Journal articles: 'Chronic respiratory infection'

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Cole, Peter. "Host-Microbe Relationships in Chronic Respiratory Infection." Respiration 55, no. 1 (1989): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000195745.

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Polverino, Eva, Graham H. Bothamley, Delia Goletti, Jan Heyckendorf, Giovanni Sotgiu, and Stefano Aliberti. "The best of respiratory infections from the 2015 European Respiratory Society International Congress." ERJ Open Research 2, no. 3 (July 2016): 00049–2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00049-2016.

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The breadth and quality of scientific presentations on clinical and translational research into respiratory infections at the 2015 European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, establishes this area as one of the leadings fields in pulmonology. The host–pathogen relationship in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the impact of comorbidities and chronic treatment on clinical outcomes in patients with pneumonia were studied. Various communications were dedicated to bronchiectasis and, in particular, to different prognostic and clinical aspects of this disease, including chronic infection with Pseudomonas and inhaled antibiotic therapy. Recent data from the World Health Organization showed that Europe has the highest number of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases and the poorest countries have the least access to suitable treatments. Latent tuberculosis and different screening programmes were also discussed with particular attention to risk factors such as HIV infection and diabetes. Several biomarkers were proposed to distinguish between active tuberculosis and latent infection. Major treatment trials were discussed (REMOX, RIFQUIN and STREAM). The possibility of once-weekly treatment in the continuation phase (RIAQUIN) was especially exciting. The continuing rise of Mycobacterium abscessus as a significant pathogen was noted. This article reviews some of the best contributions from the Respiratory Infections Assembly to the 2015 ERS International Congress.

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TANIGUCHI, Haruko, Hiroshi MUKAE, Jun-ichi ASHITANI, Toshihiko IHI, Akira SAKAMOTO, Shigeru KOHNO, and Shigeru MATSUKURA. "Pulmonary Nocardia otitidiscaviarum Infection in a Patient with Chronic Respiratory Infection." Internal Medicine 37, no. 10 (1998): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.37.872.

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KONISHI, Mitsuru, Masayoshi SAWAKI, Keiichi MIKASA, Shoji TAKEUCHI, Yoshihiko YAGYU, Koichi MAEDA, Kaoru HAMADA, et al. "The Study on Bacterial Infection in Chronic Lower Respiratory Tract Infection." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 65, no. 12 (1991): 1593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.65.1593.

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Liao, Bo, Chun-Yan Hu, Tao Liu, and Zheng Liu. "Respiratory viral infection in the chronic persistent phase of chronic rhinosinusitis." Laryngoscope 124, no. 4 (October 2, 2013): 832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.24348.

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FRANCE, MP. "Cilia-associated respiratory bacillus infection in laboratory rats with chronic respiratory disease." Australian Veterinary Journal 71, no. 10 (October 1994): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb00920.x.

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Zeitoun, H., W. El-Husseiny, M. El-Sawi, and M. A. Mandour. "Broncho-alveolar lavage in chronic upper respiratory tract infections." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 109, no. 9 (September 1995): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100131500.

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AbstractThe relationship between upper and lower respiratory tract infections has been demonstrated previously, although the effect of chronic infection of One tract on the other has not been well studied. This work analyses the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid of patients with chronic purulent rhino-sinusitis and reveals and increase in the neutrophil nitro-blue tetrazolium dye reduction test positivity provides evidence for increased phagocutosis to compensate for the increased contamination of the lower respiratory tract.

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Henkle, Emily, Jeffrey R. Curtis, Lang Chen, Benjamin Chan, Timothy R. Aksamit, Charles L. Daley, David E. Griffith, and Kevin L. Winthrop. "Comparative risks of chronic inhaled corticosteroids and macrolides for bronchiectasis." European Respiratory Journal 54, no. 1 (April 18, 2019): 1801896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01896-2018.

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IntroductionNon-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis (“bronchiectasis”) is a chronic airway disease for which little data exist to inform treatment decisions. We sought to compare the risks of respiratory infections in chronic users of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) versus macrolide monotherapy.MethodsWe identified a cohort of US Medicare enrollees with a bronchiectasis diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 494.0 or 494.1) between 2006 and 2014, excluding CF. We defined chronic new use as the first ≥28-day prescription of ICS therapy or macrolide monotherapy. We compared the characteristics of the exposure cohorts using standardised mean differences (SMDs) and computed a propensity score (PS) to account for treatment differences. The risks of acute exacerbation, hospitalised respiratory infection, all-cause hospitalisation and mortality were compared using PS decile-adjusted Cox regression models.ResultsWe identified 83 589 new users of ICSs and 6500 new users of macrolides from 285 043 included Medicare enrollees with bronchiectasis. The crude incidence of hospitalised respiratory infection was 12.6 (ICS therapy) and 10.3 (macrolide monotherapy) per 100 patient-years. The PS-adjusted HRs comparing ICS with macrolide new users were 1.39 (95% CI 1.23–1.57) for hospitalised respiratory infection, 1.56 (95% 1.49–1.64) for acute exacerbation and 1.09 (95% 0.95–1.25) for mortality.InterpretationAmong patients with bronchiectasis, the use of ICSs was associated with an increased risk of hospitalised respiratory infections compared with macrolide monotherapy.

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Fisher, Cynthia E., Carl M. Preiksaitis, Erika D. Lease, Jeffrey Edelman, Katharine A. Kirby, Wendy M. Leisenring, Ganesh Raghu, Michael Boeckh, and Ajit P. Limaye. "Symptomatic Respiratory Virus Infection and Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction." Clinical Infectious Diseases 62, no. 3 (November 12, 2015): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ871.

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Wood, Andrew James, Hanna Antoszewska, John Fraser, and Richard George Douglas. "Is chronic rhinosinusitis caused by persistent respiratory virus infection?" International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 1, no. 2 (March 2011): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alr.20030.

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Chiang, Chen-Hung, Ming-Che Tsai, Yee-Yung Ng, and Shiao-Chi Wu. "Mental Disabilities Increase the Risk of Respiratory Infection-Related Healthcare Utilization." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 3845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203845.

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Patients with chronic mental illness are highly vulnerable to chronic respiratory problems. We examined the influence of mental disability on respiratory infection-related utilization risk in individuals with and without mental disabilities (MDs). A population-based, retrospective cohort design and two-part model were used to analyze respiratory infection-related utilization in individuals with MDs (MD group) and a matched reference group. The respiratory infection-related utilization rate in one year was lower in the MD group (53.8%) than in the reference group (56.6%). The odds ratios (ORs) were significantly higher among individuals with profound MDs (aOR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.07–1.14) and those with a history of dental cavities (aOR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.13–1.19) or periodontal disease (aOR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.19–1.26) after controlling for covariables. The average number of visits was higher in the MD group (5.3) than in the reference group (4.0). The respiratory infection-related utilization rate and average number of visits were significantly higher in the mild, moderate and severe disabled groups with a history of periodontal disease, respectively, than that of the reference group. In conclusion, healthcare authorities must develop an incentive program to prevent respiratory infections among individuals with MDs.

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Hendricks, Matthew R., Lauren P. Lashua, Douglas K. Fischer, Becca A. Flitter, Katherine M. Eichinger, Joan E. Durbin, Saumendra N. Sarkar, Carolyn B. Coyne, Kerry M. Empey, and Jennifer M. Bomberger. "Respiratory syncytial virus infection enhancesPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilm growth through dysregulation of nutritional immunity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 6 (January 4, 2016): 1642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516979113.

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Clinical observations link respiratory virus infection andPseudomonas aeruginosacolonization in chronic lung disease, including cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The development ofP.aeruginosainto highly antibiotic-resistant biofilm communities promotes airway colonization and accounts for disease progression in patients. Although clinical studies show a strong correlation between CF patients’ acquisition of chronicP.aeruginosainfections and respiratory virus infection, little is known about the mechanism by which chronicP.aeruginosainfections are initiated in the host. Using a coculture model to study the formation of bacterial biofilm formation associated with the airway epithelium, we show that respiratory viral infections and the induction of antiviral interferons promote robust secondaryP.aeruginosabiofilm formation. We report that the induction of antiviral IFN signaling in response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection induces bacterial biofilm formation through a mechanism of dysregulated iron homeostasis of the airway epithelium. Moreover, increased apical release of the host iron-binding protein transferrin during RSV infection promotesP.aeruginosabiofilm development in vitro and in vivo. Thus, nutritional immunity pathways that are disrupted during respiratory viral infection create an environment that favors secondary bacterial infection and may provide previously unidentified targets to combat bacterial biofilm formation.

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Allie, S. Rameeza, and Troy D. Randall. "Pulmonary immunity to viruses." Clinical Science 131, no. 14 (June 30, 2017): 1737–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20160259.

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Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.

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Lavrenova, G. V., M. S. Zaynchukovskiy, K. T. Zhamakochyan, and M. I. Malysheva. "Ways to prevent acute viral infection and its bacterial complications." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 21 (January 17, 2021): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-21-103-109.

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Viruses of the ARVI group that are tropic to the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract are able to inhibit the function of the mucociliary system to a certain extent, which contributes to the attachment of bacterial infection. Thus, in respiratory inflammatory diseases, the infection is often combined. This means, that the question about approaches to treatment at the stage of prevention of the development of complications of ARVI arises. A significant increase in the relapse of chronic sinusitis has been observed over the past 10 years. According to A.I. Kryukov et al. the relapse of inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses, the chronic process has no tendency to decrease, aided by the unfavorable ecological situation, the growth of allergic and viral respiratory diseases, poor nutrition to which the body is not evolutionarily adapted. Worsening of chronic sinusitis contributes to many factors, but the starting point is almost always viral infections. Relapse, as a rule, begins with viral rhinitis, which is rarely an independent disease. Most often, a runny nose is a symptom of ARVI or ARI (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus infection, etc.). The entrance gate of infection is the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. The main pathological process in sensitive cells develops both as a result of the penetration of the virus from the outside, and due to the activation of latent or chronic viral infection under the influence of various factors, including other infection.The appointment of drugs with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, adaptogenic activity is one of the promising options for the prevention of both primary viral infection and the development of bacterial complications.We have included a drug that combines adaptogenic and immunomodulatory activities in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Trekrezan belongs to the group of adaptogens – low-toxic compounds, it is recommended as a measure for the treatment and prevention of viral infections and increasing resistance to various stress factors (hypoxia, hypothermia) and adverse environmental effects.

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R., Agarkhedkar S., Sampada Tambolkar, Renuka Jadhav, Adi Padma Priya*, and Koramutla Nagendra. "Primary ciliary dyskinesia – Kartagner syndrome." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 11 (October 31, 2016): 5045. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.11.009.

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PCD is an inherited disorder characterised by impaired ciliary function leading to chronic Sino pulmonary disease, persistent middle ear infections, left –right orientation defects and infertility. Estimated frequency of PCD is 1 in 12,000 to 1 in 20,000 live births. It is diagnosed by recurrent respiratory tract infections and presence of clinical phenotype and ultrasuctural defects of cilia. We are reporting a case of kartagner syndrome in a 12 yrs. old child. She had history of recurrent respiratory tract infection, chronic otitis media. Kartagner was diagnosed by phenotypic presentation and HRCT THORAX suggestive of detrocardia with situs inversus with bronchiectasis with recurrent Sino pulmonary disease and persistent middle ear infection.

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Fukuda, Yosuke, Tetsuya Homma, Shintaro Suzuki, Takahiro Takuma, Akihiko Tanaka, Takuya Yokoe, Tsukasa Ohnishi, Yoshihito Niki, and Hironori Sagara. "High burden of Aspergillus fumigatus infection among chronic respiratory diseases." Chronic Respiratory Disease 15, no. 3 (March 8, 2018): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972318761654.

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Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) is a ubiquitous fungus in our environment and causes severe airway disorders. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are a series of chronic airway and lung diseases. Although both are chronic disorders, however, the relationships between AF and CRDs are still unclear. Therefore, we examined 104 Aspergillus species (spp.) isolated samples in our hospital during three consecutive years to further elucidate the relationships between Aspergillus spp. and CRDs. Based on sample isolates, we then grouped these into two groups, AF and non-AF, to retrospectively analyse the clinical features and to clarify the relationships between AF and CRDs. Importantly, the manifestation of CRD was more frequent in the AF group than in the non-AF group ( p = 0.035). Among CRDs, lung fibrosis was more evident in the AF group ( p = 0.025). Moreover, diabetes mellitus was tended to be evident in AF group than non-AF group ( p = 0.035). In conclusion, CRDs, especially lung fibrosis, were highly prevalent in AF group than non-AF group.

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Su, Yu-Tsun. "From acute respiratory infection, chronic atelectasis, to intensive hemodynamic assessment." Pediatric Respirology and Critical Care Medicine 3, no. 4 (2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/prcm.prcm_10_20.

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Hahn, David L., and Roberta McDonald. "Can Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae Respiratory Tract Infection Initiate Chronic Asthma?" Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 81, no. 4 (October 1998): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63126-2.

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Welbel, Sharon F., R. Harlid, G. Andersson, C. G. Frostell, H. JA Jörbeck, and A. B. Örtqvist. "Respiratory Tract Colonization and Infection in Patients with Chronic Tracheostomy." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 6, no. 2 (February 1997): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019048-199702000-00009.

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salih, Khonaw, Rassool Dabbagh, and Abdulaziz Mansoor. "A sample of patients affected with chronic respiratory tract infection." Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2012.0021.

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Greenough, Anne, and Simon Broughton. "Chronic Manifestations of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Premature Infants." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 24, Supplement (November 2005): S184—S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000188195.22502.54.

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Camp, Belinda, Sabine Stegemann-Koniszewski, and Jens Schreiber. "Infection-Associated Mechanisms of Neuro-Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Crosstalk in Chronic Respiratory Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 5699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115699.

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Chronic obstructive airway diseases are characterized by airflow obstruction and airflow limitation as well as chronic airway inflammation. Especially bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide, can be difficult to treat, and ultimately lack cures. While there are substantial knowledge gaps with respect to disease pathophysiology, our awareness of the role of neurological and neuro-immunological processes in the development of symptoms, the progression, and the outcome of these chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, is growing. Likewise, the role of pathogenic and colonizing microorganisms of the respiratory tract in the development and manifestation of asthma and COPD is increasingly appreciated. However, their role remains poorly understood with respect to the underlying mechanisms. Common bacteria and viruses causing respiratory infections and exacerbations of chronic obstructive respiratory diseases have also been implicated to affect the local neuro-immune crosstalk. In this review, we provide an overview of previously described neuro-immune interactions in asthma, COPD, and respiratory infections that support the hypothesis of a neuro-immunological component in the interplay between chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, respiratory infections, and respiratory microbial colonization.

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Rzepka, Aneta, and Anna Mania. "An analysis of the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections in primary care patients." Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pimr.2020.0069.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections among adult patients visiting their general practitioners. Materials and methods: The analysis included 301 adult patients who reported to their general practitioners due to respiratory tract infection. W assessed clinical symptoms, age, final diagnosis, probable aetiology, additional tests, including Actim® Influenza A&B rapid test to confirm influenza infection, radiographic and laboratory findings, as well as comorbidities, treatment used, vaccinations against influenza, and smoking habits. Results: Upper respiratory tract infections accounted for the vast majority of cases (74%), and these primarily included viral infections (62%), some of which required a change of therapy (23%) due to suspected secondary bacterial infection; lower respiratory tract infections accounted for 26% of cases. The main symptoms reported by the patients included cough, pharyngeal pain, fever, rhinitis, general malaise, nasal obstruction, headache, muscle pain and dysphonia. Acute pharyngitis was the dominant diagnosis (27%), followed by acute upper respiratory tract infection of multiple sites (13.6%), acute nasopharyngitis (known as common cold) (10%), purulent tonsillitis (11.6%), acute bronchitis (11%) and influenza (11%). Antibiotic therapy was used in 60% of patients with upper respiratory tract infection and 68% of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: The majority of patients were diagnosed with viral infections. The highest incidence of respiratory tract infections was observed in elderly individuals and patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Smokers are more likely to develop lower respiratory tract infections (confirmed by additional tests) compared to other groups of patients. Individuals vaccinated against influenza account for a small proportion of patients.

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Stolz, Daiana, Eleni Papakonstantinou, Leticia Grize, Daniel Schilter, Werner Strobel, Renaud Louis, Christian Schindler, Hans H. Hirsch, and Michael Tamm. "Time-course of upper respiratory tract viral infection and COPD exacerbation." European Respiratory Journal 54, no. 4 (August 7, 2019): 1900407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00407-2019.

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Viral respiratory tract infections have been implicated as the predominant risk factor for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). We aimed to evaluate, longitudinally, the association between upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) caused by viruses and AECOPD.Detection of 18 viruses was performed in naso- and orοpharyngeal swabs from 450 COPD patients (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages 2–4) who were followed for a mean of 27 months. Swabs were taken during stable periods (n=1909), at URTI onset (n=391), 10 days after the URTI (n=356) and during an AECOPD (n=177) and tested using a multiplex nucleic acid amplification test.Evidence of at least one respiratory virus was significantly higher at URTI onset (52.7%), 10 days after the URTI (15.2%) and during an AECOPD (38.4%), compared with the stable period (5.3%, p<0.001). During stable visits, rhinovirus accounted for 54.2% of all viral infections, followed by coronavirus (20.5%). None of the viruses were identified in two consecutive stable visits. Patients with a viral infection at URTI onset did not have a higher incidence of exacerbation than patients without viral infection (p=0.993). Τhe incidence of any viral infection during an AECOPD was similar between URTI-related AECOPD and non-URTI-related AECOPD (p=0.359). Only 24% of the patients that had a URTI-related AECOPD had the same virus at URTI onset and during an AECOPD. Detection of parainfluenza 3 at URTI onset was associated with a higher risk of an AECOPD (p=0.003). Rhinovirus and coronavirus were the most frequently detected viruses during AECOPD visits, accounting for 35.7% and 25.9% of all viral infections, respectively.The prevalence of viral infection during the stable period of COPD was low. The risk of exacerbation following the onset of URTI symptoms depends on the particular virus associated with the event and was significant only for parainfluenza 3.

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Wiselka, M. J., J. Kent, J. B. Cookson, and K. G. Nicholson. "Impact of respiratory virus infection in patients with chronic chest disease." Epidemiology and Infection 111, no. 2 (October 1993): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800057046.

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SummaryThis study investigated the morbidity associated with respiratory virus infections in patients with well-documented chest disease, and the risk of transmission between close contacts. Patients informed the study team if they were exposed to a family member or colleague with a cold. Patients and symptomatic index cases recorded respiratory symptoms during the study period. Acute nasopharyngeal swabs and paired sera were obtained for viral diagnosis.Twenty-five (43%) of 58 recorded exposures resulted in a symptomatic illness and 16 (28%) patients developed lower respiratory tract symptoms. Sixteen (64%) of the 25 symptomatic patients contacted their general practitioner, 14 (56%) received antibiotics and 4 (16%) were hospitalized. Mean duration of illness was 10·6 days in symptomatic patients and 5·7 days in their corresponding index cases (P < 0·005). Mean symptom scores were 100·6 in symptomatic patients and 62.2 in index cases (P < 0·01). Respiratory viruses were identified in 19 (33%) episodes. Rhinovirus, coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections were all associated with lower respiratory tract exacerbations.Respiratory tract symptoms following exposure to a cold were comparatively severe in these patients with chronic chest disease. This group of patients might gain particular benefit from the introduction of effective vaccines or antiviral therapy.

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Faisal, Haruyuki Dewi, and Agus Dwi Susanto. "Peran Masker/Respirator dalam Pencegahan Dampak Kesehatan Paru Akibat Polusi Udara." Jurnal Respirasi 3, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jr.v3-i.1.2017.18-25.

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Outdoor air pollution contributed harmful impact to public health. There are several respiratory disorders related to outdoor air pollution such as acute respiratory infection, lung cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and lung function disorder. Respirator is a personnel protective device which has role in the primary intervention step. Currently exist many types of respirators in industrial setting that have specific function to certain hazard exposure in work process. It is difficult to choose one type of respirator that can be implemented in population setting to protect against all air pollutant content. Therefore, it is relevant choosing one respirator type which has the ability to effectively filtrate one of air pollutant content that is the particulate matter. One respirator type, N95 mask has superiority in term of cost and technical use aspects for protecting particulate matter pollutant. Respirator usage effectivity in population setting is an important subject to find out more.

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Ramsahai, James, Prabuddha Pathinayake, Bilal Malik, Nathan Bartlett, and Peter Wark. "Respiratory Viruses and Asthma." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 39, no. 01 (February 2018): 045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617412.

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AbstractAsthma remains the most prevalent chronic respiratory disorder, affecting people of all ages. The relationship between respiratory virus infection and asthma has long been recognized, though remains incompletely understood. In this article, we will address key issues around this relationship. These will include the crucial role virus infection plays in early life, as a potential risk factor for the development of asthma and lung disease. We will assess the impact that virus infection has on those with established asthma as a trigger for acute disease and how this may influence asthma throughout life. Finally, we will explore the complex interaction that occurs between the airway and the immune responses that make those with asthma so susceptible to the effects of virus infection.

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Khatun, A., JA Begum, F. Naznin, R. Parvin, MM Rahman, SM Sayem, and EH Chowdhury. "Cytological evaluation of necropsy guided impression smears of chronic respiratory disease of chickens." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 10, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v10i2.18331.

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The study was conducted to develop a cytology based diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of avian Mycoplasma and E. coli infections at post mortem in the field condition. A total of 38 culture and PCR confirmed Mycoplasma, E. coli or mixed infected samples were used for this study. Lung impression smears were prepared on glass slide from the samples at post mortem examination. Inflammatory cells were counted on microscope after Giemsa staining. Cell counts were analyzed with Bonferroni joint confidence interval and Mann-Whitney U test. The average cell percentages in healthy cases were 73.54- 81.66%, 9.63-13.37% and 7.42-14.38% for lymphocyte, heterophil, and macrophage, respectively. In case of Mycoplasma infection, average percentages of lymphocyte, heterophil and macrophages were 82.01-88.10%, 5.6 to 8.16% and 4.52 9.68%, respectively. In E. coli infection, average percentage of lymphocyte, heterophil and macrophages were found as 64.44-70.76%, 19.73-23.47% and 8.9- 12.7%, respectively. In mixed infection, lymphocyte, heterophil and macrophage were found as 76.08-80.50%, 13.47 17.63% and 4.56 7.66%, respectively. Statistical analyses revealed that in Mycoplasma infection number of lymphocyte and in E. coli infection number of heterophil increased significantly (p< 0.01). In MC complex, number of heterophil increased and macrophages decreased significantly (p < 0.01). These findings could help identification of Mycoplasma, E. coli or Mycoplasma- E. coli complex at post mortem examination in the field condition. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v10i2.18331 SAARC J. Agri., 10(2): 95-105 (2012)

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Griffiths, Cameron, Steven J. Drews, and David J. Marchant. "Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 30, no. 1 (November 30, 2016): 277–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00010-16.

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SUMMARYRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a significant cause of hospitalization of children in North America and one of the leading causes of death of infants less than 1 year of age worldwide, second only to malaria. Despite its global impact on human health, there are relatively few therapeutic options available to prevent or treat RSV infection. Paradoxically, there is a very large volume of information that is constantly being refined on RSV replication, the mechanisms of RSV-induced pathology, and community transmission. Compounding the burden of acute RSV infections is the exacerbation of preexisting chronic airway diseases and the chronic sequelae of RSV infection. A mechanistic link is even starting to emerge between asthma and those who suffer severe RSV infection early in childhood. In this article, we discuss developments in the understanding of RSV replication, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics. We attempt to reconcile the large body of information on RSV and why after many clinical trials there is still no efficacious RSV vaccine and few therapeutics.

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Hardy, Robert D., Hasan S. Jafri, Kurt Olsen, Jeanine Hatfield, Janie Iglehart, Beverly B. Rogers, Padma Patel, Gail Cassell, George H. McCracken, and Octavio Ramilo. "Mycoplasma pneumoniae Induces Chronic Respiratory Infection, Airway Hyperreactivity, and Pulmonary Inflammation: a Murine Model of Infection-Associated Chronic Reactive Airway Disease." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 2 (February 2002): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.2.649-654.2002.

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ABSTRACT Because chronic Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infection is hypothesized to play a role in asthma, the potential of M. pneumoniae to establish chronic respiratory infection with associated pulmonary disease was investigated in a murine model. BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated once with M. pneumoniae and examined at 109, 150, 245, 368, and 530 days postinoculation. M. pneumoniae was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by culture or PCR in 70 and 22% of mice at 109 and 530 days postinoculation, respectively. Lung histopathology was normal up to 368 days postinoculation. At 530 days, however, 78% of the mice inoculated with M. pneumoniae demonstrated abnormal histopathology characterized by peribronchial and perivascular mononuclear infiltrates. A mean histopathologic score (HPS) at 530 days of 5.1 was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than that for controls (HPS score of 0). Serum anti-M. pneumoniae immunoglobulin G was detectable in all of the mice inoculated with M. pneumoniae and was inversely correlated with HPS (r = −0.95, P = 0.01) at 530 days postinoculation. Unrestrained whole-body plethysmography measurement of enhanced pause revealed significantly elevated airway methacholine reactivity in M. pneumoniae-inoculated mice compared with that in controls at 245 days (P = 0.03) and increased airway obstruction at 530 days (P = 0.01). Murine M. pneumoniae respiratory infection can lead to chronic pulmonary disease characterized by airway hyperreactivity, airway obstruction, and histologic inflammation.

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Gheevarghese John, Santhosh, Tirdad T. Zangeneh, and Sairam Parthasarathy. "Acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection – a case report." F1000Research 3 (May 14, 2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4108.1.

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Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is among the most common rapidly growing mycobacteria causing infections in humans. Skin and soft tissue infections, especially those following trauma or surgery are the most common infections caused by this pathogen. We describe the case of a 22-year old female with cerebral palsy and chronic respiratory insufficiency requiring nocturnal ventilation through a tracheostomy, who was admitted to a hospital with worsening shortness of breath, fever, and ventilator dependence. The patient was diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by bilateral pneumonia due to M. abscessus infection. The patient received prolonged antibiotic treatment and respiratory support which led to clinical recovery and bacteriological cure.

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Zemanick, Edith T., and Scott C. Bell. "Prevention of chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 25, no. 6 (November 2019): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0000000000000616.

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Miravitlles, Marc, and Antonio Anzueto. "Antibiotics for Acute and Chronic Respiratory Infection in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 188, no. 9 (November 2013): 1052–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201302-0289pp.

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Vayalumkal, Joseph V., Denise Gravel, Dorothy Moore, and Anne Matlow. "Surveillance for Healthcare-Acquired Febrile Respiratory Infection in Pediatric Hospitals Participating in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 30, no. 7 (July 2009): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598247.

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Objective.To determine the rates of healthcare-acquired febrile respiratory infection (HA-FRI) in Canadian pediatric hospitals and to determine the vaccination status of patients with healthcare-acquired respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, influenza, or pneumococcal infection who were also eligible for immunoprophylaxis.Methods.Prospective surveillance was conducted in 8 hospitals from January 1 to April 30, 2005. All hospitalized patients less than 18 years of age were eligible, except for patients housed in standard newborn nurseries or psychiatric units. Infection control professionals reviewed laboratory reports, conducted ward rounds, and reviewed medical records to identify case patients. Descriptive analyses were completed, as well.Results.A total of 96 case patients were identified; 52 (54%) were male, and 48 (50%) were aged 1 year or less. Seventy-two patients (75%) had chronic medical conditions. Respiratory viruses accounted for 72 (71%) of 101 pathogens identified, and RSV was the virus most frequently identified. Of these 96 patients, 9 (9%) died, and 3 (3%) of the deaths were related to the patient's HA-FRI. The mean incidence rate was 0.97 infections/1,000 patient-days (range, 0.29–1.50 infections/1,000 patient-days). Only 2 (15%) of 13 influenza vaccine-eligible children who acquired influenza while hospitalized were reported to have been vaccinated, but influenza vaccination status was unknown for most children. However, 4 (80%) of 5 RSV prophylaxis-eligible children who had healthcare-acquired RSV infection had received immunoprophylaxis with anti-RSV monoclonal antibody.Conclusions.HA-FRI is mainly caused by viruses such as RSV, and it primarily affects children under 1 year of age and those with chronic medical conditions.

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Wu, Kangyun, Derek E. Byers, Xiaohua Jin, Eugene Agapov, Jennifer Alexander-Brett, Anand C. Patel, Marina Cella, et al. "TREM-2 promotes macrophage survival and lung disease after respiratory viral infection." Journal of Experimental Medicine 212, no. 5 (April 20, 2015): 681–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20141732.

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Viral infections and type 2 immune responses are thought to be critical for the development of chronic respiratory disease, but the link between these events needs to be better defined. Here, we study a mouse model in which infection with a mouse parainfluenza virus known as Sendai virus (SeV) leads to long-term activation of innate immune cells that drive IL-13–dependent lung disease. We find that chronic postviral disease (signified by formation of excess airway mucus and accumulation of M2-differentiating lung macrophages) requires macrophage expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2). Analysis of mechanism shows that viral replication increases lung macrophage levels of intracellular and cell surface TREM-2, and this action prevents macrophage apoptosis that would otherwise occur during the acute illness (5–12 d after inoculation). However, the largest increases in TREM-2 levels are found as the soluble form (sTREM-2) long after clearance of infection (49 d after inoculation). At this time, IL-13 and the adapter protein DAP12 promote TREM-2 cleavage to sTREM-2 that is unexpectedly active in preventing macrophage apoptosis. The results thereby define an unprecedented mechanism for a feed-forward expansion of lung macrophages (with IL-13 production and consequent M2 differentiation) that further explains how acute infection leads to chronic inflammatory disease.

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Kuek, Li Eon, and Robert J. Lee. "First contact: the role of respiratory cilia in host-pathogen interactions in the airways." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 319, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): L603—L619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00283.2020.

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Respiratory cilia are the driving force of the mucociliary escalator, working in conjunction with secreted airway mucus to clear inhaled debris and pathogens from the conducting airways. Respiratory cilia are also one of the first contact points between host and inhaled pathogens. Impaired ciliary function is a common pathological feature in patients with chronic airway diseases, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections. Common respiratory pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, have been shown to target cilia and/or ciliated airway epithelial cells, resulting in a disruption of mucociliary clearance that may facilitate host infection. Despite being an integral component of airway innate immunity, the role of respiratory cilia and their clinical significance during airway infections are still poorly understood. This review examines the expression, structure, and function of respiratory cilia during pathogenic infection of the airways. This review also discusses specific known points of interaction of bacteria, fungi, and viruses with respiratory cilia function. The emerging biological functions of motile cilia relating to intracellular signaling and their potential immunoregulatory roles during infection will also be discussed.

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Murphy, Timothy F., and Sanjay Sethi. "Bacterial Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." American Review of Respiratory Disease 146, no. 4 (October 1992): 1067–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/146.4.1067.

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Baraldi, Eugenio, Luca Bonadies, and Paolo Manzoni. "Evidence on the Link between Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Early Life and Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases." American Journal of Perinatology 37, S 02 (August 9, 2020): S26—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1714345.

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There is growing evidence in medical literature to support an association between early-life respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract-lower respiratory tract infection (RSV-LRTI) and recurrent wheezing/asthma-like symptoms. It has been estimated that children with a history of RSV-LRTI have a 2- to 12-fold higher risk of developing asthma. The connection between RSV infection and a developmental trajectory of reduced lung function remains throughout adolescence and early adulthood, suggesting a possible role for RSV even in the inception of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. That is why the postnatal period appears to offer a specific window of opportunity for early intervention to prevent chronic obstructive lung diseases. The mechanisms by which RSV contributes to the onset of wheezing/asthma and lung function impairment are not fully understood but appear to relate to injury caused directly by the virus and/or to pre-existing predisposing factors. While awaiting a deeper understanding of the association between RSV and chronic lung diseases, the crucial role of pediatricians and physicians is to develop strategies to prevent RSV infections to try and protect children's lifelong respiratory health. Key Points

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Makhmutova, V. R., T. E. Gembitskaya, A. G. Chermenskiy, O. N. Titova, N. A. Kuzubova, and T. A. Stepanenko. "Comparative characteristics and clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis in adults with chronic lower respiratory tract infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli." Russian Medical Inquiry 4, no. 4 (2020): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-4-186-191.

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Background: in Russia, the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients increased by 10 years in 2011–2017 being 55.49 years in 2017. However, the number of patients with the chronic infection caused by non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB), e.g., Burkholderia cepacia, Achromobacter spp. etc., increased as well. Aim: to evaluate the differences in the nutritional and functional status and the severity of mutations in CF patients with chronic Pseudomonas infection or NFGNB infection and to assess the sensitivity of P. aeruginosa to tobramycin in CF patients in the Northwest region of Russia. Patients and Methods: 31 patients with CF aged 18–43 years (18 men and 13 women) were examined. The duration of the study was 12 months. Spirometry, anthropometry, and sputum culture were performed. Results: P. aeruginosa alone was isolated in 18 patients (58%), Achromobacter spp. in 9 patients (29%), and Burkholderia spp. in 4 patients (13%). The patients were divided into two groups, i.e., patients with chronic Pseudomonas infection (group 1, n=18, 10 out of 18 patients with mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa) or chronic NFGNB infection (group 2, n=13). The median age and the mode age were 27 years and 27 years, respectively, in group 1 and 24 years and 22 years, respectively, in group 2. It was demonstrated that CF patients with chronic NFGNB infection are characterized by poorer nutritional status (p<0.05) but similar functional status and the severity of CFTR gene mutation compared to CF patients with chronic Pseudomonas infection. It was also shown that Р. aeruginosa is highly sensitive to tobramycin (94.4%). Conclusions: in CF patients, chronic lower respiratory tract infections with Burkholderia cepacia and Achromobacter spp. account for 41.9% of gram-negative rod infections. Further studies and drug sensitivity monitoring are needed. KEYWORDS: cystic fibrosis, DNA test, chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Achromobacter spp, non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli, CFTR mutation, nutritional status, pulmonary function tests, inhaled antibiotic therapy. FOR CITATION: Makhmutova V.R., Gembitskaya T.E., Chermenskiy A.G. et al. Comparative characteristics and clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis in adults with chronic lower respiratory tract infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(4):186–191. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-4-186-191.

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Lanari, Marcello, Silvia Vandini, Maria Grazia Capretti, Tiziana Lazzarotto, and Giacomo Faldella. "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Infants Affected by Primary Immunodeficiency." Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/850831.

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Primary immunodeficiencies are rare inherited disorders that may lead to frequent and often severe acute respiratory infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most frequent pathogens during early infancy and the infection is more severe in immunocompromised infants than in healthy infants, as a result of impaired T- and B-cell immune response unable to efficaciously neutralize viral replication, with subsequent increased viral shedding and potentially lethal lower respiratory tract infection. Several authors have reported a severe clinical course after RSV infections in infants and children with primary and acquired immunodeficiencies. Environmental prophylaxis is essential in order to reduce the infection during the epidemic season in hospitalized immunocompromised infants. Prophylaxis with palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the RSV F protein, is currently recommended in high-risk infants born prematurely, with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease. Currently however the prophylaxis is not routinely recommended in infants with primary immunodeficiency, although some authors propose the extension of prophylaxis to this high risk population.

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Foster, Katharine, and Helen Alton. "Chronic lung infection in children." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 4, no. 3 (September 2003): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-0542(03)00054-x.

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Drysdale, Simon B., Anthony D. Milner, and Anne Greenough. "Respiratory syncytial virus infection and chronic respiratory morbidity - is there a functional or genetic predisposition?" Acta Paediatrica 101, no. 11 (September 11, 2012): 1114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02825.x.

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Meyer, Megan, and Ilona Jaspers. "Respiratory protease/antiprotease balance determines susceptibility to viral infection and can be modified by nutritional antioxidants." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 308, no. 12 (June 15, 2015): L1189—L1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00028.2015.

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The respiratory epithelium functions as a central orchestrator to initiate and organize responses to inhaled stimuli. Proteases and antiproteases are secreted from the respiratory epithelium and are involved in respiratory homeostasis. Modifications to the protease/antiprotease balance can lead to the development of lung diseases such as emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Furthermore, altered protease/antiprotease balance, in favor for increased protease activity, is associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infections such as influenza virus. However, nutritional antioxidants induce antiprotease expression/secretion and decrease protease expression/activity, to protect against viral infection. As such, this review will elucidate the impact of this balance in the context of respiratory viral infection and lung disease, to further highlight the role epithelial cell-derived proteases and antiproteases contribute to respiratory immune function. Furthermore, this review will offer the use of nutritional antioxidants as possible therapeutics to boost respiratory mucosal responses and/or protect against infection.

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Mitronin, A. V., N. A. Apresian, D. A. Ostanina, and E. D. Yurtseva. "Correlation between oral health and severity of respiratory coronavirus infection COVID-19." Endodontics Today 19, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36377/1683-2981-2021-19-1-18-22.

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Aim. To establish the association between the presence of chronic infection in oral cavity and the severity of SARSCoV-2 infection.Materials and methods. The study was conducted among 30 people aged between18 and 22 who had had coronavirus infection from mild to severe cases. The assessment of oral health was carried out with main and additional examination methods, CFE index, PMA index, Greene, Wermillion oral hygiene index.Results. In group 1, the average value of CFE index was 4.2, in the second group – CFE index was twice higher at 7.8. PMA index in patients of group 2 was significantly higher (p> 0.01) and was at the level of 41.5%. In group 1, the PMA index was 13.3%. It was found that 17% of the respondents in the control group and 70% patients in the experimental group had an episodic exacerbation of dental diseases during COVID-19.Conclusions. The data obtained indicates a correlation between oral diseases and the severity of COVID-19. It is necessary to consider that chronic infection in the oral cavity as well as poor oral hygiene can act as a risk of complications of viral infections, in particular, of COVID-19.

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Трибунцева, L. Tribuntseva, Будневский, and Andrey Budnevskiy. "Monitoring System in the Patients with Chronic Obstructive Puemonary Disease." Journal of New Medical Technologies 20, no. 4 (December 20, 2013): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2727.

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The results of the analysis of the clinical features of disease and the efficacy of therapy in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the outpatient level by means of computer pulmonological register are presented. It was shown by the use of the computer program "The monitoring system in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" that vaccination in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage II-III leads to a decrease the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections, hospitalizations chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in a hospital, the number of outpatient visits and medical emergencies. The progressive nature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves the steady weakening of the natural defense systems of the respiratory system, which creates favorable conditions for infection of the respiratory system. Influenza virus leads to reduction of functional activity of ciliated epithelium atrophy followed cilia. The modern concept of influenza vaccination focused on vaccination of the persons with high risk of infection, including the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this promising method for assessing the effectiveness of vaccination may be to use the computer program "The monitoring system in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" and allows to evaluate pharmaco-economic aspects of care of the patients and the effect of preventive measures on clinical course of this disease.

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Safina, A. I. "Local antibiotic therapy for acute upper respiratory tract infections." Medical Council, no. 17 (November 24, 2019): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-17-112-115.

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The article discusses the possibilities of local antibiotic therapy for acute respiratory infections in children. Despite the fact that most acute respiratory infections are caused by viruses, unreasonably high (up to 70% and higher in different countries) prescription of antibacterial drugs by primary care physicians has been observed. At the same time, it is highly likely that bacterial superinfection may develop in young children, in children with a prolonged course of acute respiratory infection, as well as in children with chronic ENT pathology, which requires the prescription of antibacterial therapy both to treat and, possibly, to prevent bacterial superinfection. In this case, the drug of choice should be antibiotics for topical (inhalation) use, such as Fluimucil®-antibiotic IT, which act directly at the infection site with the achievement of a quick therapeutic effect, without side effects that are associated with systemic antibiotics.

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Gottlieb, Jens. "Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 39, no. 02 (March 26, 2018): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615799.

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The incidence of community-acquired respiratory viruses (CARVs) is ∼15 cases per 100 patient-years after lung transplantation (LTx). Paramyxoviruses account for almost 50% of the cases of CARV infection in LTx. Most patients will be symptomatic with a mean decline of 15 to 20% in forced expiratory volume in 1 second. The attributable death rate is low in recent years 15 to 25% CARV infected LTx patients will develop chronic lung allograft dysfunction within a year after CARV infection. This risk seems to be increased in comparison to the noninfected LTx recipient.Detection rate of CARV dependent on clinical awareness, sampling, and diagnostic method with nucleic acid testing by polymerase chain reaction in bronchoalveolar lavage is the gold standard after LTx.There is no approved treatment for paramyxoviruses, most centers use ribavirin by various routes. Toxicity of systemic ribavirin is of concern and some patients will have contraindication to this treatment modality. Treatment may reduce the risk to develop chronic lung allograft dysfunction and respiratory failure. Agents under development are inhibiting viral attachment and use silencing mechanisms of viral replication.

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Dassios, T. G., A. Katelari, S. Doudounakis, and G. Dimitriou. "Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection and Respiratory Muscle Impairment in Cystic Fibrosis." Respiratory Care 59, no. 3 (August 27, 2013): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.02549.

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Yanagihara, K., K. Tomono, T. Sawai, Y. Hirakata, J. Kadota, H. Koga, T. Tashiro, and S. Kohno. "Effect of clarithromycin on lymphocytes in chronic respiratory Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 155, no. 1 (January 1997): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001333.

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Barker, D. J., and C. Osmond. "Childhood respiratory infection and adult chronic bronchitis in England and Wales." BMJ 293, no. 6557 (November 15, 1986): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6557.1271.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chronic respiratory infection'

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