Academic literature on the topic 'Chronic cannabis use'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chronic cannabis use"
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Hami, H., F. Z. Azzaoui, A. Mokhtari, A. Soulaymani, S. Skalli, and R. Soulaymani. "Chronic cannabis use in morocco." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71757-6.
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IntroductionIn Morocco, as in other countries, the cannabis consumption by a great number of the population remains worrisome, in terms of its effects on “mental and physical” health and its social repercussions.Objectives and aimsTo determine the profile of the people poisoned by cannabis in Morocco in order to identify individuals and groups at high risk.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on chronic cannabis poisoning cases notified between 2000 and 2008 in the Morocco Poison Control Center.ResultsDuring the study period, three hundred and one regular users of cannabis (28 women and 273 men) were poisoned, constituting 34 cases on average per year. The clinical symptoms presented by victims are different, depending on the quantity of inhaled and absorbed psychoactive substances (especially THC) and the frequency and method of use. The average age of victims is 22 years. Among the 225 patients for whom the evolution is known, a 23-year-old man died. The rest of the patients’ condition has improved under gut decontamination.ConclusionsThe influence of consumption of the increasingly high doses of cannabis on the quality of life of young people justifies a public information, particularly young people for better prevention of using of this psychoactive product.
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Lorenzetti, Valentina, Nadia Solowij, Sarah Whittle, Alex Fornito, Dan I. Lubman, Christos Pantelis, and Murat Yücel. "Gross morphological brain changes with chronic, heavy cannabis use." British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 1 (January 2015): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.151407.
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SummaryWe investigated the morphology of multiple brain regions in a rare sample of 15 very heavy cannabis users with minimal psychiatric comorbidity or significant exposure to other substances (compared with 15 age- and IQ-matched non-cannabis-using controls) using manual techniques. Heavy cannabis users demonstrated smaller hippocampus and amygdala volumes, but no alterations of the orbitofrontal and anterior- and paracingulate cortices, or the pituitary gland. These findings indicate that chronic cannabis use has a selective and detrimental impact on the morphology of the mediotemporal lobe.
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Fontes, Maria Alice, Karen I. Bolla, Paulo Jannuzzi Cunha, Priscila Previato Almeida, Flávia Jungerman, Ronaldo Ramos Laranjeira, Rodrigo A. Bressan, and Acioly L. T. Lacerda. "Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning." British Journal of Psychiatry 198, no. 6 (June 2011): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077479.
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BackgroundMany studies have suggested that adolescence is a period of particular vulnerability to neurocognitive effects associated with substance misuse. However, few large studies have measured differences in cognitive performance between chronic cannabis users who started in early adolescence (before age 15) with those who started later.AimsTo examine the executive functioning of individuals who started chronic cannabis use before age 15 compared with those who started chronic cannabis use after 15 and controls.MethodWe evaluated the performance of 104 chronic cannabis users (49 early-onset users and 55 late-onset users) and 44 controls who undertook neuropsychological tasks, with a focus on executive functioning. Comparisons involving neuropsychological measures were performed using generalised linear model analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsThe early-onset group showed significantly poorer performance compared with the controls and the late-onset group on tasks assessing sustained attention, impulse control and executive functioning.ConclusionsEarly-onset chronic cannabis users exhibited poorer cognitive performance than controls and late-onset users in executive functioning. Chronic cannabis use, when started before age 15, may have more deleterious effects on neurocognitive functioning.
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Tse, Caroline, Alicia Stewart, Omar Ordaz-Johnson, Maya Herzig, Jacqueline Gagnon, Jonathan Emens, Steven Shea, and Nicole Bowles. "223 Sleep Duration and Sleep Quality in Chronic Cannabis Users and Non-Users." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.222.
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Abstract Introduction Cannabis use is on the rise in the United States, with 10% of adults reporting cannabis use in the past 30 days. Users commonly report consuming cannabis to improve sleep despite the lack of research that supports an association between cannabis use and sleep. In this pilot study we sought to examine objective measures of sleep duration and sleep quality among non- and chronic-cannabis users, and any patterns in relation to the time since consumption of cannabis. Methods Chronic cannabis users (cannabis used 2 or more times/week) and non-users provided up to 2-weeks of actigraphy (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT), worn on the wrist and verified by sleep diary. Chronic cannabis users also reported the date, time, amount, and route of their cannabis use. Mixed-effects models with participant as a random factor were used to examine: 1) the relationship between daily sleep parameters in cannabis non-users vs. users; and 2) the elapsed time between cannabis use and time in bed in chronic cannabis users. Results Chronic cannabis users (n=6) and non-users (n=7) collectively provided 151 nights of sleep. Participant characteristics (38.5% female; age, 25.8 years ± 4 years; BMI, 23.4 kg/m2 ± 3.4 kg/m2) did not significantly differ between groups. Cannabis use was associated with decreased total sleep time (measured in hours, ß=-0.58, p<0.001) and increased wake after sleep onset (WASO, ß=32.79, p=0.005), but not with the number of awakenings (ß=6.02, p=0.068). Among chronic cannabis users, cannabis use within two hours of bed was associated with increased sleep latency compared to use greater than two hours (ß=6.66, p=0.026). There was no association between time of cannabis use and WASO (p=0.621) or the number of awakenings (p=0.617). Conclusion In this pilot study of objectively measured sleep, we found that chronic cannabis use compared to non-use is associated with decreased sleep duration of otherwise healthy adults. Cannabis used closer to bedtime is associated with increased sleep latency. Additional studies that are able to assess the mode and dosage of use are needed to further understand the effects of cannabis and its components on sleep. Support (if any) KL2TR002370, AASM, Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences
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Fatima, Hudaisa, Allyn C. Howlett, and Christopher T. Whitlow. "Reward, Control & Decision-Making in Cannabis Use Disorder: Insights from Functional MRI." British Journal of Radiology 92, no. 1101 (September 2019): 20190165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190165.
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The recreational consumption of cannabis has increased significantly across the world with an estimated 180 million people currently using. In the United States, 4.1 million are currently diagnosed with cannabis use disorder. Cannabis dependence and abuse was combined into a single entity as a behavioral disorder with a problematic pattern of cannabis use and termed cannabis use disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Chronic use of cannabis has been linked with region-specific effects across the brain mediating reward processing, cognitive control and decision-making that are central to understanding addictive behaviors. This review presents a snapshot of the current literature assessing the effects of chronic cannabis use on human brain function via functional MRI. Studies employing various paradigms and contrasting cognitive activation amongst cannabis users and non-users were incorporated. The effects of trans-del-ta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in marijuana and other preparations of cannabis are mediated by the endocannabinoid system, which is also briefly introduced. Much variation exists in the current literature regarding the functional changes associated with chronic cannabis use. One possible explanation for this variation is the heterogeneity in study designs, with little implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria when selecting chronic users, distinct time points of participant assessment, differing cognitive paradigms and imaging protocols. As such, there is an urgent requirement for future investigations that further characterize functional changes associated with chronic cannabis use.
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Tripp, Dean A., J. Curtis Nickel, Laura Katz, Adrijana Krsmanovic, Mark A. Ware, and Darcy Santor. "A survey of cannabis (marijuana) use and self-reported benefit in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome." Canadian Urological Association Journal 8, no. 11-12 (December 15, 2014): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.2268.
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Introduction: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a chronic pelvic pain condition largely refractory to treatment. Cannabis (marijuana) use has been reported for a wide variety of chronic pain conditions, but no study has examined prevalence of cannabis use, symptom benefit or side effects, or frequency in CP/CPPS.Methods: Participants were recruited from an outpatient CP/CPPS urology clinic (n = 98) and online through the Prostatitis Foundation website (n = 244). Participants completed questionnaires (demographics, CP/CPPS, depression, cannabis).Results: The clinic sample included Canadian patients and the online sample included primarily American patients. Due to differences, groups were examined separately. Almost 50% of respondents reported using cannabis (clinic n = 49; online n = 89). Of the cannabis users, 36.8% of clinic and 75% of online respondents reported that it improved their symptoms. Most of the respondents (from the clinic and online groups) reported that cannabis improved their mood, pain, muscle spasms, and sleep. However, they did not note any improvements for weakness, fatigue, numbness, ambulation, and urination. Overall, the effectiveness of cannabis for CP/CPPS was “somewhat/very effective” (57% clinic; 63% online). There were no differences between side effects or choice of consumptionand most reported using cannabis rarely.Conclusions: These are the first estimates in men suffering from CP/CPPS and suggest that while cannabis use is prevalent, its medical use and benefit are unknown. This is an understudied area and the benefit or hazard for cannabis use awaits further study.
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Bekker, Alex. "Cannabis use and non-cancer chronic pain." Lancet Public Health 3, no. 10 (October 2018): e468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30178-6.
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McGregor, Iain. "Cannabis use and non-cancer chronic pain." Lancet Public Health 3, no. 10 (October 2018): e467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30180-4.
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Fajardo, Noel R., Filippo Cremonini, and Nicholas J. Talley. "Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome and Chronic Cannabis Use." American Journal of Gastroenterology 100 (September 2005): S342—S343. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-200509001-00936.
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Sturgeon, John A., James Khan, Jennifer M. Hah, Heather Hilmoe, Juliette Hong, Mark A. Ware, and Sean C. Mackey. "Clinical Profiles of Concurrent Cannabis Use in Chronic Pain: A CHOIR Study." Pain Medicine 21, no. 11 (March 31, 2020): 3172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa060.
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Abstract Objective Despite evidence of the analgesic benefits of cannabis, there remains a relative scarcity of research on the short- and long-term effects of cannabis use in individuals with chronic pain. Design The current study is a secondary analysis of clinical data from the Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry (CHOIR). Setting Data were drawn from a cohort of patients of a multidisciplinary tertiary care pain clinic. Subjects The study sample consisted of data from 7,026 new patient visits from CHOIR; of these, 1,668 patients with a follow-up time point within 180 days were included in a longitudinal analysis. Methods Clinical data were analyzed to characterize cross-sectional differences in pain and indicators of psychological and physical function according to self-reported, concurrent cannabis use. Additionally, a propensity score–weighted longitudinal analysis was conducted, examining cannabis use as a predictor of changes in clinical variables across time. Results Cross-sectional analyses suggested significantly poorer sleep and significantly higher intensities of pain, emotional distress, and physical and social dysfunction in patients reporting ongoing cannabis use; however, these differences were relatively small in magnitude. However, no differences between cannabis users and nonusers in terms of longitudinal changes in clinical variables were noted. Discussion Our results are among the first to examine concurrent cannabis use as a prognostic variable regarding trajectories of pain-related variables in tertiary care. Future studies may benefit from examining the effect of cannabis initiation, concurrent medication use, and specific aspects of cannabis use (dose, duration of use, or cannabis type) on clinical outcomes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chronic cannabis use"
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Kędzior, Karina Karolina. "Chronic cannabis use and attention-modulated prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans /." Connect to this title, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0027.
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Seneca, Michael J. "Meta-Analysis of Herbal Cannabis Therapy for Chronic Pain." UNF Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/503.
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Since the first so-called “medical marijuana” legislation was passed in California in 1996, a total of twenty states and the District of Columbia have passed laws permitting limited use of cannabis. Despite the changes in state laws, cannabis remains illegal for any purpose under federal law. Changes in state laws have coincided with a renewed interest in the substance for the treatment of a variety of conditions. There has been a significant increase in published data over the past twenty years examining the efficacy of cannabis as an appetite stimulant, antiemetic agent, and analgesic adjuvant. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to synthesize published data on cannabis use as an analgesic agent. Five studies meeting inclusion criteria were located through searches of online databases, review of reference lists, author correspondence, and review of clinical trials databases. Meta-analysis was conducted using fixed-effects modeling. The overall effect of mean reduction of pain intensity was -4.895 (Z-score) with an associated p value of 0.003. The combined standardized mean difference (SMD) was -0.362 (CI -0.507 to -0.217), indicating on average a moderate significant reduction in pain intensity for patients with chronic pain. As the legal status of the substance evolves, additional research is needed to establish evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding the use of medicinal cannabis in pain management.
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Kedzior, Karina Karolina. "Chronic cannabis use and attention-modulated prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans." University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0027.
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Background. Various studies show that cannabis use alters attention and cognitive functioning in healthy humans and may contribute to development of schizophrenia or worsening of pre-existing psychosis. However, the impact of cannabis use on brain function in humans is not well understood. Schizophrenia is associated with a deficit in prepulse inhibition (PPI), the normal inhibition of the startle reflex by a non-startling stimulus (prepulse), presented before the startle stimulus at short time intervals (lead-time intervals). Such PPI deficit is thought to reflect a sensorimotor gating dysfunction in schizophrenia. PPI is also modulated by attention and PPI reduction in schizophrenia is observed when patients are asked to attend to, not ignore, the stimuli producing PPI. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between self-reported chronic cannabis use and attentional modulation of PPI in healthy controls and in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, the association between cannabis use and other startle reflex modulators, including prepulse facilitation (PPF) of the startle reflex magnitude at long lead-time intervals, prepulse facilitation of the startle reflex onset latency and habituation of the startle reflex magnitude, were examined. Method. Auditory-evoked electromyographic signals were recorded from orbicularis oculi muscles in chronic cannabis users (29 healthy controls and 5 schizophrenia patients) and non-users (22 controls and 14 patients). The data for 36 participants (12 non-user controls, 16 healthy cannabis users, and eight non-user patients) were used in the final analyses and the patient data were used as a pilot study, because relatively few participants met the rigorous exclusionary criteria. Participants were instructed to attend to or to ignore either the startle stimuli alone (70 100 dB) or prepulse (70 dB) and startle stimuli (100 dB) separated by short lead-time intervals (20 200 ms) and long lead-time intervals (1600 ms). In order to ignore the auditory stimuli the participants played a visually guided hand-held computer game. A pilot study showed that the response component of playing the game had no effects on attentional modulation of the startle reflex magnitude and onset latency. Results. Relative to controls, cannabis use in healthy humans was associated with a reduction in PPI similar to that observed in schizophrenia while attending to stimuli, and with an attention-dependent dysfunction in the startle reflex magnitude habituation. While ignoring the stimuli there were no statistical differences in PPI between cannabis users and controls, although PPI in cannabis users tended to differ from that of the patients. The reduction in PPI in cannabis users was correlated with the increased duration of cannabis use, in years, but not with the concentration of cannabinoid metabolites in urine or with the recency of cannabis use in the preceding 24 hours. Furthermore, cannabis use was not associated with any differences in PPF, onset latency facilitation, and startle reflex magnitude in the absence of prepulses. The accuracy of self-reports of substance use was also investigated in this study and was found to be excellent. In addition, the study examined the validity of the substance use module of the diagnostic interview, CIDI-Auto 2.1, which was found to be acceptable for cannabis misuse diagnoses (abuse and/or dependence). Finally, cannabis dependence was found to be associated with more diagnoses of mental illness other than schizophrenia (mainly depression). Conclusions. The results of the current study suggest that chronic cannabis use is associated with schizophrenia-like deficit in PPI in otherwise healthy humans. This PPI reduction is associated with attentional impairment rather than a global sensorimotor gating deficit in healthy cannabis users.
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Blanco, Hinojo Laura 1981. "Functional connectivity anomalies in the neural networks mediating motivated behavior : assessong obsessive-compulsive disorder , chronic cannabis use, Prader-Willi syndrome and Down syndrome." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328419.
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Compulsive, impulsive, and addictive disorders display some behavioral commonalities associated with a dysfunction in the regulation of motivated, goal-directed behavior. Relevant to motivated behavior, there is a set of distributed large-scale neural networks connecting cortical areas, mainly frontal, with the basal ganglia. We have used MRI measurements of functional connectivity to assess the functional status of the cortico-basal ganglia circuits, as well as their interaction with other large-scale networks, in four medical conditions characteristically showing altered motivated behavior. The study samples included a group of 74 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 28 chronic cannabis users, 24 Prader-Willi syndrome and 20 Down syndrome individuals. Structural MRI was additionally used to characterize gray matter volume correlations within these same networks in healthy subjects. Results showed both common and distinct functional connectivity across study groups, associated with the severity of their characteristic behavioral disturbances. All in all, the data suggest potential functional mechanisms by which flexible and adaptive behaviors may be compromised. In the specific context of frontal-basal ganglia physiology, the findings may provide new insights into the nature of obsessive compulsive behavior, its boundaries with impulsivity and the role of nonsatiated basic drives in the genesis of obsessions.Els trastorns compulsius, impulsius, i addictius, mostren trets comuns associats a una disfunció en la regulació de la conducta motivada. El conjunt de xarxes neuronals que connecten àrees corticals, principalment frontals, amb els ganglis basals, té un paper rellevant a la conducta motivada. Hem utilitzat mesures de RM per avaluar l’estat funcional dels circuits corticals-ganglis basals, així com la seva interacció amb altres xarxes cerebrals, en quatre trastorns que d’una manera característica presenten alteracions de la conducta motivada. Les mostres d’estudi van incloure un grup de 74 pacients amb trastorn obsessiu-compulsiu, 28 consumidors crònics de cànnabis, 24 persones amb síndrome de Prader-Willi i 20 persones amb síndrome de Down. A més, vam utilitzar RM estructural per caracteritzar les correlacions volumètriques de substància grisa dins d’aquests mateixos circuits en subjectes sans. Els resultats mostren alteracions comunes i diferents entre els grups d’estudi, associades a la gravetat dels seus símptomes més característics. En el context específic de la fisiologia frontal-ganglis basals, les troballes poden proporcionar nous coneixements sobre la naturalesa del comportament obsessiu compulsiu, els límits amb la impulsivitat i el paper de les motivacions bàsiques no satisfetes en la gènesi de les obsessions.
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Teixeira, Alice Rangel. "Social Media and Chatbots use for Chronic Disease Patients Support: Case Study from an Online Community Regarding Therapeutic use of Cannabis." Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/121907.
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A análise de redes sociais para a saúde é recente e tem como objetivo compreender a efetividade de políticas e práticas de saúde para a população, ajustando-as conforme necessário (Paul & Drezde, 2017). Contudo, apesar do papel central da partilha de informação para o apoio social e emocional, no contexto das redes sociais, ainda são poucos os estudos que procuram analisar a dinâmica de produção e partilha desta informação. Esse estudo procurou analisar como se dá essa dinâmica de produção de conhecimento tendo como caso de estudo as comunidades online de apoio ao tratamento de doenças crônicas com cannabis. O caso escolhido parte da perspectiva que as comunidades de pacientes e cuidadores de pacientes com doenças crônicas têm a produção de conhecimento como objetivo explícito dos agrupamentos, por não haver informação ou atenção ao tratamento satisfatória, no que foi observado como "guerra contra as doenças". O nicho do tratamento com cannabis tem ainda como fatores contribuintes à essas organizações o baixo nível de pesquisas científicas na área, mas com resultados promissores, bem como a proibição no Brasil do plantio e consumo da maconha. A análise qualitativa da dinâmica destes grupos pode fornecer importantes dados para profissionais e investigadores da área de saúde. De acordo com Kreps e Neuhauser (2010), o uso de mensagens personalizadas promove a interação entre utilizadores e sistemas que simulam uma comunicação, apresentando o potencial de unir formas de comunicação interpessoal e massiva. Dentro do contexto das redes sociais, a inteligência artificial possibilita o desenvolvimento de chatbots que podem desempenhar um importante papel como facilitadores no acesso à informação. Baseando-se numa análise detalhada da comunidade seleccionada para caso de estudo, construíu-se um protótipo de chatbot, para ser testado em um estudo com utilizadores, com objetivo de compreender qual contribuição um chatbot pode oferecer à dinâmica atual das comunidades.This study aimed to analyze, from a case study perspective, how patients or caregivers of patients with chronic diseases use online communities to inform themselves, discuss about the use of therapeutic cannabis in a dynamic of production of empirical knowledge from experience of the participants. For this analysis, methods of collecting and analyzing complementary data were used, including survey, direct observation and topic modeling within the case study. Second, a chatbot prototype was built to understand how technology could contribute to overcome the limitations identified in the current dynamics of the communities. For the evaluation of the prototype, a study with users was carried out.
Books on the topic "Chronic cannabis use"
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Chapkis, W. Dying to get high: Marijuana as medicine. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
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J, Webb Richard, ed. Dying to get high: Marijuana as medicine. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
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Cannabis revealed: How the world's most misunderstood plant is healing everything from chronic pain to epilepsy. Bonni S. Goldstein MD INC, 2016.
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Comitas, Lambros, and Vera Rubin. Ganja in Jamaica: A Medical Anthropological Study of Chronic Marihuana Use. De Gruyter, Inc., 2019.
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Cannabis for chronic pain: A proven prescription for using marijuana to relieve your pain and heal your life. Touchstone, 2017.
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The cannabis health index: Combining the science of medical marijuana with mindfulness techniques to heal 100 chronic symptoms and diseases. North Atlantic Books, 2015.
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Snell, Lawrence D., Sanjiv V. Bhave, Laszlo Takacs, and Boris Tabakoff. Biological Markers of Substance Use. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.23.
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Ascertaining an individual’s history of alcohol consumption is an important component in the proper treatment of accidental trauma or acute or chronic illness, as well as for matters of public health and safety, legal issues, insurance coverage, and the management of and recovery from hazardous/harmful levels of alcohol consumption. Although self-report of alcohol consumption in both research and clinical settings represents the most common mode of assessment, there is long-standing interest in developing objective measures of alcohol consumption that do not rely on the ability or willingness of a person to truthfully report consumption. Biologic diagnostic tests or biomarkers can provide information on current and past quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. This chapter discusses and evaluates many of the biomarker candidates that have been investigated and provides insights into future searches for optimal diagnostic tools to provide biologic evidence of duration, quantity, and frequency of individual alcohol consumption. We have included a limited discussion of biomarkers for assessing cannabis use since cannabis and alcohol use many times are a concomitant feature of intoxication.
Book chapters on the topic "Chronic cannabis use"
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"The psychological effects of chronic cannabis use." In Cannabis Use and Dependence, 67–69. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511470219.009.
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Hirst, R., L. Sodos, S. Gade, and L. Rathke. "Motivation in Chronic Cannabis Use." In Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies, 288–97. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00034-x.
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"The cellular, immunological and reproductive effects of chronic cannabis use." In Cannabis Use and Dependence, 46–59. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511470219.007.
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"The cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal effects of chronic cannabis use." In Cannabis Use and Dependence, 60–66. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511470219.008.
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Solowij, N., A. Zalesky, V. Lorenzetti, and M. Yücel. "Chronic Cannabis Use and Axonal Fiber Connectivity." In Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies, 391–400. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00046-6.
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Hall, Wayne. "The mental health effects of cannabis use." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 507–10. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0068.
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The major adverse acute psychological effects of cannabis use are as follows: ♦ Anxiety, dysphoria, panic, and paranoia, especially in naive users ♦ Impairment of attention, memory, and psychomotor performance while intoxicated ♦ An increased risk of accident if an intoxicated person attempts to drive a vehicle. The major psychological effects of daily heavy cannabis use over many years remain contested but probably include the following: ♦ A cannabis-dependence syndrome ♦ Subtle forms of cognitive impairment that affect attention and memory and which persist while the user remains chronically intoxicated ♦ Impaired educational achievement in adolescents with a history of poor school performance, whose achievement may be limited by the cognitive impairments produced by chronic intoxication with cannabis ♦ Among those who initiate cannabis use in the early teens, a higher risk of progressing to heavy cannabis and other illicit drug use, and becoming dependent on cannabis.
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Ware, Mark A., Rebecca Pitt, and Pablo Ingelmo. "Cannabis." In Oxford Textbook of Pediatric Pain, edited by Bonnie J. Stevens, Gareth Hathway, and William T. Zempsky, 520–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198818762.003.0050.
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There is relatively little evidence around the role of cannabis and cannabinoids in the treatment of pediatric pain, leading to a reliance on limited adult research that may or may not be relevant. In this chapter, we discuss the science behind cannabinoid receptors, current indications for cannabis and cannabinoid use and associated risks, evolving evidence around their use in pain medicine, and particular considerations of treatment in children. We present a hypothetical clinical scenario to more clearly set the stage for addressing these considerations in adolescents. Finally, we discuss important points for researchers and clinicians to examine as they weigh the risk and benefit of treatment in a world where cannabis and its derivatives are available, evidence-based, and sought-after options for various conditions related to pediatric chronic pain.
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Dedhia, Param, and Alison Kole. "Sleep and Cannabis." In Integrative Sleep Medicine, edited by Valerie Cacho and Esther Lum, 257–76. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190885403.003.0016.
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With the rising interest in cannabis, the concept of medicinal cannabis for sleep has quickly grown. The chemistry of cannabis and its medicinal effects are becoming known. Within sleep science, cannabis research has noted a connection to circadian rhythm and sleep staging. Early research has looked at insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, rapid eye movement behavior disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and chronic pain. At this time, there is encouragement for future research based on available studies. However, rigorous studies are needed before the medicinal use of cannabis for sleep can be supported by medical literature. Nevertheless, cannabis is being self-administered, and patients are looking for education. The healthcare provider has a unique opportunity to partner with patients through education and guidance, making it important for medical experts to learn about cannabis.
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Parker, Linda A. "Cannabinoids and Pain." In Cannabinoids and the Brain. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.003.0009.
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The most common medical use of cannabis today and throughout human history is for the treatment of chronic pain, which is usually accompanied by some other disability or mood disorder. Estimates indicate that approximately 20 percent of the world’s population suffers from chronic pain (...
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Broad, Kathleen, and Tony P. George. "Substance use disorders in primary care settings." In Mental Disorders in Primary Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746638.003.0014.
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This chapter provides a practical and evidence-based approach to the screening, assessment, and treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the primary care setting. SUDs according to the DSM-5 is defined and the evidence for validated screening tools in the primary care setting is discussed. A primary care approach to the assessment of SUDs is described in detail including assessing readiness to change using the transtheoretical model, motivational interviewing techniques, assessing medical and psychiatric comorbidities, and determining treatment setting using the ASAM Criteria. A detailed overview of the epidemiology, acute and chronic effects, and withdrawal syndromes associated with alcohol, opioid, stimulant, cannabis, and nicotine is provided. Finally, behavioural interventions for SUDs including relapse-prevention and evidence-based pharmacotherapies for tobacco, alcohol, and opioids use disorders are reviewed.
Conference papers on the topic "Chronic cannabis use"
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Shorey-Fennell, Bethany, Renee Magnan, Benjamin Ladd, and Jessica Fales. "What’s Pain Got To Do With It?: Young Adults With and Without Chronic Pain Perceive Minimal Risks and Moderate Benefits from Cannabis Use." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.9.
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Many young adults experience chronic pain and given its wide availability and potential pain reducing properties, young adults may use cannabis to self-medicate for pain. However, little is known about young adult users’ perceptions of potential health risks and benefits of cannabis, and whether these perceptions differ by chronic pain status. As a part of a larger study, young adult recreational cannabis users (N=176, ages 18-29) who reported using at least once a week completed assessments of use frequency and perceived cannabis-related risks and benefits. The sample had a high proportion of participants who met criteria for chronic pain (51.1%). The majority of the sample reported using daily or multiple times daily (80.7%) with an average of 2.68 (SD=1.42) sessions per day across administration modes (e.g. smoking, edibles, tinctures). Participants answered questions about their lifetime chances of experiencing five cannabis-related risks (personal harm, negative health outcome, negative mental health outcome, harming someone else, increased pain) and benefits (personal benefit, positive health outcome, positive mental health outcome, benefitting someone else, decreased pain; 1=Very low to 7=Very high). Overall, young adult users perceived their risk to be very low (M=1.62, SD=.73) and 40.3% of the sample had an average risk score (combined across the five risk items) of 1.00, while only one participant reported an average risk above 4.00. In particular, participants reported a low lifetime chance of experiencing personal harm (M=1.51, SD=.90), harming someone else (M=1.20, SD=.58), or experiencing increased pain (M=1.24, SD=.74) due to their cannabis use. In contrast, young adult users perceived somewhat high chances of experiencing benefits related to their cannabis use (M=4.78, SD=1.46). In particular, participants perceived a high chance of experiencing reduced pain (M=5.88, SD=1.55), personal benefit (M=4.84, SD=1.86), and positive mental health outcomes (M=4.82, SD=1.77). There was no difference based on pain status on frequency of use, average daily sessions, or perceived risks, and only one difference in perceived benefits. Participants without chronic pain anticipated more personal benefit from cannabis use (M=5.15, SD=1.74) than those with chronic pain (M=4.53, SD=1.94, t(171)=2.21, p=.03). Overall, results suggest young adult recreational users perceive very low risks of their cannabis consumption and moderately high benefits, regardless of pain status. Looking at individual areas of potential risk and benefits may yield targets for future health education campaigns. For example, perceptions of low risk/high benefits regarding mental health outcomes may not be accurate for this heavy using sample.
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González Mota, Alba, Marina Covacho González, Isabel Valriberas Herrero, and Carlos Roncero Alonso. "Screening of cannabis use during pregnancy and neonates." In 22° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2020. SEPD, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2020p090.
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Introduction: Cannabis use in pregnancy is related to developmental and mental disorders. The acknowledgement of prenatal exposure frequently depends on the mother’s report, which can often be omitted. There exists little description in the literature of the different methods to detect the use of cannabis during pregnancy. Moreover, nowadays there is no standardized screening available. Objectives: The objective is to analyze the different methods of prenatal screening of cannabis during pregnancy. Methods: A systematic review of studies on the methods of screening of cannabis use during pregnancy and neonates was carried out in PubMed in July 2020 in English, French and Spanish including the last 10 years with the keywords: screening, test, detection, analysis, urine, blood, hair, meconium, lactation, milk, cannabis, marijuana, THC, pregnancy, pregnant, perinatal and prenatal. Results: 107 studies were analyzed, 52 studies included and 55 excluded. Urine toxicology is the most accurate method for maternal testing and depends on chronicity of use, since its duration varies from 2-3 days in occasional users to several weeks in chronic users. Neonatal meconium and umbilical cord tissue indicates fetal exposure to cannabinoids during second and third trimester, being cord tissue more rapidly available than meconium. Neonatal hair indicates third trimester exposure and it is less sensitive than meconium. Maternal serum and hair can also be used to assess cannabis use, being serum affected by chronicity with shorter half-life than urine, and hair less accurate than other drugs of abuse, lasting several weeks positive. To analyze the samples it typically involves a cleanup pretreatment, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS), enzyme-linked inmunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and/or an immunoassay screening and a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmatory method. Conclusions: Standardized prenatal screening of cannabis during pregnancy using analytical methods for drug detection should be established to overcome the heterogeneity and improve clinical practice.
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Acuff, Samuel, Nicholas Simon, and James Murphy. "Effort Expenditure and Cannabis Use: Testing the Amotivational Hypothesis." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.32.
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Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the US and appears to have an indirect effect on dopamine (DA) output in the mesolimbic projection, a circuit implicated in reward processing and effort expenditure. Thus, some have suggested that cannabis use might be associated with aberrant effort-based decision making. The most popular theory positing changes in motivation due to cannabis use is the amotivation syndrome hypothesis, which suggests that chronic cannabis use results in impaired executive functioning, arousal, and affective reactivity leading to reduced capacity for goal-directed behavior other than drug seeking. However, only one study has examined this among cannabis users, and the results suggested no difference between cannabis and non-cannabis users. Further, other studies suggest greater effort expenditure among the substance using groups compared to controls. The current study extends these findings by examining the relation between cannabis use and effort-related decision making in a sample of college students. Cannabis using (n = 25) and non-cannabis using (n = 22) students completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT), in which participants choose between a ‘hard’ task that requires pressing a button 100 times with the nondominant little finger for a large sum of money (high effort/high reward) or an ‘easy’ task that requires pressing a button 30 times with the dominant index finger for a smaller sum of money (low effort/low reward). Results were then compared between the cannabis and non-cannabis using groups. On average, participants selected the hard trials 46% of the time (SD = 19%). Participants successfully completed the hard trials 74% of the time (SD 29%), while they completed the easy trials 97% of the time (SD = 6%). No participant selected only hard or easy trials during the duration of the task. Cannabis users (M=41.40, SD=3.55) completed significantly fewer trials compared to nonusers (M=43.64, SD=3.74). Further, Nonusers (M=26.82, SD=10.01) selected easy trials significantly more often compared to cannabis users (M=21.40, SD=8.34), and nonusers (M=99%, SD=2%) also successfully completed easy trials more often compared to cannabis users (M=95%, SD=7%). However, cannabis users and nonusers did not differ in the number of hard trials selected (Cannabis users M=16.82, SD=5.67; Nonusers M=16.82, SD=7.68) or the percentage of successfully completed hard trials out of the total number of hard trials (Cannabis users M=72%, SD=27%; Nonusers M=76%, SD =32%). Both the reward magnitude and probability of reward receipt predicted greater likelihood of selecting a hard trial. In generalized estimating equation models, past month cannabis days and cannabis use disorder symptoms predicted the likelihood of selecting a hard trial, such that greater levels of both cannabis use days and symptoms were associated with an increased likelihood after controlling for reward value, probability, and expected value. The results suggest that college students who use cannabis are more likely to expend effort, even after controlling for the magnitude of the reward and the probability of reward receipt, suggesting the possibility for aberrant reward processing, albeit in the opposite direction of the amotivational syndrome hypothesis.
Reports on the topic "Chronic cannabis use"
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McDonagh, Marian S., Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin Morasco, Devan Kansagara, and Roger Chou. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: May 2021 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccerplantpain3.
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Overview This is the third quarterly progress report for an ongoing living systematic review on cannabis and other plant-based treatments for chronic pain. The first progress report was published in January 2021 and the second in March 2021. The draft systematic review was available for public comment from May 19 through June 15, 2021, on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Effective Health Care website. The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom, used to treat chronic pain, addressing concerns about severe adverse effects, abuse, misuse, dependence, and addiction. The purpose of this progress report is to describe the cumulative literature identified thus far. This report will be periodically updated with new studies as they are published and identified, culminating in an annual systematic review that provides a synthesis of the accumulated evidence. Main Points In patients with chronic (mainly neuropathic) pain with short-term treatment (4 weeks to <6 months): • Studies of cannabis-related products were grouped based on their tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) ratio using the following categories: high THC to CBD, comparable THC to CBD, and low THC to CBD. • Comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray is probably associated with small improvements in pain severity and may be associated with small improvements in function. There was no effect in pain interference or serious adverse events. There may be a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea. • Synthetic THC (high THC to CBD) may be associated with moderate improvement in pain severity and increased risk of sedation, and large increased risk of nausea. Synthetic THC is probably associated with a large increased risk of dizziness. • Extracted whole-plant high THC to CBD ratio products may be associated with large increases in risk of withdrawal due to adverse events and dizziness. • Evidence on whole-plant cannabis, low THC to CBD ratio products (topical CBD), other cannabinoids (cannabidivarin), and comparisons with other active interventions was insufficient to draw conclusions. • Other key adverse event outcomes (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, cognitive deficits) and outcomes on the impact on opioid use were not reported. • No evidence on other plant-based compounds, such as kratom, met criteria for this review.