Academic literature on the topic 'Cholangiocarcinoma CD'

Caroli's Disease (CD) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. This report describes a patient with cholangiocarcinoma arising in the setting of monolobar CD. In spite of detailed investigations including biliary enteric bypass and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, the diagnosis of mucinous cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) was not made for almost one year. The presentation, diagnosis and treatment of monolobar CD and the association between monolobar CD and biliary tract cancer are discussed. Hepatic resection is the treatment of choice for monolobar CD.

Summary: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutations (mIDH1) are common in cholangiocarcinoma, but their exact mechanisms in cholangiocarcinoma initiation and maintenance are unclear. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Wu and colleagues identify immune suppression via TET2 inactivation as the primary means by which mIDH1 maintains cholangiocarcinoma survival, leading to an efficacious new combination of mIDH1 inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade targeting regulatory T cells. See related article by Wu et al., p. 812 (9).

Abstract Background: Radiotherapy in cholangiocrcinoma has to overcome organ tolerance of the upper abdomen. Hi-technology radiotherapy may improve conformity and reduce dose to those organ. Objective: Quantitatively compare the dosimetry of conformal dynamic arc radiotherapy (CD-arcRT) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Material and methods: Eleven cases of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma were re-planned with IMRT and CDarcRT at King Chulalongkhorn Memorial Hospital between 20 September 2004 and 31 December 2005. Both the planning techniques were evaluated using the dose volume histogram of the planning target volume and organ at risk. The conformation number and dose to critical normal structures were used to determine the techniques. Results: IMRT technique was significantly conformed to the planning target volume than CD-arcRT in term of conformation number. For critical structure, IMRT significantly reduced the radiation dose to liver in terms of mean liver dose, V30Gy and V20Gy of the right kidney. Conclusion: The advantage of IMRT was more conformity and reduced dose to critical structure compared with CD-arcRT, but there was no difference between these techniques in terms of V20Gy of left kidney and maximum dose to the spinal cord.

Caroli's disease (CD) is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by dilatation of intra-hepatic bile ducts, recurrent cholangitis, formation of calculi inside these ducts with normal extra hepatic ducts and higher risk for cholangiocarcinoma. Association of this disease with congenital hepatic fibrosis is named as Caroli's syndrome. We reported 30 years old women with recurrent epigastric pain for 2 years with normal Liver function Test however involving both lobes of liver who developed cholangiocarcinoma approximately 6 months later. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2012, Vol-8, No-3, 51-54 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v8i3.8685

Abstract Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutations (mIDH1) are common in cholangiocarcinoma. (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate generated by the mIDH1 enzyme inhibits multiple α-ketoglutarate–dependent enzymes, altering epigenetics and metabolism. Here, by developing mIDH1-driven genetically engineered mouse models, we show that mIDH1 supports cholangiocarcinoma tumor maintenance through an immunoevasion program centered on dual (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate–mediated mechanisms: suppression of CD8+ T-cell activity and tumor cell–autonomous inactivation of TET2 DNA demethylase. Pharmacologic mIDH1 inhibition stimulates CD8+ T-cell recruitment and interferon γ (IFNγ) expression and promotes TET2-dependent induction of IFNγ response genes in tumor cells. CD8+ T-cell depletion or tumor cell–specific ablation of TET2 or IFNγ receptor 1 causes treatment resistance. Whereas immune-checkpoint activation limits mIDH1 inhibitor efficacy, CTLA4 blockade overcomes immunosuppression, providing therapeutic synergy. The findings in this mouse model of cholangiocarcinoma demonstrate that immune function and the IFNγ–TET2 axis are essential for response to mIDH1 inhibition and suggest a novel strategy for potentiating efficacy. Significance: Mutant IDH1 inhibition stimulates cytotoxic T-cell function and derepression of the DNA demethylating enzyme TET2, which is required for tumor cells to respond to IFNγ. The discovery of mechanisms of treatment efficacy and the identification of synergy by combined CTLA4 blockade provide the foundation for new therapeutic strategies. See related commentary by Zhu and Kwong, p. 604. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 587

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis (CHF) is caused by mutations in PKHD1, a gene encoding for fibrocystin, a protein of unknown function, expressed in cholangiocyte cilia and centromers. In CHF, biliary dysgenesis is accompanied by severe progressive portal fibrosis and portal hypertension. The mechanisms responsible for portal fibrosis in CHF are unclear. The αvβ6 integrin mediates local activation of TGFβ1 and is expressed by reactive cholangiocytes during cholestasis. To understand the mechanisms of fibrosis in CHF we studied the expression of αvβ6 integrin and its regulation in Pkhd1del4/del4 mice. METHODS: In Pkhd1del4/del4 mice we studied, at different ages (1-12 months): a) portal fibrosis (Sirius Red) and portal hypertension (spleen weight/body weight); b) αvβ6 mRNA and protein expression (RT-PCR, IHC); c) α-SMA and TGFβ1 mRNA expression (RT-PCR); d) portal inflammatory infiltrate (IHC for CD45 and FACS analysis of whole liver infiltrate); f) cytokines secretion from cultured monolayers of primary cholangiocytes (Luminex assay); g) cytokine effects on monocyte/macrophage proliferation (MTS assay) and migration (Boyden chamber); h) TGFβ1 and TNFα effects on β6 integrin mRNA expression by cultured cholangiocytes before and after inhibition of the TGFβ receptor type II (TGFβRII); i) TGFβ1 effects on collagen type I (COLL1) mRNA expression by cultured cholangiocytes. RESULTS: Pkhd1del4/del4 mice showed a progressive increase in αvβ6 integrin expression on biliary cyst epithelia. Expression of αvβ6 correlated with portal fibrosis (r=0.94, p<0.02) and with enrichment of a CD45+ve cell infiltrate in the portal space (r=0.97, p<0.01). Gene expression of TGFβ1 showed a similar age-dependent increase. FACS analysis showed that 50-75% of the CD45+ve cells were macrophages (CD45/CD11b/F4/80+ve). Cultured polarized Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes secreted from the basolateral side significantly increased amounts of CXCL1 and CXCL10 (p<0.05). Both cytokines were able to stimulate macrophage migration (p<0.05). Basal expression of β6 mRNA by cultured Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes (0.015±0.002 2^-dCt) was potently stimulated by the macrophage-derived cytokines TGFβ1 (0.017±0.002 2^-dCt, p<0.05) and TNFα (0.018±0.003 2^-dCt, p<0.05). Inhibition of TGFβRII completely blunted TGFβ1 (0.014±0.003 2^-dCt, p<0.05) but not TNFα effects (0.017±0.001 2^-dCt, p=ns) on β6 mRNA. COLL1 mRNA expression by cultured Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes (0.0009±0.0003 2^-dCt) was further and significantly increased after TGFβ1 stimulation (0.002±0.0005 2^-dCt, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes possess increased basolateral secretory functions of chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL10) able to orchestrate macrophage homing to the peribiliary microenvironment. In turn, by releasing TGFβ1 and TNFα, macrophages up-regulate αvβ6 integrin in Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes. αvβ6 integrin activates latent TGFβ1, further increasing the fibrogenic properties of cholangiocytes.