Journal articles: 'Christchurch City'

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Billings, Ian, and Nicholas Charman. "Christchurch City Council lifelines." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.418-424.

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On 22 February 2011 an earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter Scale occurred in Christchurch City resulting in widespread damage to buildings and infrastructure. Christchurch City Council (CCC) has an extensive potable water supply network including bulk storage and service reservoirs which provide water to approximately 320,000 residents. Inspections undertaken, following the 22 February earthquake, on 43 concrete reservoirs located on the Port Hills and Cashmere Hills areas noted varying extents of damage from nil through to major. Damaged roof to wall connections were observed in many reservoirs with damage to walls, base-slabs and internal columns limited to a few reservoirs only. Of the 43 reservoirs, complete functional failure occurred in only one, with reduced function and operation at other sites resulting from excessive leakage, necessity for emergency repairs, or associated pipe work damage. Those reservoirs currently out of operation for reinstatement, including Christchurch’s largest, account for approximately 40% of the network’s storage capacity. Overall, given the magnitude of earthquake accelerations that occurred on 22 February 2011, the reservoirs are considered to have performed remarkably well. Those in the Port Hills area nearest the earthquake epicentre, have expectedly, incurred the most damage. Reinstatement works, varying from minor crack injection and patch repair through to reconstruction and retrofit, have been developed appropriate to the extent of damage. CCC has prioritised reservoir repair to maximise available water supply for the 2011-2012 summer demand and this has required, in some instances, staging and deferring of reinstatement works. A summary of structural and functional performance, results of physical investigations and detailed seismic assessments, and common damage areas observed are presented in this paper along with the reinstatement options developed.

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Bruneau, Michel, and Gregory MacRae. "Building Structural Systems in Christchurch's Post-Earthquake Reconstruction." Earthquake Spectra 35, no. 4 (November 2019): 1953–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/052818eqs126o.

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After the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes, much of the Christchurch Central Business District was demolished, and a new city is in the process of emerging in its place. A series of interviews conducted with key professionals involved with the reconstruction, together with data collected from various sources (including Christchurch's City Council database), has made it possible to (1) quantify variations in the selection of a structural system as a function of various parameters and (2) identify some of the drivers that have influenced decisions about the selection of structural material and specific structural systems used. Key points on factors that may affect post-earthquake structural engineering practice are drawn from the data collected. As such, the Christchurch rebuilding experience provides insights into some of the mechanisms that can dictate structural engineering decisions during the post-earthquake reconstruction of a modern city.

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Halliday, Jessica. "FESTA Festival of Transitional Architecture in Christchurch, New Zealand." Journal of Public Space 2, no. 3 (December 9, 2017): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/jps.v2i3.126.

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In 2012 <a href="http://www.festa.org.nz">FESTA</a> emerged in Christchurch, New Zealand as a collective response to the extraordinary circumstances of a natural disaster. As a place-based (and now biennial) weekend-long festival of architecture and urbanism it continues to seek and find relevance to that place, its people, and to all involved in the event (participants, audience, funders and supporters) as the extraordinary fades into a more ordered and ordinary existence. On 22 February 2011, a large earthquake hit the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. It was the second largest, and most destructive, of a series of over 11,000 earthquakes recorded in the region over a 2-year period from September 2010. 185 people died as a result of the February quake and over 75% of the built fabric of the central city was demolished. Christchurch’s central city was cordoned off from the public and put under army control, portions of it for over two years. A new government agency was established to direct the city’s recovery. It commissioned and backed a new spatial plan for the central city (‘<a href="http://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/the-final-blueprint-for-a-new-christchurch/">The Blueprint’</a>), designed to retain existing land values and incentivise new and current investment as well as renew public spaces and amenities. Land damage caused whole suburban areas to be deemed unrepairable and these neighbourhoods were ‘<a href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/zoomify/46379/eastern-suburbs-red-zone">red zoned’</a> and purchased by the central government. Over 4 years, 8000 homes in the suburban red zones were demolished. Drastic change and uncertainty touched most aspects of Christchurch people’s lives in the years following the earthquake.

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Carlton, Sally. "“LIKE YOU, I WANT TO FEEL EXCITEMENT AND HOPE ABOUT OUR CITY”: ‘CHRISTCHURCH THE CITY’ IN CAMPAIGN MATERIAL OF THE 2013 CHRISTCHURCH CITY COUNCIL ELECTION." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 38, no. 1 (March 28, 2014): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2014.900943.

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The Christchurch City Council election of 2013 provides a compelling case study through which to consider the interaction between politics and city space. On the one hand, through the careful placement of campaign posters, politics encroached on the physical terrain of the city. On the other hand, candidates included in their campaign material multitudinous references to ‘Christchurch the city,’ demonstrating the extent to which the physical environment of the post-disaster city had become central to local politics.

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Potter, S. J. "Southern Capital: Christchurch - Towards a City Biography." English Historical Review 117, no. 470 (February 1, 2002): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.470.239.

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Kane, Raylee, and Jenny Smith. "Inner City East – One Christchurch community’s story." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 25, no. 2 (May 15, 2016): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol25iss2id84.

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The process of recovery for communities adversely affected by natural disaster is often conceived as a steady journey back to what was. Experience in Christchurch following the 2010/2011 sequence of disastrous earthquakes tells us that recovery is actually very complex and will, in large part, depend upon the strengths of the community before the disaster. This article is the story so far, of one inner city community, how it responded to the disaster and how it is participating in its own recovery

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Berril, J. B., R. O. Davis, and I. F. McCahon. "Christchurch seismic hazard pilot study." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 26, no. 1 (March 31, 1993): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.26.1.14-27.

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A pilot zoning study has been carried out for ground shaking hazard in the city of Christchurch, using the grade-3 procedures of the draft manual on seismic zonation for geotechnical hazards, being developed by Technical Committee TC-4 of the ISSMFE. Because of limited site data, we were not able to produce a complete zoning map for the city, but ground motions were estimated at six distinct sites for which borehole data was available, and this provided a good test for the procedures of the manual. The city of Christchurch is situated on nearly 1 km of volcanic rock and alluvial sediments overlying greywacke basement, on the edge of the main seismic region of New Zealand. In addition to being an interesting site from the point of view of ground shaking, there are also liquefaction and slope stability hazards in the alluvial and beach sands found throughout the city, and in the recent loess deposits mantling the adjacent Port Hills. In the pilot study of ground shaking hazard, a seismicity model for the central South Island region published recently by Elder et al. (1991) was combined with the attenuation model of Kawashima et al. (1984) recommended in the draft manual, to estimate rock motion at Christchurch, described by its acceleration response spectrum. Transfer functions were computed for the site response to estimate motions at the six selected sites using the Thomson-Haskell method. The results were highly sensitive to details of. the upper 30 m or so of the soil profile. In the local context, the large disparity between our estimates of ground shaking at Christchurch and those implicit in the draft revision of NZS 4203 are disturbing. According to our study the draft code underestimates shaking by about a factor of two or more.

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Breetzke, Gregory D., Marcus King, and Inger Fabris-Rotelli. "The impact of the Canterbury Earthquakes on the temporal and spatial patterning of crime in Christchurch, New Zealand." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 51, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865816679687.

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The Canterbury Earthquakes struck the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand between September 2010 and February 2011. The Earthquakes resulted in widespread structural damage to Christchurch, the main city of the region, and greatly impacted other aspects of society including crime. In this study, we adopt an exploratory approach to investigate the impact that these earthquakes have had on the temporal and spatial patterning of four types of crime in Christchurch: assault, domestic violence, burglary and arson. Overall crime has decreased in post-quake Christchurch with the notable exception of domestic violence. We found remarkably similar temporal signatures of crime for all crime types occurring across both the pre- and post-earthquake periods. Spatially, crime has increased in the majority of neighbourhoods in Christchurch post-quake despite overall crime levels being down. Explanations for this paradoxical and other finding are outlined in the context of a rebuilding and recovering city.

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White, P. A. "Avon River springs catchment, Christchurch City, New Zealand." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 1 (February 2009): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090802542075.

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10

Prendergast, Simon Te Ari, and Daniel K. Brown. "Architecture as a pathway to reconciliation in post-earthquake Christchurch." Journal of Public Space 2, no. 3 (December 9, 2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/jps.v2i3.123.

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This community-based and culturally-situated design research project reflects on issues of community empowerment and activism through speculative design meant to provoke discourse within the wider New Zealand community. As design-led speculative architectural research, it reaches beyond the confines of professional practice. It challenges the norms of contemporary New Zealand architecture by investigating new architectural approaches to explicitly reflect the cultural identity of New Zealand Māori. The devastating earthquakes of September 4, 2010 and February 22, 2011 destroyed much of Christchurch. While a terrible tragedy, it also opened up the city for fundamental community based discussion. The idea of a post-colonial not just a post-earthquake city emerged, driven by Māori design and planning professionals following the leadership of local elders. The situated community for this design-led research investigation is the Ngāi Tahu iwi (Māori tribe) of Ōtautahi / Christchurch. Ngāi Tahu professionals in Ōtautahi / Christchurch developed key design aspirations pertaining to the future architecture and urban design of the new city. The city rebuild offered an opportunity to present a Ngāi Tahu vision that reflected its place identity in the new city. The site for this design research investigation is the Ngāi Tahu owned King Edward Barracks, within the Ōtautahi / Christchurch central business district. This traditional Māori settlement site had been covered with a disparate collection of urban colonial buildings, several of which were destroyed or damaged in the earthquakes. If this Ngāi Tahu owned site (and the city as a whole) is to be rebuilt, is there an opportunity for its architecture to reflect Ngāi Tahu, rather than Eurocentric models? And if so, how might such a design embody Māori and Ngāi Tahu identity, while enhancing New Zealanders’ awareness of traditional Māori design, values, and customs – all within the context of a contemporary urban fabric?

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Marris, John, and Cor Vink. "Unexpected Faults: Managing Entomology Collections through the 2010/11 Canterbury Earthquakes." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (July 4, 2018): e27268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.27268.

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On 4 September 2010, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck near Darfield, 40 kilometres west of Christchurch, New Zealand. The quake caused significant damage to land and buildings nearby, with damage extending to Christchurch city. On 22 February 2011, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck Christchurch, causing extensive and significant damage across the city and with the loss of 185 lives. Years on from these events, occasional large aftershocks continue to shake the region. Two main entomological collections were situated within close proximity to the 2010/11 Canterbury earthquakes. The Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection, which is housed on the 5th floor of a 7 storey building, was 27.5 km from the 2010 Darfield earthquake epicentre. The Canterbury Museum Entomology Collection, which is housed in the basement of a multi-storeyed heritage building, was 10 km from the 2011 Christchurch earthquake epicentre. We discuss the impacts of the earthquakes on these collections, the causes of the damage to the specimens and facilities, and subsequent efforts that were made to prevent further damage in the event of future seismic events. We also discuss the wider need for preparedness against the risks posed by natural disasters and other catastrophic events.

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12

Corin, Christine. "The Christchurch Hospital Social Work Service response in the first hours after the Christchurch earthquake of 22nd February 2011." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 23, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol23iss3id161.

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At 12.51pm on February 22nd 2011 a powerful 6.3 magnitude earthquake hit the city of Christchurch. Over 180 people were killed and hundreds more were injured. Christchurch was still in the process of recovering from a 7.1 magnitude pre-dawn earthquake which had struck on Saturday 4th September 2010. In the first earthquake there was significant damage to buildings and the city’s infrastructure, but fortunately no loss of life. In contrast the earthquake of the 22nd February, although lower in magnitude, was shallower, centred closer to the city and struck at lunchtime on a working day, with devastating effect.

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Hall, C. Michael, and Alberto Amore. "The 2015 Cricket World Cup in Christchurch." Journal of Place Management and Development 13, no. 1 (August 16, 2019): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-04-2019-0029.

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Purpose This study aims to focus on the development and upgrading of the Hagley Park cricket oval in Christchurch for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and how this hallmark event was used a catalyst to rebrand the city following the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on the findings from research conducted between 2012 and 2016. Data for the analysis were collected from mainstream media, sport organisations websites and government archives. In addition, a two-round series of semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders was undertaken in the aftermath of the Cricket World Cup. Findings In the case of Christchurch, the earthquakes and the destruction of much of the downtown provided a recovery opportunity, with the 2015 Cricket World Cup used to expedite the development of a new sporting venue in the city centre and rebrand the city to international tourists and sport enthusiasts. Research limitations/implications The Hagley Park cricket oval case study provides evidence on the rhetoric of urban competitiveness and the use of hallmark sporting events to reframe urban development in post-disaster contexts. Originality/value This research provides further evidence on the logics of disaster capitalism and how cities embark on costly redevelopment projects for sports and events whilst overlooking exacerbating vulnerabilities among the local community.

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Cartman, J. "CHRISTCHURCH CITY COUNCIL NURSERY SEED COLLECTION AND PROCESSING©." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1014 (December 2013): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.1014.4.

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Giovinazzi, Sonia, Thomas Wilson, Craig Davis, Daniel Bristow, Max Gallagher, Alistair Schofield, Marlene Villemure, John Eidinger, and Alex Tang. "Lifelines performance and management following the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 402–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.402-417.

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A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck the city of Christchurch at 12:51pm on Tuesday 22 February 2011. The earthquake caused 182 fatalities, a large number of injuries, and resulted in widespread damage to the built environment, including significant disruption to the lifelines. The event created the largest lifeline disruption in a New Zealand city in 80 years, with much of the damage resulting from extensive and severe liquefaction in the Christchurch urban area. The Christchurch earthquake occurred when the Canterbury region and its lifelines systems were at the early stage of recovering from the 4 September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) magnitude 7.1 earthquake. This paper describes the impact of the Christchurch earthquake on lifelines by briefly summarising the physical damage to the networks, the system performance and the operational response during the emergency management and the recovery phase. Special focus is given to the performance and management of the gas, electric and road networks and to the liquefaction ejecta clean-up operations that contributed to the rapid reinstatement of the functionality of many of the lifelines. The water and wastewater system performances are also summarized. Elements of resilience that contributed to good network performance or to efficient emergency and recovery management are highlighted in the paper.

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Ream, Rebecca. "Composting Layers of Christchurch History." Genealogy 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5030074.

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This is a poetic compost story. It is a situated tale of how I gradually began to shred my fantasy of being a self-contained responsible individual so I could become a more fruitful response-able Pākehā (for the purposes of this paper, a descendant of colonial settlers or colonial settler) from Christchurch (the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand), Aotearoa (The Māori (the Indigenous people of New Zealand) name for New Zealand) New Zealand. Poetic compost storying is a way for me to turn over Donna Haraway’s composting ethico-onto-epistemology with critical family history and critical autoethnography methodologies. To this end, I, in this piece, trace how I foolishly believed that I could separate myself from my colonial family and history only to find that I was reinscribing Western fantasies of transcendence. I learnt by composting, rather than trying to escape my past, that I could become a more response-able Pākehā and family member.

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Davey, Robert A. "Damage to potable water reservoirs in the Darfield earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.429-431.

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The Mw 7.1 earthquake that struck 40 km west of Christchurch on 4 September 2010 provided a good test of the robustness of the water storage and distribution system of one of our major cities to provide a secure supply of water. In this paper we present damage data from inspections of 54 reservoirs that were undertaken on behalf of Christchurch City Council and other owners. These included concrete, steel and timber tanks, five of which collapsed and four severely damaged.

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Brown, Lisa. "Book Review: A City Possessed: The Christchurch Civic Crèche Case." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 2 (April 2003): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.t01-6-01139.x.

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Mitchell, Tony. "Flat city sounds: A cartography of the Christchurch music scene." Popular Music and Society 21, no. 3 (September 1997): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007769708591680.

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Kusumastuti, Diana, and Alan Nicholson. "Mixed-use development in Christchurch, New Zealand: Do you want to live there?" Urban Studies 55, no. 12 (October 26, 2017): 2682–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017725475.

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Christchurch, one of New Zealand’s major cities, has been dealing with a housing shortage after a series of major earthquakes struck in 2010 and 2011, causing extensive damage to the city. Consequently, two distinct types of housing development appeared in the suburban areas of Christchurch: low-density single-use neighbourhoods and higher-density mixed-use neighbourhoods. The latter type is relatively new for Christchurch suburban areas where low population densities dominated prior to 2011. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the preferences of the residents of Christchurch and its surrounding districts for living in mixed-use neighbourhoods. Specifically, it sought to identify the weights that those residents place on the costs of house purchase and transport, versus neighbourhood costs associated with mixed-use development, when purchasing a residential property in the suburban areas of Christchurch. For this, a stated preference survey was developed, using the efficient design method, and mixed-logit models were estimated using the data. The results show that most of those residents prefer to live in low-density single-use neighbourhoods rather than in higher-density mixed-use neighbourhoods, and are sensitive to increases in the land price, density of development and diversity of land use in the areas.

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Kirkcaldie, D., P. Brabhaharan, M. Cowan, C. Wang, G. Hayes, and L. Greenfield. "Ferrymead Bridge." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.2.97-108.

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Identified in the Christchurch Lifelines Study as a bridge vulnerable to damage in a major earthquake, the Ferrymead Bridge on the key arterial route connecting the suburbs of Redcliffs and Sumner to the rest of Christchurch has subsequently been under investigation by the Christchurch City Council to increase its traffic capacity and upgrade its earthquake resistance. A contract was let in 2010 to undertake these works. Surviving the September 2010 Darfield earthquake undamaged, the bridge fell victim to the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake with extensive liquefaction and soil lateral spread occurring at the site, displacing the abutments and piers inwards towards the centre of the river. After extensive investigation into options for recovering the bridge, the decision was finally taken to replace the bridge with a new structure. This paper outlines the initial design to widen and seismically upgrade the original bridge, the damage sustained by the bridge from the Christchurch earthquake and measures instituted to stabilise the bridge as a result of that damage, and focuses particularly on the design now developed for the replacement structure. The significant issues involved in achieving earthquake resistance at a highly liquefiable site and in constructing in an environment of ongoing earthquake activity are discussed.

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Hare, H. J. "Case study." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 29, no. 3 (September 30, 1996): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.29.3.141-146.

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The Government Building in Christchurch was purchased by the Christchurch City Council in 1992, to avoid possible demolition. After a period in which no developers could be found, the building is to be strengthened and refurbished for use primarily as apartments. The strengthening scheme adopted involves demolition of two areas of the building which are otherwise difficult to use, and replacement with new reinforced concrete shear wall structures. This has resulted in more useable space, and has allowed strengthening to full code loads. Work will be completed in late 1996.

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Bruneau, Michel, and Gregory A. MacRae. "Reconstructing Christchurch: Quantitative Findings on Shift in Building Structural Systems." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.11.

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After the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes, much of the Christchurch Central Business District (CBD) was demolished and a new city has emerged in its place. A series of interviews conducted with key professionals involved with the reconstruction, together with data collected from various sources has made it possible to identify some of the drivers that have influenced decisions about the selection of structural material and specific structural systems used. Here, quantitative results obtained from this study are presented, in terms of structural systems, size of building in terms of square foot, as a function of time since the earthquake. The Christchurch rebuilding experience is most significant, providing a unique insight into some of the mechanisms that can dictate structural engineering decisions during the post-earthquake reconstruction of a modern city.

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Townsend, R. J., M. R. McNeill, and T. A. Jackson. "Australian black beetle expansion through Christchurch city highlights a risk to pastoral agriculture on the Canterbury plains." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6859.

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The Australian black beetle Adoryphorus couloni (also known as the redheaded cockchafer) was found in large numbers in Barrington Park in Christchurch in May 2008 Severely damaged areas comprised 1020 of the park with populations reaching over 300 larvae/m2 The thatch layer produced on sports fields appears ideal for this insect which favours grasslands with high organic matter levels and could explain the very high grub numbers To reach a population of this size A couloni had probably colonised and remained undetected in the park for several years In Australia the insect is a serious pest of pastures Severe damage occurred in Tasmania in the 1980s and 1990s when the insect spread through the central Midlands stripping bare thousands of hectares of pasture The beetle was accidentally introduced to Canterbury through Lyttelton harbour in the 1960s and has slowly spread around the Port Hills in lowquality hill pastures The outbreak in Christchurch marks the first move of this pest into habitat favourable for development of populations large enough to pose a serious risk of further westward expansion onto the Canterbury plains AgResearch is assisting the Christchurch City Council with identification and control recommendations for the pest and is evaluating potential biocontrol measures

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Woods, Reuben. "Ballerinas and Band Aids: The Performances of Urban Art in Post-Earthquake Christchurch." Back Story Journal of New Zealand Art, Media & Design History, no. 5 (December 1, 2018): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/backstory.vi5.39.

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While graffiti and street art span generations and all corners of the globe, it was still unexpected when Christchurch,a New Zealand city identified by many as a colonial English transplant with a perceived conservative air, was positionedas an urban art ‘destination’ in the wake of the devastating cluster of earthquakes in 2010 and 2011.1 Historically lacking a strong sense of street culture, such as that in New Orleans (which suffered similar devastation after Hurricane Katrina, 2005), Christchurch's post-quake landscape encouraged public discourses and as such required new approaches to shared space.2 As public expressions with do-it-yourself qualities already predisposed to make use of the post-quake landscape, graffiti and street art proved fitting additions to this terrain. They signified life and rebirth, while also engaging with loss and change, revealing the structures of urban and suburban existence, and creating political discourses.

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Somervell, E. R., and T. Aberkane. "The Effects of On-Going Seismic Activity on Air Quality in Canterbury, New Zealand." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 8, no. 1 (April 4, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282301408010001.

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The New Zealand region of Canterbury has experienced over three years of frequent seismic activity, centred under or near the main city of Christchurch. Larger earthquakes and aftershocks have triggered liquefaction in certain parts of the city, depositing significant amounts of fine silt on the surface, which is a new source of dust emissions. Historically, concerns about air quality in Christchurch have been dominated by emissions from wood burning in winter for domestic heating. High emissions, along with frequent temperature inversions lead to regular exceedances of the national standard for PM10 of 50 μg m-3 for a twenty-four hour average concentration. The health effects of PM10 are widely acknowledged, and regulatory drives to improve ambient air quality are succeeding in recent years. During 2011, ratios of PM2.5 to PM10 suggested that some periods of elevated concentrations were due to the liquefaction from the earthquakes and that the silt may represent a novel air quality issue to be managed. In addition, the earthquakes have damaged thousands of residences, causing changes in domestic heating practices as many chimneys are destroyed or currently in need of repair. This will affect emissions in upcoming winters and thus, the health burden may alter if a permanent step change in wood burning emissions is observed. However, the increased dust levels from liquefaction introduce a potentially compounding factor to any estimates of exposure. Thus, as a result of the earthquakes, air quality in Christchurch is rapidly changing with unknown effects on exposure and ultimately, the health of the Christchurch population.

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MacRae, Gregory A., George Charles Clifton, and Michel Bruneau. "New Zealand Research Applications of, and Developments in, Low Damage Technology for Steel Structures." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.3.

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Over the past few years, the South Island of New Zealand has been subject to significant sequences of earthquake shaking. In particular, 2010-2011 events affected the city of Christchurch resulting in large scale demolition of buildings. Also, the recent and continuing 11/2016 events caused severe damage in the countryside, in small towns, and moderate damage further afield. This paper describes “low damage construction” methods being used in NZ, and especially in the Christchurch rebuild, to limit the possibility of building demolition in future large seismic events. The buildings used in the Christchurch rebuild are generally supported by structural steel framing. These steel buildings include BRB systems, EBF systems with replaceable active links, rocking systems, base isolation using friction pendulum systems and/or lead-rubber dissipaters, RBS beams, lead extrusion dissipaters, yielding flexural dissipaters, and friction connections. Concerns about a number of currently used systems are discussed.

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Tudor, Raewyn. "Social work in the Quake zone: Supporting the sustainable development of Christchurch’s eastern communities." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 25, no. 2 (May 15, 2016): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol25iss2id77.

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This paper will focus on the role for social work intervention with people and communities affected by three major earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand. Since the first and subsequent earthquakes in September 2010 and February and June 2011, non-government agencies in Christchurch and the greater Canterbury region have been key providers of immediate crisis support. Whilst this type of service provision is not new territory for the social services, the impetus of the need and long-term nature of the earthquake recovery necessitates an expansive,responsive and empowering practice approach to facilitate ongoing sustainable development in the most affected communities. In consideration of the principles of sustainable development and Amartya Sen’s Capabilities Approach (Seng, 1999), this article will examine ways of working with people beyond alleviating immediate problems towards restoring personal well-being, taking agency, exercising rights, connecting with others and becoming directly involved in the rebuild of Christchurch city and neighbourhood communities. These considerations provide an argument for expanding the scope of social work by reconceptualising its ecological framework and the work of individual and social change to respond to the needs of the affected people of Christchurch.

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Palermo, Alessandro, Liam Wotherspoon, John Wood, Howard Chapman, Allan Scott, Lucas Hogan, Anton Kivell, et al. "Lessons learnt from 2011 Christchurch earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.319-333.

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On 22 February 2011 the Mw6.2 Christchurch earthquake occurred with an epicentre less than 10 km from the Christchurch Central Business District (CBD) on an unknown buried fault at the edge of the city. The majority of damage was a result of lateral spreading along the Avon and Heathcote Rivers, with few bridges damaged due to ground shaking only. The most significant damage was to bridges along the Avon River, coinciding with the areas of the most severe liquefaction, with less severe liquefaction damage developing along the Heathcote River. Most affected were bridge approaches, abutments and piers, with a range of damage levels identified across the bridge stock. In the days following the earthquake, teams from various organizations performed inspections on over 800 bridges throughout the affected Canterbury region. This paper details the preliminary findings based on visual inspections and some preliminary analyses of highway and road bridges. The paper comprises information supplied by consulting engineering firms which were also directly involved in the inspections soon after the earthquake.

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Herman, Lyudmyla, and Vira Shastalo. "Forming language landscape of the city: sociolinguistic aspect." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 22 (2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-22-131-138.

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The paper is devoted to the problem of forming Christchurch language landscape on the material of hodonyms from city’s foundation up to nowadays taking into consideration the process or renaming city’s line objects. The main periods of forming Cristchurch hodonymics caused by extralingual factors are defined. The source base of mechanism creation is investigated. The thematic groups of hodonyms based on motivation traits are determined. The structural and semantic peculiarities of hodonyms and ways of their creation are analyzed. The study of the extralinguistic factors permits to define four main periods in the city’s development (I – 1848-1906 years; II – 1907-1948 years; III – 1949-1986 years; IV – 1987 year – up nowadays). Taking into consideration the fact that language landscape is closely connected with the historical, social and political changes in the life of Christchurch dwellers and the state as a whole the authors make conclusion that the formation of hodonymy system of Christchurch coincides with the periodisation of city’s history. As the study material shows the system of hodonyms is unstable and changeable (some nominations of line objects exist for more than 140 years without any changes; others live only 2-3 years and change their names; some undergo the process of renaming etc.). As for the renaming process it was the most evident in 1877, 1904, 1922, 1926, 1948, 2013 years. The authors determine the reasons for renaming the line objects which can be of extralinguistic and linguistic character. Each period of hodonymy creating and functioning has its specific features revealing in motivational traits which create the basis of hodonyms. Depending on the motivation traits the thematic groups are defined for each period. It is noted that thе first two are characterized by nominations based on the traits demonstrating New Zealand’ s Britishness; while the last two – with the desire of New Zealand to be independent. It is proved that all hodonyms are created from three sources: from onyms, from appellatives and from both mentioned above. The predominant hodonyms during each period are the first ones. The structural analysis demonstrates that most of the nominations contain a key word denoting a road type and the attribute. The last one consists of 2 or 3 components. The most productive models of attributes are N + N, Adj. + N, Num. + N, PI + N.

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Routledge, Rodney. "Community development in Christchurch City: a socialist banana republic under threat?" Community Development Journal 41, no. 4 (September 5, 2006): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsl026.

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Elwood, Kenneth J. "Performance of concrete buildings in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake and implications for Canadian codes." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 8 (August 2013): 759–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2011-0564.

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At 12:51 pm local time on 22 February 2011, a M 6.2 aftershock of the 4 September 2010, Darfield earthquake shook the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. The aftershock occurred on an unmapped fault less than 10 km from the city centre resulting in significant damage, particularly in the Central Business District (CBD). The earthquake resulted in the collapse of two reinforced concrete office buildings, one parking garage, and numerous unreinforced masonry buildings, including many heritage structures, leading to 185 deaths. Liquefaction was wide spread in the CBD and the eastern suburbs, resulting in foundation movement for housing and office buildings alike. Many buildings in the CBD experienced severe damage, some requiring demolition, necessitating careful controlled access to the CBD in the months following the earthquake. This paper summarizes the recorded earthquake shaking and observed damage to concrete buildings in CBD, with a specific focus on identifying future research and possible changes for seismic design practice and codes in Canada to address the Christchurch observations.

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Cubrinovski, Misko, Brendon Bradley, Liam Wotherspoon, Russell Green, Jonathan Bray, Clint Wood, Michael Pender, et al. "Geotechnical aspects of the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.205-226.

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The 22 February 2011, Mw6.2-6.3 Christchurch earthquake is the most costly earthquake to affect New Zealand, causing 181 fatalities and severely damaging thousands of residential and commercial buildings, and most of the city lifelines and infrastructure. This manuscript presents an overview of observed geotechnical aspects of this earthquake as well as some of the completed and on-going research investigations. A unique aspect, which is particularly emphasized, is the severity and spatial extent of liquefaction occurring in native soils. Overall, both the spatial extent and severity of liquefaction in the city was greater than in the preceding 4th September 2010 Darfield earthquake, including numerous areas that liquefied in both events. Liquefaction and lateral spreading, variable over both large and short spatial scales, affected commercial structures in the Central Business District (CBD) in a variety of ways including: total and differential settlements and tilting; punching settlements of structures with shallow foundations; differential movements of components of complex structures; and interaction of adjacent structures via common foundation soils. Liquefaction was most severe in residential areas located to the east of the CBD as a result of stronger ground shaking due to the proximity to the causative fault, a high water table approximately 1m from the surface, and soils with composition and states of high susceptibility and potential for liquefaction. Total and differential settlements, and lateral movements, due to liquefaction and lateral spreading is estimated to have severely compromised 15,000 residential structures, the majority of which otherwise sustained only minor to moderate damage directly due to inertial loading from ground shaking. Liquefaction also had a profound effect on lifelines and other infrastructure, particularly bridge structures, and underground services. Minor damage was also observed at flood stop banks to the north of the city, which were more severely impacted in the 4th September 2010 Darfield earthquake. Due to the large high-frequency ground motion in the Port hills numerous rock falls and landslides also occurred, resulting in several fatalities and rendering some residential areas uninhabitable.

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Annear, Michael, Tim Wilkinson, and Sally Keeling. "Psychological Challenges Among Older Adults Following the Christchurch Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0508.

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This article highlights immediate psychological challenges faced by older adults in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, following an atypical sequence of earthquakes. Data are derived from a study of active ageing that coincided with the disasters. Participants included 355 community dwelling older adults who completed surveys, and a subgroup of 67 of these individuals who used activity diaries in the weeks following two major earthquakes.

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Cloke, Paul, and Simon Dickinson. "Transitional Ethics and Aesthetics: Reimagining the Postdisaster City in Christchurch, New Zealand." Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109, no. 6 (May 3, 2019): 1922–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2019.1570838.

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Brand, Diane, Natalie Allen, and Greer O’Donnell. "The New Zealand Experience of a Design-Led Approach to Post-Earthquake Recovery in Christchurch." Urban Studies and Public Administration 3, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): p89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/uspa.v3n3p89.

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This paper evaluates the masterplan for Christchurch which was conceived in the wake of the 2011 earthquakes, against projects completed in the intervening 8 years, paying special attention to three key objectives of the blueprint: a low-rise/compact core, a green city, and an accessible city. The paper finds that the design-led, top down, recovery approach forms a minimal framework for recovery, and that successful regeneration following the recovery phase will require significant community engagement and coherent governance.

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Bennett, Barnaby, and Timothy John Moore. "The temporal and the temporary. Time, collaboration and architecture in post-quake Christchurch." Journal of Public Space 2, no. 3 (December 9, 2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/jps.v2i3.122.

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This paper will look at an apparent tension between master plans that envision cities as finished objects and temporary projects that form in response to more immediate issues and concerns. In the five years since the large earthquake that struck Christchurch on February 22, 2011, a huge array of interventions, planning decisions, and design proposals have been made -affecting the lives of thousands of people and costing many billions of dollars. These actions are almost always separated into temporal categories of the short-term and the long-term; temporary and the permanent. In this categorisation there is a strange paradox in which the more concrete short-term actions are characterised as ephemeral and the paper ideas of the long-term more real. The relationship between two forms is complex. Temporary and permanent forms of city-making can be complementary or in conflict - and sometimes both at the same time. Temporary projects can act as stepping-stones to a “finished” city, they can subvert and undermine the long-term plans, and they can support some aspects while undermining others. The creation of a master plan in Christchurch – 18 months after the earthquakes – will be compared and contrasted with the making of a large temporary project called the Pallet Pavilion. Notions of public engagement strategies, finishing, and risk management will be articulated and used to illustrate how different the modes of temporary and permanent design operate in relation to the construction of the contemporary city. Concepts from actor network theory will be used to describe the temporary and permanent forms of city-making and different associate types of collaboration. It is argued that the conception and planning of a new city and the design and construction of temporary amenities produce different experiences of time, and different forms of temporality. The authors are PhD candidates researching the role of temporary architecture in contemporary urban settings - this paper reflects on research findings from post-quake Christchurch.

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Buchanan, Andrew, David Carradine, Graeme Beattie, and Hugh Morris. "Performance of houses during the Christchurch earthquake of 22 February 2011." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.342-357.

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The earthquake on 22 February 2011 was very close to Christchurch city, generating very high level ground excitations that caused severe geotechnical effects and widespread structural damage. This paper outlines the wide range of damage to houses resulting from liquefaction, lateral spreading, rockfall, and horizontal and vertical ground accelerations. The response of typical forms of house construction and structural components are discussed, with many different types of damage described. The majority of houses in the Christchurch region are one or two storey light timber frame buildings. This type of construction has performed extremely well for life safety, but thousands of houses have some degree of structural or non-structural damage. The New Zealand Building Code needs to be reviewed in several areas, especially the requirements for foundations and reinforced concrete floors.

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Kedia, Kusumastuti, and Nicholson. "Establishing Collection and Delivery Points to Encourage the Use of Active Transport: A Case Study in New Zealand Using a Consumer-Centric Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 6255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226255.

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The current and projected trends of growth in online shopping might change the activity and travel patterns in Christchurch, one of the largest cities in New Zealand. Online shopping might reduce consumers’ shopping trips, but it has substantially increased courier companies’ trips to deliver parcels to the end-consumers because a considerable proportion of parcels are often required to be redelivered due to consumers not being at home during the first delivery attempt. This also adds to the operational cost of courier companies and adverse traffic impacts. To mitigate these issues, collection-and-delivery points (CDPs) have recently been introduced in New Zealand on a trial basis. This study aims to identify the optimal density and locations for establishing CDPs in Christchurch using a modified p-median location-allocation (LA) model. A consumer-centric approach to locating CDPs has been adopted by considering the socio-demographic characteristics of Christchurch’s residents and the distances to/from CDPs. Non-traditional CDP locations (e.g., supermarkets and dairies) were considered as potential candidate facilities and were found to be more suitable as CDPs than traditional post shops. Based on consumers’ shopping pattern, supermarkets appeared to be the most frequently visited and preferred type of facility to be used as CDPs. However, the results of the LA analyses show that dairies are the most accessible locations, and CDPs at dairies located within two kilometres will encourage consumers to walk and cycle to receive their parcels from CDPs. The results suggest the optimal location configuration for each type of facility considered, based on their spatial distribution in the city.

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Tovaranonte, Pleayo, and Tom J. Cawood. "Impact of the Christchurch Earthquakes on Hospital Staff." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 28, no. 3 (March 26, 2013): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1300023x.

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AbstractIntroductionOn September 4, 2010 a major earthquake caused widespread damage, but no loss of life, to Christchurch city and surrounding areas. There were numerous aftershocks, including on February 22, 2011 which, in contrast, caused substantial loss of life and major damage to the city. The research aim was to assess how these two earthquakes affected the staff in the General Medicine Department at Christchurch Hospital.ProblemTo date there have been no published data assessing the impact of this type of natural disaster on hospital staff in Australasia.MethodsA questionnaire that examined seven domains (demographics, personal impact, psychological impact, emotional impact, impact on care for patients, work impact, and coping strategies) was handed out to General Medicine staff and students nine days after the September 2010 earthquake and 14 days after the February 2011 earthquake.ResultsResponse rates were ≥ 99%. Sixty percent of responders were <30 years of age, and approximately 60% were female. Families of eight percent and 35% had to move to another place due to the September and February earthquakes, respectively. A fifth to a third of people had to find an alternative route of transport to get to work but only eight percent to 18% took time off work. Financial impact was more severe following the February earthquake, with 46% reporting damage of >NZ $1,000, compared with 15% following the September earthquake (P < .001). Significantly more people felt upset about the situation following the February earthquake than the September earthquake (42% vs 69%, P < .001). Almost a quarter thought that quality of patient care was affected in some way following the September earthquake but this rose to 53% after the February earthquake (12/53 vs 45/85, P < .001). Half believed that discharges were delayed following the September earthquake but this dropped significantly to 15% following the February earthquake (27/53 vs 13/62, P < .001).ConclusionThis survey provides a measure of the result of two major but contrasting Christchurch earthquakes upon General Medicine hospital staff. The effect was widespread with minor financial impact during the first but much more during the second earthquake. Moderate psychological impact was experienced in both earthquakes. This data may be useful to help prepare plans for future natural disasters.TovaranonteP, CawoodTJ. Impact of the Christchurch earthquakes on hospital staff. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(3):1-6.

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Dizhur, Dmytro, Najif Ismail, Charlotte Knox, Ronald Lumantarna, and Jason M. Ingham. "Performance of unreinforced and retrofitted masonry buildings during the 2010 Darfield earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.321-339.

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A brief history of Christchurch city is presented, including information on the introduction of unreinforced masonry as a popular building material and an estimate of the number of unreinforced masonry buildings in the Canterbury region currently. A general overview of the failure patterns that were observed in unreinforced clay brick and stone masonry buildings in the Christchurch area after the 2010 Darfield earthquake is provided. Case studies of the damage sustained to five unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings that were unretrofitted at the time of the earthquake, including photographic details, is documented. The performance of eight retrofitted URM buildings is then commented on, detailing the building characteristics and retrofit techniques. The case studies include the use of moment resisting frames, steel strong backs and strapping, diaphragm anchoring, surface bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets and cavity ties.

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Vallance, Suzanne, Harvey C. Perkins, and Kevin Moore. "The Results of Making a City More Compact: Neighbours' Interpretation of Urban Infill." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 32, no. 5 (October 2005): 715–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b31157.

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The quest for more sustainable urban forms has added renewed vigour to urban planning, with various types of urban infill and intensification becoming increasingly popular with local authorities. These approaches seek to achieve environmental and social objectives but, despite the supposed advantages of a more consolidated urban form, infill housing as a strategy for growth management is not always well received by local residents and it remains a contentious issue. In this paper the authors report on an enquiry into neighbours' interpretations of, and responses to, infill housing in Christchurch, New Zealand.

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Chang, Stephanie E., Josh E. Taylor, Kenneth J. Elwood, Erica Seville, Dave Brunsdon, and Mikaël Gartner. "Urban Disaster Recovery in Christchurch: The Central Business District Cordon and Other Critical Decisions." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 1 (February 2014): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/022413eqs050m.

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The Canterbury earthquakes, which involved widespread damage in the February 2011 event and ongoing aftershocks near the Christchurch central business district (CBD), presented decision makers with many recovery challenges. This paper identifies major government decisions, challenges, and lessons in the early recovery of Christchurch based on 23 key-informant interviews conducted 15 months after the February 2011 earthquake. It then focuses on one of the most important decisions—maintaining the cordon around the heavily damaged CBD—and investigates its impacts. The cordon displaced 50,000 central city jobs, raised questions about (and provided new opportunities for) the long-term viability of downtown, influenced the number and practice of building demolitions, and affected debris management. Despite being associated with substantial losses, the cordon was commonly viewed as necessary, and provided some benefits in facilitating recovery. Management of the cordon poses important lessons for planning for catastrophic urban earthquakes around the world.

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Tavares, Silvia G., Simon R. Swaffield, and Emma J. Stewart. "A case-based methodology for investigating urban comfort through interpretive research and microclimate analysis in post-earthquake Christchurch, New Zealand." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 4 (August 16, 2017): 731–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317725318.

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This paper explores how an interpretive case-based research strategy can reveal new empirical and theoretical insights into microclimate design. Innovative fieldwork in Christchurch, New Zealand investigated the nature and social meanings of urban comfort in a city with a seasonal climate featuring microclimatic variability, and with a physical landscape undergoing rapid change following a series of major earthquakes. Ethnographic methods were combined with microclimate measurements in four Christchurch-based case study locations to identify ways in which people adjust their cultural and lifestyle values and expectations to the actual microclimatic conditions. The field investigation had to capture data relevant to the microclimatic variability and be suitable for rapidly changing urban settings. Results suggest this integrative methodology successfully adapts to challenging physical contexts, and is able to provide a coherent body of evidence. Important insights revealed through this methodology may not have become apparent if only conventional microclimate methods were used.

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Roberts, Sara. "The Library Without Walls: Striving for an Excellent Law Library Service Post-Earthquake." Legal Information Management 15, no. 4 (December 2015): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669615000614.

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AbstractThis paper is adapted from a presentation given by Sara Roberts at the 2015 BIALL Annual Conference. On September 4th 2010 Christchurch suffered the first of a series of catastrophic earthquakes which continued over the next two years and damaged much of the city. During this time the University of Canterbury suffered greatly, both through physical damage to the campus and from a loss of students willing to come and study in Christchurch. Subsequently, the dedicated Law Library on campus was closed and it was necessary to reassess the service in the light of severely reduced resources. More than four years on from that first earthquake, the law collection is situated in the central library on campus, and the number of professional law librarians supporting the service has reduced from four to two. Yet despite the changes the service has not diminished and, indeed, is stronger in some areas.

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Sullivan, Sean, and Sharlene Wong. "Viewpoint: An enhanced primary health care role following psychological trauma: the Christchurch earthquakes." Journal of Primary Health Care 3, no. 3 (2011): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc11248.

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Following the February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ), the authors participated in counselling local residents, and debriefing and supervising support teams. Indications were that risk for mental health disorders, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), may be elevated in residents, and that this risk may continue for some time. Patients may be de-prioritising their mental health issues when these become normalised throughout the citys population. The authors recommend that primary care patients are assessed using a brief, comprehensive tool (for example, the Case-finding and Help Assessment Tool) that targets many health and behavioural issues identified as increasing in the city following the earthquake. Anxiety and mood disorder symptoms may indicate assessment is appropriate to reduce harm arising from increased risk for PTSD. Concern also is raised for primary health care providers who may have experienced the trauma and additionally may be vicariously affected by patients reported trauma.

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Seifi, Pouya, Richard S. Henry, and Jason M. Ingham. "Panel connection details in existing New Zealand precast concrete buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 49, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.2.190-199.

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Following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes the seismic design of buildings with precast concrete panels has received significant attention. Although this form of construction generally performed adequately in Christchurch, there were a considerable number of precast concrete panel connection failures. This observation prompted a review of more than 4700 panel details from 108 buildings to establish representative details used in both existing and new multi-storey and low rise industrial precast concrete buildings in three major New Zealand cities of Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Details were collected from precast manufacturers and city councils and were categorised according to type. The detailing and quantity of each reviewed connection type in the sampled data is reported, and advantages and potential deficiencies of each connection type are discussed. The results of this survey provide a better understanding of the relative prevalence of common detailing used in precast concrete panels and guidance for the design of future experimental studies.

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Guo, Tingdong, Justin Morgenroth, Tenley Conway, and Cong Xu. "City-wide canopy cover decline due to residential property redevelopment in Christchurch, New Zealand." Science of The Total Environment 681 (September 2019): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.122.

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Stevenson, Joanne R., Hlekiwe Kachali, Zachary Whitman, Erica Seville, John Vargo, and Thomas Wilson. "Preliminary observations of the impacts the 22 February Christchurch earthquake had on organisations and the economy." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.2.65-76.

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On 22 February 2011, Canterbury and its largest city Christchurch experienced its second major earthquake within six months. The region is facing major economic and organisational challenges in the aftermath of these events. Approximately 25% of all buildings in the Christchurch CBD have been “red tagged” or deemed unsafe to enter. The New Zealand Treasury estimates that the combined cost of the February earthquake and the September earthquake is approximately NZ$15 billion [2]. This paper examines the national and regional economic climate prior to the event, discusses the immediate economic implications of this event, and the challenges and opportunities faced by organisations affected by this event. In order to facilitate recovery of the Christchurch area, organisations must adjust to a new norm; finding ways not only to continue functioning, but to grow in the months and years following these earthquakes. Some organisations relocated within days to areas that have been less affected by the earthquakes. Others are taking advantage of government subsidised aid packages to help retain their employees until they can make long-term decisions about the future of their organisation. This paper is framed as a “report from the field” in order to provide insight into the early recovery scenario as it applies to organisations affected by the February 2011 earthquake. It is intended both to inform and facilitate discussion about how organisations can and should pursue recovery in Canterbury, and how organisations can become more resilient in the face of the next crisis.

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Palermo, Alessandro, Mitchel Le Heux, Michel Bruneau, Myrto Anagnostopoulou, Liam Wotherspoon, and Lucas Hogan. "Preliminary findings on performance of bridges in the 2010 Darfield earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.412-420.

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On September 4, 2010 a M 7.1 earthquake occurred with an epicentre near the town of Darfield 30-40 km west of the Christchurch CBD. In the days following the earthquake inspections were carried out on highway, road City Council and pedestrian bridges in the Canterbury area. This paper details the preliminary findings based on visual inspection of about fifty five bridges. The paper comprises information supplied by consulting engineering firms which were also directly involved in the inspections soon after the earthquake.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Christchurch City'

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