Journal articles on the topic 'Chr.-900 v'

Abstract. Für das in den Nordvogesen liegende Moor Rond Pertuis supérieure wurde ein mit der 14C-Methode datiertes Pollenprofil erstellt. Das Profil umfasst einen Zeitraum vom mittleren Atlantikum (4500–3100 Jahre v. Chr.) bis heute. Während der Mitte des Atlantikums bedeckte ein kiefernreicher Eichenmischwald die Nordvogesen. Tanne und Buche wanderten am Ende des Atlantikums ein und führten zu einem Rückgang des Eichen- und Kiefernwaldes. Zu dieser Zeit begann auch der maßgebliche menschliche Einfluss in die Vegetationsentwicklung. Fünf Landnutzungsphasen konnten differenziert werden, die Erste am Ende des Neolithikums (~4000–2200 v. Chr.). Von der Bonzezeit an (2200–800 v. Chr.) bis in heutige Zeit ist eine kontinuierliche Landnutzung nachweisbar. Im Spätmittelalter (900–1500 n. Chr.) und der Neuzeit (1500 n. Chr. bis heute) haben sich die Wälder durch die Nutzung vollständig verändert. Im 19. Jahrhundert ist die Fichte in das Untersuchungsgebiet in den Nordvogesen eingeführt worden. In der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde die Fichtenaufforstung forciert.

Abstract. Zwei Hauptdünengebiete kommen im Gebiet westlich von Nieuwpoort vor: die Jüngeren Dünen entlang der heutigen Küstenlinie sowie die Älteren Dünen, die in der Nähe der französischen Grenze isoliert in der Küstenebene auftreten und ebenfalls küstenparallel verlaufen. Beide Systeme wurden geologisch und paläontologisch untersucht. Es wird vermutet, daß das Ältere Dünensystem in der Zeit vor 4300 v. h. entstanden ist. Ein Streifen weiterer älterer Dünensedimente (der jedoch nicht so alt wie das Ältere Dünensystem ist) wurde, ebenfalls nahe der französischen Grenze, unter den Jüngeren Dünen gefunden. Das Alter dieser Sedimente liegt zwischen 2800 und 900 v. h. Bei der Entstehung der Jüngeren Dünen wurden zwei Subphasen unterschieden. Vor dem 14. Jahrhundert bildete das Dünengebiet eine relativ ebene Fläche. Ihre Entstehung markiert das Ende einer aktiven äolischen Phase, die im 11. Jahrhundert n. Chr. wahrscheinlich als Folge damals verstärkt auftretender Sturmfluten einsetzte (Dunkerque-3 Transgression). Mit dem Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts begannen sich große Sicheldünen zu bilden, die Teile der früheren Landoberfläche begruben. Einige von ihnen bewegen sich noch heute. Die Entwicklung des Jüngeren Dünengebietes bei De Panne wird eingehend beschrieben, einschließlich der Vegetationsgeschichte des Dünengebietes und der anschließenden Küstenebene. Einige Aufmerksamkeit wird auch der Lage früherer Küstenlinien gewidmet.

10059 Background: Clinical benefit rate (CBR), defined as complete or partial responses (RECIST) or stable disease > 4 months, has been taken as evidence for the activity of mTOR inhibitors in sarcomas, (Chawla ASCO 2006). P is a novel oral alkylphosphocholine that targets the PI3K pathway upstream from mTOR by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt. (Kondapaka, Mol Cancer Ther 2003). P's activity against sarcomas has now been evaluated in 121 patients enrolled in one of 3 phase (ph) I trials or 4 ph II studies. Five of these studies have been published. All of the data are in the Keryx database from which this analysis was performed. Methods: Dose-schedules in the ph I trials were weekly (wkly) 100–800 mg; loading dose (LD) 300 - 1,800 following by daily (d) 50 - 21 every 21 days; LD 400 - 900 & d 50 - 100 continuously. In the ph II trials doses were LD 900 & d 150 every 21 days, LD 900 and d 100 continuously, d 50 mg continuously; wkly 900, wkly1200 & wkly 1,500. Regimens that included a wkly or LD of 1,200 mg or more or a d dose of ≥ 150 mg were more toxic and are defined as “higher dose” for this analysis. Results: 121 pts with sarcoma were entered on studies prior to 9/1/2006 and could be assessed for CBR. CBR is shown in the table below. Toxicities were mainly gastrointestinal and/or fatigue. The percentage of pts with grade 0 nausea (N), vomiting (V), diarrhea (D) and fatigue (F) for lower dose P was 40, 60, 45 and 57% respectively compared to 29, 38, 24 and 66% for higher dose P. The proportion of patients with grade 2+ N, V, D and F was 19, 15, 17 and 21% for lower dose P and 46, 31, 40 and 21% for higher dose P. Conclusions: In the ph I/II studies of P the CBR was 50%. This compares favorably with the activity of the mTOR inhibitors. There was no suggestion of greater activity in those given higher doses of P, but there was substantially more toxicity and greater earlier withdrawal from therapy with the higher doses. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

← Objective Owing to the discord between body weight and body surface area (BSA), creatinine clearance (CCr) is predisposed to be small in pediatric patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Alternatively, Kt/V creatinine (Kt/V creat), which is normalized to total body water (TBW) rather than BSA, could be a better dialytic indicator. In this study, the efficiency of dialysis and the nutritional status of pediatric patients on chronic PD were examined, and the utility of dialytic indicators was evaluated. ← Patients and Methods 49 patients under 20 years old, in stable condition, and on PD were analyzed. Weekly total Kt/V of urea (Kt/V urea), CCr, Kt/V creat, and normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (nPNA) were measured for all patients and for patients under 6 years old. The target value was 2.0/week for Kt/V urea and 60 L/week/1.73 m2 for CCr, as recommended by the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines. The target value for Kt/V creat was set as 1.52/week, using a male model with a height of 170 cm and a body weight of 65 kg. ← Results The mean values of delivered Kt/V urea, CCr, Kt/V creat, and nPNA (and proportion of patients that achieved each target value) for all patients were 2.25 ± 0.57/week (67.4%), 53.8 ± 19.3 L/week/1.73 2m (26.5%), 1.83 ± 0.73/week (65.3%), and 1.11 ± 0.42 g/day, respectively. The values for patients under 6 years old were 2.38± 0.26/week (90.0%), 45.9 ± 12.8 L/week/1.73 2m (10.0%), 1.94 ± 0.51/week (90.0%), and 1.52 ± 0.67 g/day, respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that the relationship between CCr and Kt/V urea was affected by the patient's age. ← Conclusions Our pediatric patients achieved the recommended target value of Kt/V urea. At the same time, the nPNA results reflected the patient's status well. However, CCr appeared to be inappropriate as an indicator for patients under 6 years old. Kt/V creat is suggested to be a better dialytic indicator for these patients.

Abstract Mezi kovové konstrukční materiály pro komponenty pokročilých plynem chlazených reaktorů patří niklové superslitiny Inconel 713 a 738. V rámci projektu aplikovaného výzkumu řešeného na VŠCHT Praha a CV Řež byly testovány mechanické vlastnosti těchto slitin ve výchozím stavu a po expozici vzorků v heliu obsahujícím stopové nečistoty (CO, H2, CH4, H2O) při teplotě 900 °C po dobu 1000 hod. Vzorky testovaných slitin byly vyrobeny: a) z původního litého materiálu (virgin), b) přepracovaného materiálu z výroby (revert 100R) a c) materiálu získaného slitím těchto materiálů v poměru 50V/50R. K určení mechanických vlastností materiálů po expozicích byly provedeny tahové zkoušky a strukturní analýza pomocí SEM. Porovnány byly změny vlastností po expozici jednotlivých testovaných slitin i stejné slitiny vyrobené různými postupy. Zatímco mez kluzu a mez pevnosti poklesly u Inconelu 713 jen zlehka, u Inconelu 738 poklesly výrazně. Stav 50V/50R vykazoval lepší mechanické vlastnosti než stav revert 100R.

ST Carinae is an eclipsing binary with a period of 0.90165 days and is believed to consist of an A0 V primary and a secondary of type F5 - 8 IV. About 900 observations in UBV, made by Somerville in 1963, but unreduced at that time, are analyzed with the Wood Model. These are also compared with the solutions obtained by previous investigators of this system. The solutions indicate a reasonably consistent geometry, but there is still substantial uncertainty with regard to the mass-ratio and dynamical status of the system. The possibility exists that ST CAR is in the initial and rapid stage of mass exchange in which the primary component fills its Roche lobe and is losing mass to its companion. The two components of ST CAR appear to be of normal dimensions, but additional work is needed to clarify the exact status of this system. It is planned that a re-analysis using the Simplex program will clarify the dynamical status of ST CAR.

Fossil organic matter in Miocene and Silurian sediments was subjected to experimental oxidation, which was investigated by Rock-Eval pyrolysis, the "off-line" pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combination, and continuous FTIR monitoring. The pyrolysate yield decreased during the oxidation particularly in the low-matured, predominantly aliphatic organic matter from the Miocene sediments (type I kerogen, algae-type kerogen). This suggests that aliphatic chains are preferentially oxidized, which is in agreement with the marked decrease in the intensity of the v(CH2) and v(CH3) IR bands. The n-alkane distribution in the chromatographic profile was unaffected by the oxidation; hence, the oxidation of the alkane chains was not selective. At the same time, the bands within the 1 900-1 550 cm-1 range grew in intensity for both the aliphatic and mixed-type (type II kerogen) organic matter. The oxidation of the aromatic (humic) type of organic fossil matter in the Miocene sediments (type III kerogen, coal-type kerogen) was only accompanied by very small changes in the FTIR spectra. The results of the "of-line" pyrolysis are consistent with those of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis. For all samples, the oxidation was accompanied by a gradual decrease in the hydrogen index (HI) as well as in the pyrolysis temperature maximum (Tmax). The changes in the S2/S1 ratio ("bound"-to-"free" hydrocarbons) indicate that the "free" hydrocarbons in the rocks are preferentially oxidized during the first 8-16 h of the experimental run. Subsequently, hydrocarbon chains involved in the kerogen macromolecule are attacked.

Proses pada pabrik bio hidrogen dari bio oil terbagi menjadi beberapa unit, yaitu unit dehidrooksigenasi, unit pemisahan, unit steam reforming, unit water gas shift, dan unit pemurnian. Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentangpengaruh perbandingan komposisi massa metana (CH4) dengan steam (H2O) serta pengaruh perbedaan temperatur pada unit steam methane reforming untuk melihat pengaruh pada produksi bio hidrogen. Penelitian ini dikerjakan menggunakan software simulasi proses Aspen Hysys v.10.0. Dengan menggunakan variabel temperatur pada steam reformer (800 °C, 850 °C, 900 °C, 950 °C, 1000 °C) dan variabel perbandingan komposisi massa steam dengan methane (CH4), yaitu 1:2, 1:1,25, 1:3, 1:3,5, 1:4. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan didapatkan pengaruh komposisi steam dan metana berbanding lurus dengan jumlah bio hidrogen yang dihasilkan. Serta, pengaruh perbedaan temperatur pada reaktor steam reformer berbanding lurus dengan jumlah produksi hidrogen. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan jumlah produksi bio hidrogen terbaik 1300 kg/jam.Kata kunci: Aspen HYSYS, Bio Oil, Bio Hidrogen

The Buckeye Bullet, a student project at Ohio State University, is the first electric car to exceed 300 mph. It set a new US record of 315 mph at the Bonneville Salt Flats. The vehicle is 10 meters long and is powered by a 250-kW motor supplied by a 900 V battery system. The new record holder, the Buckeye Bullet, travelled 272 mph over the Bonneville Salt Flats on one desert-bright October day. Later in the same week, it was clocked at 315 mph for a new U.S. record. According to Dan Warner, the association representative who certified the times, the international record allows unlimited run-up distance and then times the vehicle through a flying mile. The record is based on the vehicle’s best average time in both directions over the same mile.

A nickel-ceria-yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni-CYSZ) cermet material was synthesized and tested as the anode for the direct oxidation of methane in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with YSZ as the electrolyte and strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM) as the cathode. Initially, the electrochemical behavior was investigated under several load demands in wet (3% H2O) CH4 at 850 °C during 144 h using I-V curves, impedance spectra, and potentiostatic measurements. Long-term tests were subsequently conducted under 180 mA·cm–2 in wet CH4 for 236 h and dry CH4 for 526 h at 850 °C in order to assess the cell stability. Material analysis was carried out by SEM-EDS after operation was complete. Similar cell performance was observed with wet (3% H2O) and dry CH4, and this indicates that the presence of water is not relevant under the applied load demand. Impedance spectra of the cell showed that at least three processes govern the direct electrochemical oxidation of methane on the Ni-CYSZ anode and these are related to charge transfer at high frequency, the adsorption/desorption of charged species at medium frequency and the non-charge transfer processes at low frequency. The cell was operated for more than 900 h in CH4 and 806 h under load demand, with a low degradation rate of ~0.2 mV·h–1 observed during this period. The low degradation in performance was mainly caused by the increase in charge transfer resistance, which can be attributed to carbon deposition on the anode causing a reduction in the number of active centers. Carbon deposits were detected mostly on the surface of Ni particles but not near the anode/electrolyte interface or the cerium surface. Therefore, the incorporation of cerium in the anode structure could improve the cell lifetime by reducing carbon formation.

9030 Background: Elderly/frail patients, though commonly treated, are under-represented in clinical trials. Evidence is needed to guide choices of drugs and doses in this population. Methods: FOCUS2 is a multicenter, 2x2 factorial randomized trial for patients with unpretreated metastatic colorectal cancer judged unfit for full-dose combination chemotherapy. After comprehensive health assessment (CHA), randomization was to: (A) simplified LV5FU2 infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin (FU); (B) OxFU; (C) Cap; or (D) OxCap. In each case, starting doses were 80% standard, with an option to escalate to full-dose at 6 weeks (wk). The factorial questions were: (A+B v C+D) - does replacing FU with Cap improve quality of life (QL)? (primary endpoint: improved global QL at 12 wk [QLQ-C30]); and (A+C v B+D) - how much does Ox improve efficacy in this population? (primary endpoint: progression-free survival (PFS). Results: 460 patients were randomized, 22% < 70 yrs; 35% 70–75 yrs; 43% > 75 yrs. 22% were performance status (PS) 0; 49% PS1; 29% PS2. Primary comparisons: (see table ): global QL did not favor Cap over FU. Comparison of PFS favored the addition of oxaliplatin but did not reach significance (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.71–1.06, p=0.16). Secondary comparisons: Compared with FU, Cap did not affect RR, PFS or 60-day mortality, but it increased the risk of gr =3 toxicity. Oxaliplatin significantly improved RECIST response (RR) by wk 12, did not increase gr =3 toxicity or 60-day mortality, but reduced the chance of improved QL at 12 wk. Conclusion: In this frail elderly population, substituting Cap for FU did not improve overall QL or efficacy, and significantly increased toxicity. Addition of Ox gave significantly higher anticancer activity without increasing toxicity, but at the cost of some reduction in QL at 12 wk. Planned analyses include correlating baseline CHA with treatment outcome. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

In the immunocompromised setting, recipients of solid-organ or hematopoietic stem-cell transplants carry an increased risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Burkitt lymphoma (BL) PTLD is a rare form of monomorphic B-cell PTLD, which lacks a standard best treatment. Here, we report the successful treatment of refractory BL-PTLD with autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. A male patient was diagnosed with BL-PTLD, with an increasing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral load, at 21 months after undergoing living liver transplantation from his mother due to neonatal biliary atresia. After 10 cycles rituximab +/− intensive chemotherapy and surgical tumor resection, the tumors significantly advanced. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, revealing one mutation in exon 5, TP53: p.A159 V, which may be associated with chemo-resistance. Thus, treatment was started with autologous anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy. We administered 9.0 × 106/kg autologous anti-CD19 CAR T-cells, after conditioning with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine. Unexpectedly, the patient experienced only mild (Grade II) cytokine release syndrome (CRS) without neurotoxicity. Finally, he went into complete remission (CR), and has achieved 16-month event-free survival to date. In addition, liver function has remained stably within the normal range without any immunosuppressive therapy. The literature includes only five previously reported BL cases treated with CAR T-cell therapy. In conclusion, the present case suggests that autologous anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy may represent a new therapeutic option for some cases of refractory BL-PTLD. Clinical trial number: ChiCTR2000032211.

AbstractThe intermittent energy restriction (IER) approach to weight loss involves short periods of substantial (>70 %) energy restriction (ER) interspersed with normal eating. Studies to date comparing IER to continuous energy restriction (CER) have predominantly measured fasting indices of cardiometabolic risk. This study aimed to compare the effects of IER and CER on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism following matched weight loss. In all, twenty-seven (thirteen male) overweight/obese participants (46 (sem3) years, 30·1 (sem1·0) kg/m2) who were randomised to either an IER intervention (2638 kJ for 2 d/week with an overall ER of 22 (sem0·3) %,n15) or a CER intervention (2510 kJ below requirements with overall ER of 23 (sem0·8) %) completed the study. Postprandial responses to a test meal (over 360 min) and changes in anthropometry (fat mass, fat-free mass, circumferences) were assessed at baseline and upon attainment of 5 % weight loss, following a 7-d period of weight stabilisation. The study found no statistically significant difference in the time to attain a 5 % weight loss between groups (median 59 d (interquartile range (IQR) 41–80) and 73 d (IQR 48–128), respectively,P=0·246), or in body composition (P≥0·437). For postprandial measures, neither diet significantly altered glycaemia (P=0·266), whereas insulinaemia was reduced comparatively (P=0·903). The reduction in C-peptide tended (P=0·057) to be greater following IER (309 128 (sem23 268) to 247781 (sem20 709) pmol×360 min/l)v. CER (297 204 (sem25 112) to 301 655 (sem32 714) pmol×360 min/l). The relative reduction in TAG responses was greater (P=0·045) following IER (106 (sem30) to 68 (sem15) mmol×360 min/l) compared with CER (117 (sem43) to 130 (sem31) mmol×360 min/l). In conclusion, these preliminary findings highlight underlying differences between IER and CER, including a superiority of IER in reducing postprandial lipaemia, which now warrant targeted mechanistic evaluation within larger study cohorts.

Abstract Background: The combination of antigen recognition, costimulatory ligands, and dendritic cells (DC)-derived cytokines (IL-12 or type I IFNs) stimulate T cells upon antigen presentation of DC. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells induce anti-tumor cytotoxicity independent of DC by employing antigen recognition portion (single chain variable fragment)/CD3zeta and costimulatory signaling domain. However, the clinically available CARs are not engineered to provide DC-derived cytokine stimulation to T cells. This deficiency may prevent the CAR T cells from developing optimal effector functions, surviving, and forming a responsive memory T cell population. DC can enhance CAR T cell functionality by producing T cell stimulating cytokines. Intratumoral DC, marked by the expression of CD141/CLEC9A, play a critical role in recruiting T cells into the intratumoral area and inducing T cell cytotoxicity against the tumor. IRF8 is an essential transcription factor in developing intratumoral DCs. A co-stimulatory protein, 4-1BB is expressed on activated T cells and is a part of a CAR construct. 4-1BB has been suggested to stimulate IRF8 through the NF-kB signaling and could participate in the generation of intratumoral DC. Therefore, we hypothesized that autologous DCs transduced with 4-1BB CAR would enhance the efficacy of anti-CD33 CAR T cell therapy against acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) by providing DC-derived cytokines and recruiting CAR T cells in bone marrow microenvironment. Methods: We sorted bone marrow CD34+ progenitors and T cells. Cells were transduced with an anti-CD33 41BBz CAR lentivector (pCCL-HP67.6-4-1BB-CD3z). We sorted transduced T (CAR T), and CD34+ progenitors three days after transduction. While expanding transduced CAR T cells further, we induced the differentiation of transduced CD34+ cells to DC (CAR-DC) in vitro by incubating cells with Flt3L/GM-CSF/IL-4 and AML cell lysate. After an additional four days of culture, we analyzed CAR-DC using flow cytometry. We co-cultured a human AML cell line, Kasumi-1 cells with CAR T +/- CAR-DC (E/T ratio=1), or mock control, and quantified cell death in different CAR T to Kasumi-1 ratios (10, 5, and 2) using CytoTox 96 NonRadioactive Cytotoxicity Assay and Annexin V. We also utilized multiplex cytokine immunoassays to quantify cytokine production. For in vivo studies, we injected luciferase-GFP tagged Kasumi-1 cells (10X106) into NSG mice, followed by injection of CAR T (5X105) +/- CAR-DC (1.5X105) or control T cells (5X105). We monitored the NSG mice using serial bioluminescence imaging and compared the survival of each group. Results: On phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry, we found that frequencies of cells expressing CD141/CLEC9A+ were significantly higher in CAR-DC vs. control DC (35.2 +/- 4.1 % vs. 9.0 +/- 1.7 % of HLA-DR+ cells), which suggest 4-1BB activation induce CD34+ progenitors to intratumoral DCs. The cytotoxicity assay showed 63.2 +/- 0.6 % Kasumi-1 death with CAR T/CAR-DC compared to 46.5 +/- 3.5 % with CAR T cells alone. CAR T/CAR-DC also demonstrated more Annexin V positive Kasumi-1 cells compared to CAR T and control T cells (78.4 +/- 5.1 % vs 39.9 +/- 7.7 % vs 17.6 +/- 2.2 %). These cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that CAR-DC enhanced the anti-Kasumi-1 cytotoxicity of anti-CD33 CAR T cells. CAR T cells co-cultured with CAR-DC produced a two-fold higher IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha than CAR T cells alone (p<0.01). The IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production increases in correlation with the counts of CAR T cells. However, CAR T/CAR-DC group produced a four-fold higher IL-12 throughout different E/T ratios compared to CAR T alone group (p<0.01), which suggest DCs are the major source of IL-12 production and CAR T cells produce a higher level of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in response to DCs. In vivo NSG mice experiments demonstrated that CAR T/CAR-DC group had increased survival (p<0.01) and decreased AML burden than CAR T alone group. Conclusions: Our data show that 1) in vitro differentiation of DCs with 4-1BB stimulation increases intratumoral CD141/CLEC9A+ DCs, 2) interaction between CAR-DC and CAR T cells enhances cytotoxic cytokine production in response to DC-derived IL-12. These combined effects resulted in improved anti-CD33 CAR T cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo NSG AML mice model. Our findings implicate the development of a new strategy of CAR T therapy combined to CAR-DC to increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract MAJIC is a phase II trial of Ruxolitinib (RUX) vs Best Available Therapy (BAT) in essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients with resistance/intolerance to Hydroxycarbamide (HC) per European LeukemiaNet (ELN) criteria. Primary outcome was rate of complete hematological response (CHR) within 1 year (ELN criteria); secondary outcomes included partial HR, safety, thrombosis, hemorrhage, progression free survival (including transformation), molecular response (MR), symptom & quality of life (QOL) assessment. We present new data concerning molecular, symptom & clinical responses. Patients were stratified by JAK2V617F status, patient-reported symptoms & QOL determined using EQ5D, MDASI & MPN Symptom Assessment Form (MPN10), & compared using linear mixed models of post-baseline scores through month 12 adjusting for baseline; response was defined as ≥50% reduction in MPN10 total symptom score (TSS). JAK2/CALR/MPL allele burdens were assessed at baseline & 4 monthly. 110 patients were eligible for the modified ITT analysis, 58 (52%) & 52 (48%) in RUX & BAT arms respectively, comprising 44 males, 66 females, mean age 64.2ys, & resistant (24.5%), intolerant (51.8%) or both (22.7%) to HC. CHR was achieved in 27 (46.6%) of RUX patients vs 23 (44.2%) BAT patients (χ2 test p= 0.81). PHR occurred in 26 (44.8%) & 27 (51.9%) of RUX & BAT treated respectively. Grade 3 or 4 anemia occurred in 19% & 0% for RUX arm vs 0% (both grades) for BAT arm, grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia in 5.2% & 1.7% of RUX vs 0% (both grades) of BAT patients respectively. Grade 3 or 4 infections occurred in 10.3% of RUX patients vs 3.6% BAT arm. 9 RUX treated patients had 10 thrombotic events & 1 RUX patient a hemorrhage; vs 5 thrombotic & 5 hemorrhagic events in BAT patients (adjusted following central review). Transformations to post-ET MF occurred in 8 RUX vs 3 BAT treated patients, 1 RUX patient developed AML. 2 non-treatment related deaths occurred in each arm. Mean MPN-10 TSS & individual symptoms of early satiety & itching during the first 12 months were all significantly lower for RUX vs BAT (all p<0.05). Patients who achieved CHR had significantly better TSS, fatigue, inactivity, concentration problems, & MDASI symptom interference (all p<0.05) at baseline vs those without; however, scores during treatment did not appear to differ between CHR & non CHR groups after adjusting for these baseline differences. Allele burden during study & MRs (per ELN-IWG criteria Barosi Blood 2013) are shown in Table 1. Assays for JAK2 V617F were performed independently in 3 centres using qPCR (Guy's), TSCA NGS (Oxford) & amplicon-based NGS (Salisbury) & revealed Mean (range): JAK2 (Guy's): 33.2 (0.1-94.6), N=52; JAK2 (Oxford): 38.0 (0.5-92.2), N=52; JAK2 (Sal): 38.3 (0-90.0), N=50 (limited to JAK2 positive only). With Interclass Correlation Coefficient as follows ICC (Guy's v Oxford): 0.92 (95% CI 0.86-0.95) ICC (Guy's v Sal): 0.92 (95% CI 0.86-0.95) ICC (Oxford v Sal): 0.997 (95% CI 0.994-0.998). Notably MRs (n=5) only occurred with RUX treatment. There was no pattern of MR or progression with C/PHR or transformation, but 1 patient who transformed to PET MF had a complete MR. In a separate analysis baseline symptoms & QOL were not associated with JAK2, CALR, nor MPL status. Within RUX, baseline symptoms & QOL did not predict MR; however, fatigue, early satiety & abdominal discomfort (all p<0.05, Table 1) were significantly lower among those with MR vs not during treatment with a descriptively higher symptom response rate (2/4 [50%] vs 9/30 [30%]). Three non pre-specified multivariate analyses were performed to assess baseline factors influencing CHR (modelled for: treatment received, HC resistance or intolerance, white cell count, platelets, Hb & JAK2/CALR status); occurrence of ≥ grade 3 anemia or thrombocytopenia (modelled for: Hb (≥ 100g/dl) JAK2/CALR status); & transformation to PET-MF (modelled for: treatment, Hb ≤100g/dl). Only baseline Hb ≤100g/dl was significant for grade 3+ anemia (OR [95% CI]=0.17 [0.04, 0.72]), & PET-MF only occurred in patients with baseline WBC <10x109/L. This updated analysis shows that HC resistant/intolerant ET is clinically & molecularly diverse. We confirm that these patients are at high risk of thrombosis & transformation as suggested in prior retrospective studies. Molecular responses were limited to RUX & for the first time we demonstrate such responses may correlate with symptom improvement but not always with progression events. Disclosures Harrison: Shire: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Incyte Corporation: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Baxaltra: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel, accommodations, expenses, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Mead:Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Aliman:Novartis: Other: Institutional funding and grant for international conference. . Chen:Novartis: Other: Advisory Board. Coppell:Novartis: Other: Travel, accommodation and conference attendance. Knapper:ONO pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Other: Travel and expenses for international conferences. Ali:Novartis: Honoraria, Other: Conference sponsorship, advisory board meetings. Hamblin:Novartis: Other: Advisory Board. Dueck:Bayer: Honoraria. Cross:Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Mesa:Celgene: Research Funding; Promedior: Research Funding; CTI: Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Galena: Consultancy; Ariad: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy. McMullin:Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.

Abstract. Jüngere Pegeldaten aus dem nordostdeutschen Ostsee-Küstenraum legen nahe, dass die eustatische Komponente der gegenwärtigen Meeresspiegeländerung überlagert wird durch eine räumlich differenzierte nicht-eustatische, insbesondere glazial- isostatisch, Komponente. Um zu untersuchen, in welchem Maße die frühere Meeresspiegelentwicklung durch diese beiden Komponenten beeinflusst wurde, wurde versucht, diese so weit zurück zu verfolgen, wie dies die Mächtigkeit der marinen Küstensedimentfolgen erlaubte. Drei neue relative Meeresspiegelkurven wurden abgeleitet, wovon zwei hier zum ersten Mal präsentiert werden. Die Kurven basieren auf zahlreichen AMS-Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungen von Meeresspiegel-Indexpunkten wie Basistorfen, archäologischen Unterwasserfunden und Torfprofilen aus Küstenüberflutungsmooren. Obwohl der Indikationswert der Proben aus den Küstenmooren wegen deren möglicher Kompaktion fraglich ist, konnten zuverlässige Angaben durch den Abgleich von Daten aus unterschiedlichen Ablagerungsräumen gewonnen werden. Die drei abgeleiteten Meeresspiegelkurven überdecken den Zeitraum von 6000 bis 7000 v. Chr. bis zur Gegenwart und divergieren gleichmäßig mit zunehmendem Alter. Ein Uferlinienverschiebungsdiagramm zeigt, dass tektonische Ereignisse dieses räumliche Bewegungsmuster nicht signifikant beeinflusst haben. Für die Bestimmung der isostatischen Komponente wurden die Meeresspiegelkurven verglichen mit einer von Denys/Baeteman (1995) publizierten Kurve für die belgische Küste, die als tektonisch und isostatisch stabiler gilt. Der Verlauf dieser Kurve wird daher hauptsächlich von der eustatischen Komponente bestimmt. Der Vergleich legt nahe, dass der SW-Abschnitt der deutschen Ostseeküste gegenwärtig eine leichte Submergenz aufweist, möglicherweise infolge eines sich rückbildenden, glazial bedingten Randwulstes. Im zentralen Abschnitt ist die isostatische Bewegung vor wenigen Tausend Jahren ausgeklungen, im nördlichen Abschnitt hält sie dagegen immer noch an. Hier beträgt die maximale Hebung während der letzten 9000 Jahre etwa 6 m relativ zur belgischen Küste.

Mandevilla (Apocynaceae) is an ornamental tropical vine popular for its bright and attractive flowers. During 2012 to 2013, 12 Mandevilla sp. samples from Minnesota and Florida nurseries were submitted for analysis at the University of Minnesota Plant Disease Clinic. Plants showed mosaic symptoms, leaf deformation, premature leaf senescence, and vine dieback. Filamentous virus particles with modal lengths 700 to 900 nm were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in partially purified preparations from symptomatic leaves. Partially purified virions were obtained using 30% sucrose cushion centrifuged at 109,000 gmax for 2 h at 10°C (5). No other virus particles were observed in these samples, nor were any observed in non-symptomatic samples. One sample was submitted as potted plant (Mandevilla ‘Sunmandeho’ Sun Parasol Giant White) and was kept under greenhouse conditions for subsequent analyses. Total RNA (Qiagen) was extracted from this sample, and Potyvirus was detected using the universal primers Poty S (5′-GGN AAY AAY AGY GGN CAR CC-3′) and PV1 (5′-20(T)V-3′) (1) by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (3). The amplified product was the expected ~1.7-kb, corresponding to the partial nuclear inclusion body gene, the coat protein (CP) gene, and the 3′ end untranslated region. The RT-PCR amplicon was cloned (NEB) and sequenced, and the 1,720-bp consensus sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KM243928). NCBI BLAST analysis at the nucleotide level revealed highest identity (83%) with an isolate of Catharanthus mosaic virus (CatMV) from Brazil (Accession No. DQ365928). Pairwise analysis of the predicted 256 amino acid CP revealed 91% identity with the CatMV Brazilian isolate (ABI94824) and 68% or less identity with other potyviruses. Two potyviruses are usually considered the same species if their CP amino acid sequences are greater than 80% identical (2). Serological analysis of the infected sample Mandevilla ‘Sunmandeho’ Sun Parasol Giant White using a CatMV specific antiserum (4) resulted in positive indirect ELISA reactions. CatMV has been previously reported in periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) in Brazil (4). Based on the analyses by TEM, RT-PCR, nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities, and serological reactivity, we identify this virus as a U.S. Mandevilla isolate of CatMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Catharanthus mosaic virus both in the United States and in Mandevilla. References: (1) J. Chen et al. Arch Virol. 146:757, 2001. (2) A. Gibbs and K. Ohshima. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 48:205, 2010. (3) R. L. Jordan et al. Acta Hortic. 901:159, 2011. (4) S. C. Maciell et al. Sci. Agric. Piracicaba, Brazil. 68:687, 2011. (5) D. Mollov et al. Arch Virol. 158:1917, 2013.

3,3-Dialkyl-3H-pyrazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl esters (4), obtained by cycloaddition of R1R2C=N+=N− (R1 = R2 = CH3; R1 = CH3, R2 = CH2CH3) to CH3O2CC≡CCO2CH3, rearrange thermally by 1,5-sigmatropic alkyl shifts to both N and C. The latter rearrangement is followed by two successive 1,5-sigmatropic shifts of a methoxycarbonyl group. Final products of the threefold rearrangement were shown to be 4,5-dialkyl-1H-pyrazole-1,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl esters (6), rather than the isomeric 3,4-dialkyl-1H-pyrazole-1,5-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl esters (7), by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction. Those products therefore result from alkyl migration to C-4 of 4, followed by sequential migration of the methoxycarbonyl group, initially at C-4, to C-3 and then to N-2 of 4. In the initial alkyl migration step, ethyl migrates in preference to methyl, and in subsequent migration steps the methoxycarbonyl group migrates faster than the ethyl or methyl group. Crystals of 4-ethyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (6b) are monoclinic, of space group P21/n, with a = 7.907(1) Å, b = 11.087(2) Å, c = 13.199(3) Å, V = 1124.9(4) Å 3, Dc = 1.34 g cm−3, Dm = 1.33 g cm−3 for Z = 4, and R1 = 0.0772 (R2 = 0.0626) for 1474 reflections (R1 = 0.0428, R2 = 0.0422 for 903 reflections with I > 3σ(I)). The structure of 6a is similar. Key words: 3,3-dialkyl-3H-pyrazoles, 1,5-sigmatropic rearrangements of; 4,5-dialkyl-1H-pyrazoles, crystal and molecular structures; 1,5-sigmatropic rearrangements of pyrazoles, sense of.

PURPOSE To describe the incidence of acute neurotoxicity (NT) in children with lower risk B-precursor acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) treated with intermediate-dose methotrexate (MTX) or divided dose oral MTX with or without intravenous (i.v.) mercaptopurine (MP) and extended intrathecal triple therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirteen hundred four patients were entered onto Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) 9005, a randomized phase III trial, between January 11, 1991 and September 1, 1994. After remission induction, patients were randomized to one of three 24-week intensification schedules: regimen A, MTX 1,000 mg/m2 i.v. infused over 24 hours and MP 1,000 mg/m2 i.v. infused over 6 hours; regimen B, low-dose repetitive MTX 30 mg/m2 orally every 6 hours for six doses and i.v. MP; or regimen C, i.v. MTX alone. Intensification was given every 2 weeks for 12 courses. CNS prophylaxis was age-adjusted intrathecal MTX (ITM). In August 1992, the CNS prophylaxis was changed to age-adjusted triple intrathecal therapy (TIT). Reports of grades 3 and 4 acute NT were reviewed. RESULTS Acute NT was reported in 95 of 1,218 (7.8%) eligible patients treated on POG 9005. The incidence by regimen was regimen A, 46 of 543 patients (8.3%); regimen B, 13 of 354 patients (3.7%); and regimen C, 36 of 321 patients (11.2%) (P < .001). The majority of events were seizures and the median number of days to first occurrence of symptomatic NT after ITM or TIT was 10 to 11 days. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence consistent with leukoencephalopathy (LE), with or without the presence of cerebral calcifications, was observed in 75% and 77.1 % of symptomatic patients treated on regimens A and C, respectively, but in only 15.4% of symptomatic patients treated on regimen B (P < .001). Factors associated with an increased incidence of NT included increased cumulative exposure with repeated i.v. MTX (regimens A and C v B), increased MTX-leucovorin (LCV) ratio (regimens A and C v B), and choice and timing of TIT therapy. The use of i.v. MP during intensification did not appear to contribute to these complications. The switch to TIT CNS prophylaxis was associated with an inferior overall 4-year continuous complete remission (CCR) (P=.031) when compared with ITM. CONCLUSION Intensification with repeated i.v. MTX in the setting of low-dose LCV rescue was associated with a higher risk for acute NT and LE, especially in patients who received concomitant TIT. The long-term consequences for affected patients remain unknown.

BackgroundChimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells directed against CD19 have induced high rates of response in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell malignancies. Two CD19-targeting constructs have been approved by the FDA and EMA (Yescarta ®, Kymriah ®) for B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and aggressive lymphoma. Despite deep remissions, there are still major challenges and disparate data are reported about the immunogenicity induced by CART-cell therapy. On May/2017, the Spanish Agency of Medicines approved our first clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03144583) with a fully academic CART-19.Materials and MethodsEligibility criteria included R/R B-ALL (adult and pediatric), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL) who failed standard therapy. The primary objective of the study was safety and secondary objectives were response rate and its duration. The humoral anti-CART response was assessed by a (cell-based) fluorescence assay to detect human anti-murine antibodies (HAMA) in patients sera. Assessment was conducted at different time points: 1) at baseline (pre-dose), 2) on day 14 after the administration of ARI-0001 cells, 3) on day 28, 4) on day 100, and 5) every 3 months thereafter.ResultsForty-seven patients (37 adults/10 pediatrics) received ARI-0001 cells. Thirty-eight patients had a diagnosis of R/R B-ALL (28 adults and 10 children); all but 5 had relapsed after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT). Seven patients had a diagnosis of NHL, four of them (57%) had relapsed after HCT, and 2 patients had a diagnosis of CLL (2). Median age was 27 years (3–68). After conditioning with fludarabine (90 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (900 mg/m2), a total dose of 0.5–5 x106 ARI-0001 cells/kg was infused. Autologous T-cells from peripheral blood were expanded and transduced with a lentivirus to express a CAR with a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) with anti-CD19 specificity, conjugated with the co-stimulatory regions 4-1BB and CD3z. The scFv was originated from a mouse monoclonal antibody A3B1. Twenty-five per cent of the patients tested positive for the presence of anti-CAR antibodies, all of them post-dose, in contrast to previous data reported on Kymriah® with a significant presence of pre-dose anti-murine CAR19 antibody. Of these 12 patients, 8 patients presented with a weak, and 4 patients with a strong presence of HAMA. The last 4 patients had lost the effectiveness of the CART- therapy at that time point, reflected by simultaneous B-cell recovery in the periphery. Moreover, three of them received a second dose of CART-19, which did not revert the relapse.ConclusionsTo conclude, these data suggest the importance of the immunogenicity induced by CART-cell therapies. Immune monitoring should include the assessment of humoral response, especially before considering a second dose after relapse.Disclosure InformationN. Klein-González: None. E.A. González-Navarro: None. A. Bartoló-Ibars: None. V. Ortiz-Maldonado: None. M. Torrebadell: None. M. Castellà: None. D. Benítez: None. M. Caballero-Baños: None. R. Cabezón: None. M. Español: None. T. Baumann: None. E. Giné: None. P. Castro: None. J. Esteve: None. J. Yagüe: None. S. Rives: None. Á. Álvaro Urbano-Ispizua: None. J. Delgado: None. M. Juan: None.

The results of obtaining graphene-like nanomaterials (GLM) by reduction of graphite oxide, preparation of nickel-graphene catalysts and formation of carbon-graphene and magnesium-graphene composites are presented. The optimal preparation conditions and the functional characteristics of the obtained materials are determined. The method described in this work makes possible to obtain nickel-graphene composites (Ni/GLM) containing 5–25 wt.% of Ni nanoparticles of size 2–5 nm. Such composites are effective catalysts for the hydrogenation of magnesium. They were used to create hydrogen storage materials on magnesium base with a reversible capacity more 6.5 wt.% of hydrogen. The addition of Ni/GLM promotes an increase in the rate of Mg hydrogenation due to the high catalytic activity of nanoscale Ni in the dissociation of H2 molecules, and the coating of the fine particles of MgH2 with the GLM retains the submicron size of the Mg particles formed during dehydrogenation and ensures high thermal conductivity of the Mg/MgH2 + Ni/GLM composites. It was determined that in MgH2 + Ni/GLM composites, along with the stable α-phase of MgH2, a metastable γ-phase of MgH2 contains, which leads to a decrease in the dehydrogenation temperature by ~ 50 °C. Using Ni/GLM catalysts, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanofibers (CNF) on the surface of graphene-like structures were synthesized. The catalytic decomposition of C2H4 on Ni/GLM at temperatures of 500–700 °C leads to the formation of CNF on the surface of the GLM, and the decomposition of CH4 at 900 °C – with the formation of CNT. The CNT and CNF formed have a diameter in the range from 5 to 20 nm, and the length increases from 5 to 300 nm with rise of synthesis duration. Such three-dimensional structures have a high specific surface area and are attractive as sorbents of gases and carriers of metal catalysts.Forcitation:Tarasov B.P., Arbuzov A.A., Volodin A.A., Mozhzhukhin S.A., Klyuev M.V. Nickel-graphene catalyst for magnesium hydrogenation and for carbon nanostructures synthesis. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 8. P. 43-46.

El isobutano y propano, obtenidos con gas natural y gas extraído del petróleo (GLP), pueden reemplazar refrigerantes sintéticos para reducir las emisiones de gases que agotan la capa de ozono y generan calentamiento global; por tal motivo se realizó una simulación en Aspen HYSYS para corroborar que es posible conseguir isobutano y propano al 99,5 % en pureza. Las características del gas natural y del GLP se analizaron con cromatografías de gases proporcionadas por las empresas Gas Natural Fenosa y Almagas, tomando el menor promedio de los datos de isobutano y propano para determinar la pureza de cada uno de los compuestos por obtener. Por medio del análisis PUGH se seleccionaron cuatro métodos: directo, indirecto, membranas inorgánicas porosas y lecho fijo de adsorción para analizar la separación de isobutano y propano al 99,5 % en pureza con gas natural y GLP. Finalmente se realizó la ingeniería conceptual de la separación con la simulación en Aspen HYSYS V 9.0, obteniendo en pureza 99,5 % de propano; 49,62 % de isobutano, y 49,38 % de n-butano al utilizar gas natural, el cual se componía de metano (CH4) en un volumen de 84 %; etano (C2H6) del 3 al 8 %; propano (C3H6) 1-2 %, y butano (C4H10) menor de 1 %. También se observaron cantidades muy pequeñas de compuestos más pesados como hexano (C6H14), heptano (C7H16) y octanos (C8H18) con un porcentaje en volumen menor de 1 %. Adicionalmente se encontraron impurezas como dióxido de carbono (CO2) con 1-2 %; sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S) menor de 1 % y nitrógeno (N2) con 1 %; propano 99,9 %; isobutano 1,98 %, y 97,45 % de n-butano. El GLP se componía de nitrógeno (N2) al 0,05 %; etano (C2H6) al 2,07 %; propano (C3H8) al 66,65 %; isobutano (i-C4H10) al 16,46 %; n-butano (n-C4H10) al 14,87 %, e isopentano (i-C5H12).

Two Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) successions, Lung Cam in Vietnam, and Lukač in Slovenia, have been sampled for high-resolution magnetic susceptibility, stable isotope and elemental chemistry, and biostratigraphic analyses. These successions are located on the eastern (Lung Cam section) and western margins (Lukač section) of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean during PTB time. Lung Cam, lying along the eastern margin of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean provides an excellent proxy for correlation back to the GSSP and out to other Paleo-Tethyan successions. This proxy is tested herein by correlating the Lung Cam section in Vietnam to the Lukač section in Slovenia, which was deposited along the western margin of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean during the PTB interval. It is shown herein that both the Lung Cam and Lukač sections can be correlated and exhibit similar characteristics through the PTB interval. Using time-series analysis of magnetic susceptibility data, high-resolution ages are obtained for both successions, thus allowing relative ages, relative to the PTB age at ~252 Ma, to be assigned. Evaluation of climate variability along the western and eastern margins of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean through the PTB interval, using d18O values indicates generally cooler climate in the west, below the PTB, changing to generally warmer climates above the boundary. A unique Black Carbon layer (elemental carbon present by agglutinated foraminifers in their test) below the boundary exhibits colder temperatures in the eastern and warmer temperatures in the western Paleo-Tethys Ocean.ReferencesBalsam W., Arimoto R., Ji J., Shen Z, 2007. Aeolian dust in sediment: a re-examination of methods for identification and dispersal assessed by diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry. International Journal of Environment and Health, 1, 374-402.Balsam W.L., Otto-Bliesner B.L., Deaton B.C., 1995. 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Background Patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory (R/R) diffuse large b-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can achieve cure with platinum-containing chemotherapy (PCC) and autologous stem cell transplant (autoSCT). Only half of pts respond to PCC based on a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan after 2 cycles, but most experience significant toxicity. Minimizing exposure to PCC for non-responders in favor of other treatments such as anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy (CART19) is important. We hypothesized that PET/CTs performed earlier during salvage therapy could predict end-of-treatment (EOT) response and survival. We conducted an investigator initiated single-institution pilot study (NCT02405078) where 2 early PET/CTs were obtained during cycle 1 (C1) of salvage PCC. Methods Adult R/R DLBCL pts eligible for PCC with a pre-therapy PET/CT were eligible for enrollment. The PCC regimen was selected by the treating physician. The primary endpoint was EOT response. PET/CTs were obtained on D4 and D21 of C1 of PCC, and at EOT after 2-3 cycles. Treating physicians were not blinded to early PET/CT results. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was defined as time from D1 of C1 of salvage PCC to death from DLBCL. Results A total of 25 pts with a median age of 61 years (range 25-82) at relapse treated with PCC between 2/5/2016 and 10/30/2018 were included in the analysis, with data cutoff as of 2/29/2020. Selected baseline pt characteristics are as follows: 68% were GCB cell-of-origin by Hans algorithm, 60% were stage III/IV, 88% had an ECOG PS &lt; 2, 44% an international prognostic index (IPI) ≥3, and 32% double-hit lymphoma. Median time from initial diagnosis to first progression was 5.8 months. Therapies received were R-DHAP (44%), R-ICE (36%), and other regimens (20%). Ten (40%) pts had a therapy change after C1 and before EOT evaluation due to early treatment failure or progression based on early PET/CT result as interpreted by the treating physician. Twelve (48%) continued with a second cycle of the same regimen, and 3 discontinued therapy. Sixteen (64%) pts were evaluable for EOT response by PET/CT, while 7 (28%) pts were missing an EOT PET/CT due to early progression and 2 for other reasons. The only baseline characteristic different between EOT responders, non-responders, and pts missing EOT evaluation due to early progression was time from initial diagnosis to progression (8.6 vs. 5.3 vs. 4.5 months, p=0.035). Overall response (OR; complete or partial response) by Lugano criteria or decrease in maximum standardized uptake value (ΔSUVmax) ≥50% at D4 or D21 was not associated with EOT response. Median follow up was 19.7 months (range 0.7-40.9) from start of PCC. Median progression free survival was 2.7 months. Eleven pts died, 9 (36%) from progressive DLBCL and 2 from transplant complications. DSS was 61% at 24 months. DSS was worse for pts with an ECOG PS &gt; 1 (p=0.002), IPI ≥3 (p=0.046), and who did not receive R-ICE or R-DHAP (p=0.006). There was no difference in DSS based on the D4 or D21 PET/CT individually, by OR or ΔSUVmax. DSS was better for pts who had a persistent OR on both D4 and D21 vs. pts without a persistent OR (p=0.042) and was 100 vs. 47% at 24 months (Fig). Of the 6 pts with a persistent OR, 4 had a late first relapse (range 23.1-78.9 months after diagnosis) and 2 had an early first relapse (1.9-9.0 months). A total of 28% of pts had autoSCT and 8% allogeneic SCT, and 28% eventually had CART19 if not responsive to salvage treatment. Of the 10 pts who changed therapy after C1, 2/3 of the CART19 recipients were alive at data censoring compared to 1/7 of the pts who did not receive CART19. Discussion This pilot study is the first of its kind to investigate early PET/CT during salvage therapy for R/R DLBCL. Early PET/CT result did not predict the primary endpoint of EOT response, confounded as therapy was changed for some pts before final response evaluation due to early progression. Persistent OR on early PET/CTs during C1 predicted excellent DSS, even if pts were refractory to frontline treatment. Early therapy change after C1 based on unsatisfactory early PET/CTs to spare pts from ineffective therapy was feasible, with possible benefit to switching to CART19, but numbers were low and CART19 was not uniformly available during the study period. Risk for chemotherapy failure can be predicted early during salvage therapy, which may be important to change therapy to non-chemotherapy treatments such as CART19. Figure Disclosures Nastoupil: Genentech, Inc.: Honoraria, Research Funding; Gamida Cell: Honoraria; Merck: Research Funding; TG Therapeutics: Honoraria, Research Funding; Karus Therapeutics: Research Funding; Bayer: Honoraria; Gilead/KITE: Honoraria; LAM Therapeutics: Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding. Lee:Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Oncternal Therapeutics: Research Funding; Guidepoint Blogal: Consultancy; Celgene: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Aptitude Health: Speakers Bureau. Neelapu:Incyte: Other: personal fees; N/A: Other; Unum Therapeutics: Other, Research Funding; Calibr: Other; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Merck: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Kite, a Gilead Company: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Poseida: Research Funding; Karus Therapeutics: Research Funding; Acerta: Research Funding; Cell Medica/Kuur: Other: personal fees; Celgene: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Cellectis: Research Funding; Pfizer: Other: personal fees; Legend Biotech: Other; Allogene Therapeutics: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Precision Biosciences: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Adicet Bio: Other; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Patents & Royalties; Novartis: Other: personal fees. Flowers:Leukemia and Lymphoma Society: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BeiGene: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy; Genentech, Inc./F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy, Research Funding; OptumRx: Consultancy; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics/Janssen: Consultancy; Spectrum: Consultancy; Acerta: Research Funding; Millennium/Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; TG Therapeutics: Research Funding; Burroughs Wellcome Fund: Research Funding; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group: Research Funding; National Cancer Institute: Research Funding; V Foundation: Research Funding; Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas: Research Funding; Kite: Research Funding; Denovo Biopharma: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding. Chuang:Sage-Evidence=Based Medicine & Practice: Consultancy. Westin:47 Inc: Consultancy; Curis: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy; Juno: Consultancy; Kite: Consultancy; MorphoSys: Consultancy; Unum: Consultancy.

ABSTRACTThe electron field emission properties of sulfur-assisted nanocrystalline carbon (n-C: S) thin films grown on molybdenum substrates by hot-filament CVD technique using methane-hydrogen (CH4/H2) and hydrogen sulfide-hydrogen (H2S/H2) gas mixtures were investigated. The field emission properties of the S-assisted films are reported as a function of sulfur concentration. The incorporation of S caused structural and microstructural changes that were characterized with SEM, AFM and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The S-assisted films show smoother surfaces and smaller grains than those grown without. The lowest turn-on field measured was around 4.5 – 5.0 V/μm films grown with 500 ppm of hydrogen sulfide and at 900 °C. The electron field emission properties of S-assisted films were also compared to those grown without sulfur (i.e., intrinsic). An inverse correlation between the threshold field (Ec) and sulfur concentration was found. These finding are attributed to defect induced states within the electronic band structure.

The reaction paths of the reaction of methyl radical with propanol-2 (i-C3H7OH) were investigated in detail using density functional theory at B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p) level. There were seven reaction pathways which form seven products including CH4 + (CH3)2COH, CH4 + (CH3)2CHO, CH4 + CH3CHOHCH2, CH3OH + CH3CHCH3, C2H6 + CH3CHOH, (CH3)2CH-O-CH3 + H and (CH3)3CH + OH. The results of analysis of the reaction paths and thermokinetic parameters showed that methane could be generated from three different channels. The removed H-atom from secondary carbon atom in the propanol-2 molecule is the most favorable of this reaction system. Keywords Methyl, propanol-2, B3LYP, transition state References [1] I. R. Slagle, D. Sarzyński, and D. Gutman, “Kinetics of the reaction between methyl radicals and oxygen atoms between 294 and 900 K,” Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1987.[2] L. Rutz, H. Bockhorn, and J. W. Bozzelli, “Methyl radical and shift reactions with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons: Thermochemical properties, reaction paths and kinetic parameters,” in ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 2004.[3] N. H. Tho and N. X. Sang, “Theoretical study of the addition and hydrogen abstraction reactions of methyl radical with formaldehyde and hydroxymethylene,” J. Serb. Chem. Soc.; OnLine First - OLF, 2018.[4] D. Ferro-Costas et al., “The Influence of Multiple Conformations and Paths on Rate Constants and Product Branching Ratios. Thermal Decomposition of 1-Propanol Radicals,” Journal of Physical Chemistry A, p. 4790−4800, 2018.[5] M. T. Holtzapple et al., “Biomass Conversion to Mixed Alcohol Fuels Using the MixAlco Process,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1999.[6] C. R. Shen and J. C. Liao, “Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for 1-butanol and 1-propanol production via the keto-acid pathways,” Metabolic Engineering, 2008.[7] A. Frassoldati et al., “An experimental and kinetic modeling study of n-propanol and iso-propanol combustion,” Combustion and Flame, vol. 157, pp. 2–16, 2010.[8] M. Z. Jacobson, “Effects of ethanol (E85) versus gasoline vehicles on cancer and mortality in the United States,” Environmental Science and Technology, 2007.[9] P. Gray and A. A. Herod, “Methyl radical reactions with ethanol and deuterated ethanols,” Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1968.[10] Z. F. Xu, J. Park, and M. C. Lin, “Thermal decomposition of ethanol. III. A computational study of the kinetics and mechanism for the CH3+C2H5OH reaction,” Journal of Chemical Physics, 2004.[11] N. H. Tho and D. T. Quang, “Nghiên cứu lý thuyết đường phản ứng của gốc metyl với etanol,” Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 373–378, Jun. 2018.[12] N. H. Tho and N. X. Sang, “Kinetics of the Reaction of Methyl Radical with Methanol,” VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology; Vol 34 No 1DO - 10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4725 , Mar. 2018.[13] T. W. Shannon and A. G. Harrison, “The reaction of methyl radicals with methyl alcohol,” Canadian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 41, pp. 2455–2461, 1963.[14] S. L. Peukert and J. V. Michael, “High-temperature shock tube and modeling studies on the reactions of methanol with d-atoms and CH3-radicals,” Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2013.[15] P. Gray and A. A. Herod, “Methyl radical reactions with isopropanol and methanol, their ethers and their deuterated derivatives,” Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1968.[16] A. D. Becke, “Density functional thermochemistry. I. The effect of the exchange only gradient correction,” Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 96, p. 2155, 1992.[17] A. D. Becke, “Density-functional thermochemistry. II. The effect of the Perdew-Wang generalized-gradient correlation correction,” The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 97, p. 9173, 1992.[18] A. D. Becke, “Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange,” The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 98, p. 5648, 1993.[19] W. Yang, R. G. Parr, and C. Lee, “Various functionals for the kinetic energy density of an atom or molecule,” Physical Review A, vol. 34 (6), pp. 4586–4590, 1986.[20] W. J. Hehre, L. Radom, P. V. R. Schleyer, and J. A. Pople, Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Theory. 1986.[21] M. P. Andersson and P. Uvdal, “New scale factors for harmonic vibrational frequencies using the B3LYP density functional method with the triple-zeta basis set 6-311+G(d,p).,” The journal of physical chemistry. A, vol. 109, pp. 2937–2941, 2005.[22] Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H.B.; Scuseria, G.E.; Robb, M.A.; Cheeseman, J. R., M. Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Caricato, J. L. Li, X.; Hratchian, H. P.; Izmaylov, A. F.; Bloino, J.; Zheng, G.; Sonnenberg, T. Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, and Y. . et al. Honda, “Gaussian 09 Revision C.01, Gaussian Inc. Wallingford CT.,” Gaussian 09 Revision C.01. 2010.[23] G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules. 1966.[24] L. M. Sverdlov, M. A. Kovner, and E. P. Krainov, Vibrational spectra of polyatomic molecules. New York; Chichester; Jerusalem; London: Wiley ; Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1974.[25] E. Hirota, “Anharmonic potential function and equilibrium structure of methane,” Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, vol. 77, pp. 213–221, 1979.[26] P. Venkateswarlu and W. Gordy, “Methyl alcohol. II. Molecular structure,” The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1955.[27] E. . B. Goos A.; Ruscic, B., “Extended Third Millennium Ideal Gas and Condensed Phase Thermochemical Database for Combustion with Updates from Active Thermochemical Tables,” http://garfield.chem.elte.hu/Burcat/burcat.html August-2018.

The mechanisms for the reaction of methyl radical with ethylamine were determined by the density functional theory using the atomic structures of the reactants, transition states and products optimized at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p) level of theory. Seven transition states were identified for the production of CH3CHNH2 + CH4 (TS1), CH3CH2NH + CH4 (TS2), CH2CH2NH2 + CH4 (TS3), CH3CH2NHCH3 + H (TS4), CH3CH2 + CH3NH2 (TS5), C2H6 + CH2NH2 (TS6) and C3H8 + NH2 (TS7) with the corresponding barriers, 9.34, 9.90, 13.46, 27.70, 39.12, 45.82 and 69.34 kcal/mol. Thermodynamics analysis and potential energy surface showed that H-abstraction pathways take place easier than NH2-, CH3–abstractions, H-substitution of the NH2 group and CH3-substitution in ethylamine. The H-abstraction in methylene group of ethylamine is the most favourable on the PES of this reaction system. Keywords Methyl, Ethylamine, B3LYP, Transition states References [1] Lobo, V., et al., Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2010. 4(8): p. 118-126.[2] Phaniendra, A., D.B. Jestadi, and L. Periyasamy, Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2015. 30(1): p. 11-26.[3] Slagle, I.R., D. Sarzynski, and D. Gutman, Kinetics of the reaction between methyl radicals and oxygen atoms between 294 and 900 K. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1987. 91(16): p. 4375-4379.[4] Rutz L., B.H., Bozzelli J. W., Methyl Radical and Shift Reactions with Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Thermochemical Properties, Reaction Paths and Kinetic Parameters. American Chemical Society, Division Fuel Chemistry, 2004. 49(1): p. 451-452.[5] Peukert, S.L. and J.V. Michael, High-Temperature Shock Tube and Modeling Studies on the Reactions of Methanol with D-Atoms and CH3-Radicals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2013. 117(40): p. 10186-10195.[6] Poutsma, M.L., Extension of Structure–Reactivity Correlations for the Hydrogen Abstraction Reaction to the Methyl Radical and Comparison to the Chlorine Atom, Bromine Atom, and Hydroxyl Radical. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2016. 120(26): p. 4447-4454.[7] Shi, J., et al., Kinetic mechanisms of hydrogen abstraction reactions from methanol by methyl, triplet methylene and formyl radicals. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 2015. 1074: p. 73-82.[8] Peukert, S.L., et al., Direct Measurements of Rate Constants for the Reactions of CH3 Radicals with C2H6, C2H4, and C2H2 at High Temperatures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2013. 117(40): p. 10228-10238.[9] Sangwan, M., E.N. Chesnokov, and L.N. Krasnoperov, Reaction CH3 + OH Studied over the 294–714 K Temperature and 1–100 bar Pressure Ranges. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2012. 116(34): p. 8661-8670.[10] Tho, N.H. and N.X. Sang, Theoretical study of the addition and hydrogen abstraction reactions of methyl radical with formaldehyde and hydroxymethylene. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 2018. 83: p. 10.[11] Carl, S.A. and J.N. Crowley, Sequential Two (Blue) Photon Absorption by NO2 in the Presence of H2 as a Source of OH in Pulsed Photolysis Kinetic Studies: Rate Constants for Reaction of OH with CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, and C2H5NH2 at 295 K. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 1998. 102(42): p. 8131-8141.[12] Gray, P. and A. Jones, Methyl radical reactions with ethylamine and deuterated ethylamines. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1966. 62(0): p. 112-119.[13] Brinton, R.K. and D.H. Volman, Decomposition of Di‐t‐butyl Peroxide and Kinetics of the Gas Phase Reaction of t‐butoxy Radicals in the Presence of Ethylenimine. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1952. 20(1): p. 25-28.[14] Brinton, R.K., The abstraction of hydrogen atoms from amines and related compounds. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1960. 38(8): p. 1339-1345.[15] M. J. Frisch, G.W.T., H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, X. Li, M. Caricato, A. Marenich, J. Bloino, B. G. Janesko, R. Gomperts, B. Mennucci, H. P. Hratchian, J. V. Ortiz, A. F. Izmaylov, J. L. Sonnenberg, D. Williams-Young, F. Ding, F. Lipparini, F. Egidi, J. Goings, B. Peng, A. Petrone, T. Henderson, D. Ranasinghe, V. G. Zakrzewski, J. Gao, N. Rega, G. Zheng, W. Liang, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, T. Vreven, K. Throssell, J. A. Montgomery, Jr., J. E. Peralta, F. Ogliaro, M. Bearpark, J. J. Heyd, E. Brothers, K. N. Kudin, V. N. Staroverov, T. Keith, R. Kobayashi, J. Normand, K. Raghavachari, A. Rendell, J. C. Burant, S. S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, M. Cossi, J. M. Millam, M. Klene, C. Adamo, R. Cammi, J. W. Ochterski, R. L. Martin, K. Morokuma, O. Farkas, J. B. Foresman, and D. J. Fox, Gaussian 09, Revision C.01. Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT., 2010.[16] Hatipoglu, A., et al., Photo-oxidative degradation of toluene in aqueous media by hydroxyl radicals. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2010. 215(1): p. 59-68.[17] Eren, B. and Y. Yalcin Gurkan, Possible reaction pathways of the lincomycin molecule according to the DFT calculation method. 2017, 2017. 82(3): p. 11.[18] Becke, A.D., Density‐functional thermochemistry. II. The effect of the Perdew–Wang generalized‐gradient correlation correction. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1992. 97(12): p. 9173-9177.[19] Becke, A.D., Density‐functional thermochemistry. I. The effect of the exchange‐only gradient correction. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1992. 96(3): p. 2155-2160.[20] Becke, A.D., Density‐functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1993. 98(7): p. 5648-5652.[21] Yang, W., R.G. Parr, and C. Lee, Various functionals for the kinetic energy density of an atom or molecule. Physical Review A, 1986. 34(6): p. 4586-4590.[22] Hehre W. , R.L., Schleyer P. V. R. , and Pople J. A., Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Theory. 1986, New York: Wiley.[23] Andersson, M.P. and P. Uvdal, New Scale Factors for Harmonic Vibrational Frequencies Using the B3LYP Density Functional Method with the Triple-ζ Basis Set 6-311+G(d,p). The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2005. 109(12): p. 2937-2941.[24] Herzberg, G., Electronic spectra and electronic structure of polyatomic molecules, 1966, Van Nostrand: New York.[25] Sverdlov L.M., K.M.A., Krainov E. P., Vibrational Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules, 1974, Wiley: New York.[26] Hirota, E., Anharmonic potential function and equilibrium structure of methane. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 1979. 77(2): p. 213-221.[27] Kuchitsu, K., Structure of Free Polyatomic Molecules. 1998: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.[28] Hamada, Y., et al., Molecular structural of the gauche and trans conformers of ethylamine as studies by gas electron diffraction. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1986. 146: p. 253-262.[29] Goos, E.B., A.; Ruscic, B., Extended Third Millennium Ideal Gas and Condensed Phase Thermochemical Database for Combustion with Updates from Active Thermochemical Tables. http://garfield.chem.elte.hu/Burcat/burcat.html, March, 2018.

This work studied theoretically in details the mechanism, kinetics and thermochemistry of reactions of methyl radical with methanol. The theoretical study was carried out by ab initio molecular orbital theory based on CCSD(T)/B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p) methods in conjunction variational transition state theory (VTST). Calculated results showed that, in the temperature range from 300K to 2000K, and the pressure at 760 Torr, temperature dependent rate constants of the reactions were: CH3 + CH3OH ® CH4 + CH2OH k(T) = 2.146´10-27.T4.64.exp(-33.47[kJ/mol/RT), CH3 + CH3OH ® CH4 + CH3O k(T) = 2.583´10-27.T4.52.exp(-29.56[kJ/mol/RT), CH3 + CH3OH ® H + CH3OCH3 k(T) = 1.025´10-23.T3.16.exp(-186.84[kJ/mol/RT) When the reaction temperature is above 730 K, the abstraction process of H in –CH3 group of methanol will occur faster. The abstraction process of H in –OH group dominates when the reaction temperature is below 730 K. Keywords Kinetic, methyl, methanol, ab initio References 1. Slagle, I.R., D. Sarzynski, and D. Gutman, Kinetics of the reaction between methyl radicals and oxygen atoms between 294 and 900 K. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1987. 91(16): p. 4375-4379.2. Rutz L., B.H., Bozzelli J. W., Methyl Radical and Shift Reactions with Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Thermochemical Properties, Reaction Paths and Kinetic Parameters. American Chemical Society, Division Fuel Chemistry, 2004. 49(1): p. 451-452.3. Johnson, D.G., M.A. Blitz, and P.W. Seakins, The reaction of methylidene (CH) with methanol isotopomers. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2000. 2(11): p. 2549-2553.4. Cribb, P.H., J.E. Dove, and S. Yamazaki, A kinetic study of the pyrolysis of methanol using shock tube and computer simulation techniques. Combustion and Flame, 1992. 88(2): p. 169-185.5. Dombrowsky, C., et al., An Investigation of the Methanol Decomposition Behind Incident Shock Waves. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, 1991. 95(12): p. 1685-1687.6. Krasnoperov, L.N. and J.V. Michael, High-Temperature Shock Tube Studies Using Multipass Absorption: Rate Constant Results for OH + CH3, OH + CH2, and the Dissociation of CH3OH. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2004. 108(40): p. 8317-8323.7. Shannon, T.W. and A.G. Harrison, The reaction of methyl radicals with methyl alcohol. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1963. 41(10): p. 2455-2461.8. Jodkowski, J.T., et al., Theoretical Study of the Kinetics of the Hydrogen Abstraction from Methanol. 3. Reaction of Methanol with Hydrogen Atom, Methyl, and Hydroxyl Radicals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 1999. 103(19): p. 3750-3765.9. Alecu, I.M. and D.G. Truhlar, Computational Study of the Reactions of Methanol with the Hydroperoxyl and Methyl Radicals. 2. Accurate Thermal Rate Constants. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2011. 115(51): p. 14599-14611.10. Peukert, S.L. and J.V. Michael, High-Temperature Shock Tube and Modeling Studies on the Reactions of Methanol with D-Atoms and CH3-Radicals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2013. 117(40): p. 10186-10195.11. Anastasi, C. and D.U. Hancock, Reaction of CH3 radicals with methanol in the range 525 <T/K < 603. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 1990. 86(14): p. 2553-2555.12. Dombrowsky, C. and H.G. Wagner, An investigation of the reaction between CH3 radicals and methanol at high temperatures. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, 1989. 93(5): p. 633-637.13. Tsang, W., Chemical Kinetic Data Base for Combustion Chemistry. Part 2. Methanol. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 1987. 16(3): p. 471-508.14. Becke, A.D., Density‐functional thermochemistry. II. The effect of the Perdew–Wang generalized‐gradient correlation correction. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1992. 97(12): p. 9173-9177.15. Becke, A.D., Density‐functional thermochemistry. I. The effect of the exchange‐only gradient correction. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1992. 96(3): p. 2155-2160.16. Becke, A.D., Density‐functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1993. 98(7): p. 5648-5652.17. Yang, W., R.G. Parr, and C. Lee, Various functionals for the kinetic energy density of an atom or molecule. Physical Review A, 1986. 34(6): p. 4586-4590.18. Hehre W. , R.L., Schleyer P. V. R. , and Pople J. A. and 30, Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Theory. 1986, New York: Wiley.19. Andersson, M.P. and P. Uvdal, New Scale Factors for Harmonic Vibrational Frequencies Using the B3LYP Density Functional Method with the Triple-ζ Basis Set 6-311+G(d,p). The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2005. 109(12): p. 2937-2941.20. Raghavachari, K., et al., A fifth-order perturbation comparison of electron correlation theories. Chemical Physics Letters, 1989. 157(6): p. 479-483.21. M.J. Frisch, G.W.T., H.B. Schlegel, et al., GAUSSIAN 09, Revision C.01, Gaussian Inc., Wallingford CT, 2010.22. Robson Wright, M., Theories of Chemical Reactions, in An Introduction to Chemical Kinetics. 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 99-164.23. Goos, E.B., A.; Ruscic, B., Extended Third Millennium Ideal Gas and Condensed Phase Thermochemical Database for Combustion with Updates from Active Thermochemical Tables. http://garfield.chem.elte.hu/Burcat/burcat.html, October, 2017.

AbstractResults are reported on the electron field emission properties of intrinsic and S- incorporated nanocrystalline carbon (n-C:S) thin films grown on molybdenum substrates by hotfilament CVD technique from methane-hydrogen (CH4/H2) and hydrogen sulphide-hydrogen (H2S/H2) gas pre mixtures respectively. The field emission properties for the S-incorporated films were investigated as a function of substrate temperature (TS). Lowest turn-on field was observed at 4.5 V/μm for one of the sample, which was grown at 900 °C, demonstrating the effect of sulfur addition. The S-incorporation also causes microstructural and structural changes, as characterized with ex situ techniques such as SEM, AFM and Raman spectroscopy (RS). Sassisted films show smoother surfaces and finer-grained than those grown without it. The electron field emission properties of S-assisted films is also compared to the film grown without it (intrinsic) at a particular deposition temperature and the turn-on field was found to be almost half for the S-assisted film than for the non S-assisted film. The influence of growth temperature was also conducted and an inverse correlation was found with the turn-on field (Ec). These studies were performed in order attempt to “tailor-the-material” as a viable cold cathode material by introducing the defecTS and altering the electronic structure.

Introduction The accelerometer seems, at first, both advanced and dated, both too complex and not complex enough. It sits in our video game controllers and our smartphones allowing us to move beyond mere button presses into immersive experiences where the motion of the hand is directly translated into the motion on the screen, where our flesh is transformed into the flesh of a superhero. Or at least that was the promise in 2005. Since then, motion control has moved from a promised revitalization of the video game industry to a not-quite-good-enough gimmick that all games use but none use well. Rogers describes the diffusion of innovation, as an invention or technology comes to market, in five phases: First, innovators will take risks with a new invention. Second, early adopters will establish a market and lead opinion. Third, the early majority shows that the product has wide appeal and application. Fourth, the late majority adopt the technology only after their skepticism has been allayed. Finally the laggards adopt the technology only when no other options are present (62). Not every technology makes it through the diffusion, however, and there are many who have never warmed to the accelerometer-controlled video game. Once an innovation has moved into the mainstream, additional waves of innovation may take place, when innovators or early adopters may find new uses for existing technology, and bring these uses into the majority. This is the case with the accelerometer that began as an airbag trigger and today is used for measuring and augmenting human motion, from dance to health (Walter 84). In many ways, gestural control of video games, an augmentation technology, was an interlude in the advancement of motion control. History In the early 1920s, bulky proofs-of-concept were produced that manipulated electrical voltage levels based on the movement of a probe, many related to early pressure or force sensors. The relationships between pressure, force, velocity and acceleration are well understood, but development of a tool that could measure one and infer the others was a many-fronted activity. Each of these individual sensors has its own specific application and many are still in use today, as pressure triggers, reaction devices, or other sensor-based interactivity, such as video games (Latulipe et al. 2995) and dance (Chu et al. 184). Over the years, the probes and devices became smaller and more accurate, and eventually migrated to the semiconductor, allowing the measurement of acceleration to take place within an almost inconsequential form-factor. Today, accelerometer chips are in many consumer devices and athletes wear battery-powered wireless accelerometer bracelets that report their every movement in real-time, a concept unimaginable only 20 years ago. One of the significant initial uses for accelerometers was as a sensor for the deployment of airbags in automobiles (Varat and Husher 1). The sensor was placed in the front bumper, detecting quick changes in speed that would indicate a crash. The system was a significant advance in the safety of automobiles, and followed Rogers’ diffusion through to the point where all new cars have airbags as a standard component. Airbags, and the accelerometers which allow them to function fast enough to save lives, are a ubiquitous, commoditized technology that most people take for granted, and served as the primary motivating factor for the mass-production of silicon-based accelerometer chips. On 14 September 2005, a device was introduced which would fundamentally alter the principal market for accelerometer microchips. The accelerometer was the ADXL335, a small, low-power, 3-Axis device capable of measuring up to 3g (1g is the acceleration due to gravity), and the device that used this accelerometer was the Wii remote, also called the Wiimote. Developed by Nintendo and its holding companies, the Wii remote was to be a defining feature of Nintendo’s 7th-generation video game console, in direct competition with the Xbox 360 and the Playstation 3. The Wii remote was so successful that both Microsoft and Sony added motion control to their platforms, in the form of the accelerometer-based “dual shock” controller for the Playstation, and later the Playstation Move controller; as well as an integrated accelerometer in the Xbox 360 controller and the later release of the Microsoft Kinect 3D motion sensing camera. Simultaneously, computer manufacturing companies saw a different, more pedantic use of the accelerometer. The primary storage medium in most computers today is the Hard Disk Drive (HDD), a set of spinning platters of electro-magnetically stored information. Much like a record player, the HDD contains a “head” which sweeps back and forth across the platter, reading and writing data. As computers changed from desktops to laptops, people moved their computers more often, and a problem arose. If the HDD inside a laptop was active when the laptop was moved, the read head might touch the surface of the disk, damaging the HDD and destroying information. Two solutions were implemented: vibration dampening in the manufacturing process, and the use of an accelerometer to detect motion. When the laptop is bumped, or dropped, the hard disk will sense the motion and immediately park the head, saving the disk and the valuable data inside. As a consequence of laptop computers and Wii remotes using accelerometers, the market for these devices began to swing from their use within car airbag systems toward their use in computer systems. And with an accelerometer in every computer, it wasn’t long before clever programmers began to make use of the information coming from the accelerometer for more than just protecting the hard drive. Programs began to appear that would use the accelerometer within a laptop to “lock” it when the user was away, invoking a loud noise like a car alarm to alert passers-by to any potential theft. Other programmers began to use the accelerometer as a gaming input, and this was the beginning of gesture control and the augmentation of human motion. Like laptops, most smartphones and tablets today have accelerometers included among their sensor suite (Brezmes et al. 796). These accelerometers strictly a user-interface tool, allowing the phone to re-orient its interface based on how the user is holding it, and allowing the user to play games and track health information using the phone. Many other consumer electronic devices use accelerometers, such as digital cameras for image stabilization and landscape/portrait orientation. Allowing a device to know its relative orientation and motion provides a wide range of augmentation possibilities. The Language of Measuring Motion When studying accelerometers, their function, and applications, a critical first step is to examine the language used to describe these devices. As the name implies, the accelerometer is a device which measures acceleration, however, our everyday connotation of this term is problematic at best. In colloquial language, we say “accelerate” when we mean “speed up”, but this is, in fact, two connotations removed from the physical property being measured by the device, and we must unwrap these layers of meaning before we can understand what is being measured. Physicists use the term “accelerate” to mean any change in velocity. It is worth reminding ourselves that velocity (to the physicists) is actually a pair of quantities: a speed coupled with a direction. Given this definition, when an object changes velocity (accelerates), it can be changing its speed, its direction, or both. So a car can be said to be accelerating when speeding up, slowing down, or even turning while maintaining a speed. This is why the accelerometer could be used as an airbag sensor in the first place. The airbags should deploy when a car suddenly changes velocity in any direction, including getting faster (due to being hit from behind), getting slower (from a front impact crash) or changing direction (being hit from the side). It is because of this ability to measure changes in velocity that accelerometers have come into common usage for laptop drop sensors and video game motion controllers. But even this understanding of accelerometers is incomplete. Because of the way that accelerometers are constructed, they actually measure “proper acceleration” within the context of a relativistic frame of reference. Discussing general relativity is beyond the scope of this paper, but it is sufficient to describe a relativistic frame of reference as one in which no forces are felt. A familiar example is being in orbit around the planet, when astronauts (and their equipment) float freely in space. A state of “free-fall” is one in which no forces are felt, and this is the only situation in which an accelerometer reads 0 acceleration. Since most of us are not in free-fall most of the time, any accelerometers in devices in normal use do not experience 0 proper acceleration, even when apparently sitting still. This is, of course, because of the force due to gravity. An accelerometer sitting on a table experiences 1g of force from the table, acting against the gravitational acceleration. This non-zero reading for a stationary object is the reason that accelerometers can serve a second (and, today, much more common) use: measuring orientation with respect to gravity. Gravity and Tilt Accelerometers typically measure forces with respect to three linear dimensions, labeled x, y, and z. These three directions orient along the axes of the accelerometer chip itself, with x and y normally orienting along the long faces of the device, and the z direction often pointing through the face of the device. Relative motion within a gravity field can easily be inferred assuming that the only force acting on the device is gravity. In this case, the single force is distributed among the three axes depending on the orientation of the device. This is how personal smartphones and video game controllers are able to use “tilt” control. When held in a natural position, the software extracts the relative value on all three axes and uses that as a reference point. When the user tilts the device, the new direction of the gravitational acceleration is then compared to the reference value and used to infer the tilt. This can be done hundreds of times a second and can be used to control and augment any aspect of the user experience. If, however, gravity is not the only force present, it becomes more difficult to infer orientation. Another common use for accelerometers is to measure physical activity like walking steps. In this case, it is the forces on the accelerometer from each footfall that are interpreted to measure fitness features. Tilt is unreliable in this circumstance because both gravity and the forces from the footfall are measured by the accelerometer, and it is impossible to separate the two forces from a single measurement. Velocity and Position A second common assumption with accelerometers is that since they can measure acceleration (rate of change of velocity), it should be possible to infer the velocity. If the device begins at rest, then any measured acceleration can be interpreted as changes to the velocity in some direction, thus inferring the new velocity. Although this is theoretically possible, real-world factors come in to play which prevent this from being realized. First, the assumption of beginning from a state of rest is not always reasonable. Further, if we don’t know whether the device is moving or not, knowing its acceleration at any moment will not help us to determine it’s new speed or position. The most important real-world problem, however, is that accelerometers typically show small variations even when the object is at rest. This is because of inaccuracies in the way that the accelerometer itself is interpreted. In normal operation, these small changes are ignored, but when trying to infer velocity or position, these little errors will quickly add up to the point where any inferred velocity or position would be unreliable. A common solution to these problems is in the combination of devices. Many new smartphones combine an accelerometer and a gyroscopes (a device which measures changes in rotational inertia) to provide a sensing system known as an IMU (Inertial measurement unit), which makes the readings from each more reliable. In this case, the gyroscope can be used to directly measure tilt (instead of inferring it from gravity) and this tilt information can be subtracted from the accelerometer reading to separate out the motion of the device from the force of gravity. Augmentation Applications in Health, Gaming, and Art Accelerometer-based devices have been used extensively in healthcare (Ward et al. 582), either using the accelerometer within a smartphone worn in the pocket (Yoshioka et al. 502) or using a standalone accelerometer device such as a wristband or shoe tab (Paradiso and Hu 165). In many cases, these devices have been used to measure specific activity such as swimming, gait (Henriksen et al. 288), and muscular activity (Thompson and Bemben 897), as well as general activity for tracking health (Troiano et al. 181), both in children (Stone et al. 136) and the elderly (Davis and Fox 581). These simple measurements are the first step in allowing athletes to modify their performance based on past activity. In the past, athletes would pour over recorded video to analyze and improve their performance, but with accelerometer devices, they can receive feedback in real time and modify their own behaviour based on these measurements. This augmentation is a competitive advantage but could be seen as unfair considering the current non-equal access to computer and electronic technology, i.e. the digital divide (Buente and Robbin 1743). When video games were augmented with motion controls, many assumed that this would have a positive impact on health. Physical activity in children is a common concern (Treuth et al. 1259), and there was a hope that if children had to move to play games, an activity that used to be considered a problem for health could be turned into an opportunity (Mellecker et al. 343). Unfortunately, the impact of children playing motion controlled video games has been less than successful. Although fitness games have been created, it is relatively easy to figure out how to activate controls with the least possible motion, thereby nullifying any potential benefit. One of the most interesting applications of accelerometers, in the context of this paper, is the application to dance-based video games (Brezmes et al. 796). In these systems, participants wear devices originally intended for health tracking in order to increase the sensitivity and control options for dance. This has evolved both from the use of accelerometers for gestural control in video games and for measuring and augmenting sport. Researchers and artists have also recently used accelerometers to augment dance systems in many ways (Latulipe et al. 2995) including combining multiple sensors (Yang et al. 121), as discussed above. Conclusions Although more and more people are using accelerometers in their research and art practice, it is significant that there is a lack of widespread knowledge about how the devices actually work. This can be seen in the many art installations and sports research studies that do not take full advantage of the capabilities of the accelerometer, or infer information or data that is unreliable because of the way that accelerometers behave. This lack of understanding of accelerometers also serves to limit the increased utilization of this powerful device, specifically in the context of augmentation tools. Being able to detect, analyze and interpret the motion of a body part has significant applications in augmentation that are only starting to be realized. The history of accelerometers is interesting and varied, and it is worthwhile, when exploring new ideas for applications of accelerometers, to be fully aware of the previous uses, current trends and technical limitations. 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