Journal articles on the topic 'Choosing international markets'
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Klute-Wenig, Sandra, Svenja Rebsch, Hartmut Holzmüller, and Robert Refflinghaus. "Improving the selection of international distribution partners by using quality management methods." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 9, no. 3/4 (September 18, 2017): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-03-2017-0022.
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Purpose The importance of international markets has increased in the past years and will further increase in the future. This offers potential for being competitive, but especially for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is going along with a variety of risks, e.g. the competition in the domestic market intensifies. Nevertheless, in most cases, SMEs with foreign operations are more successful than SME operating solely in the domestic markets. Nevertheless, the internationalization activities of SME are often unsystematic and emotional, especially when looking for distribution partners. The research project “Empirical based development of an instrument for identifying and making decisions about the choice of market entry and the selection of distribution partners of SME of the tool and cutlery industry when developing foreign markets” deals with this topic. In this paper the results of a literature review and an expert discussion regarding market development and especially the process of finding distribution partners for foreign markets are presented. Also, further steps in the project dealing with aspects of realizing the detected success factors by using quality management methods are explained. Design/methodology/approach The first step comprises a literature review and an expert discussion with leading managers of SME, with the aim to receive information about market entry decisions and selection of distribution partners. Therefore, a literature review and an expert discussion with leading managers of SME are carried out. The discussions are evaluated with MAXQDA©, a software for qualitative data analysis. Next, a questionnaire is designed for a quantitative analysis of the topic and will be evaluated by using SMART-PLS. Then, the results will be used as input variable for a quality function deployment for identifying appropriate measures for implementing the prior identified success factors. Thereby, also quality management methods and techniques will be used for finding the “right” measures. In this context, also a method for selecting distribution partners will be developed which is based on the logic of supplier evaluation. Finally, an Excel-based tool will be developed which includes the results of the project and allows companies easily applying them. Findings A literature review and an expert discussion within the tool and cutlery industry have been carried out and analysed. Thereby, the need for action regarding the selection of distribution partners has been revealed as essential step for success in foreign markets. Literature mostly deals with aspects like choosing appropriate countries for market entry and market entry strategy but not with distribution partners. Expert discussion also has shown that choosing distribution partners is often managed with gut feel. It lacks a criteria-based approach for optimizing this step during the internalization process. Originality/value Finding adequate distribution partners for a successful entry into foreign markets has not been investigated thoroughly yet. The project offers insights into determining factors for the selection process and improves the distribution partner selection by using quality management methods, for instance, by adapting the fundamental procedure of supplier assessment for distribution partner assessment.
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Tanasiichuk, Alona, Olha Hromova, Anastasiia Abdullaieva, Yulia Holovchuk, and Kateryna Sokoliuk. "Strategy of Internationalization by Ukrainian Meat Producers’ Implementation." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n1p339.
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Scientific and methodical approaches to the definition of international markets for implementation of the strategy of internationalization by Ukrainian meat producers' have been developed, choosing strategy of internationalization by Ukrainian meat producers procedure has been determined, a system of indicators has been developed to assess the marketing appeal of new international markets for Ukrainian meat producers. According to the analysis of practical aspects results of the agrarian enterprise and its associations functioning, a scientific and methodical approach to the integrated assessment of the business environment of international markets attractiveness’ for Ukrainian meat producers by the product group "0207 Poultry Meat" was developed. The proposed approach is based on applying summing up the ranks to rank foreign markets according to the system of dynamic indicators method, which allowed determining the marketing attractiveness of the new international markets for the activity of Ukrainian meat producers in these markets. As a result of the proposed approach application, foreign markets have been identified that demonstrate favorable conditions for doing business with Ukrainian meat producers. It has been proved that the markets of Denmark and Finland have demonstrated favorable conditions for doing business with them, which testifies that internationalization of Ukrainian meat producers’ strategy should be aimed at the formation of future outlines of new markets in the direction which is beneficial to them.
Keywords: international business activities, internationalization strategies, attractiveness of international markets marketing, a system of indicators for assessing the marketing attractiveness of new international markets.
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Dev, C. "Brands across borders: Determining factors in choosing franchising or management contracts for entering international markets." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 43, no. 6 (December 2002): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8804(02)80075-1.
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Щепеткова and D. Shchepetkova. "The Role of Cross-cultural Analysis in Choosing the International Marketing Strategy of Adaptation or Standardization." Economics of the Firm 2, no. 3 (February 4, 2014): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2497.
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Nowadays most of the companies successfully sell goods by crossing the
borders of the domestic country. However international corporations often
face problems, connected with cultural differences in consumer behavior as
well as distinctions in their perception of foreign products. Thus, for achieving
the success on the international markets, a company should take precise
actions before launching a new product, selecting appropriate marketing
strategies and carrying out cross-cultural marketing research.
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Berger, Ron. "Mastering the Art of Jugaad and Guanxi." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.2014100102.
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Purpose: Successfully entering foreign markets is a major issue in the field of international business. Cultural ignorance increases uncertainty that hinders a firm's international performance. Research has shown that the impact of cultural differences is one of the biggest obstacles to entering the Chinese and Indian markets, which are seen as one of the more important and growing markets in the last decade. This paper builds a framework for analyzing and choosing effective business strategies across the divide between very different business systems and cultures. It assists western firms in how to enter these complex markets and increase the probability of success. Design/methodology/approach: the proposed conceptual model hinges on social networking theory. Three different strategies are presented based on the different cultural, political and historical settings of China and India. Findings: the paper builds a framework for India and China structured around three core attributes to building social networks. It shows what international firms need to do in-order to build social networks that allow access to the local markets and decrease business risks. Practical implications: the proposed conceptual models enable marketers to cope even with the most complex markets and improve their probability for success. Originality/value: the literature review demonstrates that researchers have not dealt in-depth with the social constructs of social networks, especially in India. The paper depicts the commonality and differences between the two countries and serves as a basic business model when penetrating these markets.
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Sundström, Malin, and Anita Radon. "Utilizing the Concept of Convenience as a Business Opportunity in Emerging Markets." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2015.6.2.14219.
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Non-store retailing is dominated by the Internet and is a potential strategy for manufacturers, brand owners, and retailers entering emerging markets. Consumers in developed markets shop online for a variety of retail goods, and motives for choosing e-commerce are often referred to as convenience reason. Convenience is essential for understanding why consumers prefer one channel to another. By revisiting the concept of convenience as a significant variable in e-commerce and exploring its complexity and the multiple meanings of the concept with regard to emerging markets, the paper considers a business opportunity in terms of new ways of reaching emerging markets and proposes potential lines for future research with regard to this concept.
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Alcantara, Lailani Laynesa, and Hitoshi Mitsuhashi. "Too many to handle? Two types of multimarket contacts and entry decisions." Management Decision 53, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 354–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-03-2014-0125.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how firms with multimarket contacts in both product and geographic markets make foreign direct investments (FDI) location choices and to advance the understanding about how managers with cognitive limits cope with opportunities to take the advantage of mutual forbearance in two types of markets. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing upon the literatures on multimarket contact and decision making, the authors develop original hypotheses on how multimarket contacts in two types of markets influence firms’ choice of destination for foreign investments. The authors test the hypotheses using longitudinal archival data on foreign market entries of Japanese auto parts makers. Findings – The authors find that when choosing FDI locations, firms reduce the cognitive burdens of coping with multimarket contacts in the two types of markets by focussing exclusively on what is perceived as relevant to the decision at hand. The authors also find that this propensity is particularly significant for large firms, whereas small firms use different decision rules and avoid entering markets with the greater degree of multimarket contact with prior entrants, whether in product or national market. Practical implications – Although heuristics simplify competitive environments and reduce managers’ cognitive burdens, such a cost-saving orientation could increase the risk associated with international entry that may end in severe counterattacks from prior entrants, wasteful foreign investments, and substantial entry failures. Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature by adopting multimarket contact theory to foreign market entry, jointly analyzing two types of multimarket contacts, testing three alternative hypotheses about how boundedly rational managers cope with multimarket contacts in two markets, and demonstrating that managers focus on multimarket contacts only in one type of markets when making entry decisions.
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Panibratov, Andrei. "Russian Restaurant with Japanese Cuisine Makes Foreign Markets' Selection: The Case of Two Sticks." Asian Case Research Journal 16, no. 02 (December 2012): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927512500149.
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The case considers the problem of the expansion strategy of the Russian Japanese restaurant Dve Palochki (Two Sticks). The focus of the case is the exploration of the regional and international opportunities for the company, particularly the Chinese market. This case is recommended for discussion in study groups in an international business strategy course when considering the following issues: choosing a foreign market entry strategy; internationalization of SME; the marketing and HR policy of a firm that is in the process of initial internationalization. This case is intended for analysis of the decisions a medium-sized enterprise's management has to make regarding its foreign expansion. Students are expected to examine the problems linked to quality management, the development of marketing activities, the adjustment of the brand concept, and the organizational restructuring. The analysis can be carried out with the following aims: to evaluate the business environment of newly internationalizing firms in the Japanese restaurant sector as it exists today in the Russian market; to realize the perspectives and difficulties of working in developing and developed markets for a firm in the process of internationalization; to carry out comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of foreign strategies based on strong marketing and HR policies; to examine the promotion process of the restaurant in Russia and evaluate the options for implementing its principles in new overseas locations.
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Lai, Chi-Shiun, Delphine Ya-Chu Chan, Chin-Fang Yang, and Wei-Chun Hsu. "The value creation scale of supplier-distributor relationship in international markets." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 30, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-11-2011-0166.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to develop a value-creation measurement which is applicable to the supplier–overseas distributor relationship. As cross-border cooperation is increasingly important, there is yet no appropriate scale to measure the relationship value between the supplier and the distributor in cross-boundary context. Design/methodology/approach – With a view to establishing the measurement scale for the relationship value created between manufacturer and its overseas distributor, this study uses exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and regression to test reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity and nomological validity of the scale. Findings – The scale is made up of six factors, including “customer service”, “relationship interaction”, “cost reduction”, “product promotion”, “product sales” and “information offering”; subsequent statistical tests strongly support the measurement. Research limitations/implications – First, the sample collection was not conducted randomly, and the sample was limited to 190 valid questionnaires. Future research might be conducted randomly or in a longitudinal fashion to increase the sample size. Second, this study focuses mainly on manufacturers in the mechanical parts industry and was conducted unilaterally to discuss the creation of relationship value. It is suggested that future researchers investigate relationship value generated in cross-border cooperation from a bilateral perspective or discuss cooperative relationships in other industries. Practical implications – This study creates a functional scale to measure the supplier–distributor value creation in cross-border cooperation, and it proves that six factors pertaining to relationship value have significant positive correlation with operating performance; in this regard, in supplier–distributor cooperative relationship, more value the distributor creates for its supplier, the better the operating performance of the supplier will be. Originality/value – In the academic sense, this measurement will be of substantial help to future empirical research on a larger scale. When applied to practice, this measurement supplements the extant body of value-measuring tools and works as an evaluation index for choosing overseas distributor.
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Giraud, Laurent, Alain Bernard, and Laura Trinchera. "Early career values and individual factors of objective career success." Career Development International 24, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 350–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-06-2017-0093.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the early career values and individual factors of objective career success among graduates from a top-tier French business school. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a quantitative analysis of 629 graduates classified in three job markets according to income: the traditional business market, the alternative market and the high-potential business market. The graduation dates span a period of 12 years before the 2008 Recession. Findings The findings suggest that membership of each job market is associated with distinct early career values (when choosing/leaving the first job). Moreover, the authors confirm that the presence of a mentor, international experience, job-hopping and gender, all affect objective career success. Practical implications The paper discusses implications for business career development and higher business education. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in the identification of the individual factors of objective career success among French business graduates and the links between objective career success and early career values.
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Kettl, Donald F. "Markets or Governments: Choosing between Imperfect Alternatives. By Charles WolfJr., Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988. 220p. $18.95." American Political Science Review 83, no. 3 (September 1989): 1043–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962111.
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Granick, David. "Multiple Labour Markets in the Industrial State Enterprise Sector." China Quarterly 126 (June 1991): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000005208.
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Employment in the Chinese industrial state enterprise sector is multifaceted. The bulk consists of regular state workers, entitled to an iron rice bowl and to higher earnings than other workers. Quite apart from the recent contract workers, however, such employment also consists of members of large and small collectives for which the state enterprise is the patron and over which it exercises control. Temporary state workers constitute a third auxiliary category that has long existed in this sector. The national government is the main body determining the number of people in the principal category of workers. However local authorities and the enterprise itself decide on the number in the auxiliary categories as well as choosing the individuals in all categories. (Throughout this article, “local” authorities are denned as including provincial, prefectural, municipal and county. This definition follows from what is appropriate to the hypotheses examined below.)
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R. Chakravarty, Ranjan, and Sudhanshu Pani. "Are Asian exchanges outliers? A market quality criterion." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(2).2021.06.
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This paper provides a practical, empirical and theoretical framework that allows investment managers to evaluate stock exchanges’ market quality when choosing among different plausible international trading venues. To compare trading exchanges, it extends the hypothesis of market microstructure invariance to trading across exchanges. A measure ω, the ratio of the market-wide volatility to microstructure invariance, is introduced. The paper computes ω for the exchanges around the world. Its value for the NSE (India) is 24.5%, the Korea Exchange (Korea) is 7.9%, the Shanghai Exchange (China) is 3.5%, and the Shenzhen Exchange (China) is 4.4%, which is significantly different from that of major exchanges in the USA (NYSE – 0.8%, NASDAQ – 1.3%) and Europe (LSE (UK) – 0.4). This country risk dimension clearly identifies which equity exchanges cannot hold their own direct correlational hedges and therefore mandatorily require derivative positions, and has significant implications for the decision making of global long-short equity asset allocators in the Asian listed equity markets.
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Tzempelikos, Nektarios. "Relationship value in business-to-business markets: a replication and extension of Ulaga and Eggert’s (2006) study." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 35, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-07-2019-0320.
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Purpose Ulaga and Eggert (2006a) examined a framework of relationship value in business markets. This study aims to replicate their study to show that relationship benefits are more important than relationship costs when it comes to choosing a main supplier. This research also extends the original study by hypothesising that the development of relationship value has a positive impact on relationship marketing outcomes, thus providing evidence for the nomological validity of the original scale. Design/methodology/approach The study used empirical data from purchasing managers in manufacturing firms in the UK. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire. The study adopted a close replication to Ulaga and Eggert (2006a) using a rather similar context and methodology for comparison reasons. Findings Relationship benefits are more important than relationship costs when it comes to choosing a main supplier. Cost competitiveness is a necessary but not sufficient condition to differentiate in business markets. Value dimensions relate significantly to relationship marketing outcomes, providing evidence for the nomological validity of the original scale. Research limitations/implications Given the dynamic nature of the relationship value construct, future longitudinal research could offer useful insights on how value is created over time. Practical implications Although internal cost reduction, which can ultimately lead to price reduction, should not be ignored, suppliers should focus on creating value through personal interaction, service quality, product enhancements and delivery efficiency. Originality/value The findings provide support for Ulaga and Eggert’s (2006a) conceptualisation, indicating that the relationship value is not merely a theoretical construct viewed on a high level of abstraction but rather can also be empirically measured.
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El-Higzi, Faiza. "Foreign Market Selection Factors in the Australian Construction Services Sector." Construction Economics and Building 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2012): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v2i1.2891.
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A survey of Australian construction companies is described, aimed at identifying the mainfactors considered when choosing foreign markets for their international activities. Thishighlights the importance of the host country’s economic, political and structural factors,the interplay of company motivations for expansion and the availability of a relevant constructionproject. Other factors influence a company’s approach to overseas operations,but do not significantly affect the choice of country. Also identified is a need to improvegovernment approaches to construction service expansion to other countries, with a focuson specific projects and policy regulations to assist the industry, and to build closer relationsbetween construction companies and financial institutions.
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Laurell, Hélène. "An international new venture’s commercialization of a medical technology innovation." International Marketing Review 35, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 136–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-04-2015-0112.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how different country-specific institutional healthcare settings affect an international new venture’s (INV’s) selling strategies and internationalization process when commercializing a medical technology innovation. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a longitudinal in-depth case study approach with a comparative healthcare analysis in Sweden, UK, Germany and the USA. Findings An institutional framework helps elucidate the regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive dimensions in different healthcare settings. National markets differ when operating in a healthcare setting and thus affect both sales patterns and the internationalization process. In this study, three different sales patterns emerged from the countries’ and even regions’ distinctive institutional differences. Although the actual internationalization process starts from the INV’s inception, the subsequent internationalization process was both slow and focused due to institutional diversity and complexity. Practical implications Every nation has its own unique healthcare structure, indicating the importance of choosing markets that facilitate a swift uptake of a specific medical technology innovation. Commercializing a medical technology innovation in different country-specific healthcare settings is a lengthy, complex and costly process, especially if new behaviors and routines need to be created. Originality/value The paper contributes to the international entrepreneurship-marketing interface by developing an analytical framework for understanding country differences in relation to regulative, normative and culture-cognitive dimensions and by advancing six propositions related to the role of institutional healthcare settings and their impact on INVs’ sales patterns and internationalization processes.
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Wąsowska, Aleksandra. "Organisational-Level Attributes of Micro-Multinationals. The Evidence From European SMEs." International Journal of Management and Economics 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2017-0006.
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AbstractThis paper investigates organisational-level attributes that allow European SMEs to choose equity-based modes of entry to foreign markets, thus becoming micro-multinationals. We hypothesize that international R&D cooperation (hypothesis 1) and using digital marketing (hypothesis 2) by SMEs increase their likelihood of becoming a mMNE. These hypotheses are tested through a logistic regression analysis based on a large sample of European companies drawn from the Flash Eurobarometer study. Separate regression models are estimated for companies originating from EU-13 and EU-15. Hypothesis 1 is supported by both samples. Hypothesis 2 is supported in the EU-15 sample. Our identification of organisational-level attributes that increase the likelihood of SMEs choosing equity-based internationalisation contributes to International Entrepreneurship entry mode literature.
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Lomteva, E. V., L. Yu Bedareva, and A. O. Polushkina. "The Need for Regional Labor Markets for Mid-Level Specialists and the Priorities of Graduates of Secondary Vocational Education in Employment Issues." Administrative Consulting, no. 5 (July 23, 2021): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2021-5-122-129.
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The article considers the problems of imbalance of supply and demand in regional labor markets, as well as the role of career guidance in choosing a profession. The article discloses the main management decisions for regulating reception targets, taking into account labor market requirements. The authors give examples of calculating the imbalance of supply and demand in personnel in regional labor markets using the example of the region’s need for mid-level medical workers. The article considers the aspects of employment of graduates of professional educational organizations, including labor migration and international experience. As a result of the study, the authors identified and formulated the general laws of labor migration of graduates of professional educational organizations and solutions to reduce the outflow of labor resources from the region. Separately, the authors examined the employment of graduates of the SVE (secondary vocational education) system in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The article was completed within the framework of the topic of the State Task of the RANEPA N 11.5 “Study of models for the transformation of regional systems of secondary vocational education and their need for resource support” for 2021.
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Sharkey, William W. "Markets or governments: Choosing between imperfect alternatives. By Wolf, C., Jr, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass." Managerial and Decision Economics 11, no. 3 (1990): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.4090110308.
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Klein, Michael W., and Jay C. Shambaugh. "Rounding the Corners of the Policy Trilemma: Sources of Monetary Policy Autonomy." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 33–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20130237.
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A central result in international macroeconomics is that a government cannot simultaneously opt for open financial markets, fixed exchange rates, and monetary autonomy; rather, it is constrained to choosing no more than two of these three. This paper considers whether partial capital controls and limited exchange rate flexibility allow for full monetary policy autonomy. We find partial capital controls do not generally allow for greater monetary control than with open capital accounts, unless they are quite extensive, but a moderate amount of exchange rate flexibility does allow for some degree of monetary autonomy, especially in emerging and developing economies. (JEL E52, F32, F33)
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Pirtskhalava, Nana, and Aleksandr Karpov. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FOREST INDUSTRY." Forestry Engineering Journal 9, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2019.4/18.
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Russia is the richest country with forest resources. It accounts for 22 % of the world's forest cover and half of the world's coniferous wood reserves. According to forecasts, the demand for commercial wood will increase by about 150 million cubic meters by 2030. There is only one real source – Russia's reserves. Reserves today amount to more than 83 billion cubic meters. For enterprises of the Arkhangelsk region, the main markets for woodworking products are China, the USA, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Egypt. Based on this, the study has formed a logistic export system for three transportation options. In addition, studies have been carried out on the basis of UNCTAD, EUROSTAT and FAO materials, as well as SEARATES technical and economic data. When choosing a logistics system option, an integrated economic assessment of costs by components has been used: material flow, information flow, and logistics intermediaries. The study has examined six potential routes for delivering timber between ports in East Asia (Shanghai) and Europe (Rotterdam). Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions can be drawn. The study has addressed the issue of transportation along the Northern Sea Route (HIAR). Transportation along this route is possible only in the event of global warming and accelerated retreat of the Arctic sea ice. The economic strength for distance savings from Asia to Europe makes the northern route a likely driver of change in transportation networks
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Cavusgil, S. Tamer. "Executive Insights: International Partnering—A Systematic Framework for Collaborating with Foreign Business Partners." Journal of International Marketing 6, no. 1 (March 1998): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9800600109.
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One consequence of market globalization has been the growing incidence of collaborative ventures among companies from different countries. Small and large, experienced and novice, companies increasingly are choosing partnerships as a way to compete in the global marketplace. Motives for international collaborative ventures are varied and complex, including a desire to leverage resources and assets, retain flexibility, reduce risks, gain speed, and capitalize on each partner's strengths. The systematic framework presented here can be used by managers as a practical, ten-step approach to establishing successful collaborative ventures. The article also discusses four major types of international business partnership—distributor agreements, licensing, franchising, and joint ventures, and highlights key success factors for each. A major player in express package delivery, United Parcel Service (UPS) has been actively globalizing its operations for more than 20 years. The company first entered Canada and Germany and then other markets without a strategic plan or much commitment. The approach was simply enter markets one by one, set up operations, and wait for the market to develop. When available, UPS acquired an existing delivery company in order to get established more quickly. In exploring entry into Japan, UPS encountered a significant challenge. While UPS is competent in distribution and logistic networking, it knew little about the Japanese market and quickly realized that it needed a partner with customs clearance expertise. In a market well known for nontariff trade barriers, UPS also required assistance in deciphering the complex legal, structural, and political environment. A local partner would provide specific market expertise and help UPS overcome entry barriers. Furthermore, with a legacy of losing money in overseas operations, UPS did not wish to risk much capital in Japan. For these reasons, partnering with a qualified Japanese company made most sense. Yamato of Japan emerged as a prospective partner. It was experienced, had access to distribution channels, and was well capitalized. Interestingly, when UPS began negotiations, it inquired whether Yamato would be interested in a purchase. Yamato management asked the selling price of UPS—not exactly what UPS had in mind! As it turned out, there was a good fit and sufficient rationale for the two companies to establish a strategic alliance. UPS realized that a partnership with Yamato could not be a one-way street and arranged to bring packages back to the United States for delivery from Yamato. This opened up the market in both directions for each company. Teams of employees were exchanged to learn about organization and business processes, which provided valuable experience in making each company a truly global player.
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Lee, Chia-Ju, Tuan-Nam Lai, Chang-Chou Chiang, and Hai-Chin Yu. "Dynamic conditional correlation and volatility distributions in Tokyo, London, and New York gold markets." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(4).2019.13.
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This study investigates the volatility and co-movement of gold prices across Tokyo, London, and New York gold markets. Using a dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model, the authors estimate the cross-correlation and volatility of gold in each pair among three markets over the period from 1993 to 2012. Both the time-varying correlations and realized distributions are explored. After estimating the DCC as well as the corresponding distributions of the DCC among the three markets, the results suggest that: (i) the DCC probability distribution of London and New York shows a higher volatility associated with a higher DCC value; (ii) the DCC probability distribution between London and New York as well as between Tokyo and London both express the similar and overlapping pattern, implying that these markets are almost equal, and neither dominates; and (iii) New York exhibits a spillover effect of Tokyo’s variance, while the latter does not influence New York’s variance. The shapes of the distributions show that the distribution of high DCC is wider than that of low DCC, meaning that risk increases with the dynamic correlation. The implications of these gold DCC probability distributions encourage investors to diversify their global portfolios and manage latent risks in different gold markets effectively. Besides, the volatility-threshold DCC model suggests that the correlations are more sensitive to extreme volatility thresholds in London and New York markets, whereas the correlation is significantly affected by all levels of volatility at 50%, 75%, 90%, and 95% thresholds in Tokyo and London markets. Investors may not be able to diversify portfolio risk by choosing London and New York at the same time once gold becomes volatile as a high correlation is observed in the extreme thresholds.
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Redondo, Yolanda Polo, and Jesus J. Cambra Fierro. "Looking For Good International Partnerships: Bodegas Pirineos Ltd., A Case Study Within The Spanish Context." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v2i1.4883.
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In an economic context increasingly more dynamic, complex, and globalized, those companies which are able to find first-rate business partnerships and to manage efficient relationships with them have a greater guarantee of success and profitability in their activity. Their products will get the desired standards of quality and firms will be able to distribute and to sell these products adequately. For local and national markets firms use to have enough knowledge, but their position will be more complicated if they decide to expand their business abroad. Capability and unawareness of the market structures, language are some of the most important limits for international expansion. In this context firms must dedicate resources to look for capable partnerships. Although trust or partnership image could be understood as key-factor for election, decisions involve greater risk and uncertainty. If selection is satisfactory firms will desire to build relationships with these partnerships and cooperation and commitment will arise. In other case, firms will look for other alternatives, when available. Furthermore, the smallest firms have fewer resources than bigger firms and, therefore, the management these situations could be more complicated: power-dependence relationships are unfavorable. Now wine is a fashionable product. Once local and national markets are mature, international markets are fundamental for the wineries expansion. But international distribution seems pretty complicated. While production must be near vineyards, consumption could be localized wherever consumers are. Firms do not have enough resources to distribute their production directly, and peculiarities of each country or region must to be considered: legal aspects, languageBig international wine distribution use to be controlled by few and powerful enterprises in each country, while small and specialized distributors have fewer scope. Therefore, dependence relationships for wineries could arise. This paper, by analyzing a specific Spanish case, Bodega Pirineos Ltd., identifies those factors that a Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) company assesses when choosing and deciding on building up a relationship with a specific international partnership that distributes its products. Sometimes distributors are understood as suppliers of services. Image, trust, communication, and cooperation are considered as prior elements, while commitment arises when relationships are satisfactory. When partnerships do not satisfy our firm, new alternatives are looked for. But if there is no more alternatives and Bodega Pirineos depends on this partnership it uses to maintain the relationship hopping new options arise. Some implications for other wineries or other SMEs firms could be derived from this paper.
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NEAL, LARRY. "How it all began: the monetary and financial architecture of Europe during the first global capital markets, 1648–1815." Financial History Review 7, no. 2 (October 2000): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565000000081.
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Larry Neal, How it all began: the monetary and financial architecture of Europe during the first global capital markets, 1648–1815The Treaty of Westphalia created the modern nation-state system of Europe and set the stage for the long-term success of financial capitalism. The new sovereign states experimented with competing monetary regimes during their wars over the next century and two-thirds while they extended and perfected the financial innovations in war finance developed during the Thirty Years War. The Dutch maintained fixed exchange rates, the French insisted on exercising monetary independence, while the English placed priority on free movement of international capital. In struggling with the trilemma of choosing among the goals of maintaining fixed exchange rates, monetary independence and free movement of capital, the governments of early modern Europe learned many valuable lessons. By the time of the Napoleonic wars, the innovations that emphasised reliance on financial markets rather than on financial institutions proved their superiority.
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Underhill, Elsa, and DI Kelly. "Eliminating Traditional Employment: Troubleshooters Available in the Building and Meat Industries." Journal of Industrial Relations 35, no. 3 (September 1993): 398–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500303.
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The recent cost and competitive pressures, and concomitant legitimacy ascribed to all elements of deregulation, have encouraged employers in Australia to seek new forms of the use of labour. The Troubleshooters system has been one such new form, wherein an agency has supplied contract workers to firms, but where no apparent employment relationship exists. The implementation and outcomes of the Troubleshooters system in parts of the building and meat industries are examined to consider whether there are any particular features which enhance this form of labour use. It is concluded that the nature of product markets and production processes are salient features in choosing the Troubleshooters system. but these are not without difficulties.
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Buzoianu, Ovidiu Andrei Cristian, Mihaela Diana Oancea Negescu, Victor Adrian Troaca, and Carol Cristina Gombos. "Globalization and working conditions in developing countries." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219207011.
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Research background: In the last two decades, labor markets around the world have become increasingly integrated. Political change and economic reforms have transformed China, India, Indonesia and the former communist bloc countries, effectively involving their consistent workforce in market economies. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to offer globalization, a concept that identifies in the minds of many people with multinational companies and greedy capitalism and that would exploit anyone, a more humane image in terms of the beneficial effects it has on working conditions. Methods: As it becomes more and more a contemporary reality, globalization becomes the most controversial concept in the international economic and political literature. In order to write this article, a methodology was used based on the analysis of demographic and socio-economic statistics, analysis and interpretation of the literature, as well as conducting a case study on the impact of globalization of an emerging country, namely Indonesia. We live in a globalized world and yet there is still no consensus on what globalization means Findings & Value added: At the same time, the development of technologies, combined with the gradual removal of restrictions on cross-border trade and capital flows, have allowed production processes to be relocated away from target markets for an increasing number of products and services. The process of choosing the location of the production center has become more receptive to labor costs.
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Purwantini, Tri Bastuti, and NFN Sunarsih. "Pertanian Organik: Konsep, Kinerja, Prospek, dan Kendala." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 37, no. 2 (December 6, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v37n2.2019.127-142.
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<p>Organic agriculture grows rapidly both at national and global levels triggered by consumers’’ awareness of the dangers of synthetic chemicals in agriculture. Consumers are increasingly wise in choosing healthy, environmentally friendly food. The paper aims to describe the concept of organic agriculture and from international and national views, followed by an explanation of the development of organic agriculture in Indonesia. Discussion on the concept and development of organic agriculture in Indonesia covers the performance of organic agriculture development, programs, area, producers and markets. The results of the study indicate that Indonesia has considerable potential to compete in international markets of organic agriculture products albeit gradually. Institutions such as those of conventional agriculture, i.e. farmers’ groups, cooperatives, associations or corporations, are still very relevant to boost organic agriculture development. Organic agricultural products in the transition period are still pioneering the market. The community is the closest market accessible. Organic farming education should involve producers and consumers.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Pertanian organik tumbuh pesat di tingkat nasional maupun global. Hal ini seiring peningkatan kesadaran konsumen terhadap bahaya bahan kimia sintetis dalam produk pertanian. Konsumen makin bijak dalam memilih bahan pangan yang aman bagi kesehatan dan ramah lingkungan. Tujuan makalah ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan konsep pertanian organik menurut pandangan internasional maupun nasional, dilanjutkan dengan pemaparan perkembangan pertanian organik di Indonesia. Pembahasan tentang konsep dan perkembangan pertanian organik di Indonesia mencakup kinerja perkembangan pertanian organik, program, luas areal, produsen, dan pasar produk organik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki potensi yang cukup besar untuk bersaing di pasar internasional walaupun secara bertahap. Secara kelembagaan pengembangan pertanian organik di Indonesia hampir sama dengan pertanian konvensional, seperti kelompok tani, koperasi, asosiasi, atau korporasi masih sangat relevan untuk digunakan sebagai pengembangan pertanian organik. Produk pertanian organik pada masa transisi masih merintis pasar dan biasanya komunitas menjadi pasar terdekat yang bisa dijangkau. Edukasi tentang pertanian organik perlu dilakukan pada kedua sisi, produsen dan konsumen.</p>
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Deb, Soumya G., and Pradip Banerjee. "Low leverage policy: a boon or bane for Indian shareholders." Journal of Asia Business Studies 12, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-01-2017-0002.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore whether following an apparently sub-optimal “almost zero leverage (AZL)” policy by some Indian firms actually creates incremental value for their shareholders or is detrimental for them. Design/methodology/approach The paper investigates the relative equity market and operating performance of a sample of Indian firms adopting an AZL policy between 1998 and 2014, vis-a-vis, their leveraged peers from the same industry. The authors also look at the dynamic time variability of patterns, if any, in such relative performance and explore whether such patterns are explained primarily by investor perceptions or there are other factors to it. Findings The study show that Indian firms following post AZL policy exhibit superior equity performance compared to their leveraged counterparts, particularly during market downturns. The authors also find that this superior equity market performance is not merely because of the positive investor perception about the potential benefits of a robust debt-free balance sheet. The authors’ results show that the AZL firms register higher business risk and significantly superior operating performance, post being low leverage. The results hold even after using several robustness checks. Practical implications The study concludes that the managers of AZL firms take full advantage of the increased financial flexibility available with them and venture into riskier but more rewarding avenues and actually create incremental value for their shareholders. Originality/value The study highlights an apparently counterintuitive pattern in Indian context, counterintuitive particularly because choosing an AZL policy leads to forgo the availability of significant tax shield for firms. The results, the authors believe, can have significant implications for lenders and investors in the Indian capital markets in particular and emerging markets in general.
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Meleshko, Yu. "BUSINESS MODELS DIGITALIZATION OF ENTERPRISES BELARUSIAN INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX: DIRECTIONS, RISKS AND TOOLS." Экономическая наука сегодня, no. 13 (May 6, 2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2021-13-61-74.
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The article is devoted to the study of business models digitalization of the national industrial complex on the example of the Republic of Belarus. Considering the business models digitalization as an integral part of digital transformation, following the production and industrial services digitalization, the author substantiates the need, when choosing new digital technologies introduced into production, to take into account their impact on the transformation of business models. As a promising direction for improving the business models digitalization of the Belarusian industrial complex enterprises, the author highlighted the expansion of the functional use of digital platforms to attract additional resources and competencies of partners, establish direct contacts with consumers, obtain information about the state of the market and quickly exit to international markets. Taking this into account, as well as the potential risks of business models digitalization (risks of cyber attacks, risks of technological dependence, risks of supply shortages, risks of data redundancy, risks of losing critical skills, risks of monopolization, risks of economic security), the author proposed practical recommendations for the development of digitalization of enterprises of the national industrial complex of the Republic of Belarus.
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Lubza Nihar, Khaliq, and Kameshwar Rao Venkata Surya Modekurti. "On being Sharīʿah compliant in equity investments: impact of investment horizon andmarket volatility." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 12, no. 5 (July 8, 2021): 680–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-05-2020-0142.
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Purpose This paper aims to undertake a comprehensive comparative analysis of Sharīʿah-compliant equity investments (SCEIs) and their non-Sharīʿah counterparts, in India, conditioning for investment horizon and market volatility. Indirectly, it also investigates for time varying performance of SCEIs, and explicitly analyses the unsystematic risk and related adequacy of returns. Design/methodology/approach Testing for statistical significance of differences in risks and returns; analysing portfolio performance using conventional metrics, information ratio, and Jensen's Alpha; Estimating returns due to stock selection and market timing using Fama’s Net Selectivity and Treynor and Mazuy’s Models. Findings SCEIs in India do not significantly differ in their total risks and returns compared to their conventional counterparts. While their risk is lower in the monthly and quarterly investment horizons, their Jensen’s Alphas are positive only in the annual investment horizons. These findings hold, when market volatility is low. Market timing wipes out the superior returns that exist due to stock selection in SCEIs. Research limitations/implications Being Sharīʿah-compliant is beneficial only in longer investment horizons. Asset selection, not co-movement with the market, is key to excess returns to compensate for risks due to inadequate diversification. However, only cautious market timing can conserve them. Practical implications Though investors are not better-off in choosing ethical investments, they are not worse-off either. Being Sharīʿah-compliant is rewarding during less volatile markets. Originality/value This paper extends international literature on SCEIs, with evidence on the impact of investment horizon and market volatility on their returns and risks. Further, this paper is also a comprehensive analysis of Indian SCEIs, broadening the empirical evidence on a significant, non-Islamic and emerging market.
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Otenko, Iryna, and Nataliia Parkhomenko. "Strategies of Business Systems Development in Global Environment." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 66, no. 2 (2019): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2019-0010.
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Given the complexity and unpredictability of changes in the global environment, the choice and implementation of strategies for the development of business systems in international markets requires careful analysis and refinement. The paper clarified the concept of business system and developed a methodical approach to the analysis of business systems functioning conditions. The multiplicity of approaches to classification strategies requires the submission of a typology of strategies for the development of business systems. The theoretical justification for the study of the processes of organizational development of business systems is based on the provisions of the institutional approach, organizational development and strategic management. The result of the research is the procedure for choosing a company strategy in a global environment and organizational development strategy. To confirm the selected provisions, the results of the analysis of strategies for the organizational development of enterprises of the bearing industry are presented.
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Wang, Chia Nan, Nhu Ty Nguyen, Thanh Tuyen Tran, and Bui Bich Huong. "A Study of the Strategic Alliance for EMS Industry: The Application of a Hybrid DEA and GM (1, 1) Approach." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/948793.
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Choosing a partner is a critical factor for success in international strategic alliances, although criteria for partner selection vary between developed and transitional markets. This study aims to develop effective methods to assist enterprise to measure the firms’ operation efficiency, find out the candidate priority under several different inputs and outputs, and forecast the values of those variables in the future. The methodologies are constructed by the concepts of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and grey model (GM). Realistic data in four consecutive years (2009–2012) a total of 20 companies of the Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS) industry that went public are completely collected. This paper tries to help target company—DMU1—to find the right alliance partners. By our proposed approach, the results show the priority in the recent years. The research study is hopefully of interest to managers who are in manufacturing industry in general and EMS enterprises in particular.
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Ermashkevich, Natalia, and A. Voronina. "The Method of Estimating International Market’s Potential From Perspective of Expansion." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-1-65-73.
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Following article describes scoring method for international market from perspective of expansion, based on criteria’s that is widely used in economics and marketing. The idea of the method is estimating international market’s potential by using the criteria system and choosing most suited entering strategy by following an algorithm. Estimation of international market’s perspective contains quantitative data, for analyzing competition environment of sectorial market, possible targeted audience and logistics performance. The method can be used by any organization, regardless of its size or industry specifics, for estimating international’s market potential from perspective of expansion.
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Badu, Bismark, and Kingsley Opoku Appiah. "Value relevance of accounting information: an emerging country perspective." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 14, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-07-2017-0064.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the value relevance of accounting information from an emerging country perspective. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts Ohlson (1995) Price model to examine the extent to which accounting information explain variation in stock prices of listed firms on the Ghana Stock Exchange. Findings The study reveals that earnings and book value of equity exhibit a positive and significant relationship in stock prices. Earnings explain higher variation in stock market values on the Ghana Stock Exchange compared to book value of equity. The study however finds that despite the introduction of the International Financial Reporting Standards in Ghana, the value relevance of book value and earnings have declined significantly over the period 2005-2014. Research limitations/implications A key implication is that regulators of capital markets, standards setters and accounting practitioners need to consistently improve upon the quality of financial reporting disclosures which will boost the confidence of users in their reliance on financial statements as the basis for choosing among alternative use of scarce resources. The authors adopted only the price model in testing the hypotheses. However, to provide comprehensive understanding of value relevance of accounting information, future studies can combine both the price and the return models. Originality/value The authors extend prior literature in the Ghanaian context with recent data. Finally, the study adds to the efficient market hypothesis by showing how share prices reflect accounting information produced by Ghanaian firms.
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Shevchenko, Anna, and Olena Borysenko. "MARKETING APPROACH TO THE FORMATION OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ENTERPRISE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALISATION." Journal of International Legal Communication 1 (June 29, 2021): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32612/uw.27201643.2021.1.pp.186-196.
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In the context of global consumer and financial market formation, international economic institutions, taking into account special aspects of the present stage in economic development in Ukraine, it becomes necessary to focus enterprises on their own goods competitiveness not only in the domestic, but, moreover, at the foreign markets. In order to achieve objectives in view the enterprise should make maximum use of its internal resources, explore the market environment, predict its development and demands, using all tools of the strategic marketing. Special attention should be paid to the development of marketing strategies since they determine the enterprise course of action and they are aimed at achieving stated targets. Marketing strategy formation is one the most important and essential marketing stages at the enterprise. Marketing strategy is one of the main long-term plans of the enterprise marketing activity, aimed at choosing target consumer segments. It combines elements of marketing complex, basing on which the enterprise creates its effective marketing events targeted to the marketing goals achieving. Successfully chosen and effectively implemented strategy provides enterprise the opportunity to gain competitive advantage not only in the domestic market, but additionally meet demands of international consumers. Based on research of the issue the article highlights the main features of the management system in the strategic development of marketing strategy at the enterprise. The article substantiates the necessity of using marketing approach to the management of enterprises and the finding the new ways in the formation of appropriate organisational structures. Marketing approach to the management of enterprise characterises it as a complex system that allows to link the capabilities of this economic entity with the needs of the market and gain advantages over competitors. It was defined the main factors influencing the organisation of marketing activities of enterprises (external and internal) and factors influencing the behaviour of their end users (social, informational and consumer attitudes).
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Semerikova, Ekaterina. "Payment instruments choice of Russian consumers: reasons and pain points." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 14, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-09-2019-0089.
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Purpose The paper aims to explore reasons for choosing different payment instruments and pain points from using them in a Russian context. It proposes that given the expansion of the range of personal payment instruments, the choice for payment is now influenced by many factors, including the type of financial provider and potential benefits for consumers. Design/methodology/approach This paper is an exploratory study that uses data from the qualitative research conducted in three Russian cities (Moscow, Yekaterinburg and Saratov) based on 50 online payment diaries and 12 group discussions. It was complemented by the analysis of consumers’ posts on six relevant media platforms. Findings The results show that a bank card is a new must and people choose it for convenience, safety and access to online purchases inside and outside Russia. Cash is used out of habit or wherever cashless payments are either not free or unavailable. Reasons for smartphone pass-through wallet usage include speed, attribute of style and higher cashbacks. Research limitations/implications The limitations of the study are similar to any qualitative research and include, in particular, lack of generalization. Proposed hypotheses might be further tested quantitatively on a representative sample. Practical implications The results might help providers of financial services in creating better quality products that address consumer pain points and in developing strategies that allow for the changing preferences of consumers. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first such study to consider reasons for choosing and pain points from using certain payment instruments in the emerging markets, in particular, Russia.
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Kushnirenko, Оksana, and Olga Zarudna. "Тrade policy as an instrument to promote industrial development in Ukraine." University Economic Bulletin, no. 42 (June 19, 2019): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-42-90-102.
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Relevance of the research topic is due to the rapid growth in world trade, which leads to new challenges for Ukraine’s industry in the context of deepening economic globalization and increasing international competition. Under these conditions, the development and application of effective industrial policy instruments aimed at supporting promising sectors of the processing industry in the process of integration into the world market is very important. Formulation of the problem. New opportunities associated with the further liberalization of foreign trade in an increasingly open and competitive environment require the creation of a favorable environment for promoting the export activities of Ukrainian industrial producers under the constraints of international trade agreements. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In the context of increasing the influence of integration processes on the development of production, the problem of choosing the most effective instruments of state regulation, which most of all contributed to active cooperation with foreign partners for export-oriented industrial producers of Ukraine, in particular for products with a higher degree of processing, remains insufficiently studied. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The objective of the study is to develop proposals for effective trade policy instruments aimed at supporting the export of industrial products with higher added value within the framework of the existing restrictions of international agreements. Method or methodology for conducting research. General scientific methods are used in the work: abstract-logical, systemic; analysis and synthesis, statistical comparisons, grouping, sampling; expert assessments. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied in the process of government policy formation on the main aspects of the export development of industry in the context of integration processes. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of international trade, its geographical vectors, trends in exports and imports of Ukrainian-made industrial goods are disclosed, and effective trade policy instruments are proposed: namely, non-tariff regulatory methods aimed at creating effective policies and institutions and can be used for the eliminating restrictions upon integration of the Ukrainian manufacturer to the international markets.
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Michalski, Bartosz. "W poszukiwaniu dywersyfikacji. Stan i perspektywy rozwoju polsko-skandynawskiej wymiany handlowej." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (November 26, 2017): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2017.2.11.
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The paper aims at analysing the characteristics of the Polish-Scandinavian trade and at evaluating prospects of its further development in the context of the growing diversification of Polish exporting markets. The motivation behind this issue is rooted in the high dependence of the Polish economy on the German market. This brings about a threat to economic security through a specific technological dependence, which may result in a lot of challenges characteristic for the middle-income trap. This problem can be explained by the thesis of the blight of German proximity. The features of intensive trade relations, mostly in the motor vehicle industry and machinery (to some extent also in the electronic and electrical sector), require finding convenient locations for subsidiaries and further suppliers within corporate added-value chains. It should help exploiting current cost and effciency advantages of host economies and thus block the development of potential innovative alternatives induced by the too weak domestic support. For this reason, it is justified to intensify trade relations with other countries whose markets may be attractive for Polish exporters. They should also have competencies and advantages which are insufficient in the Polish economy. Hence, this transfer of knowledge through the trade cooperation (the concept of learning by exporting) may have an impact on the national innovation system. Choosing Scandinavian countries is coherent with the attempts to diversify the structure of exporting markets and is one of the critical dimensions of enhanced cooperation in the region of the Baltic Sea. The research on the trade relations covers the period 2001-2015 together with the original insight into the prospects for their further development. For this purpose, the trade data of the International Trade Centre were used. Their disaggregation (2-, 4- and 6-digit) within the Harmonised System made possible the identification of the most important sectors, product clusters and even specific commodities which may be Polish exporting hits. Another dimension of the analysis covers the technological intensity of the Polish exports and imports with Scandinavian countries, the structure of Polish trade balance and the intensity of the intra-industry trade (Grubel-Lloyd index) together with its subcategories (horizontal, vertical-low quality, vertical-high quality) in the chapters with the highest share in bilateral trade.
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Tarullo, Daniel K. "Norms and Institutions in Global Competition Policy." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 3 (July 2000): 478–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555320.
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Over the last several years, a chorus of voices have called for international action in the area of competition policy. A good deal of dissonance, however, can be discerned among these voices. Most who have joined in share at least a stated commitment to promoting competition principles, as embodied in the antitrust laws of many countries. Yet their policy prescriptions differ dramatically, as evidenced by the divergent views of the United States and Europe. The European Commission proposes that the member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiate a binding competition code. The United States has rejected this idea and counterproposes increased bilateral cooperation between national competition authorities and continued study of the issue. Of course, national differences may arise as much from negotiating tactics as from disagreement on the analytics of which kind of arrangements are most likely to advance competition principles; but for those interested in law and policy, these analytics should be central to choosing among varying proposals. Since competition policy was one of the many issues left unresolved by the failed Seattle ministerial meeting of the WTO in late 1999, and will surely be revisited, how and why certain institutional configurations advance or retard agreed policy aims are questions ripe for attention. The answers will help define the possibilities for competition policy in an era of globalizing markets and contribute to a broader debate over the limits of trade policy in reconciling national economic policies.
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Min, Thu Yein, Michael Tyagunov, and He Haiyang. "Selection of optimal places for constructions of renewable energy stations in Myanmar using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method." E3S Web of Conferences 270 (2021): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127001022.
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The article discusses the formulation of the problem of choosing the optimal places for building renewable energy stations in Myanmar using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method. Today Myanmar is a developing country in Southeast Asia. Myanmar possesses a variety of energy resources, including renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Humans have especially used, and are now using, fossil fuels. After 2010, Myanmar began to focus heavily on renewable energy sources (RES). The Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MOEE) is the responsible ministry for the energy sector in Myanmar. MOEE is also responsible for the production, production and transportation of oil and gas. Myanmar has long been isolated from international markets, and funding sources have historically limited development and therefore pressure on its environment. Many of its resources remain relatively intact despite the lack of effective environmental regulations. However, as the country integrates into the world economy and its economic development are accelerating, resource degradation is growing rapidly. Deforestation of closed forests in recent years has been the fastest growing among large Southeast Asian countries, most of which are driven by plantation concessions and other large-scale projects. In order to reduce the use of fossil fuels and increase the use of renewable energy sources in Myanmar, it is necessary to investigate where and which RES are optimal depending on all situations.
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Zu, Enhou, Shao-Yu Liu, Bi-Min Hsu, Yu-Cheng Wang, and Edwin M. Lau. "An Analysis of the Success Factors for Passenger Boarding Enthusiasm for Low-Cost Regional Airline Routes." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 6600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166600.
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Airports are important air transportation facilities, providing cargo transportation, aircraft takeoff and landing, and passenger services. Trade liberalization and globalization along with shifting economies and trading focuses have led to the rapid growth of airline and cargo transportation in Asia-Pacific regions. Therefore, Asian countries are constantly expanding and improving their airport facilities. Thus, improving and measuring airline service quality has attracted significant research attention in recent years. The Chinese Government has also actively promoted low-cost tourism, although competition in low-cost carrier markets was bound to be fierce. This not only promoted tourism industries but also attracted many foreign visitors to taking low-cost carriers to China for sightseeing. With international oil prices and regional economy issues, full-service carriers face considerable operational pressure on cost and competition. This study used the fuzzy delphi and decision making trial and evaluation laboratory methods to explore and analyze key factors for passengers choosing low-cost airlines. We considered passengers using U Airlines to travel from Shanghai to Taiwan (Taoyuan, Kaohsiung Far) and investigated service quality, low-price strategies, switching costs, and boarding willingness factors. We found that boarding willingness and service quality were strongly relevant to passenger satisfaction. Service quality should be prioritized, followed by switching cost, to enhance passenger boarding willingness. Low-cost regional airlines need to prioritize improving service quality empathy and service quality responsiveness with limited resources. Performance indicators such as willingness, service quality assurance, and service quality reliability showed significant benefits for overall service performance and passenger boarding willingness.
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Duarte Alonso, Abel. "Marron farming in Western Australia: scope and constraints." British Food Journal 112, no. 1 (January 26, 2010): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070701011011218.
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PurposeMarron farming in Western Australia has existed for decades. However, to what extent do marron growers see potential in this industry in ways that include expanding into hospitality and tourism? The purpose of this paper is to examine this dimension from a group of 26 marron growers.Design/methodology/approachThe limited knowledge on marron farming from an academic, industry, as well as from operators' perspective is a critical factor in choosing a qualitative approach in this paper in the form of telephone and face‐to‐face interviews.FindingsOverall, there is an agreement among respondents about the significant commercial potential of marron farming. However, the dilemma of satisfying increasing demand for marron is acknowledged, as well as resulting problems, for instance, in the form of greed and lack of unity among some growers.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the low number of respondents may not be sufficient to make generalisations of the marron farming industry, this paper proposes an overview into an unexplored industry, and provides useful insights into a niche market.Practical implicationsIncreased demand for marron in both national and international markets presents opportunities for local operators and the future of marron farming. At the same time, a balance must be maintained in order to preserve natural resources and the industry's sustainability.Originality/valueDespite its demand and potential, to date very limited research has been conducted on marron farming, particularly studying the links between marron, hospitality and tourism, as well as marron growers' points of views on this industry. This exploratory paper contributes to narrowing the existing knowledge gap on these dimensions.
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English, David A. "Why Foreign Retail Grocery Stores Fail in South Korea: Propositions for Future Research." Transnational Marketing Journal 4, no. 1 (May 18, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/tmj.v4i1.399.
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International retailers have conducted business the South Korea since the Korean Government liberalized the retail market in 1996. Some retailers have succeeded while others have failed. The author proposes further research on the failures of international retailers by examining the challenges of entering a foreign market. Additionally, the author provides a brief history of international grocery retailers and literature on international retailing in South Korea. The problems encountered by international retailers in South Korea were discussed. The propositions for future research were as follows: factors that international retailers used to enter the market, steps taken to minimize the possible problems when entering the market, alternative market entry methods, methods for choosing the store format, problems discovered after market entry, and what research done to determine the preference of Korean consumers.
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Foroudi, Pantea, Keith Dinnie, Philip J. Kitchen, T. C. Melewar, and Mohammad M. Foroudi. "IMC antecedents and the consequences of planned brand identity in higher education." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 3 (April 10, 2017): 528–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2015-0527.
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Purpose This study aims to identify integrated marketing communication (IMC) antecedents and the consequences of planned brand identity in the context of higher education, and empirically test a number of hypotheses related to the constructs of these antecedents and consequences. Design/methodology/approach A model of the IMC antecedents and consequences of planned brand identity was tested in a survey conducted among stakeholders in two London-based universities. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to gain insight into the various influences and relationships. Findings The study identifies and confirms key constructs in planned brand identity. IMC antecedents of planned brand identity, such as brand elements, service attributes, public relations and place/country of origin, were found to positively influence the planned brand identity consequences of awareness, image and reputation. However, websites, social media, advertising and direct marketing were not found to have significant influence. Research limitations/implications The focus on two UK universities limits the generalisability of the findings. Future research should be conducted in other country settings to test the relationships identified in the present study. Also, future research may build on the study’s findings by investigating the attitudinal and behavioural consequences of brand identification in the higher education context. Practical implications Professionals responsible for universities’ promotional and branding activities need to evaluate the relative contributions of the IMC antecedents of planned brand identity. Brand elements such as design, colour and name, for example, should be reviewed to determine whether modifications are required in different international markets. The increasing prevalence of social media, one of the key antecedents of brand awareness, offers opportunities for universities to engage in brand co-creation by interacting with past, present and future students on relevant digital platforms. Finally, the place/country-of-origin cue is of particular relevance to institutions of higher education given the increasing numbers of students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels who are choosing to study abroad (Melewar and Akel, 2005). The attraction of the UK as a country to study in, or the appeal of individual cities such as London, should be fully integrated into universities’ IMC strategies. Originality/value The study makes two main contributions. First is the theoretical contribution by identifying the core IMC antecedents and consequences of planned brand identity for universities and from this extrapolate key directions for future research. Second it is indicated that a number of managerial implications are designed to assist in the formulation of improved professional practice.
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Singh, Swati, Sudhir Naib, and Kartikeya Singh. "Wow Momo Foods Pvt. Ltd.: in search of new growth drivers." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-02-2020-0034.
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Learning outcomes The case presents an ideal platform for discussing the branding strategy, brand elements and the factors that contributed to success of an entrepreneurial venture in the quick-service restaurant (QSR) segment. Further, it enables students to discuss changes that are necessitated as the firm looks for new growth avenues. After working through the case and assignment questions, students will be able to analyze the entrepreneurial journey of a startup in red ocean markets by assessing the factors that contributed to its success; comprehend the importance of branding strategy for small business – choosing/designing of brand elements and selecting the positioning strategy; and assess changes needed in the branding strategy over time and devise strategies for the continued success of the firm. Case overview/synopsis Kolkata-based QSR chain Wow! Momo was bootstrapped with a meager INR 30,000 in 2008 by two school friends Sagar Daryani and Binod Kumar. It went on to become India’s Wow! Momo very first QSR specializing in momos. By the year 2019, Wow! Momo was dishing out India’s favourite street food, “momos” from 300 outlets across 15 cities. It also claimed to have captured 90% market share in the organized momo business. The startup grew at a CAGR of over 50% between 2015 and 2019 and reported INR 1.19bn revenue in financial year 2019 with an EBITDA of 9.3%. Wow Momo Foods Pvt. Ltd (WMF), the parent company of Wow! Momo, had tasted stupendous success within a short period and set an ambitious goal of achieving revenue of INR 10bn by 2023–2024. Wow! Momo had achieved top of mind recall among the target customers and was also vying for the same share of wallet as formidable international giants such as McDonald’s, Domino’s, Burger King and KFC. However, compared to these large players, Wow! Momo offered a limited menu and a smaller average ticket size. At the same time, Wow! Momo’s market share was also threatened by a host of branded momo players that offered a similar menu and pricing. Both these factors did not argue well for WMF’s mammoth growth objective. Achieving revenue of INR 1.19bn in a matter of just 10 years was no small feat, but reaching targeted INR 10bn in half that time needed a different game plan altogether. The founders clearly needed to rethink their strategies for the next phase of growth. What would be the next growth driver for the company? Should it look for greener pastures outside India? Was it time to diversify the menu and think beyond momos? If so, then should new items be added to existing menu or a new brand be launched altogether? The case maps the journey of two entrepreneurs as they went on to set up a successful QSR chain. It examines their trials and tribulations as well as successful implementation of marketing strategy. It also looks at the dilemmas faced by a startup as it searches for new avenues for growth. Complexity academic level Graduate and postgraduate courses in Management. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.
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Maor, Moshe. "Choosing a regulatory regime: The experience of the Israeli electricity market." Israel Affairs 8, no. 4 (January 2002): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537120208719660.
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Chistyakova, Galina, Anastasia Rolgayzer, Evgeniya Bondareva, and Inessa Schlee. "International Practice of Environmental Challenges Regulation." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910502024.
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Modern society needs to establish a balance between social and economic development and environment conservation. This target can be met through the integrated use of legislative, economic and administrative measures developed and implemented by various international, national and regional organizations. Environmental management can achieve the maximum efficiency only through the joint use of three environmental policy instruments: direct regulating, market-based instruments, and voluntary programs. Direct regulating is inherently directive in terms of establishing emission standards / discharge limits, industry product and process specifications, and transparency reporting requirements. The implementation of market-based instruments depends on the day-to-day use of private sector financial calculations. Economic methods include price-based instruments and property-based instruments. Voluntary programs, actively encouraged by governments, offer intangible rewards such as public recognition. The vast legislative framework and activities of governmental and public organizations encourage mining and processing enterprises to strictly conform to environmental rules and regulations. While multiple market-based instruments of environmental management and voluntary programs provides businesses with greater autonomy in choosing ways, means and terms of restructuring their environmental policies to meet pressing environmental challenges.
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Ipinyomi, Foluke Ifejola. "The Impact of African Philosophy on the Realisation of International Community and the Observance of International Law." International Community Law Review 18, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341319.
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The legal nature of international law is uncertain, despite being the foundation of the international community. Its non-universality questions the cohesion and efficacy of the international community. The international community operates as an exclusive club, coalescing around certain shared values, like liberal democracy and free market economy. Sub-Saharan Africa is usually excluded from being an active part of the international community due to differing values; a shared understanding of community which conflicts with the shared values of the core of the international community. Furthermore, their post-colonial nature deters African states from choosing their own path or adopting the norms of the ‘international community.’ A paradigmatic shift in research into sub-Saharan Africa and the international community is necessary to ensure a truly effective international community and wider observance of international law.
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Grover, Rajiv, and V. Srinivasan. "A Simultaneous Approach to Market Segmentation and Market Structuring." Journal of Marketing Research 24, no. 2 (May 1987): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378702400201.
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The authors define a market segment to be a group of consumers homogeneous in terms of the probabilities of choosing the different brands in a product class. Because the vector of choice probabilities is homogeneous within segments and heterogeneous across segments, each segment is characterized by its corresponding group of brands with “large” choice probabilities. The competitive market structure is determined as the possibly overlapping groups of brands corresponding to the different segments. The use of brand choice probabilities as the basis for segmentation leads to market structuring and market segmentation becoming reverse sides of the same analysis. Using panel data, the authors obtain the matrix of cross-classification of brands chosen on two purchase occasions and extract segments by using the maximum likelihood method for estimating latent class models. An application to the instant coffee market indicates that the proposed approach has substantial validity and suggests the presence of submarkets related to product attributes as well as to brand names.