Journal articles: 'Cholinesterase; Alzheimer's disease'

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Stahl, Stephen M. "Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease." Hospital Practice 33, no. 11 (November 15, 1998): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/hp.1998.11.117.

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Finucane, Thomas E. "Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease." Lancet 360, no. 9342 (October 2002): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11328-6.

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Schneider, Lon S. "Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease." Lancet 360, no. 9342 (October 2002): 1332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11329-8.

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Bullock, Roger. "Cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease." Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 16, no. 4 (2001): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.281.

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Euba, Rafael. "Cholinesterase inhibitors and Alzheimer's disease." Psychiatric Bulletin 30, no. 2 (February 2006): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.30.2.76-a.

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GIACOBINI, EZIO. "Cholinesterase Inhibitors Stabilize Alzheimer's Disease." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 920, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06942.x.

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Davis, Kenneth L. "Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease." Neuropsychopharmacology 11, no. 4 (December 1994): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1380115.

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Monacelli, Fiammetta, and Gianmarco Rosa. "Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Cardioprotection in Alzheimer's Disease." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 42, no. 4 (October 10, 2014): 1071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-141089.

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Hosoi, Misa, Koji Hori, Kimiko Konishi, Masayuki Tani, Hiroi Tomioka, Yuka Kitajima, Norihisa Akashi, et al. "Plasma Cholinesterase Activity in Alzheimer's Disease." Neurodegenerative Diseases 15, no. 3 (2015): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381532.

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Garcia, A., K. Thompson, K. Zanibbi, S. Geick, and R. Adams. "CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE OUTCOMES." Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 62, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/62.5.570.

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Tayeb, Haythum O., Hyun Duk Yang, Bruce H. Price, and Frank I. Tarazi. "Pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer's disease: Beyond cholinesterase inhibitors." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 134, no. 1 (April 2012): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.002.

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Schneider, Lon S. "Treatment of alzheimer's disease with cholinesterase inhibitors." Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 17, no. 2 (May 2001): 337–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0690(05)70072-0.

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Gauthier, Serge. "Cholinesterase inhibitors in late-stage Alzheimer's disease." Lancet Neurology 5, no. 6 (June 2006): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70454-9.

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Hardeland, Rüdiger. "Cognitive Enhancers in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease." Clinical Medicine Insights: Therapeutics 3 (January 2011): CMT.S6344. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmt.s6344.

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The treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease is reviewed with regard to mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, safety/tolerability, and efficacy in reducing cognitive, behavioral/psychiatric, functional and global symptoms. The cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor channel blocker memantine are moderately beneficial. Small improvements over a few months are followed by slowed mental decline. Concerning cognitive, functional and global functions, these drugs are similarly effective. Cholinesterase inhibitors also reduce apathy, memantine counteracts agitation and aggression. Serious adverse effects are rare with all four drugs. Cholinesterase inhibitors bear a risk for patients with cardiac diseases. Adverse emetic events are typical for oral formulations of these drugs, but less for rivastigmine transdermal patches. Other routes of administration and use of a galantamine prodrug are currently investigated. The superiority of combination therapies over monotherapies requires further support. Promising investigational drugs include the copper/zinc ionophore PBT2 and multifunctional hybrid molecules.

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Herrmann, Nathan. "Cognitive Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 47, no. 8 (October 2002): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370204700802.

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Objective: The objective of this paper is to review the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias and to provide evidence-based recommendations for treatment of the cognitive impairment associated with these disorders. Method: A Medline search was conducted for RCTs, using the following key words: Alzheimer's disease, dementia, therapy, cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine. Studies were critically appraised, followed by a review of published major clinical practice guidelines. Recommendations for treatment were made based on best available evidence. Results: The pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease should include the meticulous management of vascular risk factors (for example, hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol, and stroke prophylaxis) and consideration for supplementation with folate, vitamin B complex, and vitamin E. Patients should be offered at least 1 trial of a cholinesterase inhibitor, with the possibility of another trial if the first is poorly tolerated or ineffective. Patients with vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies should also be offered treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors. At this time, we lack sufficient data to recommend the use of hormone replacement or antiinflammatory therapy for treatment of dementia as the primary indication. Conclusion: Reasonable evidence exists to provide recommendations for the pharmacotherapy of dementia. Treatment will likely result in modest but important benefits to patients, caregivers, and society.

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Grossberg, George T. "Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease:." Current Therapeutic Research 64, no. 4 (April 2003): 216–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-393x(03)00059-6.

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Hogan, David B., Barry Goldlist, Gary Naglie, and Christopher Patterson. "Comparison studies of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease." Lancet Neurology 3, no. 10 (October 2004): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00883-x.

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Schneider, Lon S., and Ezio Giacobini. "Metrifonate: A Cholinesterase Inhibitor for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy." CNS Drug Reviews 5, no. 1 (June 7, 2006): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00083.x.

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Rivas-Vazquez, Rafael A. "Cholinesterase inhibitors: Current pharmacological treatments for Alzheimer's disease." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 32, no. 4 (2001): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.32.4.433.

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Korczyn, Amos D. "Treatment of advanced Alzheimer's disease with cholinesterase inhibitors." Alzheimer's & Dementia 4, no. 5 (September 2008): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2008.08.001.

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Wightman, Emma L. "Potential benefits of phytochemicals against Alzheimer's disease." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 76, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116002962.

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Our current therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease are predominantly derived from the alkaloid class of plant phytochemicals. These drugs, such as galantamine and rivastigmine, attenuate the decline in the cholinergic system but, as the alkaloids occupy the most dangerous end of the phytochemical spectrum (indeed they function as feeding deterrents and poisons to other organisms within the plant itself), they are often associated with unpleasant side effects. In addition, these cholinesterase inhibiting alkaloids target only one system in a disorder, which is typified by multifactorial deficits. The present paper will look at the more benign terpene (such asGinkgo biloba, Ginseng,Melissa officinalis(lemon balm) andSalvia lavandulaefolia(sage)) and phenolic (such as resveratrol) phytochemicals; arguing that they offer a safer alternative and that, as well as demonstrating efficacy in cholinesterase inhibition, these phytochemicals are able to target other salient systems such as cerebral blood flow, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammation, inhibition of amyloid-β neurotoxicity, glucoregulation and interaction with other neurotransmitters (such as γ-aminobutyric acid) and signalling pathways (e.g. via kinase enzymes).

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Feldman, Howard. "Treating Alzheimer's Disease With Cholinesterase Inhibitors: What Have We Learned So Far?" International Psychogeriatrics 14, S1 (February 2002): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203008639.

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For almost 90 years following the original description of Alois Alzheimer's patient and the identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Alzheimer, 1907), physicians faced the bleak prospect of observing the inexorable and relentless decline in cognition, function, and behavior with little or no opportunity for therapeutic intervention. In the last 5 years clinicians have finally been provided with a class of medications, the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, which have passed the test of efficacy and safety in the symptomatic management of AD and related dementias. With the arrival of donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine as the second generation of ChE inhibitors, a renewed and sustained interest in the diagnosis and care of AD patients might have been anticipated. However, there remains residual therapeutic nihilism and skepticism over the utility of these treatments in some quarters of the medical community and among some paying authorities. In moving forward and addressing these concerns, we must reflect carefully on the question, “What have we learned about the ChE inhibitors so far?”

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Fiore, Vincenzo, Antonia De Rosa, Paolo Falasca, Massimo Marci, Edoardo Guastamacchia, Brunella Licchelli, Vito Angelo Giagulli, Giovanni De Pergola, Antonella Poggi, and Vincenzo Triggiani. "Focus on the Correlations between Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 19, no. 5 (June 3, 2019): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530319666190311141855.

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Background: In the last decades, both diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease are constantly increasing. Affected individuals, therefore, represent an enormous problem for the society, governments and global organizations. These diseases are usually considered as independent conditions, but increasing evidence shows that there are links between these two disorders. Methods: In this review, we analyzed common features present in Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes mellitus, showing how these two diseases are strictly correlated to each other. Results: Some pathogenetic factors are shared by Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease: chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, adiponectin deficiency, different expression of plasma cholinesterase activity and vascular damage could represent a possible explanation for the coexistence of these two conditions in many patients. Conclusion: A better understanding of this issue and an appropriate management of diabetes by means of physical activity, low fat diet, and drugs to achieve a good glycemic control, avoiding both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, can represent a way to prevent cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Eady, Nicole, Rory Sheehan, Khadija Rantell, Amanda Sinai, Jane Bernal, Ingrid Bohnen, Simon Bonell, et al. "Impact of cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine on survival in adults with Down syndrome and dementia: clinical cohort study." British Journal of Psychiatry 212, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2017.21.

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BackgroundThere is little evidence to guide pharmacological treatment in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.AimsTo investigate the effect of cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine on survival and function in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.MethodThis was a naturalistic longitudinal follow-up of a clinical cohort of 310 people with Down syndrome diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease collected from specialist community services in England.ResultsMedian survival time (5.59 years, 95% CI 4.67–6.67) for those on medication (n = 145, mainly cholinesterase inhibitors) was significantly greater than for those not prescribed medication (n = 165) (3.45 years, 95% CI 2.91–4.13, log-rank test P<0.001). Sequential assessments demonstrated an early effect in maintaining cognitive function.ConclusionsCholinesterase inhibitors appear to offer benefit for people with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease that is comparable with sporadic Alzheimer's disease; a trial to test the effect of earlier treatment (prodromal Alzheimer's disease) in Down syndrome may be indicated.Declaration of interestA.S. has undertaken consulting for Ono Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. Z.W. has received a consultancy fee and grant from GE Healthcare, outside the submitted work.

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Grossberg, George T. "Rationalizing Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease." CNS Spectrums 10, S18 (November 2005): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285290001419x.

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AbstractDeficits in cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission have been linked to the symptomatology of Alzheimer's disease, and current therapies for Alzheimer's, including cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine, have been developed to compensate for these deficits. This article reviews the results of clinical trials involving agents approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (namely, ChEIs for mild to moderate Alzheimer's and memantine for moderate to severe Alzheimer's). In particular, the efficacy of current monotherapy strategies in the treatment of cognitive and functional symptoms of Alzheimer's disease will be addressed. In addition, data from a clinical trial examining the use of a ChEI in combination with memantine will also be discussed, as it has been hypothesized that ChEIs and memantine may offer synergistic benefits due to their distinct mechanisms of action.

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Oremus, Mark, Christina Wolfson, Alain C. Vandal, Howard Bergman, and Qihao Xie. "Caregiver Acceptance of Adverse Effects and Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 26, no. 3 (2007): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cja.26.3.205.

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ABSTRACTCaregivers play a determining role in choosing treatments for persons with Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this study was to examine caregivers' willingness to have persons with Alzheimer's disease continue taking cholinesterase inhibitors in the event that any 1 of 11 adverse effects was to occur. Data were gathered via postal questionnaire from 375 caregivers in Montreal. Sixty-four per cent of caregivers responded (n = 201), and most (≥59%) were willing to continue treatment if persons with Alzheimer's disease suffered from weight loss or loss of appetite. However, most (≥53%) were not willing to continue treatment in the event of headache, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, drop in blood pressure, insomnia, muscle cramps, or stomach bleeding. The use of cholinesterase inhibitors by persons with Alzheimer's disease was positively associated with caregivers' willingness to accept greater numbers of adverse effects (adjusted relative risk = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.11 to 3.61). Caregivers appear to make a risk–benefit assessment when they decide whether or not care-recipients should continue pharmacotherapy in the event of adverse effects.

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Chen, Yao, Hongzhi Lin, Jie Zhu, Kai Gu, Qi Li, Siyu He, Xin Lu, et al. "Design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of tacrine–cinnamic acid hybrids as multi-target acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease." RSC Advances 7, no. 54 (2017): 33851–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04385f.

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Sunderland, Trey, Susan Molchan, Brian Lawlor, Rick Martinez, Alan Mellow, Heidi Martinson, Karen Putnam, and François Lalonde. "A Strategy of “Combination Chemotherapy” in Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Preliminary Results with Physostigmine plus Deprenyl." International Psychogeriatrics 4, no. 4 (October 1992): 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610292001327.

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Although the central cholinergic deficits are still considered to be of primary importance in Alzheimer's disease, there is great need for an expansion of the pharmacological approach in this illness beyond the simple cholinergic replacement hypothesis. This report focuses on the concept of “combination chemotherapy” in Alzheimer's disease as the next generation of therapeutic strategies. Based on earlier positive findings in Alzheimer patients with the monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, 1-deprenyl, the authors speculate that a combination of physostigmine, the short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor, and 1-deprenyl might be more beneficial than either agent alone. The authors outline a sample paradigm for such combination studies, report preliminary data on the first 16 Alzheimer subjects to have received an initial combination of physostigmine and deprenyl, and point to other possible “combination chemotherapy” strategies for future study.

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Macdonald, Ian R., Kenneth Rockwood, Earl Martin, and Sultan Darvesh. "Cholinesterase Inhibition in Alzheimer's Disease: Is Specificity the Answer?" Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 42, no. 2 (August 28, 2014): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-140219.

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Hu, Ziheng, Lirong Wang, Shifan Ma, Levent Kirisci, Zhiwei Feng, Ying Xue, William E. Klunk, et al. "Synergism of antihypertensives and cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease." Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions 4, no. 1 (January 2018): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2018.09.001.

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Small, Gary. "73 Pharmacological rationale for cholinesterase inhibition in Alzheimer's disease." Neurobiology of Aging 33 (May 2012): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.01.091.

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Håkansson, L. "Mechanism of action of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 88, S149 (January 29, 2009): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04245.x.

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Finucane, Thomas E., and John R. Gilstad. "Should cholinesterase inhibitors be used to treat Alzheimer's disease?" Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 2, no. 3 (March 2006): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpneuro0130.

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Farlow, Martin. "A Clinical Overview of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease." International Psychogeriatrics 14, S1 (February 2002): 93–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203008688.

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This review provides an overview of the three most widely used cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors: donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine. Differences in pharmacologic profiles will be discussed, and consideration will be given to how such differences may relate to and influence the clinical efficacy and tolerability of the various agents. In addition to providing cognitive benefits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), growing clinical evidence also suggests that ChE inhibitors can produce favorable and clinically relevant effects on neuropsychiatric/behavioral disturbances and activities of daily living. Furthermore, recent data indicate that these agents may be effective at all levels of disease severity and for all rates of disease progression. The clinical utility of ChE inhibitors in a wider spectrum of dementias which share a common cholinergic deficit, such as Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and vascular dementia, is currently under investigation. Beyond symptomatic relief, data suggest that ChE inhibitors may also slow the underlying disease process. As clinical and research experience with these agents continues to accumulate, the differences in their effects will become more apparent and will help physicians tailor ChE inhibition treatment to the needs of the individual patient.

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Gillette-Guyonnet, S., S. Andrieu, F. Cortes, F. Nourhashemi, C. Cantet, P. J. Ousset, E. Reynish, H. Grandjean, and B. Vellas. "Outcome of Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Impact of Cholinesterase Inhibitors." Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 61, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.5.516.

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Luckmann, R. "Review: cholinesterase inhibitors may be effective in Alzheimer's disease." Evidence-Based Medicine 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebm.11.1.23.

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Swanwick, Gregory R. J., and Brian A. Lawlor. "Initiating and monitoring cholinesterase inhibitor treatment for Alzheimer's disease." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 14, no. 4 (April 1999): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199904)14:4<244::aid-gps917>3.0.co;2-o.

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Chaudhary, Simone, Amy Scouten, Graeme Schwindt, Rafal Janik, Wayne Lee, John G. Sled, Sandra E. Black, and Bojana Stefanovic. "Hemodynamic effects of cholinesterase inhibition in mild Alzheimer's disease." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 38, no. 1 (December 13, 2012): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.23967.

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Brady, Roseanna, and John Weinman. "Adherence to Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 35, no. 5-6 (2013): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000347140.

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Starr, John M. "CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR TREATMENT AND URINARY INCONTINENCE IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 55, no. 5 (May 2007): 800–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01143.x.

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Blais, Lucie, Fatima-Zohra Kettani, Sylvie Perreault, Jean-Christophe Leroux, AmÃ©lie Forget, and Marie-Jeanne Kergoat. "ADHERENCE TO CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS IN PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57, no. 2 (February 2009): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02075.x.

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Small, Gary, and Roger Bullock. "Defining optimal treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease." Alzheimer's & Dementia 7, no. 2 (November 9, 2010): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2010.03.016.

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De Wit, J. E., M. H. Emmelot-Vonk, and H. L. Koek. "Predictors of effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease." European Geriatric Medicine 3 (September 2012): S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2012.07.380.

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Oremus, Mark, Christina Wolfson, Howard Bergman, and Alain C. Vandal. "Physicians' Efficacy Requirements for Prescribing Medications to Persons with Alzheimer's Disease." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 26, no. 2 (2007): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cja.26.2.139.

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ABSTRACTPhysicians (N = 803) were contacted via postal survey and given two sets of efficacy measures for drug treatments in Alzheimer's disease: (a) the time that patients spend in a mild or moderate state of disease; (b) levels of modification to disease progression in the areas of cognition, behaviour, and mood, and ability to perform basic activities of daily living. Physicians reported that they would prescribe a hypothetical, new Alzheimer's disease medication if it would allow patients to remain in their current disease state for 15 (mild) or 11 (moderate) additional months. Most physicians required a permanent halt to, or some reversal of, disease progression as a prerequisite for prescribing; a few required substantial reversal. More stringent efficacy requirements were negatively associated with physicians' current prescribing of cholinesterase inhibitors to persons with Alzheimer's disease, although the effects were either small (odds ratio = 0.99) or not statistically significant at the 5 per cent level. The results suggest that physicians with stringent efficacy requirements for clinically relevant efficacy measures are less likely to prescribe cholinesterase inhibitors.

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Khadka, Sandhya, Rajesh Basnet, Sandeep Shrestha, Yuchun Wang, and Radheshyam Gupta. "Acetyl cholinesterase: a potential target for Alzheimer’s disease intervention." Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 7, no. 2 (September 12, 2020): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v7i2.31130.

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Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline. The role of treatment is not limited to pharmacology, but also involves many factors, such as the psychological, social, and economic aspects of the patient and family. It is important to consider the use of AChe inhibitors in patients with mild to moderate AD, despite cost issues and in the absence of any other immediate progression. Although there are allots of currently available inhibitor for acetyl cholinesterase but there is no selective potent inhibitor for AD. so, there is an urgent need discover of compounds that are active against Acetyl cholinesterase, along with there is need of molecular modeling for identifying functional groups that may be important for inhibiting Acetyl cholinesterase activity.

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Chen, Yao, Hongzhi Lin, Hongyu Yang, Renxiang Tan, Yaoyao Bian, Tingming Fu, Wei Li, Liang Wu, Yuqiong Pei, and Haopeng Sun. "Discovery of new acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors through structure-based virtual screening." RSC Advances 7, no. 6 (2017): 3429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25887e.

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Mehta, Mona, Abdu Adem, and Marwan Sabbagh. "New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/728983.

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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remains a highly viable target for the symptomatic improvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD) because cholinergic deficit is a consistent and early finding in AD. The treatment approach of inhibiting peripheral AchE for myasthenia gravis had effectively proven that AchE inhibition was a reachable therapeutic target. Subsequently tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine were developed and approved for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Since then, multiple cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) continue to be developed. These include newer ChEIs, naturally derived ChEIs, hybrids, and synthetic analogues. In this paper, we summarize the different types of ChEIs in development and their respective mechanisms of actions. This pharmacological approach continues to be active with many promising compounds.

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Herrmann, Nathan. "Treatment of Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Trial Design." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 34, S1 (March 2007): S103—S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100005667.

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Moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by increasing cognitive, functional, and behavioural dysfunction that results in increased caregiver burden and, eventually, complete dependence. Despite its significance as a societal health problem, there are few treatment trials of cognitive enhancers or disease modifying agents for this stage of illness. Studies suggest the cholinesterase inhibitors, especially donepezil, may provide benefit. Several studies provide support for the use of the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine as monotherapy or added to a cholinesterase inhibitor for moderate to severe AD. While there are no published guidelines for the treatment of moderate to severe AD, these studies do provide guidance for recommendations for study design and outcome measures. Such studies are urgently needed.

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Nguyen, Kevin, Heidi Hoffman, Binu Chakkamparambil, and George T. Grossberg. "Evaluation of rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease." Neurodegenerative Disease Management 11, no. 1 (February 2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nmt-2020-0052.

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Dementia is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in older adults, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) being the most common cause. AD has a significant impact on economic and psychosocial status. Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are currently the mainstay in the management of AD. Rivastigmine is the only ChEI that inhibits both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes in the brain. This dual inhibition makes it potentially more effective for AD patients. Its availability as both a transdermal formulation and oral capsule, may improve adherence rates and care giver satisfaction compared with other ChEIs. To date, the data from randomized clinical trials and post marketing observational studies have shown evidence for an impact on cognitive functions in AD with good safety and tolerability.

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Kabir, Md Tanvir, Md Sahab Uddin, Mst Marium Begum, Shanmugam Thangapandiyan, Md Sohanur Rahman, Lotfi Aleya, Bijo Mathew, Muniruddin Ahmed, George E. Barreto, and Ghulam Md Ashraf. "Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: Multitargeting Strategy Based on Anti-Alzheimer's Drugs Repositioning." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 33 (November 19, 2019): 3519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666191008103141.

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Abstract:

: In the brain, acetylcholine (ACh) is regarded as one of the major neurotransmitters. During the advancement of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cholinergic deficits occur and this can lead to extensive cognitive dysfunction and decline. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remains a highly feasible target for the symptomatic improvement of AD. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remains a highly viable target for the symptomatic improvement in AD because cholinergic deficit is a consistent and early finding in AD. The treatment approach of inhibiting peripheral AChE for myasthenia gravis had effectively proven that AChE inhibition was a reachable therapeutic target. Subsequently tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine were developed and approved for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Since then, multiple cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) have been continued to be developed. These include newer ChEIs, naturally derived ChEIs, hybrids, and synthetic analogues. In this paper, we summarize the different types of ChEIs which are under development and their respective mechanisms of actions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cholinesterase; Alzheimer's disease'

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