current Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war is triggered not by interests but by the idea of imposing and maintaining the dominance of certain values. The empirical basis of the research is derived from a poll of experts conducted by the author during the II Kharkiv International Security Forum on November 29–30, 2019. As a part of survey methodology, a group of experts (50 respondents) was asked to assess the importance of societal values from the list (which consisted of 30 positions) in accordance with three locations — the EU countries, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine. A seven-digit ordinal scale (0 to 6) was used for evaluation. The list includes social values that are (or are not) essential for building a certain type of a social system. The findings of the study demonstrate that the top-10 social values in the EU and the Russian Federation are completely different. The EU countries: 1) Rule of Law, 2) Human Rights, 3) Private Property, 4) Democracy, 5) Person as Such, 6) Peaceful Existence, 7) Economic Efficiency, 8) Self-Identity (Me), 9) Liberty, 10) Civil Society. RF: 1) Victory in World War II, 2) National leader, 3) Army, 4) State, 5) Vodka, 6) Social Hierarchy, 7) Ideology, 8) Money, 9) Church, 10) Violence. The Ukrainian society occupies an intermediate position between the European and Russian civilization systems. The top-10 values in Ukraine are: 1) Money, 2) Freedom, 3) Army, 4) Children, 5) Peaceful existence, 6) Family, 7) Land, 8) Democracy, 9) Church, 10) State. The Ukrainian value system has not been fully developed, and the survey revealed that there is a shift of the value system towards the values of the united Europe. The dominant values in the EU countries are humanistic in their principles and create the foundation for the development of civil society. Meanwhile the principal Russian values are focused on strengthening the militarized state and rejection of European tradition by Russian society.
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Shimanskaya, Olga. "SPECIFICS OF WORK OF ORTHODOX CHURCHES OF THE EU WITH UKRAINIAN REFUGEES." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 28, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran42022152163.
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The article analyzes the role of the Orthodox Churches of the border countries of the European Union in resolving the humanitarian crisis associated with the movement in the shortest possible time (February – April 2022) of large masses of refugees from the territory of Ukraine to nearby Western countries as a result of the special military operation by the Russian Federation to liberate Donbass. The purpose of the article is to show the effectiveness, methods of work and target groups of non-state actors in world politics, which are religious organizations, in this case Orthodox, and non-governmental organizations interconnected with it, in the context of the humanitarian crisis unfolding in 2022. The research methodology involves an event-based chronological analysis based on the content analysis of an array of news coming from national Orthodox churches: the Autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church, the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Budapest-Hungarian Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, the Romanian Orthodox Church. It is shown that the Orthodox Churches, their social and charitable departments and non-governmental organizations affiliated with them acted as reliable partners of the central and local executive authorities in the reception of refugees and the settlement of issues of their livelihood, information, transportation and adaptation in the host country. They called for a healing of the conflict, appealing to the warring parties, a mission of compassion and consolation for the refugees. With their authority, they helped the horizontal complex interaction of local Orthodox communities to receive refugees and collect humanitarian aid, distribute it and send it to Ukraine.
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Shlapentokh, Dmitry. "The Anti-Semitism of History: The Case of the Russian Neo-Pagans." European Review 20, no. 2 (March 30, 2012): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798711000482.
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Almost a generation has gone by since the end of the Cold War, a time that has brought many changes. It has become steadily clearer that not the affirmation of the centrality of the democratic West – as asserted by Francis Fukuyama in his famous essay – but the opposite has occurred. There has been continuous erosion of the power of the West. First, the economic and geopolitical balance has increasingly shifted to Southeast Asia, where quite a few states have authoritarian, even totalitarian, socioeconomic arrangements. China is, of course, the best-known example. Second, the demographic and cultural tides have changed. In the past, Europe sent waves of émigrés all over the world. Now the West has become the destination of millions from non-European countries. The pattern of cultural adaptation has also undergone dramatic changes. A considerable number of non-Europeans have no desire to assimilate, or at least they wish to preserve their heritage. All these processes – especially as they relate to the fact that the West is losing its economic competitiveness – cause a response that often leads to racism and neo-fascism. Those who study European neo-fascists almost instinctively compare them with pre-Second World War fascists and Nazis. This temptation is reinforced by the fact that these neo-fascists often use Nazi symbols and trappings. However, a close look at these European neo-fascists/neo-Nazis and their prewar counterparts indicates that their similarities are usually deceptive and they actually belong to quite different species. Present-day neo-fascists/neo-Nazis are not imperialists, as were the German Nazis who dreamed about a worldwide empire. Current European right-wingers are parochial isolationists. They want not an empire but the cleansing of their state from newcomers, especially those of non-European origin. Many are even suspicious of European unity; they see the European Union as the key that opens the gates of their countries, not just to Asians/Africans but to East Europeans, seen as almost an alien race. Second, their view of Jews is different from that of the Nazis. They may be anti-Semitic, but their dislike of Jews is hardly the central element of their worldview. Moreover, they are similar to many of the general public who differentiate between ‘their’ native Jews – against whom they have no grudges – and newcomers from, say, Eastern Europe, whom they consider parasitic aliens. Furthermore, they have problems with the church. Some may be neo-pagans; in this they are also quite different from the Nazis, who had a tense relationship with the church but did not openly oppose it. Russian rightists in many ways follow the model of the European far right. This is due not only to direct ideological borrowing but also to similar conditions. Russia's heartland, for example, is also a major destination for non-European migrants. Still, the Russian far right's views unquestionably have elements arising from the country's specific conditions. As a result, they have developed several peculiar ideological characteristics. They are often pagan and quite hostile to the Orthodox Church. They also see Jews as part of an unholy cabal of Asiatics set on Russia's destruction.
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Jovanovic, Milos. "Homosexuality and the Serbian orthodox church: Transformations of relations in the last 20 years." Sociologija 64, no. 3 (2022): 428–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc2203428j.
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The paper deals with the change of attitudes of the Serbian Orthodox Church towards homosexuality in the period from 2001 to 2021. Since, according to research, the Church ranks high (sometimes the highest) on the scale of trust that Serbian citizens have in institutions, it is reasonable to assume that it has a significant impact on shaping public opinion. The dominant attitude of the church officials about same-sex attraction has varied over time. Before the first attempt at the Pride Parade in Belgrade in 2001, there was absolute silence in the Church on the topic of same-sex affection, that is, a conspicuous disregard of it. After that, the ?politics of silence? gradually gave way to a strong moralistic condemnation, which reached its peak in 2010, when the first successful Pride was held in the Serbian capital. It should be mentioned that, in addition to the condemnation, there were ambivalent attitudes of the church officials and prominent believers towards homosexuality / homosexuals. Ambivalence was expressed through the maxim: ?we hate the sin, we love the sinners.? The views of the Church were particularly visible during the public debate on the adoption of the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination in 2009. The discourse of religious condemnation of homosexuality is usually imbued with pronounced anti-Westernism and disparagement of liberal values and practices, traditionally marked, i.e. branded, as ?European? and ?those that are not in accordance with the tradition of the Serbian people.? The position of the Serbian Orthodox Church, in the most general terms, follows the general dynamics of political changes in Serbia. In the last few years, the political elite in Serbia has been instrumentalizing the rights and freedoms of sexual and gender minorities in order to gain international support (above all, from EU countries) for remaining in power through ?tactical Europeanization.? The state administration proclaims its alleged adherence to the principles of the European Union, without any genuine interest in improving the social position of non-heterosexuals and gender non-conformists. In the context of a ?captured society? (where social actors are caught in a network of corrupt exchanges in order to reproduce the rule of political oligarchies and fabricate the legitimacy of their rule), the Church has agreed to demonstrate a more moderate stance towards homosexuality, as a symbolically and materially more profitable one.
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PANCHENKO, Svitlana, Olena KAROLOP, Oleksandr CHUCHALIN, Tеtiana KOLISNYCHENKO, Kateryna SEFIKHANOVA, and Ievgeniia DRAGOMIROVA. "Topical Issues in the Field of Religious Tourism. Current Challenges." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.2(58).20.
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The number of political and cultural shifts in Ukraine during the last years have caused the rise of the interest in Ukraine as a place of attraction for religious tourists. As a result of Ukraine's rapid withdrawal from the religious and ideological milieu of the Moscow Patriarchate, getting a Tomos and the creation of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula (where a fairly high percentage of Muslim believers (Tatars) live and are persecuted), the gradual integration of (mostly) Orthodox Ukraine into the European Union (where most countries profess Catholicism and Protestantism) attract the attention of the European community to Ukraine more than ever in the religious sphere. Today this can become a favorable environment for the world’s getting acquainted with the Ukrainian religious culture, with the promotion of its spiritual heritage, which has been created for thousands of years, for creating a general image of the country as a tourist one. According to the World Tourism Organization, at least 200 million people go pilgrimage annually. Pilgrimage is also gaining popularity in Ukraine every year. The specificity of pilgrimage is determined by the features of the religious consciousness of believers, which in turn is associated with the nature of religious doctrine and cult practices of specific regional destinations. Thus, in the context of the development of modern state tourism policy, once lost traditions of pilgrimage are gaining significant growth in the country.
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Macuka, Jekaterina. "THE MODEL OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA." Via Latgalica, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2009.2.1608.
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Models of relations between the state and religious organizations and the basic principles of their implementation are analyzed with the aim to determine which model of relations is being realized in the Republic of Latvia as well as to establish whether a model of relations, secured by a normative act, corresponds to the one implemented in practice. Within this work, the method of analysis has been used when considering the models of relations between the state and religious organizations, as well as the comparative method in the comparison of application of the basic principles of these models in the Republic of Latvia. The relations between the State and religious organizations are examined from the administratively legal and constitutionally legal aspect. The normative acts of the Republic of Latvia are discussed, as well as their mutual interaction and the collisions having sprung up between them. Laws and regulations of the Republic of Latvia are evaluated in connection with the norms of other European Union Member States, which regulate the relations between the state and religious organizations, and their experience. Evaluating the practice of other countries and the implemented models of relations between the state and religious organizations monographs and scientific papers by the scientists of the respective countries have been used. The content of international legal norms regulating freedom of religion have been analyzed as well as the requirements of the normative acts of the Republic of Latvia and their interaction. As grounds for conclusions, rulings by the court are chosen in cases where the application of legal norms is adjudicated concerning the realization of the right to the freedom of religion. Three fundamental principles are pointed out in the research basing on which the relations between the state and religious organizations are formed: association between the state and religious organizations, cooperation between the state and religious organizations and segregation between the state and religious organizations. Basing on the abovementioned principles, all models of relations between the state and religious organizations are formed. The model being implemented in a state can be determined by the regulation of the activity of religious organizations ensured with normative acts, by the range of rights of religious organizations, by peculiar features of preconditions, by the range of privileges, and by the burden of responsibilities imposed on religious organizations. To a large extent, the model of relations between the state and religious organizations depends on state traditions, historical development, distribution and impact of the definite religion within the state territory. The principle of unity between the state and religious organizations indicate the unity between them, institutions of religious organizations are identified as state institutions. Implementation of the abovementioned principle can manifest as an absolute unity between the state and church when state laws are based on definite religious norms and, in case of collisions, the principles of religious doctrine are applied. Or, within the abovementioned principle, two models of relations can be distinguished: a model of religious state and a model of state religion (church). The principle of cooperation between the state and religious organizations provides for separation of the state and religious organizations, they are functioning as autonomous subjects, religious organizations form their own structure and define their inner administration, the state on its part does not interfere in the inner affairs of religious organizations. Nevertheless, the state and religious organizations cooperate in order to achieve definite aims. Such a model of cooperation can be called the model of cooperation. In countries where the principle of separation of the state and religious organizations is in force and the model of segregation is functioning, the autonomy of religious organizations and the state are strictly separated. Each of these subjects is functioning in its own sphere, in parallel to one another. Religious organizations are not vested the rights to perform the functions of the state, and they do not receive financial support. Registration of a religious organization is the starting point where the activities of the state and of religious organizations come into contact. Registration of a religious organization is a basis for the model of relations between the state and religious organizations to be implemented in the given country. In the Republic of Latvia, the process of registration of religious organizations is regulated by the Law on Religious Organizations which provides for the order of registration of religious organizations as well as the legal status of the religious organizations to be registered; registration has a multi-stage structure. Initially, a congregation is registered as reregistrable, but later it acquires a regular status and after uniting the congregations can form a religious union (church). Religious unions (churches) have the right to establish dioceses and institutions. The next step in the mentioned chain includes religious organizations whose relations with the Republic of Latvia can be regulated by special laws. The State has established special relations with Evangelical Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Old Believer, Methodist, Baptist, Seventh-day Adventist and Moses faith (Judaist) denominations. These denominations have a peculiar status in the Republic of Latvia, the range of their rights differs from the rights of other congregations. Relations between the religious unions (churches) of these denominations and the State are regulated by special laws that define their rights and status. The Latvian Constitution (Satversme) contains a reference to the model of relations between the Republic of Latvia and religious organizations providing that the State is separated from the church. Evaluation of the features of a model of separation and its application to the relations between the Republic of Latvia and religious organizations allows to determine whether the implemented model is a model of separation or whether the relations between the State and religious organizations realized in practice belong to quite another model. The requirement for autonomy of religious organizations and the State can be regarded as satisfied, since the demand for non-interference by the State in the inner activities of religious organizations (except for the cases of violating laws) is included in the Law on Religious Organizations. Separation of religious organizations from the public rights sector presently is not being implemented. In state schools there are religious instruction lessons, religious organizations carry out religious activity in medical institutions and prisons, a service of chaplains has been established whose activity is funded from the state budget. Equality of the forms of activity of religious organizations is not guaranteed, since there exists a multi-stage registration system. A state function of performing marriage ceremonies is delegated to religious organizations. Thus, state functions are delegated to religious organizations. Besides the religious organizations are offered direct and indirect financial support which manifests in allotting tax relief as well as allocating direct grants from the state budget. The model having been established in the Republic of Latvia is a model of cooperation between the State and religious organizations. In the Constitution no state religion is provided but also no segregation of the State and religious organizations is realized. The State acknowledges the autonomy of religious organizations, however, the religious organizations receive financial support, definite functions are delegated to them, and religious organizations are operating in the public sector. Satversme lacks provisions that would truly provide that no state church exists in Latvia, but at the same time definite procedures and operations are being delegated to the church as stated by the law. The idea of amending the Satversme of the Republic of Latvia ought to be considered that would contain the provision about the model of cooperation between the State and religious organizations being realized in practice.
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Carstea, Daniela. "Church and State, Church in State." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 7, no. 4 (2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.74.1003.
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The purpose of this paper is to briefly analyse the three existing models regulating the limits and the areas of intersectionality between the spiritual and the lay power, recognisable and identifiable in the countries of the European Community, that made possible the noticeable onslaught of secularisation in (post-)modernity. The first section will then be supplemented with a sociologically-informed analysis of the increasing desacralisation of our world, employing as a starting point Matthew Arnold’s poem, Dover Beach, foreboding the perils of loss of faith as early as the nineteenth century.
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Akova, Sibel, and Gülin Terek Ünal. "THE CULTURE OF COEXISTENCE AND PERCEPTION OF THE OTHER IN THE WESTERN BALKANS." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 5, no. 1 (April 2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.041505.
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Throughout the 550 year Ottoman rule over the Balkan lands, where even today internal dynamics threaten peace and justice, how and through what means the Ottoman Empire achieved consistency, security and peace is a question to which a number of political scientists, sociologists, communication scientists and history researchers have sought an answer. The most interesting point of the question is that the peoples of the Balkans, a living museum comprising a number of different ethnic groups and religious beliefs, have reached the point where the culture of coexistence has been internalised and dynamics have moved from the conflict of identities to cultural integration. The Balkans are a bridge to the East from Europe and indeed to the West from Turkey, incorporating a patchwork political and cultural geography, the geopolitical location and a richness of culture and civilization, being one of the areas attracting the attention of researchers from different disciplines and capturing the imagination of the peoples of the world throughout history. Balkan studies are almost as difficult as climbing the peaks in the areas and meaningful answers cannot be reached by defining the area on a single parameter such as language, culture or traditions, while the phenomenon of the other can also be observed within the culture of coexistence in this intricate and significant location. Different ethnic groups with different cultures, such as the Southern Slavs (Bosniaks, Montenegrans, Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) as well as Turks, Albanians, Bulgarians, Balkan Jews, Balkan Romany and Wallachians (Romanians and Greeks). Although these peoples may have different religious beliefs, in the ethnically rich Balkan region, religion, language, political and cultural differences are vital in the formation of a mosaic, making the discourse of coexistence possible and creating common values and loyalties, breaking down differences. The Serbian and Montenegrin peoples, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church, the Croat and Slovene peoples belonging to the Catholic Church and the Muslin Bosniaks have shared the same lands and livee in coexistence throughout the historical process, despite having different beliefs. However, in some periods the other and the perception of the other have replaced common values, leading to conflicts of interest, unrest and religion based wars. After the breakup of the Yugoslavian Federal Socialist Republic, Slovenia, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo, defined by the European Union as the Western Balkans, have established themselves as nation states of the stage of history. The scope of our study is these Western Balkan Countries, and we will use the terminology Western Balkans throughout.
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Massignon, Bérengère. "Gerhard Robbers, éd., State and Church in the European Union." Archives de sciences sociales des religions, no. 136 (December 1, 2006): 115–283. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/assr.4037.
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Jovanovic, Mihailo. "Inter-state trade within the European Union." Medjunarodni problemi 57, no. 1-2 (2005): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0502058j.
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Trade is the most important integration link in the overall world production. After the Second World War it induced the establishment of economic integrations. In the last three decades international trade has been more dynamic than the growth of the world production. The data show that the commodity trade is the strongest component of the world purchase and sale, although the international trade in services has grown a bit faster than the commodity trade. However, the share of services in the world trade does not exceed 20 per cent. International trade has most developed among developed countries, keeping up the mutual development of foreign direct investments and know-how and technology transfer. The empirical research shows that apart from the benefits gained by capitalisation of comparative advantages the trade growth is also influenced by benefits resulting from the impact of the economy of scale, competition and spreading of knowledge. Reduction of tariff and elimination of non-tariff barriers constantly opens new opportunities to benefit from international trade in commodities and services. Commodity trade of OECD countries confirms that the volume of trade does not depend only on liberalisation of tariff and non-tariff barriers, but growth to a certain degree reflects the size of the country, geographic elements and transport costs. Therefore, the empirical works predominantly analyse the power of trade as an indicator of the manifested commodity trade, embracing the characteristics such as competition pressures, but not including some deeper political meaning. The previously mentioned factor is significant, since given the policy and competition small countries are naturally more dependent on foreign trade, although competition pressures among big countries largely result from competition inside themselves. A significant change in the trade structure has been recorded in the period of over two years. At first, intra-industrial trade became equal to traditional inter- industrial production, and afterwards it has even exceeded it. For a long time the factors of foreign trade growth have been disputable. The works of Baier and Berstrand show that income growth and reduction of customs produce the main impact on foreign trade growth. In their opinion liberalisation of trade within GATT and WTO is one of the main driving forces in international trade. Reduction of trade costs also produces some impact on foreign trade growth, while approximation of incomes is less significant. Badlinger and Breuss have explored the elements that in the last four decades of the last century made an impact on faster growth of inter-trade of EU-15 member countries. They have estimated the relative impact of the income growth, income equalisation as well reduction of tariffs and trade costs on the intra-trade of EU-15 member countries. The results show that the income growth increases by 70 per cent the intra-trade of these countries. Also, the European integration and liberalisation of GATT and WTO increase by 25 per cent the commodity intra-trade of EU-15.
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Kraciuk, Jakub. "FOOD SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3238.
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The aim of the study was to show the state of food security in European Union countries and defines the basic factors determining the level of this security. There is a large disproportion in the state of food security between individual European Union countries, especially between old and new EU countries. It was determined that in the analyzed years average prices of products and their quality deteriorated in the countries of the European Union. The unfavorable changes that have taken place were not too great. On the other hand, the average indicator for the analyzed countries regarding access to food has clearly improved.
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Palić, Petra, Nikolina Pejović, and Ana Pavković. "The State of Social Entrepreneurship in Selected European Union Countries." Acta economica et turistica 8, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46672/aet.8.1.1.
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Social entrepreneurs create value. Global problems such as poverty have been heightened by the economic crisis lately and continue to affect the lives of many people all over the world and bring a great deal of interest to the social economy. Social entrepreneurship is an important determinant of the social economy and describes a set of exceptional behaviors. This paper analyzes the notion, perception, and degree of social-economic development with an emphasis on social entrepreneurship in the selected countries of the European Union and Croatia. The analysis encompasses the concept and development of selected older members of the European Union and relies on post-socialist countries at the same time as the newest members of the European Union. By analyzing the facts it is trying to prove that the social economy and social entrepreneurship are more developed and more fragmented in the older and more developed countries of the European Union. Further evidence of this fact is the level of employment in the social economy in the European Union, where the postsocialist countries lag behind the more developed countries of the European Union.
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Kaszubski, Michał Piotr. "State and Church in the European Union – Edited by Gerhard Robbers." European Law Journal 14, no. 2 (March 2008): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00413_2.x.
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Kanunnikov, A. A. "European Civil Society or Civil Society of the European Countries?" RUDN Journal of Political Science, no. 3 (December 15, 2016): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2016-3-61-70.
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This article is devoted to the study of civil society in the European Union. It shows the existence of two terms - “European civil society” and “civil society in Europe”. There is a vagueness of the term “European civil society” because it does not disclose the principle of belonging to a “European civil society” - a socio-cultural or geographical. There is a doubt about the possibility of the application of the civil society concept developed to describe the realities at the level of the nation-state, to the description of the phenomenon at a transnational level, for example, in the case of the European Union. The article shows three periods of civil society participation in the European integration process. The article concludes that is premature to consider the European civil society as an autonomous social sphere, opposing the state.
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Hill, Mark. "Islam in the European Union." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 6, no. 30 (January 2002): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00004488.
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The European Consortium for Church and State Research was established in 1989 and has its headquarters at the Istitutio di Diritto Internazionale of the University of Milan. Professor David McClean. who since its inception has occupied the place reserved for the United Kingdom, set out the background to the formation of the Consortium in his paper, European perspectives on Ecclesiastical Law and Religious Education (1990) 2 Ecc LJ 23–27. Since then the Consortium has met annually and considered a broad range of subjects concerning relations between states and relirious denominations in Europe from a historical, political and, particularly, juridical point of view. Its web page may be viewed at www.uni-trier.de/eurocon/. Professor Norman Doe was elected to the Consortium two years ago. having been involved in its affairs for some years. I was invited to attend the sessions in Reggio Calabria (1998), in Strasbourg (1999) and. most recently, in Vienna last November.
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McClean, David. "State Finance For European Churches." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 2, no. 7 (July 1990): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00000971.
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In the January 1990 issue of the Journal, Professor McClean gave some account of the first meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research and of the position as to State support for Religious Education in the countries of the European Community. This article, based on his contribution to the March Conference of the Society, looks at the wider question of State Finance for the Churches, their ministry and worship.
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Park, Soo-Young. "European Union and Hungarian Language Policy." International Area Review 8, no. 2 (June 2005): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590500800208.
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Eastern European countries has been historically multiracial European countries, therefore, the language policy of EU becomes a test case for the practical lives of peoples on the question of the preservation of national identities without national boundaries. This thesis shows what kind of language policy that EU practices to integrate its member states' peoples which practically transcend the borders and how each state deals with these necessities with European Integration and the Globalization. In my paper, Hungary was analyzed as an example.
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Van Caenegem, R. C. "The European Nation State: A Great Survivor." European Review 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279871200018x.
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Today Europe consists of a great number of nation states – some large like Germany, some small like Latvia – where nationhood coincides with statehood. This situation is the result of political upheavals, such as the Italian resorgimento and the waning of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century, and the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the collapse of the Soviet Union and Communist Yugoslavia in the twentieth century. The process is still going on and the United Kingdom may one day be divided into three nation states, England, Scotland and Ireland. The author explores the origins of the modern state after Europe had passed through the tribal and feudal phases (fifth–twelfth centuries) and the role of the Church in the success of the late medieval monarchies, while making clear that the Church also thwarted their ambition to achieve full sovereignty. The author finally wonders what encouraged the European peoples to achieve independence and national statehood.
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Gregor, Jiří. "Political Budget Cycles in the European Union." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 2 (2016): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664020595.
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This paper provides research on the theme of the political budget cycles. The goal is to find out whether or not the government tries to manipulate the state budget and its components for the purpose of re-election across the countries of the European Union. In order to verify this theory a dynamic panel data model was used. The results were significant, but only if predetermined elections were not counted into the estimations. In that case, the theory of the political budget cycles could be accepted as valid for the EU countries. The main driving force of the political budget cycles across the countries of the European Union is fluctuation of the government expenditures. During the election year, the government expenditures are higher, and a year after the election, government expenditures are lower. This is reflected into the state budget balance.
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Brkic, Luka. "European Union: From social integration to social state." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 4 (2004): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0404447b.
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This paper analyzes recent free trade arrangements from a positive political economy perspective. In contrast to most other literature, which fails to take into account geographical factors, it is argued here that proximity and transportation costs play an important role in trade arrangements. Another important also largely neglected factor is the degree of social cohesion in terms of labor standards among potential trading partners. Accepting social integration might also be a condition for admitting those countries to the agreement. Changes of trade policy over time can therefore be explained by changes in the relative political influence of the sectors considered. The other important factors are, of course, a change in the degree of retaliation, leading to lower tariffs under higher retaliation, and a leveling of social standards. Redistribution across countries could also considerably change the optimal rate of tariff. The EU with its regional cohesion funds might be a good example of how those are used as a side-payment for diminishing the social divergence in the member countries. Countries with higher standards should only be willing to integrate when others raise their social standards as well. The negotiations about the social protocol in the EU indicate that this is in fact the case. More than 40 years of European integration have led to an habituation of thinking of the European Community as something ideologically neutral, which transcends normal political debate. European issues, it seems, do not fit the structure of the usual right-left ideological controversy. The only open fault-line in European politics is between advocates of "more" and those of "less" integration. The paper explores the potential cognitive and political gains of a change of perspective. It argues that the issue of more or less integration is often not interesting in itself but only to the degree that it influences the content of policies. It further shows that the policies at stake are normally such, that they can be usefully debated in the right-left framework. The decision about the site of policy control - national or European - is often only the guise in which a decision about the redrawing of the boundary between market and state, between the sphere of competitive allocation and the sphere of political coordination, materializes. This paper aimed at stressing the fundamental differences between conventional and contractarian constitutional orders. To achieve it, we have used the concept of common knowledge and have related it to its political philosophy background, especially with regard to communication and induction. The former generates a spontaneous social order - it is an evolutionist view that belongs to the Hume - Menger - Hayek tradition. The latter produces a contractarian vision shared by the Brennan-Buchanan-Tullock tradition. We consider here a basic distinction between institutions and conventions. An institution is considered as a formal, explicit rule, while a convention appears to be a tacit, implicit agreement. The former can be associated with contractarian constitutionalism, whereas the latter is related to evolutionism. In this context, institutions should not be understood as formalized conventions (such as law in Hayek). They are rather the expression of a voluntary and deliberate agreement, of a covenant. The application describes features relevant to the development of a European constitution and the corresponding unified legal system. It requires a clear vision of what a European "state" is meant to be or become. Then, once a constitutional setting is chosen, one must address the question of legal organization, in particular the nature of administrative law. Two different acceptation of law are thus associated with the two concepts of convention and contractarian institution. The former can be regarded as customary rule a kind of common knowledge that emerges from tradition and sympathy. By contrast, the latter is the place of explicitly created common knowledge. If it is to become more integrated, Europe will have to tackle this constitutional question, either in an evolutionary or in a contractarian way.
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Keighley, Tom. "Accession to the European Union 2001–2010." Nursing Ethics 19, no. 1 (June 14, 2011): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011404587.
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Since 2001, the Commission of the European Union has instigated Peer Reviews to help countries preparing to accede to the European Union. Added to this has been the provision of workshops and individual expert inputs. This article recounts the experiences of the author in this process. It focuses on how a single directive has revealed major ethical challenges for nurses, their national associations and state governments as they seek to implement the changes required. In particular a sub-agenda has emerged relating to general education, access to higher education and the position of women in these countries. The ethical challenges include freedom to practice and creation of competent authorities to provide proper oversight of the health care professions. In 2011, the directive is being reviewed and this article offers arguments for its continuation, even in an unreformed state.
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Galushko, Dmitriy Viacheslavovich, Natalya Valerievna Oganova, Andrey Leonidovich Belousov, Elena Valerievna Grigorovich, and Aleksey Valerievich Sereda. "The EU law and the law of third countries: problems of interaction." SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111802003.
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The article discusses the problems of the interaction process of legal systems of international integration organizations with law of states that are not members of those entities. The research has been conducted on the example of the European Union. The authors conclude that the degree of influence of the international treaties between the EU and third countries on the legal orders of these states differs depending on the level of cooperation between the parties, which is precisely determined by such agreements. The European Union law is the main means of spreading the influence of the European Union on the legal systems of non-member states. Approximation of national legislation with the European Union’s acquis is a consistent process of approximation of the legal system of the state, including legislation, lawmaking, legal technique, law enforcement practice in accordance with the criteria set by the Union. Peculiarities of the legal approximation of law of particular states with law of the European Union are determined by the nature of the relationship between those subjects, by the goals set for such cooperation and fixed in mutual international treaties, as well as by the peculiarities of the state mechanism and the legal system of the respective state. Consequently, regarding European Union – Russia interaction in the field, regulatory engagement can be hardly called as efficient, smooth, and cloudless.
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Schutte, Camilo B. "Spain Tribunal Constitucional on the European Constitution. Declaration of 13 December 2004." European Constitutional Law Review 1, no. 2 (May 19, 2005): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605002816.
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When thinking about the integration of the European sovereign states in the European Union, one does not need to be a euro-sceptic to perceive a big fish devouring little fish. Of course, the individuality of the different countries is assured in the European Union. Article I-5(1) of the European Constitution establishes that the Union shall respect their national identities inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, and their essential state functions, including ensuring the territorial integrity of the State, maintaining law and order and safeguarding national security. Europe is to be ‘United in diversity’. Yet, however considerate the Union may be of the various European countries, unity can exist only by the grace of all member states' loyally fulfilling their European obligations.
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Lytvynchuk, Anna. "Environmental aspects of agricultural policies of the European Union countries." University Economic Bulletin, no. 50 (August 31, 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-50-136-144.
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At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.
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Robbers, Gerhard. "Diversity of State-Religion Relations and European Union Unity." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 7, no. 34 (January 2004): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00005391.
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There is no single system of state-religion relations within Europe which is equal to another. Each one is distinct. Many countries know a number of different systems within themselves, as does the United Kingdom, Germany or France. The presence of history is strongest perhaps in this field of life. Tradition and truth, emotion and identity flourish in this field. Future law on religion in Europe is best built on strong regional structures. This paper reports on three aspects of state-religion relations in Europe: What is the situation in Germany? What does the United Kingdom look like from the continent? And what about Europe?
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Kuzmin, Sergey B. "Risk of Environmental Management in Countries of European Union." Issues of Risk Analysis 18, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/1812-5220-2021-18-3-46-63.
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An assessment of the risk of environmental management for the countries of the European Union was carried out on the basis of two main criteria — natural hazard and protection from natural disasters. Natural hazard consists of natural processes of various origins — lithospheric, hydrospheric, atmospheric and biospheric, which are considered dangerous within the entire state according to official data, as well as protection from natural disasters and disasters at the state level. The last criterion is calculated on the basis of a number of socio-economic and environmental indicators for the EU countries: gross domestic product, the share of the working-age population and the population living below the poverty line, telecommunications and transport coefficients, life expectancy and literacy of the population, child mortality, and the intensity of environmental problems. The relationship between the level of economic development and the level of risk of environmental management in individual EU countries has not been established. So, highly developed countries fall into all risk categories: Italy. Austria and Germany — high risk, France, Netherlands and Belgium — medium risk, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark — low risk. Conversely, underdeveloped countries are also present in all categories: Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania — high risk, Latvia. Lithuania — medium risk, Estonia — low risk. Therefore, when assessing the risk of environmental management, its subsequent analysis and management of natural and natural-man-made emergencies, one should not rely only on indicators of the level of economic development in countries, for example, GDP, as well as on environmental standards established, albeit at the international level, such as MPC, MPI of harmful substances in soils, plants, water bodies, atmospheric air, etc. Taking into account direct indicators and damage from past events in assessing the risk of natural resource use also suffers from a number of drawbacks. A differentiated approach is required.
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Grecu, Robert-Adrian. "Synchronization of Business Cycles in European Union Countries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0021.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has affected economic activity worldwide. Despite the progress made by vaccination campaigns, important uncertainties still linger amid persistent global value chains disruptions and the ongoing energy crisis. A proper understanding of the behavior of the economy is therefore essential for future policy decisions. While there are plenty of studies regarding business cycles, using various methods from univariate filters to more complex methods, less papers focus on large scale comparisons. In this paper, we provide an overview of business cycles in European Union countries. We use the Hodrick-Prescott filter in order to measure the cyclical component of the gross domestic product and the Bry-Boschan-Quarterly algorithm for further analysis, namely the duration and the amplitude of the business cycles. Our results show that their size in European Union countries varies from 2.7 to 6 years and their amplitude is between 1.6 and 5.6 percentage points. We show that in developed economies, business cycles are more stable. Furthermore, strong correlations in terms of business cycles are found in the case of certain groups of countries, such as the Baltic ones or Belgium, Austria and France. In the case of Romania, its business cycle is more similar to the one of Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia. These results could provide useful information for policymakers in terms of future policy decisions conditional on both the current state of the economy and its structural characteristics. Under these circumstances, support measures should also take into consideration such properties of the economy.
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Nuszkiewicz, Krzysztof. "STATE AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." sj-economics scientific journal 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v22i3.304.
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The article presents the significance of renewable energy sources in selected countries of the European Community. These include the power of water, geothermal heat, sunlight, wind and biomass. Supporting the development of renewable energy resources has become an important objective of the European Union. Development of renewable energy resources use in the European Union has been given a priority status, both in political declarations as well as, most importantly, in the specific programmes implementation. Development of renewable energy industry is justified by a number of social, economic as well as ecological benefits.
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Rynkowski, Michał. "Religious Liberty Under the European Convention on Human Rights." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 10, no. 2 (April 16, 2008): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x08001221.
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The eighteenth annual meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research took place in Nicosia, Cyprus, in November 2007, the only divided capital city in the world. It was devoted to the question of how national courts respect and apply the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), particularly Article 9, in their jurisprudence. The conference gathered representatives of 26 European Union States (all except Malta) and was hosted by Mr Achilles Emilianides of the Cyprus Institute for Church and State Research. The conference was inaugurated in a ceremonial way, by the President of the Republic of Cyprus, the President of the Supreme Court, the Attorney General and the President of the European Consortium, Professor S. Berlingó from Messina.
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OROSZ, Ágnes, and Norbert SZIJÁRTÓ. "A MACRO-COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF WELFARE STATE CONVERGENCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Management of Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54989/msd-2021-0005.
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In this paper, we provide a macro-comparative assessment of welfare state convergence. Using the welfare state regime approach, the paper analyses the development of main welfare state indicators within in the enlarged European Union. In this study we capitalize on descriptive statistics and a single convergence analysis based on standard deviation in order to capture alterations in national welfare models of 26 European countries and among acknowledged welfare regimes. Our fundamental aim is to seize on long-term processes (convergence, divergence, or persistence), so we cover almost a two-decade period starting at 2000. Our results, in general, suggest that convergence among welfare states (different indicator of social spending) of European countries is particularly weak, however convergence inside welfare regimes is significantly stronger apart from the Anglo-Saxon group. The pre-crisis period was characterized by a stronger convergence among European countries as a consequence of economic prosperity and intense EU intervention.
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Khúlová, Lucia. "Export into EFTA and transportation costs." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 9, no. 35 (December 1, 2016): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2016-0030.
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Abstract The Member States of the European Free Trade Association are the considerable opportunity for export, especially for countries of the European Union. The European Economic Area unites the Member States of European Union and Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland (the three EFTA countries) into an Internal Market. The paper deals with comparison the basic data of EFTA Member States such as geography, infrastructure, GDP. Due to Logistics Performance Index, it is possible to compare the level of logistics and transportation conditions in selected countries. The export costs and delivery time from a one Member State of European Union to capital cities of EFTA Member States are identified by using online calculator of chosen integrators.
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Winzen, Thomas, and Frank Schimmelfennig. "Explaining differentiation in European Union treaties." European Union Politics 17, no. 4 (July 8, 2016): 616–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116516640386.
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Since the early 1990s, European integration has become increasingly differentiated. Analysing the conditions under which member states make use of the opportunity to opt out of, or exclude other countries from, European integration, we argue that different explanations apply to treaty and accession negotiations, respectively. Threatening to block deeper integration, member states with strong national identities secure differentiations in treaty reform. In enlargement, in turn, old member states fear economic disadvantages and low administrative capacity and therefore impose differentiation on poor newcomers. Opt-outs from treaty revisions are limited to the area of core state powers, whereas they also occur in the market in the context of enlargement.
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Hoła, B., and M. Szóstak. "Analysis of the State of the Accident Rate in the Construction Industry in European Union Countries." Archives of Civil Engineering 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0033.
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The article presents an analysis and evaluation of the accident rate in selected European Union countries. On the basis of available statistical data, the analysis of accidents in various sectors of the European Union economy was carried out. Afterwards, a ranking of countries regarding accidents in the construction industry was developed. For the selected representative countries, analysis of changes in the indicators which characterize the accident rate during the period between 2008 and 2012 was carried out. Conclusions resulting from the conducted research were formulated.
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Đorić, Žarko. "Digital divide in European Union: State and perspectives." Ekonomski pogledi 24, no. 1 (2022): 157–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ep24-38914.
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The term digital divide (digital social inequality, also a "first world problem") refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology and those that don't have access. The primary aim of the paper is to look at the very concept of the digital divide, as well as the possibility of bridging it in order to achieve the fundamental goal embodied in a more inclusive Europe, using the latest EUROSTAT data, for the years 2019 and COVID-19 2021. The paper performs a classical comparison of quantitative information of observed phenomena according to various criteria and from different time frames, specifically before the pandemic and during the pandemic. A more detailed review of the literature points to the persistence of the gap of both the first (material access), and the second (skills and uses) and the third level (outcomes of differentiated access and use) in the European Union, which is also evident in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic which has confirmed the need to turn to digital transformation which is accelerated and adequately managed. The digital divide is manifested between the EU Member States, with a particularly pronounced dividing line between northern and southern European countries. In order to narrow digital divide as much as possible, a strong commitment is needed, not only from policy makers at EU level, but also from Member States, primarily towards raising investment in research and innovation, the diffusion of ICT literacy and the deployment of smart technologies for society.
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Fathun, Laode Muhamad. "BREXIT REFERENDUM OF EUROPEAN UNION." Jurnal Dinamika Global 5, no. 01 (July 5, 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v5i1.193.
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This paper describes the phenomenon Brexit or Britain Exit on the future of EU regionalism and its impact on Indonesia. This paper will explain in detail the reason for the emergence of a number of policies Brexit. Brexit event caused much speculation related to Brexit in the European Union. The policy is considered full controversial, some experts say that Brexit in the European Union (EU) showed the independence of Britain as an independent state. Other hand, that Britain is the "ancestor" of the Europeans was struck with the release of the policy, meaning European history can not be separated from the history of Britain. In fact the above reasons that Britain came out associated with independence as an independent state related to EU policies that are too large, as a result of the policy model is very holistic policy while Britain desire is wholistic policy, especially in the economic, political, social and cultural. In addition, the geopolitical location of the EU headquarters in Brussels who also became the dominant actor in a union policy that demands as EU countries have been involved in the formulation of development policy, including controversial is related to the ration immigrants. Other reason is the prestige associated with the currency. Although long since Britain does not fully adopt the EU rules but there is the possibility in the EU currency union can only occur with the assumption that the creation of functional perfect integration.
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Lipińska, Danuta. "European Union Water Policy: Key Issues and Challenges." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 15, no. 3 (December 28, 2012): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-012-0020-z.
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Water resources are among the most valuable resources of the natural environment. The sustainable and integrated management of these resources is the basis of European water policy. Pursuant to the Water Framework Directive, all waters in the European Union should achieve a state considered at least good by the year 2015. Just how this objective can be met continues to be a topic of discussions in some of the Member States. There exist serious problems and delays in performing and implementing the provisions of the Directive in most EU countries. What is more, the state of the water economy in several countries, including Poland, has been criticized by the European Commission. Many challenges stand before European water policy. They require solutions on a global and local level. This article presents current key problems and planned directions for EU water policy development, subjected to analysis and assessment. Note is taken on the newest initiative of the European Commission in the area of water policy, especially the plan for protecting Europe’s water resources—the Blueprint to Safeguard Europe’s Water Resources.
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Stojanović, Boban, and Tanja Stanišić. "Sectoral State Aid in the European Union and the Western Balkan Countries." Economic Themes 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2015-0019.
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Abstract State aid aimed to certain market participants, especially some of its categories, carries a risk of distortion of competition. Therefore, it is necessary to control allocation of state aid and its direction from the sectoral objectives towards more justified horizontal objectives of allocating. This paper examines the practice of assigning sectoral state aid in the European Union and in the selected Western Balkan countries by using the methods of comparative and correlation analysis. The aim is to identify deviations and point out to the preferred ways of state aid allocation.
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Hoffmann, Tomasz. "The Status of the European Institutions Officials." Polish Political Science Yearbook 36, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2007015.
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The European Union increasingly inuences the member states, their political institutions, business groups, commercial business sector and the citizens. The institutions, politics and legal regulations of the Communities inuence also countries and human beings from outside the Union. is inuence means that each member state of the European Union has its own representative in the European Institutions such as European Parliament, European Commission, the Court of Justice and the Court of Auditors
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Zainieva, Lilia, Aigul Abzhapparova, and Elmira Suimbayeva Suimbayeva. "Youth Vector of Europe: Strategic, State and International Communication." Rhetoric and Communications, no. 54 (January 30, 2023): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.55206/nnuh7157.
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Abstract. The article emphasizes that the implementation of youth policy depends on many factors, primarily on its implementation at all levels: international, regional and national. This article is devoted to the study of youth policy issues in line with the last two levels. It is based on the materials of the European Union and a number of states in this region. Such issues as the creation and establishment of the activities of pan-European structures are being considered. Moreover, this process is analyzed not only at the level of state bodies, but also non-governmental organizations, especially youth. Special attention is paid to international cooperation in the field of youth policy. A significant part of the article is occupied by materials related to work among young people in specific European countries. They summarize the experience in the field of education, employment and other main areas of the young generation's life, highlight the features of this experience in order to use it by other states. The analysis showed that European countries have accumulated sufficient potential in working with young people. The achievements of the European Union as a whole are also of interest, especially in the development of integration processes, the unification of organizational, legal and material resources. Key words: youth, Youth 2030 Strategy, level of youth policy, international cooperation, education, employment, Council of Europe, European Union.
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Ardielli, Eva. "eHealth in the European Union – Comparative Study." ACC Journal 26, no. 2 (September 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/004/2020-2-001.
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eHealth is one of the global modern trends in IT, medicine and politics. It is a broad term that refers to electronization of healthcare and health services and mainly describes the use of information and communication technologies in healthcare. In practice, the evaluation of eHealth is an important matter because it leads to selection of appropriate measures for further progress in the field of electronic healthcare. What is more, it proposes recommendations for the development of eHealth in the EU countries. The article is focused on the comparison of eHealth implementation in the European Union member states. The analysis is performed by means of ELECTRE III method. The results of the empirical research further evaluate the state of eHealth implementation in all European Union member states by selected criteria and enable the comparison of the eHealth implementation in the international context. The results are verified by application of MAPPAC method. It has been acknowledged that the best ranking countries in this area has been obtained by Denmark, Finland, Estonia and Sweden.
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Guseletov, Boris P. "THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM IN THE POST-COVID PERIOD. KEY FEATURES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian Studies. History. Political Science. International Relations, no. 2 (2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2021-2-28-37.
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The article is dedicated to the analysis of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership program in the post-COVID period. It considers the main features of that program in modern conditions and further prospects for its de- velopment, taking into account the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the European Union and the countries participating in this program. The author analyzes the EU leadership attitude to the individual participants of the program and identifies priorities in relation to the various countries represen- ted in it. To overcome the social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the European Commission decided to provide financial assistance to the participating countries, but the amount of the assistance for individual countries depended on the state of relations between the European Union and the leadership of those countries. It is proved in the article that the European Union currently has the most favorable relations with three countries parti- cipating in the program: Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, which have openly declared a policy of rapprochement with the European Union in the political and economic fields. The author outlines positions of all the countries and their expectations of participating in the program in the nearest future as well as in the longer term.
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Dielini, Maryna M., and Alla V. Sukhanova. "Evolutionary Aspect and Current State of the European Union Development." Business, Economics, Sustainability, Leadership and Innovation 4 (July 15, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37659/2663-5070-2020-4-11-17.
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The article examines the evolution of the development of the European Union (EU), suggests the stages of its formation. The main factors of the emer- gence of the EU and important aspects of integration are indicated. The gradual accession of new members and documents regulating the functioning of the EU are reflected. The statistics of foreign trade of the EU countries and the place of the EU in the world are given. Special attention is paid to the relations between Ukraine and the EU as the main partner for Ukraine. The stages of development of Ukrainian-European relations and the importance of integration processes for our country are presented, which is reflected in the form of foreign trade statistics between Ukraine and the EU.
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Veselinov, Jelena. "Endowments in European law: Current state and perspectives." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 93, no. 3 (2021): 700–733. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv93-28640.
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Throughout history, endowment, although with the same content, has developed differently in European countries in terms of law. The national legal regulations of the countries in this area define the basic elements, legal status and functioning of legal entities established in the spirit of endowment differently. The idea of the European Union as a market characterized by the free flow of people and capital inevitably led to the emergence of a very complex set of rules that apply to the member states of this union. The inclusion of endowments in the single market and the growing number of those characterized by internationally useful goals often lead to insurmountable problems in the operations of endowments outside national borders due to national legislations of EU countries not being synchronized, regardless of the general aim to create a single space without any barriers to the flow of people, services and capital. This is the starting point used to examine the subject of this paper - the need to regulate and resolve situations in the functioning of endowments and foundations in Europe: by creating special rules at the EU level and equalizing or harmonizing rules relating to these non-profit organizations. The subject of the research was chosen because of the importance of the topic in the process of developing private EU law in the non-profit sector. The aim of this paper is to analyze the legal regulations related to endowments and foundations in the national legislations of the EU member states comparatively in terms of law, but also to analyze the proposals for creating uniform legal rules.
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Bihari, Erika. "International Investment Arbitration in the European Union." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies 10, no. 1 (August 2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/ausleg.2021.10.1.02.
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The author analyses the regulation of institutional arbitration under investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms, with an emphasis on such arrangements to which the European Union is a party. The functioning of the EU’s Investment Court System is presented in detail as a major reform to the status quo, along with some questions raised when qualifying this system as a means of arbitration, especially for the purposes of recognition and enforcement of decisions rendered, both in jurisdictions party to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union and third countries. The latter problem is identified as a significant aspect of international investment arbitration.
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Kulish, A. M., and Y. M. Ragulina. "INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS OF STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL." Legal horizons, no. 18 (2019): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i18.p123.
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In this work, the authors have examined the concept of “standards” and “standardization” relating to public finance and public financial control. It was recognized that national financial systems activities should be based on generally accepted international standards in order to enhance professionalism and efficiency. Attention was paid to the peculiarities of national standards of the United States of America and European Union countries, in particular the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Lithuania, Georgia. As part of the analysis of the Association Agreement on Public Internal Financial Control, it was determined that cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community, and their Member States takes place through harmonization with the following international standards: the Institute of Internal Auditors (EA IIA), The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI). Much attention was paid to the concept of public internal financial control developed by the European Commission to provide a viable model capable of assisting national governments in revising internal controls in the field of finance and modernizing them in accordance with international standards and best practice in countries- members of the European Union. The scope of the aforementioned concept, its essence, its main elements, and features was determined. The standards of the international organization INTOSAI were analyzed, containing the guiding principles of the audit activity, the peculiarities of their implementation and direction; the activities of the International Professional Association of Internal Auditors EC IIA (European Confederation of Institutes of Internal Auditing); standards developed by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC); the activities of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission COSO. In addition, the article identified the essential elements of an efficient and effective internal financial control system. Keywords: standardization, state financial control, international standards.
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Przygodzka, Renata. "The specificity of state aid in Poland in comparison with European Union countries." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 4(102) (2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.04.102.07.
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Purpose – The aim of the paper is to identify the directions and instruments of state aid (with the exception of agriculture and the transport sector) used in Poland and to identify their specificities in relation to other countries of the European Union. Research method – The achievement of the above purpose required the use of research methods such as the analysis of legal acts, the collection and analysis of secondary data and the processing of the collected factual material using descriptive statistical methods. The data source was The State Aid Scoreboard, together with a variety of reports from the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection. Results – In 2017, the amount of state aid in Poland was twice as high as the average indicator in the European Union (1.51% and 0.76% respectively). Regional development (27.3%) was the main beneficiary of its allocation, while environmental protection was 55.4% in the EU. A specific feature of state aid in Poland is its sustainability, which does not exist to a similar extent in other Member States. Originality /value – According to the author's knowledge, this is one of the unique research papers devoted to the problem of state aid, especially in the context of the indication of the specific characteristics of state aid in Poland against the background of the countries of the European Union.