Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chondrichtyan

Academic literature on the topic 'Chondrichtyan'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Chondrichtyan"

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Liao, Jau-Chyn, Michal Ginter, and José Ignacio Valenzuela-Rios. "Chondrichthyan microremains from the Givetian of the Aragonian Pyrenees (Spain)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 178, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.178.3.171.

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Abstract A Lower and basal Middle varcus Zone (Givetian, Middle Devonian) vertebrate association consisting of chondrichtyan teeth and scales of the genus Phoebodus is documented for the first time from the Aragonian Pyrenees of Spain. This record suggests that different teeth morphologies that were previously treated as separate taxa could be grouped in Phoebodus fastigatus. Moreover, the teeth and scales association is in agreement with the previously reconstructed squamation pattern of this taxon.
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Coates, Michael I., John A. Finarelli, Ivan J. Sansom, Plamen S. Andreev, Katharine E. Criswell, Kristen Tietjen, Mark L. Rivers, and Patrick J. La Riviere. "An early chondrichthyan and the evolutionary assembly of a shark body plan." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1870 (January 3, 2018): 20172418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2418.

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Although relationships among the major groups of living gnathostomes are well established, the relatedness of early jawed vertebrates to modern clades is intensely debated. Here, we provide a new description of Gladbachus , a Middle Devonian (Givetian approx. 385-million-year-old) stem chondrichthyan from Germany, and one of the very few early chondrichthyans in which substantial portions of the endoskeleton are preserved. Tomographic and histological techniques reveal new details of the gill skeleton, hyoid arch and jaws, neurocranium, cartilage, scales and teeth. Despite many features resembling placoderm or osteichthyan conditions, phylogenetic analysis confirms Gladbachus as a stem chondrichthyan and corroborates hypotheses that all acanthodians are stem chondrichthyans. The unfamiliar character combination displayed by Gladbachus , alongside conditions observed in acanthodians, implies that pre-Devonian stem chondrichthyans are severely under-sampled and strongly supports indications from isolated scales that the gnathostome crown group originated at the latest by the early Silurian (approx. 440 Ma). Moreover, phylogenetic results highlight the likely convergent evolution of conventional chondrichthyan conditions among earliest members of this primary gnathostome division, while skeletal morphology points towards the likely suspension feeding habits of Gladbachus , suggesting a functional origin of the gill slit condition characteristic of the vast majority of living and fossil chondrichthyans.
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Richards, Kelly R., Janet E. Sherwin, Timothy R. Smithson, Rebecca F. Bennion, Sarah J. Davies, John E. A. Marshall, and Jennifer A. Clack. "Diverse and durophagous: Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Scottish Borders." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 108, no. 1 (March 2017): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691018000166.

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ABSTRACTChondrichthyan teeth from a new locality in the Scottish Borders supply additional evidence of Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans in the UK. The interbedded dolostones and siltstones of the Ballagan Formation exposed along Whitrope Burn are interpreted as representing a restricted lagoonal environment that received significant amounts of land-derived sediment. This site is palynologically dated to the latest Tournaisian–early Viséan. The diverse dental fauna documented here is dominated by large crushing holocephalan toothplates, with very few, small non-crushing chondrichthyan teeth. Two new taxa are named and described. Our samples are consistent with worldwide evidence that chondrichthyan crushing faunas are common following the Hangenberg extinction event. The lagoonal habitat represented by Whitrope Burn may represent a temporary refugium that was host to a near-relict fauna dominated by large holocephalan chondrichthyans with crushing dentitions. Many of these had already become scarce in other localities by the Viséan and become extinct later in the Carboniferous. This fauna provides evidence of early endemism or niche separation within European chondrichthyan faunas at this time. This evidence points to a complex picture in which the diversity of durophagous chondrichthyans is controlled by narrow spatial shifts in niche availability over time.
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Brazeau, Martin D., and Valerie de Winter. "The hyoid arch and braincase anatomy of Acanthodes support chondrichthyan affinity of ‘acanthodians’." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1821 (December 22, 2015): 20152210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2210.

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Solving the evolutionary relationships of the acanthodians is one of the key problems in reconstructing ancestral anatomical conditions for the jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). Current debate concerns whether acanthodians are an assemblage of stem chondrichthyans, or a more generalized grade encompassing some early stem osteichthyans. The skull anatomy of Acanthodes bronni has been pivotal in these debates, owing to tension between chondrichthyan- and osteichthyan-like models of reconstruction. We use computed tomography scanning and traditional palaeontological techniques to resolve the long-standing debate about the anatomy of the jaw suspension. We establish the correct length of the hyomandibula and show that it attaches to a process on the ventrolateral angle of the braincase below the jugular vein groove. This condition corresponds precisely to that in chondrichthyans. This character represents an unambiguously optimized synapomorphy with chondrichthyans given current gnathostome phylogenies, corroborating the growing consensus of the chondrichthyan affinity of acanthodians.
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Pimiento, Catalina, Gerardo González-Barba, Dana J. Ehret, Austin J. W. Hendy, Bruce J. MacFadden, and Carlos Jaramillo. "Sharks and rays (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the late Miocene Gatun Formation of Panama." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 5 (September 2013): 755–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-117.

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The late Miocene Gatun Formation of northern Panama contains a highly diverse and well sampled fossil marine assemblage that occupied a shallow-water embayment close to a purported connection between the Pacific and Atlantic (Caribbean) oceans. However, the diverse chondrichthyan fauna has been poorly documented. Based on recent field discoveries and further analysis of existing collections, the chondrichthyan fauna from this unit comprises at least 26 taxa, of which four species are extinct today. The remaining portion of the total chondrichthyan biodiversity has affinities with modern taxa and is therefore comprised of long-lived species. Based on known records of the modern geographic distribution range of the Gatun chondrichthyans, the fauna has mixed biogeographic affinities suggesting that around 10 million yr ago, a connection likely occurred between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Given the known habitat preferences for modern chondrichthyans, the Gatun fauna was primarily adapted to shallow waters within the neritic zone. Finally, comparisons of Gatun dental measurements with other faunas suggest that many of the taxa have an abundance of small individuals, in agreement with previous studies that proposed this area as a paleonursery habitat for the species Carcharocles megalodon.
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Sabadin, D. E., L. O. Lucifora, S. A. Barbini, D. E. Figueroa, and M. Kittlein. "Towards regionalization of the chondrichthyan fauna of the Southwest Atlantic: a spatial framework for conservation planning." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 1893–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa064.

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Abstract Biogeographic regionalization identifies natural species assemblages of a given region. In this study, the geographic distribution of chondrichthyan species richness and species assemblages for the Southwest Atlantic were identified. The geographic distribution of 103 chondrichthyans was estimated through modelling. Based on the obtained binary maps, the distribution of chondrichthyan richness was obtained at four taxonomic levels: class Chondrichthyes (chondrichthyans), subclass Holocephali (chimaeras), division Selachii (sharks), and division Batomorphi (batoids). The continental shelf off Uruguay and southern Brazil presented the highest levels of chondrichthyan richness, and a smaller peak was found in El Rincón (northern Argentina). Shark richness concentrated mainly off Lagoa dos Patos (southern Brazil). Batoid richness was maximal off Uruguay and northern Argentina, including modes in El Rincón, San Jorge Gulf, and slope of the Argentinean shelf. Classification analyses revealed the presence of a hierarchical regionalization, with three main and six minor assemblages. Main assemblages are hierarchically identifiable as provinces and minor ones as ecoregions or districts. Two of the main assemblages correspond with the Argentinean and Magellanic Provinces; the third one is identified here for the first time, the Patagonian Slope Province. This regionalization provides the basis for the design of protected area networks for conservation or management purposes.
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WHITE, WILLIAM T., and ALFRED KO’OU. "An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 4411, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4411.1.1.

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An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) of Papua New Guinean waters is herein presented. The checklist is the result of a large biodiversity study on the chondrichthyan fauna of Papua New Guinea between 2013 and 2017. The chondrichthyan fauna of Papua New Guinea has historically been very poorly known due to a lack of baseline information and limited deepwater exploration. A total of 131 species, comprising 36 families and 68 genera, were recorded. The most speciose families are the Carcharhinidae with 29 species and the Dasyatidae with 23 species. Verified voucher material from various biological collections around the world are provided, with a total of 687 lots recorded comprising 574 whole specimens, 128 sets of jaws and 21 sawfish rostra. This represents the first detailed, verified checklist of chondrichthyans from Papua New Guinean waters.
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Martínez, Lidia Mayorga, Aurea Orozco, Patricia Villalobos, and Carlos Valverde-R. "Cloning and characterization of a type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3) in the liver of the chondrichtyan chiloscyllium punctatum." General and Comparative Endocrinology 156, no. 3 (May 2008): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.02.012.

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Soldo, Alen, and Lovrenc Lipej. "An Annotated Checklist and the Conservation Status of Chondrichthyans in the Adriatic." Fishes 7, no. 5 (September 19, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050245.

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Although there is a high number of publications listing fish species in the Adriatic, only a few have focused on chondrichthyans, while their conservation status has been investigated even less. Thus, this paper aims to provide an updated and annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans occurring in the Adriatic waters with their presence and conservation status. Each species is evaluated against the criteria defined in IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List Categories and Criteria and according to the guidelines for national and regional level assessments. In total, 60 chondrichthyan species from 27 families and 42 genera are listed. The list contains 33 species of sharks, 26 species of rays and one chimera. Assessment of the conservation status reveals that three species are now considered Regionally Extinct (namely Squatina oculata, Pristis pectinata and Rhinobatos rhinobatos). A total of 21 species are assessed as Critically Endangered, 8 are Endangered and 10 are Vulnerable. Of the remaining species, six are Near Threatened and the same number of species are Least Concern and Data Deficient. Considering that the principal driver of chondrichthyan decline and regional extinction is overfishing, it is recommended that the Adriatic countries adopt the same management measures and strengthen their coordination.
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Greif, Merle, Humberto G. Ferrón, and Christian Klug. "A new Meckel’s cartilage from the Devonian Hangenberg black shale in Morocco and its position in chondrichthyan jaw morphospace." PeerJ 10 (December 21, 2022): e14418. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14418.

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Fossil chondrichthyan remains are mostly known from their teeth, scales or fin spines only, whereas their cartilaginous endoskeletons require exceptional preservational conditions to become fossilized. While most cartilaginous remains of Famennian (Late Devonian) chondrichthyans were found in older layers of the eastern Anti-Atlas, such fossils were unknown from the Hangenberg black shale (HBS) and only a few chondrichthyan teeth had been found therein previously. Here, we describe a Meckel’s cartilage from the Hangenberg black shale in Morocco, which is the first fossil cartilage from these strata. Since no teeth or other skeletal elements have been found in articulation, we used elliptical Fourier (EFA), principal component (PCA), and hierarchical cluster (HCA) analyses to morphologically compare it with 41 chondrichthyan taxa of different size and age and to evaluate its possible systematic affiliation. PCA and HCA position the new specimen closest to some acanthodian and elasmobranch jaws. Accordingly, a holocephalan origin was excluded. The jaw shape as well as the presence of a polygonal pattern, typical for tessellated calcified cartilage, suggest a ctenacanth origin and we assigned the new HBS Meckel’s cartilage to the order Ctenacanthiformes with reservations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chondrichtyan"

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Crawford, Callie Hendricks. "Skeletal anatomy in the chondrichthyan tree of life." Thesis, College of Charleston, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1585540.

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Chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras) are a diverse taxonomic clade inhabiting bodies of water all over the world. As a lineage, chondrichthyans split from the other jawed vertebrates 450 million years ago, the most basal split in the gnathostome vertebrate tree. Although they have been studied for centuries, knowledge about these animals lags behind that of many other vertebrate groups. This work uses Computed Tomography (CT) to explore morphological variation across phylogenetically diverse species of chondrichthyans. CT imaging is a nondestructive method for viewing internal structures of extant and fossilized specimens. After CT scan data acquisition, reconstruction software was used to manually segment the skeletal anatomical into constituent structures, creating 3-Dimensional representations of the structures. In most groups of vertebrate organisms, skeletal structures are made of calcified bone which has high radiopacity, leading to greater contrast between the skeleton and soft tissues. Chondrichthyans, by comparison, have skeletons composed of cartilage which is much less radiopaque than bone, resulting in lower contrast with surrounding tissues. Variations in the skeletal structures are discussed along with notes on calcification within the chondrichthyan orders. This work is presented as a summary of the variation observed in the skeletal anatomy, building upon previous works in chondrichthyan anatomy, expanding the current state of knowledge of the diversity in chondrichthyan fish skeletons. This project is part of a collaborative effort to develop a phylogenetic tree of life for modern chondrichthyans.

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Cotton, Charles F. "Age, growth, and reproductive biology of deep-water chondrichthyans." W&M ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539791561.

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Nearly half of the known species of sharks in the world live in the deep sea, yet little is known of the biology or life history of these important predators of the deep. Fishing effort for deep-water sharks, both targeted and incidental, has been increasing worldwide over the last few decades. However, in most cases the impact of this harvest is unknown due to the paucity in landings data and the lack of stock assessments for these species. This research was conducted to provide some of the basic life history information needed to improve the understanding and properly manage deep-water sharks. Specifically, information is presented herein on age determination using dorsal fin spines; the potential for radiometric age validation using dorsal fin spines; the age, growth, and reproductive biology of Squalus mitsukurii from Hawaiian waters; and the reproductive biology and embryonic development of Centrophorus cf. niaukang and Etmopterus princeps.;Dorsal fin spines offer an alternate structure for age determination in phalacanthous chondrichthyans. In this study, I sought to identify optimal methods of age determination using dorsal fin spines of 14 species of squaliform sharks and two species of holocephalans. Growth bands can be found in three zones of the fin spine: on the enamel cap (if present), at the base of the whole spine, or in the inner dentine layer. Each of these three methods was applied to fin spines from these 16 species. Results of each method are compared and discussed, with an optimal aging method suggested for each species.;Radiometric methods have been used to validate age estimates from teleost otoliths, shark vertebrae, and coral skeletons. The radioisotopes 210Pb and 226Ra were ineffective for age determination of dorsal fin spines, possibly due to a violation of the assumption of constant isotopic uptake, or conversely the spine may not act as a closed system.;A study of age, growth and reproductive biology of Squalus mitsukurii was conducted near Oahu, Hawaii. Age estimates ranged from 3 to 26 years for females and 6 to 23 years for males. Growth parameters estimated with multiple growth models indicated that this a K-selected species, characterized by high longevity, late maturity, and slow growth. Observed fecundity also indicated that reproductive output is low for this species.;A study of embryonic development in Centrophorus cf. niaukang and Etmopterus princeps indicated that the process of embryogenesis results in a range in organic matter depletion from the time of fertilization to parturition. Centrophorus cf. niaukang embryos showed a reduction of 19.5% in organic matter, while E. princeps embryos showed a reduction of 7.8% in organic matter over the course of embryonic development. These results indicate that at least one of these species may be matrotrophic. Observed fecundity and maturity ogives are also presented for each species.;This study on age determination, growth, and reproductive biology of several species of deep-water sharks and holocephalans indicated that these are K-selected species. Future harvest of these species should proceed with caution, as they are prone to overexploitation and localized depletion.
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Hansen, Michael C. "Microscopic chondrichthyan remains from Pennsylvanian marine rocks of Ohio and adjacent areas /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487266011222677.

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au, wwhite@murdoch edu, and William Toby White. "Aspects of the biology of elasmobranchs in a subtropical embayment in Western Australia and of chondrichthyan fisheries in Indonesia." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040510.154948.

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The first aim of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that the spatial and food resources in the nearshore waters of a subtropical embayment in Western Australia (Shark Bay) will be partitioned within and amongst the main elasmobranch species that occur in that large water body. The size and age compositions, growth rates and reproductive biology of females and males of the nervous shark Carcharhinus cautus in Shark Bay were then determined to better understand the mode of life of this abundant species in this embayment. The second aim was to determine the species and size compositions of chondrichthyans landed by fisheries employing different methods in south-eastern Indonesia. The implications of these data for management were next determined and aspects of the reproductive biology of the most abundant of those species were explored, in a very preliminary manner. The nearshore, shallow waters of Shark Bay are used as a nursery area by several shark species and the different habitats in those waters are partitioned, to a certain degree, amongst those species. Ten species of shark (5 families), five species of ray (4 families) and twelve species of teleost (10 families) were caught in those waters. Carcharhinus cautus was the most abundant species, contributing 59.9% to the total number of elasmobranchs and 42.3% to all fish caught. This species and Negaprion acutidens were collected mainly or entirely from unvegetated sites, whereas Rhizoprionodon acutus, Carcharhinus brevipinna and Chiloscyllium punctatum were caught largely or exclusively at the seagrass site. The number of elasmobranch species and number of individuals of elasmobranchs were greatest in the seagrass site and least in the unvegetated site where no vegetation was present nearby, and they were significantly less in the latter site than in the one where dense mangroves were present nearby. These two biotic variables were also significantly greater in summer and autumn than in winter when temperatures were lowest. The species composition of elasmobranchs in each habitat type almost invariably differed significantly from that in each of the other habitat types and there was evidence that the species composition of elasmobranchs varied in a similar seasonal manner at the three unvegetated sites. Carcharhinus cautus, and probably also Hemigaleus microstoma and Chiloscyllium punctatum, were the only species that completed their life cycles in the nearshore, shallow waters of Herald Bight. However, the capture of the juveniles of a further four species with umbilical scars emphasises the importance of these waters as a nursery habitat for shark species. The dietary compositions of one ray species (Rhinobatus typus) and three shark species (Carcharhinus cautus, Negaprion acutidens, Rhizoprionodon acutus) undergo size-related changes and differ among these species, thereby reducing the potential for competition for food within and among these four species. Rhinobatus typus fed almost exclusively on penaeid prawns and portunid crabs, which is reflected in its narrow dietary breadth, whereas different species of teleosts constituted a major component of the diets of each size class of the three shark species. The relative contributions of the different species of teleost to the diets of the three shark species varied. The variations in dietary composition among the four species reflect differences in behaviour, modes of feeding and relative mouth sizes. Carcharhinus cautus copulates in late October–early November, shortly followed by ovulation (and thus conception) and parturition occurs about 11 months later. The reproductive cycle of C. cautus is biennial. Female and male C. cautus reached ca 28 and 32% of their lengths at their maximum observed ages, respectively, at the time of parturition. Females and males of C. cautus attained maximum total lengths of 1330 and 1110 mm, respectively, and maximum ages after parturition of 16 and 12 years, respectively. Maturity was attained at about 1010 mm by females and 910 mm by males and at least 50% of females and males had become mature by the end of their sixth and fourth years of life, respectively. The three-parameter von Bertalanffy growth curves provided reasonably good fits to the lengths at age of females and males of C. cautus during just postnatal life and throughout the whole of pre- and postnatal life. However, the four-parameter Schnute growth curve significantly improved the fit to these data for both females and males from conception and for females from birth. The question of when, from a biological view point, it might be appropriate to switch from using a von Bertalanffy growth curve to the more complex Schnute growth curve are discussed. A total of 139 chondrichthyan species, comprising 77 species of shark representing 17 families, 61 species of ray representing 11 families and a single species of holocephalan, were recorded at the ten landing sites surveyed in south-eastern Indonesia. However, it should be recognised that up to 49 of the 139 chondrichthyan species recorded have apparently not yet been described and thus assigned a species name. The most speciose and commonly recorded families were the Dasyatidae and Carcharhinidae, which collectively contributed 84.8%, respectively, to the total number of individuals of all species. The use of MDS ordination demonstrated that the species compositions at the eight main landing sites reflected to a greater extent the fishing methods used rather than the geographical location of those sites. Data on the reproductive biology of males demonstrated that a number of elasmobranch species were fished prior to the time that they attained maturity. The three most abundant chondrichthyan species that were caught both as juveniles and adults were Dasyatis kuhlii, Dasyatis zugei and Himantura walga. Since the reproductive cycle of each of these species did not follow a seasonal pattern, the timing of conception and parturition and the duration of gestation of these species could not be determined. The fecundity of these three species was very low, i.e. maximum of two but usually only a single embryo. The size at maturity of the three species, using data on the prevalence of mature fish, ranged from minima of 163 mm for females and males of H. walga to maxima of 237 mm for females and 239 mm for males of D. kuhlii. The translucent zones on the vertebral centra of D. kuhlii were apparently deposited annually and were thus used to estimate the ages of the individuals of this species. The maximum estimated ages of female and male D. kuhlii were 15 and 10 years, respectively.
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Koot, Martha Beatrijs. "Effects of the Late Permian mass extinction on Chondrichthyan palaeobiodiversity and distribution patterns." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1584.

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The Late Permian mass extinction occurring at 252.6 ± 0.2 Ma is the most severe Phanerozoic extinction event and was preceded and followed by additional disturbances. Patterns and processes of extinction and recovery of marine vertebrates have been little studied compared to marine invertebrates. This project focuses on Chondrichthyes, which, together with other marine fish, appeared to have been relatively unaffected by the extinction, while most of their supporting ecosystem collapsed. This study explores the authenticity of extinction among chondrichthyans and possible explanations for the observed patterns, because extinction severities on the taxonomic and ecological levels may be decoupled or the quality of the fossil record may be variable. The presented analyses are based on a newly compiled database that supercedes older compilations. It is supplemented by material obtained from numerous localities globally, which includes newly described taxa. Hence, this study attempts to be the most up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of patterns and trends in chondrichthyan diversity and distribution that is currently available. The data demonstrate that, despite some variability in the Permian–Triassic chondrichthyan fossil record, the Lopingian record is shown to be of adequate completeness and, furthermore, range-through genus diversity is not significantly correlated with the number of taxonomic occurrences. Genus diversity declined from the mid-Guadalupian following an increasing extinction rate, which intensified throughout the Lopingian and thus supports a combined overall extinction as a result of the end-Guadalupian and Late Permian events. Furthermore, global distribution of chondrichthyan diversity shifted away from tropical regions and particularly the Boreal Sea gained in diversity, tracking extinction and recovery in marine benthic invertebrates in both time and space. No significant dependence of extinction on taxonomic structure or palaeoecological traits exists, which suggests proportional losses, except during the end-Smithian crisis. Also, a significant size decrease is absent among Permian/Triassic boundary-crossing taxa, suggesting selective loss of large-sized chondrichthyans rather than adaptive size decrease. Ultimately, the Hybodontiformes, Neoselachii, Xenacanthiformes and Holocephali are identified as the survivors, which possessed a varying combination of characteristics such as moderate body-size, adaptation to brackish/freshwater environments, benthic or generalist littoral (clutching) feeding behaviour, and a wide palaeogeographic range.
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Watson, Ralph Gareth Andrew. "Baited remote underwater survey of chondrichthyans in False Bay, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14022.

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Worldwide, numerous shark populations are in rapid decline due to chronic overfishing. Their slow reproductive capacity make them susceptible to extinction. To monitor the status of chondrichthyan species, the method or combination of methods used should be non-selective, applicable in a variety of habitats and under most environmental conditions. Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) surveys have shown major benefits over traditional capture-based survey methods in multiple areas. They have been shown to be non-extractive, causing no major disturbance to the substrata and its epibenthos. Large, mobile animals that avoid divers and active fishing surveys are detected. The recorded video removes the need for specialist observers to conduct all the fieldwork. The video allows impartial and repeatable measurements and standardizes data collection and training in association with remote taxonomists. The method is also cheaper than alternatives. Ninety-five sites were sampled with 60 minute video recordings across the whole of False Bay during the period of June-July 2012. Fifteen species of chondrichthyans were recorded, of which Haploblepharus edwardsii was the most abundant, being observed at 83 of 95 sites. One hour was sufficient to capture all the chondrichthyans within the observed area as the average time of arrival was about half an hour into the recording. The distribution of the chondrichthyan population was remarkably uniform across the bay. Depth, habitat and substrate type were significant predictors of species composition (P = 0.004, 0.025 and 0.001 respectively). Opportunistic encounters (one individual observed) included Carcharodon carcharias, Squalus megalops, Rhinobatos annulatus and Myliobatis aquila.
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Crozier, Paul. "The impact of fishing on populations of deep-water chondrichthyan fishes of the northeast Atlantic." Thesis, Open University, 2006. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/the-impact-of-fishing-on-populations-of-deepwater-chondrichthyan-fishes-of-the-northeast-atlantic(f2c996d4-ebfe-41b3-8577-f438e8417de6).html.

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The fishing operations of a reference fleet of French commercial deep-water bottom trawlers from Lorient operating to the west of the British Isles have been described between 1999 and 2001, and their subsequent impact on several species of deep-water chondrichthyans from the area were assessed. Landings from a three-year market sampling programme showed that the deep-water fishery is highly seasonal in nature operating at greater depths in the summer months. The depth fished by vessels is primarily related to the targeted species of the fishery. Biological data from research cruises and discard observer trips have indicated that most chondrichthyan species in this study exhibit strict baythymetric distributions. The quantity and species of chondrichthyans caught as bycatch or discarded from the fishery are therefore dependent on which targeted species is caught and at what depth, and these factors can vary considerably over a limited depth range. Data collected on the reproductive biology of these species have shown that, in most instances, deep-water chondrichthyans have extremely low reproductive rates with low fecundities, slow growth and that they mature at large sizes, suggesting that they are susceptible to overfishing. A limited analysis conducted in ICES Divison VIa between pre- and post-fishery research cruises showed a decrease in catch rates for Centroscymnus coelolepis, Centrophorus squamosus and Chimaera monstrosa by decade and gear type, suggesting that these species may be some of the most vulnerable deep-water chondrichthyans when faced with intensive commercial fishing. Nevertheless data used in multivariate models were fragmentary and unbalanced in nature, and therefore results should be treated with caution. More species-specific fisheries and biological data are required in the northeast Atlantic to provide accurate management programs for deepwater chondrichthyans.
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Hoenig, Matthew Michael James. "Chondrichthyan Diversity within the Burlington-Keokuk Fish Bed of Southeast Iowa and Northwest Illinois (Mississippian: Osagean)." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1567706794231779.

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Oliveira, Carlos. "Exploring the physiological variables of oxygen isotope composition in chondrychthyan teeth." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395647.

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Since the discoveries of vertebrate bioapatite’s ability to record oxygen isotopecomposition of ambient seawater were made (Kolodny, 1983), oxygen isotopes have beenwidely used as a climatic and oceanographic proxy. The δ18OP aquatic vertebrate apatite isa function of the δ18Ow value of the ambient water, yet “vital effects” on the δ18OP compositionhave been reported previously (Venneman et al., 2013). I have analysed δ18O compositionin the teeth of six extant shark and ray (chondrichthyan) species from the tropical ocean tankof the Blackpool Sea Life Center, UK. The teeth were naturally shed and collected from thetank substrate.Preparation of samples was performed in the Laboratory of Isotope Geology at the NaturalHistory Museum of Stockholm (Sweden), and the δ18O was measured at the NordSIM facility,using secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS) by a high precision and high spatialresolutionCAMECA IMS 1280 ion microprobe.Data treatment was followed by statistical analysis. Results show significant δ18O differencesat inter-tissue level. I could also illustrate the impact of organics-pretreatment on the finalδ18O values, with the outcome of one more favourable pretreatment for SIMS analysis. Intertaxonvariability was observed, without much statistical confidence, but I hypothesize that itmay be due to the difference in tissue crystallization and organic quantity between species.
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Pethybridge, Heidi. "Ecology and physiology of deepwater chondrichthyans off southeast Australia : mercury, stable isotope and lipid analysis." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14050/document.

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La gestion et la conservation des pêcheries sont problématiques pour la plupart des chondrichthiens; cela tient principalement au manque de données scientifiques causé par les défis logistiques impliqués par les prélèvements par grandes profondeurs. De plus, plusieurs les techniques analytiques, à l’exemple du contenu stomacal et des mesures morphologiques, demandent des quantités d’échantillons importantes difficilement obtenues. De nouvelles techniques exigent moins d'échantillons, en particulier celles mettant en oeuvre la biochimie qui sont de plus en plus utilisées pour résoudre des questions écologiques et biologiques complexes au niveau individuel et démographique des populations. Cette thèse a testé plusieurs techniques biochimiques (analyses de lipide, mercure, et isotope de carbone et azote) pour mieux comprendre les aspects de la reproduction, de l'écologie trophique, de l'amplification du mercure et de la physiologie de chondrichthiens des profondeurs. La plupart des espèces font partie de l'Ordre des Squaliformes. D'autres espèces appartiennent à différentes Familles: Chimaeridae, Rhinochimaeridae, Scyliorhinidae et Hexanchidae. Tous les échantillons ont été capturés dans les filets de pêcheurs dans les eaux du plateau continental et des marges du sud-est de l'Australie. L’analyse de la composition en lipides de différents tissus révèlent que le foie des chondrichthiens est riche en lipides (38 à 70% de la masse des tissus humides), en majeure partie des lipides neutres et des acides gras mono-saturés. Le foie est un tissu multifonctionnel, qui joue un rôle essentiel dans la distribution de la biosynthèse lipidique, le stockage de l’énergie et la régulation de la flottaison. A l’inverse, le tissu musculaire est un organe structurel, à faible concentration en lipide (<2 %) qui se compose essentiellement de lipides polaires. La composition des lipides rénaux et pancréatiques montre que leur fonctionnement métabolique est complexe. L'analyse des lipides des organes reproducteurs a révélé que l’énergie utile à la gestation chez les adultes chondrichthiens en pré-ovulation nécessite un pourcentage important de lipide (follicule ovarien 18 à 34 %). Les variations de triacylglycérols (8 à 48 %), des éthers diacylglycéryls (0,2 à 28 %) et des cires (0,5 à 20 %) ont été observées dans tous les échantillons. Ces variations impliquent l'utilisation de classes lipidiques multiples pour favoriser le développement embryonnaire. Les réserves maternelles sont différentes entre espèces ovipares et vivipares et entre les élasmobranches et les holocéphales. L’allocation la plus important de lipides est trouvée chez les requins vivant dans les environnements les plus profonds. Cette observation suggère que leur fécondité est plus faible et que leur vulnérabilité face à la pêche est plus importante. Le régime alimentaire des requins a été déterminé par des techniques complémentaires: traceurs lipidiques et analyses du contenu stomacal. 41 taxons de proie ont été identifiés. Ils étaient surtout composés de poissons et de céphalopodes du domaine demersal. En utilisant les profils des acides gras, la variabilité de la composition de nourriture a été établie pour chaque espèce en associant la signature de ces profils dans les tissus des chondrichthiens aux profils de plusieurs proies. Les deux techniques ont montré que les chondrichthiens sont des prédateurs opportunistes qui consomment une large gamme de proie. Les concentrations en mercure et sa distribution des tissus ont été examinés pour accéder à sa bioamplification dans ce type d’organisme et de déterminer des niveaux de contamination pour la consommation publique. Le mercure total (THg : toutes formes chimiques confondues) et le méthylmercure (MeHg : la forme la plus toxique et bioaccumulable) ont été dosées. Pour la plupart des espèces, les niveaux de THg étaient supérieurs au seuil maximal recommandé par les législations en vigueur dans plusieurs pays dont l’Australie (>0,1 mg kg-1 pois humide, ph) et une concentration aussi forte que 6,6 mg kg-1 (ph) a été enregistrée. L'
Analyse de spéciation a montré que le mercure est présent à plus de 91 % sous forme de MeHg, et même avec des taux supérieurs à 95 % chez les espèces des environnements les plus profonds. Les concentrations maximales en THg ont été trouvés dans les tissus musculaires (59 à 82 % de charge corporelle). Les reins et le foie possèdent aussi des taux élevés, respectivement de 0,3 à 4,2 et 0,5 à 1,5 mg kg-1 (ph), tandis que la peau enregistre les concentrations les plus faibles (> 0,3 mg kg-1, ph). Cette étude de l’organotropisme permet de conclure que les reins et le foie sont associés au métabolisme du métal, à l'élimination et au stockage à court terme, alors que le muscle est le sites le plus important du stockage du mercure à long terme. Les isotopes stables de carbone et d’azote ont été utilisés pour évaluer l'influence de la position trophique (d15N) et de la source de carbone (d13C) sur l'accumulation du THg chez les chondrichthiens. Le d15N varie entre 12,4 à 16,6 ‰ démontrant la large gamme de positions trophiques occupées par ces espèces. La variation interspécifique du d13C est quant à elle minimale (–18,7 à –17,1 ‰). Les concentrations en mercure notées chez la plupart des requins augmentent en fonction de la taille, de la position trophique (d15N) et du stade de maturité de l’animal. Dans la communauté des chondrichthiens des profondeurs on observe des taux modérés de bioamplification du mercure, ceci est révélé par la faible pente de la relation, log (THg mg kg-1 ww) = 0,2 (d15N) – 2,4 (R2 = 0,35 ; P <0,05). Le THg et les acides gras de 61 espèces appartenant aux niveaux trophiques intermédiaires ont été analysés dans le but d’étudier les régimes alimentaires des proies et la bioaccumulation de ce métal à travers la chaîne alimentaire démersale. L'utilisation intégrée de ces techniques biochimiques a fourni des données fondamentales sur la reproduction, l'accumulation en mercure et l'écologie trophique des chondrichthiens des profondeurs. La compréhension de ces fonctions est impérative non seulement pour la mise en place d’une gestion durable des pêcheries, mais aussi pour la protection des habitats des chondrichthiens et leurs écosystèmes associés
For most deepwater chondrichthyans, fisheries and conservation management is problematic, largely due to the lack of scientific data resulting from inherent logistical challenges working within deep-sea environments. Furthermore, many conventional analytical techniques (stomach content analysis and morphometrics) require large sample sizes and are often quantitatively inadequate. Thus, new and more robust methods requiring fewer specimens are needed. Biochemical ‘tracer’ techniques are increasingly being used to resolve complex ecological and biological questions at individual species and population levels. This research explored the integrated use of multiple biochemical techniques (lipid and fatty acid profiling, stable nitrogen and carbon isotope and mercury analysis) to understand aspects of the reproduction, feeding ecology, metal accumulation and physiology of deepwater chondrichthyans. Most were from the Order Squaliformes. Other species include those from the Families: Chimaeridae, Rhinochimaeridae, Scyliorhinidae and Hexanchidae. All specimens were caught as fisheries bycatch from the continental slope waters off southeast Australia. The examination of lipid composition and partitioning revealed that deepwater chondrichthyans have large, lipid rich (38–70 % wet weight, ww) livers high in neutral lipids and monounsaturated fatty acids. Liver is a multifunctional tissue, playing a vital role in lipid distribution and biosynthesis, buoyancy regulation and storage. In contrast, muscle is a structural organ, low in lipid (<2 %) and consisting primarily of polar lipids. Lipid composition of kidney and pancreas show that they, too, have complex roles in lipid metabolism and storage. Lipid analysis of reproductive tissues revealed high maternal investment in deepwater chondrichthyans as indicated by high lipid content in mature pre-ovulated ovarian follicles (18–34 %). Variable levels of triacylglycerols (8–48 %), diacylglyceryl ethers (0.2–28 %) and wax esters (0.5–20 %) were observed in all specimens, demonstrating the use of multiple lipid classes to fuel embryonic development. The maternal provisions differed between oviparous and viviparous species and between elasmobranchs and holocephalans. Greater lipid investment was displayed by sharks living in deeper environments, suggesting lower fecundity and increased vulnerability to fishing. Diet was examined by complementary lipid biomarker and traditional stomach content techniques. A total of 41 prey taxa were identified using stomach content analysis and consisted mainly of bathyal-demersal fish and cephalopods. Using multidimensional scaling analysis, the extent of variability in composition within each species was determined by grouping the signature fatty acid profiles of shark tissues with profiles for demersal fish, squid and crustaceans. Both techniques showed that deepwater chondrichthyans are opportunistic predators, and that there is some degree of specialisation and overlap between them. Total (THg) and inorganic (monomethyl, MeHg) mercury concentrations and tissue distribution were examined to determine the extent of biomagnification and evaluate levels for human consumption. Mean THg levels for most species were above the regulatory threshold (>0.1 mg kg-1 ww) and levels as high as 6.6 mg kg-1 ww were recorded. Speciation analysis demonstrated that 91% mercury was bound as MeHg with higher percentages (>95%) observed in species occupying deeper environments. Higher levels of THg were stored in muscle which accounted for between 59–82% of the total body burden of mercury. High levels were also found in kidney (0.3–4.2 mg kg-1 ww) and liver (0.5–1.5) with lower levels observed in skin (>0.3). Both the kidney and liver are likely to be associated in metal metabolism, short term storage and elimination procedures, while the muscle is the major site for long term storage. Stable isotopes were used as natural dietary tracers, to further evaluate dietary relationships and to assess the influence of trophic position (d15N) and carbon sources (d13C) on THg accumu
lation. Isotopic nitrogen (d15N) values ranged from 12.4 to 16.6 ‰ demonstrating a broad range of trophic positions. Minor variation in carbon (d13C) enrichment was observed between species (–18.7 to –17.1‰). In most shark species, mercury concentrations increased with size, trophic position (d15N), and maturity stage, but not between location or collection period. As a community, deepwater sharks demonstrated moderate rates of THg biomagnification, as indicated by the regression slope (log (THg) = 0.2 d15N – 2.4, R2 = 0·35, P < 0·05). THg and fatty acid analyses of 61 mid-trophic species were measured for their usage in studies of diet in high-order predators and mercury bioaccumulation in the extended demersal food chain. The integrated use of these biochemical techniques has provided fundamental data on the reproduction, metal accumulation and trophic ecology of deepwater chondrichthyans. Understanding these parameters is imperative not only for the implementation of sustainable management but for habitat protection of deepwater chondrichthyans and their associated ecosystems
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Books on the topic "Chondrichtyan"

1

K, Carlson John, and Goldman Kenneth J, eds. Special issue: Age and growth of chondrichthyan fishes : new methods, techniques and analysis. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.

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Carlson, John K., and Kenneth J. Goldman, eds. Special Issue: Age and Growth of Chondrichthyan Fishes: New Methods, Techniques and Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5570-6.

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Cavanagh, Rachel D. Overview of the conservation status of cartilaginous fishes (chondrichthyans) in the Mediterranean Sea. Gland, Switzerland: World Conservation Union (IUCN), 2007.

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Mi︠a︡rss, Tiĭu. Silurian and Lower Devonian thelodonts and putative chondrichthyans from the Canadian Arctic archipelago. London: Palaeontological Association, 2006.

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Maisey, John G. Braincase of the Upper Devonian shark Cladodoides wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii), with observations on the braincase in early chondrichthyans. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History, 2005.

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Hakubutsukan, Kanagawa Kenritsu. Catalogue of the chondrichthyan specimens in Gerard Ramon Case: Collection of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum = Gerard Ramon Case nankotsu gyorui kaseki hyōhon mokuroku. Yokohama-shi: Kanagawa Kenritsu Hakubutsukan, 1992.

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Jürgen Kriwet and Stefanie Klug. Chondrichthyan Fishes: Evolution of Super Predators. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2023.

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Kriwet, Jürgen, and Stefanie Klug. Chondrichthyan Fishes: Evolution of Super Predators. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.

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Pisano, Eva, Catherine Ozouf-Costaz, Fausto Foresti, and Lurdes Foresti de Almeida Toledo. Fish Cytogenetic Techniques: Ray-Fin Fishes and Chondrichthyans. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Pisano, Eva, Catherine Ozouf-Costaz, Fausto Foresti, and Lurdes Foresti de Almeida Toledo. Fish Cytogenetic Techniques - Ray-Fin Fishes and Chondrichthyans. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chondrichtyan"

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Finucci, Brittany, Charles F. Cotton, Dean R. Grubbs, K. K. Bineesh, and Teresa Moura. "Deepwater Chondrichthyans." In Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, 603–34. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003262190-19.

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Yopak, Kara E. "Advances in Chondrichthyan Neurobiology." In Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, 105–41. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003262190-4.

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Schwabe, Christian, and Erika E. Büllesbach. "Other Mammalian and Chondrichtian Relaxins." In Relaxin and the Fine Structure of Proteins, 13–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12909-8_4.

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Boisvert, Catherine A., Peter Johnston, Kate Trinajstic, and Zerina Johanson. "Chondrichthyan Evolution, Diversity, and Senses." In Heads, Jaws, and Muscles, 65–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93560-7_4.

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Walker, Terence I. "Chapter 10 Reproduction of Chondrichthyans." In Reproduction in Aquatic Animals, 193–223. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2290-1_11.

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Diogo, Rui, Janine M. Ziermann, Julia Molnar, Natalia Siomava, and Virginia Abdala. "Cephalic Muscles of Cyclostomes and Chondrichthyans." In Muscles of Chordates, 49–84. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22498-5.

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Green, Madeline E., Colin A. Simpfendorfer, and Floriaan Devloo-Delva. "Population Structure and Connectivity of Chondrichthyans." In Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, 523–43. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003262190-16.

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Whitenack, Lisa B., Sora L. Kim, and Elizabeth C. Sibert. "Bridging the Gap Between Chondrichthyan Paleobiology and Biology." In Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, 1–29. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003262190-1.

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Harry, Alastair V., Jonathan J. Smart, and Sebastián A. Pardo. "Understanding the Age and Growth of Chondrichthyan Fishes." In Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, 177–202. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003262190-6.

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Luer, Carl A., and Jennifer T. Wyffels. "Selected Topics in the Developmental Biology of Chondrichthyan Fishes." In Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, 251–88. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003262190-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chondrichtyan"

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García-Salinas, Pablo, Victor Gallego, and Juan F. Asturiano. "Reproduction Techniques Applied to Chondrichthyans Conservation." In SIBIC 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/blsf2022013019.

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Perez, Victor J. "CHONDRICHTHYAN DIVERSITY ACROSS THE EOCENE-OLIGOCENE TRANSITION OF FLORIDA." In 68th Annual GSA Southeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019se-327165.

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Zierer, Deron, Annaka M. Clement, and Lydia Tackett. "CHONDRICHTHYAN ICHTHYOLITHS SUGGEST UNEVEN GLOBAL DIVERSITY DURING THE LATE TRIASSIC." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-358427.

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Mitchell, Michaela G., C. N. Ciampaglio, David J. Peterman, Ryan Shell, Lauren J. Fuelling, and Stephen J. Jacquemin. "CHANGES IN CHONDRICHTHYAN TOOTH NICHE SPACE ACROSS THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY." In 54th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020nc-346516.

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Ivanov, A. O., S. G. Lucas, L. F. Rinehart, and J. A. Spielmann. "PENNSYLVANIAN-PERMIAN PETALODONT CHONDRICHTHYAN FROM THE BIG HATCHET MOUNTAINS, SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO." In 2007 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Geological Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2007.931.

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García-Salinas, Pablo, Victor Gallego, and Juan F. Asturiano. "Another Tool for Chondrichthyan Ex Situ Conservation: First-Time Chimaera monstrosa Sperm Cryopreservation." In SIBIC 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/blsf2022013009.

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García-Salinas, Pablo, Victor Gallego, and Juan F. Asturiano. "Another Tool for Chondrichthyan Ex Situ Conservation: First-Time Chimaera monstrosa Sperm Cryopreservation." In SIBIC 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/blsf2022013009.

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Hoenig, Matthew M. J., Ryan Shell, and Charles N. Ciampaglio. "SPATIAL VARIATION AND DIVERSITY IN CHONDRICHTHYAN ASSEMBLAGES WITHIN THE BURLINGTON-KEOKUK BONE BED (MISSISSIPPIAN, VISÉAN)." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-321112.

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Shell, Ryan C., and C. N. Ciampaglio. "A VERTEBRATE FAUNA FROM THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS OF KENTUCKY DOMINATED BY LARGE CHONDRICHTHYANS." In Joint 55th Annual North-Central / 55th Annual South-Central Section Meeting - 2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021nc-362634.

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Wilson, Fauve, Victor J. Perez, Isaac Magallanes, and Bruce J. MacFadden. "DIVERSITY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF EARLY MIOCENE CHONDRICHTHYANS FROM THE BELGRADE QUARRY (MAYSVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA)." In 68th Annual GSA Southeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019se-327185.

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Reports on the topic "Chondrichtyan"

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Bennett, Rhett, David van Beuningen, Amie Bräutigam, Markus Bürgener, Annabelle Bladon, Jeremy Kiszka, Ruth Leeney, Nicola Okes, and Melita Samoilys. Chondrichthyans of the Western Indian Ocean: Biodiversity, Fisheries and Trade, Management and Conservation. Wildlife Conservation Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19121/2022.report.44805.

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