Journal articles on the topic 'Chocolate Composition'
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1
Jabeen, Mussarat, Marryam Imran, Ayesha Nawab, Ayesha Ihsan, Amna Ajmal, Sadia Mubeen, Sajida Parveen, Wania Adan, Ansa Madeeha Zafar, and Noreen Aslam. "Physicochemical Analysis of Different Brands of Chocolates and Their Comparative Studies." FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/fcs.v1i2.7.
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There is no metaphysics on earth like chocolate.” Chocolate is a blessing which contain almost all nutrients necessary for the growth of human health. In this study, composition of different branded chocolates available in Pakistan including Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Toblerone (sweet), Nutella, Smarties, Now, Sonnet, Novella and Snickers were qualitatively analyzed in triplicate. We successfully study proteins, fats, carbohydrates, sugar, alcohol, caffeine, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and nickel in different branded chocolates. From the results it is confirmed that pH of all chocolates are 6-9 depend on the concentration of cocoa which is same as reported in literature. All the chocolates contain high amount of fats, sugar and carbohydrates. Protein is present in excess amount in Chocolate chips and Snickers while Smarties, Sonnet and Novella contain small amount of protein but absent in rest of chocolate samples. None of the chocolate sample contain traces of alcohol. All chocolates contain calcium except Nutella, Now and Toblerone (black) while magnesium is only present in Smarties. All chocolates contain nickel except Sonnet and Now, zinc is absent in Sonnet, Now, Smarties and Nutella whileiron is only present in Dairy milk and chocolate chips. Some samples like Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Snickers and Toblerone (sweet) contain traces of caffeine which act as stimulant and reduced liver damage. From the given results it is also confirmed that chocolates contain important ingredients which are helpful for proper body functioning.
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Kowalski, Radosław, Marek Rosochacki, Jakub Wyrostek, and Muhammad Torequl Islam. "Evaluating the Quality of Raw Chocolate as an Alternative to Commercial Products." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031274.
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The aim of this presented study was the sensory evaluation, the analysis of the nutritional composition, and the analysis of the content of health-promoting ingredients, i.e., the total phenolic compounds and the total flavonoids, in raw chocolate (made exclusively from unroasted cocoa beans, cane sugar, and cocoa butter) in comparison to classic commercial chocolates available in the consumer market. The research showed that raw chocolate, compared to commercial chocolates, contained less carbohydrates (39.6% in raw chocolate and 42.7% and 53.7% in commercial chocolate, respectively), was characterized by a higher content of total phenolic compounds (22.08 mg GAE/g in raw chocolate and 9.25 and 7.87 mg GAE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively), had a a higher content of total flavonoids (8.75 mg ECE/g in raw chocolate and 4.43 mg/g and 3.83 mg ECE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively), and also had a higher total antioxidant activity (172.16 μM TE/g in raw chocolate and 132.60 and 63.76 μM TE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively). In the sensory assessment, raw chocolate received lower ranks than commercial chocolates, especially in the case of the most important discriminant in the entire evaluation, i.e., taste, which was unquestionably related to the lower content of carbohydrates. However, currently, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of sugar, which, when excessively present in the diet, is the cause of many diseases. However, in the sensory evaluation for the criteria “external appearance—shape” and “external appearance—surface condition,” the raw chocolate received the highest marks.
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Lončarević, Ivana, Biljana Pajin, Jovana Petrović, Ivana Nikolić, Nikola Maravić, Đurđica Ačkar, Drago Šubarić, Danica Zarić, and Borislav Miličević. "White Chocolate with Resistant Starch: Impact on Physical Properties, Dietary Fiber Content and Sensory Characteristics." Molecules 26, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 5908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195908.
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Resistant starch (RS) is a part of insoluble dietary fiber, and it could be recognized as a functional food ingredient in some types of confectionery products that lack dietary fiber. Unlike dark and milk chocolate, white chocolate does not contain fat-free cocoa solids rich in dietary fiber. In the present study, 5%, 10%, and 15% of white chocolate were substituted with RS in order to improve the nutritional value of enriched white chocolate. The influence of RS on rheological, textural, and thermal properties of the chocolate fat phase was firstly investigated, and then further influence on physical properties, dietary fiber content, and sensory characteristics of enriched white chocolates were investigated. The obtained results showed that enriched chocolates had increased content of total dietary fiber and reduced total fats and protein content in accordance with the added amount of RS. At the same time, RS increased viscosity and reduced the hardness and volume mean diameter in enriched chocolates in accordance with the added amount. RS improved the nutritional composition of white chocolate by increasing the content of dietary fiber. At the same time, RS did not impair the color and sensory characteristics of enriched white chocolates.
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Beards, Emma, Kieran Tuohy, and Glenn Gibson. "A human volunteer study to assess the impact of confectionery sweeteners on the gut microbiota composition." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 5 (April 7, 2010): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510001078.
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Sweeteners are being sourced to lower the energetic value of confectionery including chocolates. Some, especially non-digestible carbohydrates, may possess other benefits for human health upon their fermentation by the colonic microbiota. The present study assessed non-digestible carbohydrate sweeteners, selected for use in low-energy chocolates, for their ability to beneficially modulate faecal bacterial profiles in human volunteers. Forty volunteers consumed a test chocolate (low-energy or experimental chocolate) containing 22·8 g of maltitol (MTL), MTL and polydextrose (PDX), or MTL and resistant starch for fourteen consecutive days. The dose of the test chocolates was doubled every 2 weeks over a 6-week period. Numbers of faecal bifidobacteria significantly increased with all the three test treatments. Chocolate containing the PDX blend also significantly increased faecal lactobacilli (P = 0·00 001) after the 6 weeks. The PDX blend also showed significant increases in faecal propionate and butyrate (P = 0·002 and 0·006, respectively). All the test chocolates were well tolerated with no significant change in bowel habit or intestinal symptoms even at a daily dose of 45·6 g of non-digestible carbohydrate sweetener. This is of importance not only for giving manufacturers a sugar replacement that can reduce energetic content, but also for providing a well-tolerated means of delivering high levels of non-digestible carbohydrates into the colon, bringing about improvements in the biomarkers of gut health.
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Fayeulle, Noémie, Sébastien Preys, Jean-Michel Roger, Renaud Boulanger, Clotilde Hue, Véronique Cheynier, and Nicolas Sommerer. "Multiblock Analysis to Relate Polyphenol Targeted Mass Spectrometry and Sensory Properties of Chocolates and Cocoa Beans." Metabolites 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10080311.
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Chocolate quality is largely due to the presence of polyphenols and especially of flavan-3-ols and their derivatives that contribute to bitterness and astringency. The aim of the present work was to assess the potential of a quantitative polyphenol targeted metabolomics analysis based on mass spectrometry for relating cocoa bean polyphenol composition corresponding chocolate polyphenol composition and sensory properties. One-hundred cocoa bean samples were transformed to chocolates using a standard process, and the latter were attributed to four different groups by sensory analysis. Polyphenols were analyzed by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system hyphenated to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. A multiblock method called a Common Component and Specific Weights Analysis (CCSWA) was used to study relationships between the three datasets, i.e., cocoa polyphenols, chocolate polyphenols and sensory profiles. The CCSWA multiblock method coupling sensory and chocolate polyphenols differentiated the four sensory poles. It showed that polyphenolic and sensory data both contained information enabling the sensory poles’ separation, even if they can be also complementary. A large amount of variance in the cocoa bean and corresponding chocolate polyphenols has been linked. The cocoa bean phenolic composition turned out to be a major factor in explaining the sensory pole separation.
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Godočiková, Lucia, Eva Ivanišová, Grzegorz Zaguła, Luis Noguera-Artiaga, Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina, Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski, and Miroslava Kačániová. "Antioxidant Activities and Volatile Flavor Components of Selected Single-Origin and Blend Chocolates." Molecules 25, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 3648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163648.
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The biological activity of chocolates gains more and more attention of consumers. Its antioxidant properties depend, among other factors, mainly on the origin of cocoa and the characteristics that this origin gives to the final product. Therefore, the aim of the study was to measure and compare the total content of polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and key odorants of commercial chocolates made from blend cocoa with single-origin ones. The highest content of polyphenols was found in 90% blend cocoa chocolate and single-origin samples, while the lowest content was exhibited by 100% chocolate from blend cocoa mass. The highest antioxidant activity measured by 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays was observed in the sample of chocolate with 90% cocoa solids from blend mass, followed by single-origin chocolates. A high positive correlation between ABTS assay and the total polyphenol and phenolic acids’ content, as well as among the total content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids was found. Mineral composition analysis showed that dark chocolate is a valuable source of some elements, especially Mg, Fe, and Zn. Potentially toxic elements were not detected or below permitted limits. Moreover, it was noticed that the main volatile compound in all tested samples was acetic acid, but pyrazines were considered the most important group of chocolate odorants.
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Barišić, Veronika, Jovana Petrović, Ivana Lončarević, Ivana Flanjak, Drago Šubarić, Jurislav Babić, Borislav Miličević, Kristina Doko, Marijana Blažić, and Đurđica Ačkar. "Physical Properties of Chocolates Enriched with Untreated Cocoa Bean Shells and Cocoa Bean Shells Treated with High-Voltage Electrical Discharge." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052620.
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Recently, the enrichment of chocolate has become a very interesting topic, along with the management of food industry by-products, such as cocoa shells. Cocoa shells could be a great raw material for the cocoa industry, both for economical reasons (maximized utilization of cocoa beans) and for their functional properties (increased fiber content). In this research, we used untreated and high-voltage electrical discharge (HVED)-treated cocoa shells in the production of chocolate. Different proportions of cocoa mass were replaced with cocoa shells to produce dark and milk chocolates in a ball mill. Additionally, dark chocolate with 15% and milk chocolate with 5% of shells were chosen for further research and to study the alteration of the composition. The rheology, particle size distribution, hardness, and color were determined for all the prepared samples. Treated cocoa shells provided chocolates with inferior physical properties compared to chocolates with untreated shells. Therefore, untreated cocoa shells were selected for further analysis. The addition of both treated and untreated cocoa shells resulted in softening and darkening of samples, which could have a positive effect for consumers. On the other hand, the particle size distribution and rheology were negatively affected. Further research is needed to find a solution for these problems.
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Barišić, Veronika, Milica Cvijetić Stokanović, Ivana Flanjak, Kristina Doko, Antun Jozinović, Jurislav Babić, Drago Šubarić, Borislav Miličević, Ines Cindrić, and Đurđica Ačkar. "Cocoa Shell as a Step Forward to Functional Chocolates—Bioactive Components in Chocolates with Different Composition." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 5470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225470.
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Chocolate is considered as both caloric and functional food. Its nutritional properties may be improved by addition of fiber; however, this may reduce polyphenols content. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of cocoa shell addition (as a source of fiber) and its combination with different ingredients (cocoa butter equivalents (CBE), emulsifiers, dairy ingredients) on polyphenols of dark and milk chocolates. Total polyphenol (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined spectrophotometrically, identification and quantification of individual compounds by high pressure liquid chromatography and antioxidant capacity by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Results showed that even though addition of cocoa shell to chocolate results in reduced contents of TPC, TFC, and individual compounds, it is not significant compared to ones reported by other authors for commercial chocolates. Other ingredients influence determined values for all investigated parameters; however, additional research is needed to reveal exact mechanisms and implications.
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Divya, V., D. Baskaran, and K. S. Gnanalaksshmi. "Standardization of Optimal Level of Coconut Variants in Chocolates Based on Consumer Acceptance." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 5, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.5.1.05.
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A study was carried out to produce chocolates from coconut variants viz, coconut oil, coconut cream and coconut milk as a substitute for cocoa butter. The chocolate prepared with 40% cocoa butter was taken as control. The preliminary trials were conducted with different composition of ingredients for the optimization of the level of substitution of coconut variants. Cocoa butter substituted at the levels of 10 %, 20 % and 30 % by coconut oil, coconut cream and coconut milk respectively were optimized based on the consumer acceptance. The raw materials used in the fabrication of chocolate were subjected to analysed for Peroxide value (PV), Acid Value (AV) and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content and were found to have desirable oxidative stability.
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Polynkova, N. E. "MARKET, CONSUMER PREFERENCES AND COMPETITIVENESS ESTIMATION OF CHOCOLATE." Education and Science without Limits: Fundamental and Applied Researches, no. 10 (November 25, 2019): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36683/2500-249x-2019-10-209-212.
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In the article the analysis of Russian chocolate market is carried out. Consumer chocolate preferences are studied and its competitiveness is estimated. Increase in the share of chocolate market is revealed. It is noted, that the most significant characteristics of chocolate for consumers are flavour and composition naturalness.
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Zaric, Danica, Biljana Pajin, Ivana Loncarevic, Jovana Petrovic, and Marijana Stamenkovic-Djokovic. "Effects of the amount of soy milk on thermorheological, thermal and textural properties of chocolate with soy milk." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 46 (2015): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1546115z.
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Chocolate is a two-phase rheological system. The solid phase, consisting of non-fat cocoa particles, sugar and soy milk is wrapped in a fat phase - cocoa butter. Physical, thermal, textural and organoleptic properties of chocolate depend on the composition of the ingredients, manufacturing process and a properly conducted pre-crystallization phase. For this study, two chocolate masses were produced in a ball mill: one with 15% of soy milk powder (R1) and the other with 20% of soy milk powder (R2). The chocolate mass was produced at different milling times (30, 60 and 90 min), and pre-crystallization temperature (26, 28 and 30oC). The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes caused by different amounts of soy milk powder on the quality of the chocolate. The quality of chocolate was evaluated by comparing the nutritional composition, hardness, thermorheological and thermal properties of the chocolate mass. The results show that chocolate mass R2, due to the presence of higher amounts of soy milk proteins, should be milled longer, and also needs lower temperatures for pre-crystallization.
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de Oliveira, Leandra Natália, Jesus Coelho de Renata Castro, Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira, and Luiz Fernando C. de Oliveira. "Lipid Characterization of White, Dark, and Milk Chocolates by FT-Raman Spectroscopy and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 1598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.15-083.
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Abstract There are few studies about different types of chocolate and their chemical characterization by Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipid profile of different types of Brazilian chocolate through characterization by FT-Raman spectroscopy and identification and quantification of major fatty acids (FAs) by CZE to confirm FT-Raman spectrometry results. It was found that the main spectroscopic profile difference of the chocolate samples analyzed was related to the presence of saturated or unsaturated FAs. Well defined bands at approximately 1660, 1267, and 1274 cm–1 corresponding to vibrational modes of unsaturated FAs (UnFAs) were found only in the spectra of samples with cocoa butter in their composition according to label specifications, mainly in dark chocolate samples. The FA identification and quantification by CZE found the presence of stearic (18:0) and palmitic (16:0) acids as the major saturated FAs in all chocolate samples. Dark chocolate samples showed the highest levels of oleic (cis-9 18:1) and linoleic (cis, cis -9,12 18:2) UnFAs monitored and the lowest levels of 14:0 in their chemical composition. Samples coded as 02 (with not only cocoa butter in their composition according to label) had the highest levels of 14:0 (FA not present in cocoa butter composition) corresponding to label information and inferring the presence of other fat sources, called cocoa butter substitutes, mainly for milk and white chocolate samples. This study suggests FT-Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique that can be used to chemically characterize the chocolate lipid fraction, and CZE is a tool able to confirm Raman spectroscopy results and identify and quantify the major FAs in chocolate samples.
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Biczó, V., A. Fekete, and R. Scherer. "Influence of composition and storage conditions on chocolate hardness and heat resistance." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/progress.9.2013.3.
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The EU Chocolate Directive 2000/36/EC allows the use of the vegetable fats CBEs and CBIs up to a maximum of 5% in chocolate. Manufacturers and users must know how this has an influence on the properties of chocolate. The objective of the work reported here was to find out by systematic investigations, which effect CBEs/CBIs have on the quality parameters, hardness and heat resistance of chocolate. The influence on the hardness was tested also under extreme practical storage conditions. The quality monitoring was performed up to one year. For the determination of the heat resistance the penetrometric method was used in the temperature range 25–32 °C measuring the maximum loading force, occurring during the penetration of a cylindrical probe of 2 mm diameter with 4 mm penetration. The correlation between the average maximum loading force, relevant to the hardness of chocolate, and the temperature can be described by a linear regression at 95% confidence level. Statistical analyses (correlation analysis, residual analysis, Durban-Watson statistic) showed that it is possible to define the heat resistance of solid chocolate in the temperature range of 25–32 °C by the slope and the ordinate intercept of the regression line of the loading force vs. temperature for given parameters (composition, storage, experimental layout, etc.). For the determination of the hardness of the chocolate also the penetrometric method was used to measure the maximum loading force occurring during the penetration of a needle probe with 2 mm deformation. The hardness of the chocolate samples determined with the penetrometric method and statistical analysis (One-Way, Two-Way Analysis of Variance, Dunnett’s comparisons) is significantly dependent on the composition and storage conditions, where the storage conditions are the dominant factor. The results show that the differences in hardness between the chocolate samples with CBE/CBI and those without CBE/CBI, both stored in the cellar (cold storage), are marginal. After one week of storage the sample with CBI has nearly the same hardness as the standard sample with CB, whereas the sample with CBE was slightly softer. The differences are slightly clearer for the northern storage room (moderate temperature) and for the southern room (warm temperature). After a definite storage time the hardness of all samples increased and was in the case of the southern storage room (warm temperature) up to twice as high. The quality monitoring up to one year showed that the reason for this increase in hardness is not a special storage time but the increasing temperatures with the beginning of the warm season and the cyclic change of the temperature during day and night. So an explanation for this unexpected increase in hardness can be a thermocyclic hardening of the chocolate samples under these storage conditions.
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Mirković, Milica, Sanja Seratlić, Kieran Kilcawley, David Mannion, Nemanja Mirković, and Zorica Radulović. "The Sensory Quality and Volatile Profile of Dark Chocolate Enriched with Encapsulated Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Bacteria." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 2570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082570.
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Cocoa and dark chocolate have a wide variety of powerful antioxidants and other nutrients that can positively affect human health. Probiotic dark chocolate has the potential to be a new product in the growing number of functional foods. In this study, encapsulated potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 564 and commercial probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299v were added in the production of dark chocolate. The results show very good survival of probiotic bacteria after production and during storage, reaching 108cfu/g in the first 60 days and over 106cfu/g up to 180 days. No statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in chemical composition and no major differences in the volatile profiles between control and experimental chocolate samples were observed, indicating no impact of probiotic bacteria on compositional and sensory characteristics of dark chocolate. The sensory evaluation of control and both probiotic dark chocolate samples showed excellent sensory quality after 60 and 180 days of storage, demonstrating that probiotics did not affect aroma, texture and appearance of chocolate. Due to a high viability of bacterial cells and acceptable sensory properties, it can be concluded that encapsulated probiotics Lb. plantarum 564 and Lb. plantarum 299v could be successfully used in the production of probiotic dark chocolate.
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Zaric, Danica, Biljana Pajin, Marica Rakin, Zita Seres, Ljubica Dokic, and Jelena Tomic. "Effect of soya milk on nutritive, antioxidative, reological and textural properties of chocolate produced in a ball mill." Chemical Industry 65, no. 5 (2011): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110525045z.
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Chocolate is a complex rheological system in which non-fat cocoa particles and sugar particles are enveloped by crystal matrix of cocoa butter. Physical properties of chocolate depend on ingredient composition, method of production and properly performed pre-crystallization phase. In this work, chocolate was produced in an unconventional way, i.e. in a ball mill applying variable refining time (30, 60 and 90 min) and pre-crystallization temperature in chocolate masses (26, 28 and 30?C). Two types of chocolate were produced: chocolate with 20% of powdered cow?s milk (R1) and chocolate with 20% of soya milk powder (R2). The quality of chocolate was followed by comparing nutritive composition, 23 polyphenol content, hardness of chocolate, solid triglyceride content (SFC) and rheological parameters (Casson yield flow (Pa), Casson viscosity (Pas), the area of the thixotropic loop, elastic modulus and creep curves). The aim of this paper is determining changes caused by replacing cow?s milk with soya milk powder in respect of nutritive, rheological and sensory properties, as well as defining optimal parameters: precrystallization temperature and refining time of soya milk chocolate in order to obtain suitable sensory and physical properties identical to those of milk chocolate mass. The results show that replacing powdered cow?s milk with soya milk powder affects the increase in nutritive value of soya milk chocolate. R2 chocolate mass showed the increase in essential amino acids and fatty acids. This chocolate mass also showed the increase in total polyphenols by 28.1% comparing to R1 chocolate mass. By comparing viscosity, yield stress, shear stress and the area of the thixotropic loop, it can be observed that R1 chocolate mass represents a more organized and simpler system than the mass with soya milk (R2), as it shows lower values for all the above mentioned parameters, regardless of the refining time and pre-crystallization temperature. Viscoelastic behavior of R2 is also evident, as a consequence of soya protein presence. In order to maintain optimal hardness as well as melting resistance of chocolate, in case of R2 chocolate mass it is necessary to apply pre-crystallization temperature of 26?C, while for the chocolate mass R1 it is 30?C.
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Linovskaya, N. V., E. V. Mazukabzova, O. S. Rudenko, and T. V. Savenkova. "Justification of unconventional protein-containing raw materials for the construction of milk chocolate formulas with increased biological value." Vestnik MGTU 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2020-23-3-205-213.
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Milk chocolate is particularly popular with different age groups. It is characterized by low protein content with a large amount of fats and carbohydrates determining the food imbalance of the product. In conditions of high-grade animal proteins deficiency the selection of high-quality protein-containing ingredients for food production is very relevant. The aim of this work is to study the protein adequacy of various components of milk chocolate to enhance its biological value. The amino acid scale method has been used to assess the biological value of proteins; it is based on the determination of amino acid (chemical) score. It has been found that the limiting biological value amino acid for classical white raw ingredients of milk chocolate (cocoa products and milk powder) is methionine + cysteine. For constructing chocolate formulas with increased biological value it is advisable to use protein-containing raw materials (whey protein concentrate, oat flour, etc.) to compensate for the limiting amino acids. The indicator of amino acids utilitarianity of proteins of raw milk chocolate components has been calculated. On the basis of the utilitarian index we have established the coefficient of utilitarian of the amino acid composition of the raw materials characterizing essential amino acids' balance. We have determined the biological value of protein and the amino acid composition imbalance coefficient. It has been found that the amino acid composition of milk and whey protein concentrates is most balanced compared to the amino acid composition of traditional protein-containing raw components of milk chocolate. The limiting acid of whey protein concentrate is valine, which makes its use in the manufacture of chocolate products more attractive compared to milk protein concentrate (the limiting amino acid is methionine + cysteine). In the group of vegetable non-conventional raw materials oat and buckwheat flour are characterized by the best indicators of biological value. The amino acid adequacy of oat flour is comparable to the qualitative protein indicators of cocoa products, the limiting amino acid is lysine. Buckwheat flour is characterized by the smallest imbalance in amino acid composition, which distinguishes the proteins of this raw material with the highest degree of digestibility compared with the proteins of all the studied protein-containing components of milk chocolate.
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Zaric, Danica, Biljana Pajin, Ivana Loncarevic, Zita Seres, Ljubica Dokic, and Dragana Soronja-Simovic. "The impact of manufacturing process on the content of hard triglycerides, hardness and thermal properties of milk chocolate." Chemical Industry 66, no. 5 (2012): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120210024z.
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The rheological and physical properties of the chocolate mass depend on the ingredient composition as well as the manufacturing process. For the purpose of this work, a milk chocolate mass of identical composition and raw materials was manufactured by using the two different manufacturing processes: a standard manufacturing process (SM) in five-roller mills including conching, and an unconventional manufacturing process in a ball mill (R1). The quality of both milk chocolate masses was examined by the comparison of thermal (differential scanning calorimetry analysis), textural properties (texture analysis), and the content of hard triglycerides (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy). The main goal of this work was to determine whether chocolate can be produced in a ball mill, using the manufacturing process which results in significant savings, without causing drastic changes to the chocolate physical properties. The new manufacturing process rationalises the standard method by combining two phases, namely conching, and refining into a single one. This results in reduced initial and maintenance costs, as well as costs of workforce and fuel, etc. The results have shown that the new chocolate manufacturing process has a positive impact on texture and thermal properties, while the content of hard triglycerides remains the same.
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Zaric, Danica, Biljana Pajin, Ivana Loncarevic, Dragana Soronja-Simovic, and Zita Seres. "The impact of the manufacturing process on the hardness and sensory properties of milk chocolate." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 43 (2012): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1243139z.
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The aim of this paper was to examine the impact of the manufacturing process on the textural characteristics and sensory properties of milk chocolate. The research was conducted on the samples of chocolate produced in a ball mill during 30, 60 and 90 minutes of refining, each of them being pre-crystallized at 26, 28 and 30?C. A chocolate mass of identical ingredient composition was also produced using a standard manufacturing process at the same pre-crystallization temperatures. Chocolate hardness was examined using a piece of equipment called Texture Analyser, measuring the stress intensity which leads to chocolate crushing. Sensory analysis was performed using the point scoring method. The new manufacturing process, i.e. the manufacturing of chocolate in a ball mill improves sensory properties and hardness of milk chocolate.
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Borchers, Andrea T., Carl L. Keen, Sandra M. Hannum, and M. Eric Gershwin. "Cocoa and Chocolate: Composition, Bioavailability, and Health Implications." Journal of Medicinal Food 3, no. 2 (June 2000): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/109662000416285.
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Poliński, Szymon, Sylwia Kowalska, Patrycja Topka, and Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak. "Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant Extracts." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 5523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185523.
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In this study, dark chocolates (DCh) containing zinc lactate (ZnL) were enriched with extracts from elderberries (EFrE), elderflowers (EFlE), and chokeberries (ChFrE) to improve their functional properties. Both dried plant extracts and chocolates were analyzed for antioxidant capacity (AC) using four different analytical methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), while total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) assay. An increase in antioxidant properties of fortified chocolates was found, and the bioaccessibility of their antioxidants was evaluated. The highest AC and TPC were found in ChFrE and chocolate with chokeberries (DCh + ChFrE) before and after simulated in vitro digestion. Bioaccessibility studies indicated that during the simulated digestion the AC of all chocolates reduced significantly, whereas insignificant differences in TPC results were observed between chemical and physiological extracts. Moreover, the influence of plant extracts on physicochemical parameters such as moisture content (MC), fat content (FC), and viscosity of chocolates was estimated. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy with dispersive energy spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to analyze surface properties and differences in the chemical composition of chocolates without and with additives.
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Susin, Renato Cesar, Renata Mior, and Vera Maria da Costa Dias. "Fatty acid and sodium contents of commercial milk chocolate – analytical aspects and nutritional information." Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 18, no. 2 (June 2015): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.5914.
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SummaryChocolate consumption is usually associated with enjoyment, milk chocolate desserts being a very popular choice. Besides, the literature provides data suggesting health benefits for chocolate products as compared to non-chocolate candies. However, the lipid composition of cocoa and its commercial products has yet to be completely elucidated and understood, although much research has been carried out with this objective. Contributions to this objective frequently face difficulties in the field of Analytical Chemistry due to the complexity of the composition of such a food. On the other hand, the sodium content of foods is currently a major concern. Thus, this work aims to provide information concerning the composition of commercial milk chocolate in terms of its fatty acid profile and sodium content. To achieve this purpose, analytical adjustments and improvements to the methodology were made and described in this paper. Sodium (FAAS) and a total of 50 fatty acids (GC-FID) were determined in eight samples of milk chocolate bars from different manufacturers. The samples were purchased from retailers in Porto Alegre – Brazil. In the determination of the fatty acids, possible losses during methylation deserved special attention and were studied. Nevertheless, large differences were not found in comparison with the nutritional facts declared on the label. However, the results obtained for sodium demonstrated the importance of food inspection, considering the discrepancies found.
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Linovskaya, N. V., and E. V. Mazukabzova. "Development of milk chocolate technology with specified properties." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-4-113-121.
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The composition of milk chocolate is unbalanced, it has high energy value, contains a lot of added sugar with low protein content. The paper studies and substantiates the criteria for the production of milk chocolate with non-traditional protein-containing components. Tasting evaluation of milk chocolate with replacement of part of sugar for whey protein concentrate, buckwheat, oat flour and pea protein isolate in various combinations showed favorable differences between the model samples and the control. The analysis of rheological properties of model milk chocolate masses has shown that the introduction of unconventional protein-containing ingredients instead of sugar leads to a significant change in the rheological behavior of the product. The plastic viscosity increases from 4.4 to 10 Pa ?s depending on the type of introduced components. In order to determine the influence of the production method on the change in the plastic viscosity of milk chocolate masses, a series of experiments were carried out. t was found that at constant values: the content of the unconventional component (10%) in the recipe, the temperature and time of processing in the conche-machine, the chocolate masses differed in their rheological characteristics. It was found out that the greatest reduction of plastic viscosity of milk chocolate masses with unconventional ingredients in the composition can be achieved by their step-by-step conching and two-stage emulsifier – lecithin injection. The quality of chocolate masses is also determined by their crystallization properties. Milk chocolate masses with various non-traditional protein-containing ingredients were processed at a temperature of about 30.0°C in a laboratory tempering machine in order to form and stabilize ?-form fat crystals. Then they were determined by their temperindex. It was found that if the same conditions of tempering were observed, the temperindex of different milk chocolate masses was different. In order to obtain the optimal temperindex, we have worked out the tempering modes of milk chocolate masses, which will make it possible to obtain products with a stable structure and without traces of "graying" throughout the shelf life.
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Korcari, Dea, Alberto Fanton, Giovanni Ricci, Noemi Sofia Rabitti, Monica Laureati, Johannes Hogenboom, Luisa Pellegrino, Davide Emide, Alberto Barbiroli, and Maria Grazia Fortina. "Fine Cocoa Fermentation with Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria: Fermentation Performance and Impact on Chocolate Composition and Sensory Properties." Foods 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12020340.
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Cocoa fermentation is a central step in chocolate manufacturing. In this research, we performed controlled fermentations of a fine cocoa variety to evaluate the impact of adjunct cultures of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation parameters, chemical composition, and sensory profile of fine cocoa and chocolate. Improved fermentation processes were carried out at the Centre for the Integral Transformation of Cacao (CETICO) in Dominican Republic. Two strains of LAB, previously isolated from cocoa, and belonging to Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans and Furfurilactibacillus rossiae species, were employed. Fermentation parameters, protein, peptide and free amino acid profiles of the fermented cocoa and volatile molecules were determined. Sensory analysis of the derived chocolate was also carried out. The obtained results indicated that the addition of the adjunct cultures influences the proteolytic processes and the free amino acid profile. Finally, the adjunct cultures increased the complexity of the flavour profile of the chocolate as they received a higher score for descriptors commonly used for fine chocolate, such as honey and red fruits. The results obtained showed that the selected strains can be an added value to the development of specific flavours that are desirable at industrial level.
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Daniati, Hanna, R. A. Mochammad Deval, and Ridwan Iskandar. "Manual Brew House Blend Coklat khas Indonesia." Tourism Scientific Journal 6, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32659/tsj.v6i1.118.
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Experimental research in the form of making house blend chocolate by using chocolate originating from Indonesia, namely Java Srawana, Lampung Pesawaran and Sulawesi Celebes using the Manual Brew method using cezve tools. The goal is to get aspects of the original chocolate flavor image from chocolate blend and add interesting experiences in drinking original chocolate from Indonesia. The research method used is an experimental research method. By making 3 house blend chocolate recipes and tested on 50 panelists. The data collection method is carried out by distributing questionnaires to panelists. Data analysis methods used were organoleptic test, Variant Analysis (ANOVA) and t test, Tukey Ba, with the help of Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS.22 software (Statistical Product for Service Solution). The results of this study were obtained, house blend chocolate with the composition of Lampung Pesawaran 6gr, Java Srawana 6gr and Sulawesi Celebes 8gr, received by all panelists from the aspects of aroma, flavor, acidity, bitterness, astringent (taste), caramelly, creamy, texture. Produces a real chocolate flavor with a banana-flavored sweet and slightly bitter, then accompanied by the smell of vanilla.
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Ros-Haniza, B., and S. Mamot. "Effects of Chocolates Using Low Calorie Cocoa Butter Substitutes on Rat’s Plasma Profile and Determination of Sn-1,3 Position." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 30, no. 1&2 (December 18, 2017): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.351.
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The present study sought to determine the effectiveness of newly developed low calorie chocolate using modified fat through enzymatic interesterification process as cocoa butter substitute of male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 35) compared to cocoa butter as control. Body weight gains did not differ significantly (p>0.05) in all the test groups fed with chocolates which were using different types of fats. Triacylglycerol and cholesterol test showed no significant difference (p>0.05) for all treatment samples. in this study, a pancreatic lipase hydrolysis was performed to determine the fatty acid composition of the sn-2 position of the structure lipids.
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Qaiser, Asif A., Rabia Nazar, Mehroz Anjum, Anem Saeed, Muhmmad Zeeshan, Basil Tahir, Muhammad Muzaffar, and Naima Jameel. "Effects of composition, temperature and shear rate on chocolate milk rheology: an empirical modeling approach incorporating yield behavior." International Journal of Food Engineering 17, no. 7 (June 18, 2021): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2019-0289.
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Abstract This study elucidates the effects of composition and temperature on the rheological behavior of chocolate milk formulation. The fat [0.5, 1 and 1.5 g] and xanthan gum contents [0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 g] varied and shear stress-strain rate data were recorded at varying temperature [21.4, 65 and 80 °C]. All compositions showed predominantly a pseudoplastic behavior [i.e., pseudoplasticity index, n < 1] with a strong influence on composition and temperature. Three semi-empirical rheological models, i.e. Power-law, Herschel–Bulkely, and Casson models were fitted on the data using an in-house developed computer program for the best statistical fit. The pseudoplasticity index [n] varied with the composition that initially decreased with temperature and subsequently increased. The other model parameters such as consistency index [k], Casson and Herschel–Bulkely yield stress, and Casson viscosity [at a specified rate i.e., 34.7 s−1] were computed through model fitting and correlated to the microstructural changes inside the fluid keeping in view the composition and temperature. This study helps in correlating chocolate milk processing and quality control based on complex microstructure to the rheological parameters measured at simulated temperatures and shear rates.
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Çelik, Kıvılcım, Pelin Günç Ergönül, and Simge Çelik. "Innovative approaches in functional chocolate production." Food and Health 8, no. 3 (2022): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/fh22023.
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Chocolate; It is a foodstuff obtained by using cocoa products, sugars and/or sweeteners, milk or dairy products and additives and/or flavorings permitted in the Turkish Food Codex Regulation. Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa), the raw material of chocolate, positively affects heart health, due to the minerals, polyphenols, and high antioxidant activity. Functional foods are foods that do not contain synthetic components and have health and well-being promoting properties as well as nutritious effects. For a food to be functional, it must contain factors such as bioactive components, probiotic microorganisms and prebiotic substances. Today, consumers to be healthier to their nutrition and turn to products with reduced fat and calorie content. Since chocolate is a high-calorie food with its high fat and sucrose ratio, its consumption is at a low rate. To positively affect human health, functional chocolate is produced by using probiotic microorganisms, adding ingredients such as inulin, polydextrose, sweeteners, different fat substitutes to it, reducing the amount of sugar and fat, and increasing the antioxidant capacity. In this review, the developments in chocolate production from year to year, what is functional chocolate, studies on functional chocolate and the health aspect of chocolate composition are examined.
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Wilaisri Limphapayom. "Study on Chocolate Production from Coconut Oil and Palm Oil Shortening." CORD 29, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v29i2.85.
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Chocolate is a well-known dessert all over the world. The original chocolate is made from cocoa products: cocoa bean and cocoa butter. Research and Development on low-fat chocolate process were conducted for value addition of coconut oil and Thai fruit. This chocolate processing study composed of (1) coconut oil fractionation, (2) chocolate formulation and (3) shelf-life storage determination. Accordingly, fatty acids composition of the blend of coconut fat and palm oil shortening were determined. It was found that the said product composed of Caproic acid 0.47±0.12%, Caprylic acid 5.65±0.31%, Capric acid 5.14±0.14%, Lauric acid 42.56±0.28%, Myristic acid 16.31±0.18%, Stearic acid 14.55±0.13%, Oleic acid 9.26±0.17%, and Linoleic acid 2.16±0.35%. The saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids found in this product were 88.57±0.14% and with 11.42±0.81%, respectively. The range of melting point is 260C-330C and oxidative stability is 14.2 to 16.7 hours. The chocolate formula of pale and dark chocolate 1kg composed of coconut fat, palm oil shortening, and lecithin as emulsifier in same amounts such as 250g, 100g, and 0.5g. However, icing sugar and defatted cocoa powder are in different amounts; the icing sugar in pale chocolate and dark chocolate is 350g and 450g while the defatted cocoa powder in pale chocolate and dark chocolate is 200g and 300 g, respectively. These chocolate products have physical properties similar to the chocolate products produced from cocoa butter. The shelf life of these products is 3 months.
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Mazukabzova, Ella V. "TARGETED CHANGE IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MILK CHOCOLATE." Food systems 4, no. 3S (September 30, 2021): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2021-4-3s-188-192.
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Kinta, Yasuyoshi, and Tamao Hatta. "Composition and Structure of Fat Bloom in Untempered Chocolate." Journal of Food Science 70, no. 7 (September 2005): s450—s452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11491.x.
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Buchgraber, Manuela, Simona Androni, E.-M. Berndt, I. Kaufmann-Horlacher, A. Lomnitz, R. Matissek, R. Maurer, et al. "Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Milk Fat and Cocoa Butter Equivalents in Milk Chocolate: Interlaboratory Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 1326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.5.1326.
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Abstract A collaborative trial was conducted to validate an analytical approach comprising method procedures for determination of milk fat and the detection and quantification of cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs) in milk chocolate. The whole approach is based on (1) comprehensive databases covering the triacylglycerol composition of a wide range of authentic milk fat, cocoa butter, and CBE samples and 947 gravimetrically prepared mixtures thereof; (2) the availability of a certified cocoa butter reference material for calibration; (3) an evaluation algorithm, which allows reliable quantitation of the milk fat content in chocolate; (4) a subsequent correction to take account of the triacylglycerols derived from milk fat; (5) mathematical expressions to detect the presence of CBEs in milk chocolate; and (6) a multivariate statistical formula to quantitate the amount of CBEs in milk chocolate. Twelve laboratories participated in the validation study. CBE admixtures were detected down to a level of 0.5 g CBE/100 g milk chocolate, without false-positive or -negative results. The applied quantitation model performed well at the statutory limit of 5 CBE addition to milk chocolate, with a prediction error of 0.7, and HorRat values ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. The relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR) values for quantitation of CBEs in analyses of chocolate fat solutions ranged from 2.2 to 3.8 and for analyses of real chocolate samples, from 4.1 to 4.7, demonstrating that the whole approach, based solely on chocolate fat blends, is applicable to real milk chocolate samples.
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Zugravu, Corina, and Marina Ruxandra Otelea. "Dark Chocolate: To Eat or Not to Eat? A Review." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 1388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.5.1388.
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Abstract Dark chocolate is not the most popular chocolate; the higher concentration in antioxidants pays tribute to the increment in bitterness. The caloric density of dark chocolate is potentially lower but has a large variability according to recipes and ingredients. Nevertheless, in the last decade, the interest in dark chocolate as a potential functional food has constantly increased. In this review, we present the nutritional composition, factors influencing the bioavailability, and health outcomes of dark chocolate intake. We have extracted pro- and counter-arguments to illustrate these effects from both experimental and clinical studies in an attempt to solve the dilemma. The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory abilities, the cardiovascular and metabolic effects, and influences on central neural functions were selected to substantiate the main positive consequences. Beside the caloric density, we have included reports placing responsibility on chocolate as a migraine trigger or as an inducer of the gastroesophagial reflux in the negative effects section. Despite an extensive literature review, there are not large enough studies specifically dedicated to dark chocolate that took into consideration possible confounders on the health-related effects. Therefore, a definite answer on our initial question is, currently, not available.
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Eskandari, Mozhgan, Babak Hooshmand Moghadam, Reza Bagheri, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Elham Eskandari, Michael Nordvall, Frédéric Dutheil, and Alexei Wong. "Effects of Interval Jump Rope Exercise Combined with Dark Chocolate Supplementation on Inflammatory Adipokine, Cytokine Concentrations, and Body Composition in Obese Adolescent Boys." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103011.
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We examined the effects of six weeks of dark chocolate supplementation combined with interval jump rope exercise (JRE) on inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and body composition in obese adolescent boys. Forty-eight obese adolescent boys (age = 15.4 ± 1.1 years and body mass index = 32.2 ± 2.4 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into one of four groups: JRE + white chocolate (JW; n = 13), JRE + dark chocolate supplementation (JD; n = 13), dark chocolate supplementation (DS; n = 12), or control (C; n = 12). Participants in JW and JD groups performed JRE for three times per week for six weeks. Participants in the DS and JD groups consumed 30 g of dark chocolate containing 83% of cocoa. Body composition, pro-inflammatory cytokines ((hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6), adipokines (leptin, resistin, RBP-4, chemerin, MCP-1), and anti-inflammatory adipokines (irisin, adiponectin)) were evaluated prior to and after the intervention trials. All three intervention trials significantly (p < 0.05) decreased body mass, waist-hip ratio, fat mass, hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, resistin, RBP-4, and MCP-1, and increased irisin and adiponectin concentrations. The improvements in these parameters were greater in the JD group, and additionally, chemerin concentrations decreased only in the JD group. JD enhanced adiponectin concentrations and decreased IL-6 concentrations compared to C. Moreover, JD significantly reduced chemerin concentrations, an effect not observed in any of the other interventions. We demonstrated that dark chocolate supplementation potentiated JRE-induced decreases in body mass, WHR, FM, hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, resistin, RBP-4, and MCP-1, chemerin as well as increases irisin and adiponectin concentrations in obese adolescent boys. Therefore, JRE combined with dark chocolate supplementation could be a beneficial in reducing obesity-induced inflammation in adolescent boys.
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Yazdekhasti, Narges, Corinna Brandsch, Frank Hirche, Julia Kühn, Anke Schloesser, Tuba Esatbeyoglu, Patricia Huebbe, Siegfried Wolffram, Gerald Rimbach, and Gabriele I. Stangl. "Impact of chocolate liquor on vascular lesions in apoE-knockout mice." Clinical Science 131, no. 20 (October 13, 2017): 2549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20170279.
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Cocoa polyphenols are thought to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, cocoa-containing foods may have significant health benefits. Here, we studied the impact of chocolate liquor on vascular lesion development and plaque composition in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein E (apoE)-knockout mice were assigned to two groups and fed a Western diet that contained 250 g/kg of either chocolate liquor or a polyphenol-free isoenergetic control paste for 16 weeks. In addition to fat, protein, and fibers, the chocolate liquor contained 2 g/kg of polyphenols. Compared with the control group, mice fed the chocolate liquor had larger plaque areas in the descending aorta and aortic root, which were attributed to a higher mass of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and collagen. Vascular lipid deposits and calcification areas did not differ between the two groups. The aortic tissue level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA was 5-fold higher in the mice fed chocolate liquor than in the control mice. Chocolate-fed mice exhibited an increased hepatic saturated to polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio than the controls. Although the chocolate liquor contained 14 µg/kg of vitamin D2, the chocolate liquor-fed mice did not have measurable 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in the serum. These mice even showed a 25% reduction in the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 compared with the control mice. Overall, present data may contribute to our understanding how chocolate constituents can impact vascular lesion development.
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Tuenter, Emmy, Maria E. Sakavitsi, Andrés Rivera-Mondragón, Nina Hermans, Kenn Foubert, Maria Halabalaki, and Luc Pieters. "Ruby chocolate: A study of its phytochemical composition and quantitative comparison with dark, milk and white chocolate." Food Chemistry 343 (May 2021): 128446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128446.
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Dudarev, Igor, Svitlana Panasyuk, and Iryna Taraymovich. "Innovative Technology of Chocolate Covered Multi Layered Chips." Restaurant and hotel consulting. Innovations 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2616-7468.5.1.2022.260886.
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Topicality. The assortment of chips in the world market and technologies of their production are analyzed in this article. The main tendency of chips market is the growing demand for products from local natural raw materials, which retain all the nutrients to the highest degree. Therefore, it is important to elaborate a technology for chips production, which is supposed to combine traditional methods of processing raw materials with some new technological solutions. As a result, an innovative product with various combinations of raw materials, as well as a high caloric content, can be obtained by this new technology. Aim and methods. The aim of the study is to substantiate and develop the technology of chocolate covered multi layered chips. Organoleptic research methods, the method of expert evaluations and the calculation method for determining quality and quantity indicators of chips are used to achieve the set purpose. Results. The organoleptic properties of chocolate covered multi layered chips are studied. It is obtained that chips have different shapes and sizes. The color of the chips surface depends on the composition of glaze and raw materials. Chips have a faint smell of chocolate and a sweet or sweet-sour taste. The inner layers of chips do not have a crispy and brittle consistency. In this research, some means of chips value quality indicators are calculated, their nutritional and energetical value is determined. Conclusions and discussion. It is obvious that adding berry powder to chocolate glaze improves taste properties of chips, the color of their surface and look in total. Chocolate covering of chips makes it possible to high their caloric content. The compositions of chips containing apple and berry powder have the highest values of quality, and the compositions of chips containing carrot and zucchini have the lowest ones. The scientific novelty of obtained results lies in the production technology elaboration of chocolate covered multi layered chips. The practical significance of the study results can be used in the expansion of chips assortment.
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Goloviznin, I. V., and A. V. Ryzhakova. "The role of the main ingredients of chocolate in the formation of its beneficial properties for the consumer." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 8 (July 5, 2021): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2108-04.
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Chocolate is the most staple and consumed confectionery product in Russia and the world. The determination of the beneficial properties of such a product as chocolate is an important and regular process of food institutions in every country, since new lines of already well-known manufacturers and new manufacturers with an innovative assortment are added to the retail assortment. Today, it is very relevant and important to understand the impact of new products on human health. In this regard, in order to provide complete information on a specific product, it is necessary to know its composition, ingredients and their effect on the body separately and within the framework of a specific product. Along with its beneficial properties, chocolate can also affect health negatively. It is necessary to understand the mechanism of the effect of chocolate on human health when consumed and to assess the risks that may arise subsequently after its active consumption.
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Machálková, Lenka, Luděk Hřivna, Artsiom Ruban, Eva Sapáková, and Veronika Rumíšková. "Effect of Recipe and Production Technology of Chocolate Products on Their Quality During Storage." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 1 (2017): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765010091.
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The effect of four storage temperature modes (6, 12, 20 and 30 °C) on sensory properties of chocolate products and their colour changes in the experiment over a period of 6 months. The results were evaluated with regard to the production technology and composition of chocolate products. The experiment was performed on filled milk chocolate product called Orion Pistachio made in four versions such as a standard containing cocoa mass of 35 % referred to retempered variant (RS) and not treated by retempering (NS variant) and with higher proportion of cocoa mass (45 %) stated as retempered variant (R45) and not treated by retempering (N45 variant). Retempering means the exposure of products for 24 hours at 24 °C immediately after the production and packaging. The results show that the technology of retempering can effectively increase the resistance of chocolate products to the fat bloom as reflected in the improved colour stability. Sensory most acceptable products were stored at 6 and 12 °C throughout the experiment.
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Fitriani Nur, U. A., M. Yusuf, Pirman, Syahriati, and S. Rahmiah. "Physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of chocolate spread fortified with jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flour." Food Research 4, no. 6 (September 14, 2020): 2147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).262.
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Chocolate spread is often considered as an unhealthy product with low antioxidant activity and phenolic content since it does not contain cocoa liquor. This research aimed to investigate the potential on the physicochemical composition and antioxidant activity of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flour and red palm olein in the chocolate spread formulations. The effect of the jack fruit and red palm olein incorporation on the quality attributes and high nutritional value of chocolate spread was also examined. Physicochemical properties of the fortified chocolate spread, as well as the evaluation of physical parameters in the chocolate spread, were investigated. Melting points were analyzed by DSC (Differential scanning calorimeter) method, colour lightness was analyzed by chromameter hunter method, profile bioactive compound was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and whilst for viscosity by Brookfield Viscometer method. The analysis results obtained that the sample code F5 (10% jackfruit flour: 26% sugar) contains of 43.47% fat, 0,88% free fatty acids, polyphenol 127 mg/g, 160.16 mg/g carotenoids, 42.75 μg/mL antioxidant activity IC50, and 6.19 degree of acidity per 100 g chocolate spreads and high panelists preference. However, the fortified chocolate spread had different characteristics from each other either in the chemical, physical or sensory properties. The best formulation code is F5 with 10% jackfruit flour, fortification significantly increased the antioxidant activity, carotenoid, polyphenols, viscosity, colour and melting points. Additionally, chocolate spread with 10% of jackfruit flour by-product presented the highest-ranking test rate of the three sensory attributes of aroma, taste and texture. Therefore, the use of jackfruit by-products in the development of chocolate spread is a viable alternative which can be explored for nutritional, technological and sensory purposes by the food industry.
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Cempaka, Laras, Tubagus Emir Abdul Hakim, and Wayudi David. "Consumer Acceptance on Chocolate Drink Made with a Mixture of Commercial Cocoa Powder and Unfermented Cocoa Powder." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 37, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i2.479.
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Cocoa is one of the foods that contains polyphenol-rich compounds that act as antioxidants. The processing of cocoa into chocolate products generallycauses a decrease in the number of polyphenols. In the development of chocolate beverage products, it is necessary to evaluate sensory evaluation. The purposeof this study was to determine consumer acceptance, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of chocolate drinks made from commercial cocoa powderadded with unfermented cocoa powder. Seventy-five panellist (17-23 years old) contributed to the consumer acceptance of four samples of chocolate drinks witha ratio of commercial cocoa powder: unfermented cocoa powder = 100%:0%, 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%. The sample than was analyzed for its antioxidantactivity using the ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The results showed that the sample witha composition of 100% commercial fermented cocoa had the highest value on each sensory attribute. It had the highest TPC (321.235 mg gallic acid equivalent),antioxidant activity (982 ppm), and inhibition percentage (46%), respectively. Addition of the unfermented cocoa powder composition showed a decrease in the level ofconsumer preference. However, the addition did not significantly affect the total phenolic content, but slightly increased the antioxidant activity. The use of unfermentedcocoa powder for mixing components that are not processed standardly has not been well received by consumers, proper processing of unfermented cocoa powderis required if the polyphenol compound is desired.
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Trucksess, Mary W., Thomas B. Whitaker, Andrew B. Slate, Kristina M. Williams, Vickery A. Brewer, Paul Whittaker, and James T. Heeres. "Variation of Analytical Results for Peanuts in Energy Bars and Milk Chocolate." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.4.943.
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Abstract Peanuts contain proteins that can cause severe allergic reactions in some sensitized individuals. Studies were conducted to determine the percentage of recovery by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in the analysis for peanuts in energy bars and milk chocolate and to determine the sampling, subsampling, and analytical variances associated with testing energy bars and milk chocolate for peanuts. Food products containing chocolate were selected because their composition makes sample preparation for subsampling difficult. Peanut-contaminated energy bars, noncontaminated energy bars, incurred milk chocolate containing known levels of peanuts, and peanut-free milk chocolate were used. A commercially available ELISA kit was used for analysis. The sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances associated with each step of the test procedure to measure peanut protein were determined for energy bars. The sample preparation and analytical variances were determined for milk chocolate. Variances were found to be functions of peanut concentration. Sampling and subsampling variability associated with energy bars accounted for 96.6% of the total testing variability. Subsampling variability associated with powdered milk chocolate accounted for >60% of the total testing variability. The variability among peanut test results can be reduced by increasing sample size, subsample size, and number of analyses. For energy bars the effect of increasing sample size from 1 to 4 bars, subsample size from 5 to 20 g, and number of aliquots quantified from 1 to 2 on reducing the sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variance was demonstrated. For powdered milk chocolate, the effects of increasing subsample size from 5 to 20 g and number of aliquots quantified from 1 to 2 on reducing sample preparation and analytical variances were demonstrated. This study serves as a template for application to other foods, and for extrapolation to different sizes of samples and subsamples as well as numbers of analyses.
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Tkeshelashvili, M. E., G. A. Bobozhonova, N. P. Kosheleva, and G. O. Magomedov. "Development of the composition of chocolate mass that resistant to bloom." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2017-1-209-214.
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Goya, Luis, John Edem Kongor, and Sonia de Pascual-Teresa. "From Cocoa to Chocolate: Effect of Processing on Flavanols and Methylxanthines and Their Mechanisms of Action." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 14365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214365.
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Despite the health benefits associated with the ingestion of the bioactive compounds in cocoa, the high concentrations of polyphenols and methylxanthines in the raw cocoa beans negatively influence the taste, confer the astringency and bitterness, and affect the stability and digestibility of the cocoa products. It is, therefore, necessary to process cocoa beans to develop the characteristic color, taste, and flavor, and reduce the astringency and bitterness, which are desirable in cocoa products. Processing, however, affects the composition and quantities of the bioactive compounds, resulting in the modification of the health-promoting properties of cocoa beans and chocolate. In this advanced review, we sought to better understand the effect of cocoa’s transformational process into chocolate on polyphenols and methylxanthine and the mechanism of action of the original flavanols and methylxanthines. More data on the cocoa processing effect on cocoa bioactives are still needed for better understanding the effect of each processing step on the final polyphenolic and methylxanthine composition of chocolate and other cocoa products. Regarding the mechanisms of action, theobromine acts through the modulation of the fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and energy metabolism pathways, while flavanols mainly act though the protein kinases and antioxidant pathways. Both flavanols and theobromine seem to be involved in the nitric oxide and neurotrophin regulation.
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Saranov, I. A., O. B. Rudakov, and K. K. Polansky. "Differential scanning calorimetry of cocoa butter and chocolate glaze." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 2 (September 18, 2020): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-2-154-160.
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Nowadays there is a wide market for cocoa butter equivalents, substitutes and improvers for the confectionery and dairy industries. An urgent task is the development of operational instrumental methods for cocoa butter and its substitutes quality control. Thermophysical parameters are among the most important characteristics of the fat phase for the food technology. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is becoming one of the most promising methods for analytical control of fat and oil products. Thermophysical data (temperatures of the maximums of endothermic peaks and their areas) for cocoa butter and chocolate glaze typical samples applied at dairy processing enterprises of the Central black soil region for the production of chocolate glazed curd bars were obtained in the work performed with its help. DSC data were compared with chromatographic data on triglyceride composition of the fat phase of cocoa butter, cocoa butter equivalents, lauric and non-lauric substitutes, and POP and SOS cocoa butter improvers. It was shown that the DSC method can control the quality of cocoa butter and chocolate glaze, identify chocolate products of different origin and triglyceride composition. Melting thermograms obtained by DSC are highly sensitive to the fat phase triglyceride composition. DSC allows reliable identification of samples of cocoa butter and glaze by melting curves in the temperature range from -100 to +50 ° C. It was found that the main melting peak of cocoa butter and its substitutes, due to the presence of a certain set of triglycerides, is observed in the temperature range from -5 to +30 °C. When examining glazes, the melting peak changes: it bifurcates, expands or narrows. Additional application of computer separation of the unseparated peaks superposition on the DSC melting curves increases the information content of the method and improves the reliability of the fat phase identification. The DSC method is characterized by sample preparation simplicity, has good reproducibility and other metrological characteristics and can be an independent method for fat and oil products identifying and quality control..
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McNaughton, E. P., R. O. Ball, and R. M. Friendship. "The effects of feeding a chocolate product on growth performance and meat quality of finishing swine." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-055.
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The effects of including a waste chocolate confectionary product in swine diets on growth performance, carcass composition and meat quality of finishing pigs were determined. Four isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets were formulated to include 0, 10, 20 and 30% of a chocolate product in a pelleted corn and soybean-meal-based-diet and fed ad libitum to 32 gilts and 32 barrows from 54 kg to 105 kg. There were no significant differences among diets for average daily gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. Fat content in the diets increased from 3 to 7% with increasing inclusion, but there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences for backfat depth, total dissected fat, total lean or percent lean of the dissected carcass. With respect to meat quality, there were no significant differences observed for colour, structure and marbling of the loin and ham muscle. There were no treatment differences for the firmness of the inner backfat of pigs consuming the various diets. Waste chocolate confectionary can be fed to growing swine at inclusion levels up to 30% of the diet with no adverse effects on growth or carcass quality. Key words: Alternative feedstuff, chocolate, pigs, growth performance, carcass quality
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Sabbir, MA, R. Habib, MH Rashid, and MF Imam. "Quality of ultra-high temperature treated chocolate milk manufactured in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 44, no. 2 (December 19, 2015): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v44i2.26013.
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Quality of ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated chocolate milk manufactured by different manufacturing companies of Bangladesh was evaluated. The milk samples were collected from retail shops of different markets supplied by three major dairy brands namely Aarong, Starship and Milkman. From the organoleptic tests it was found that there were no significant variation in consistency, but significant variations (p?0.05) were found in case of flavor and colour and appearance, pH and solids-not-fat (SNF) content showed insignificant difference, while significant variations at different levels (p<0.01 to 0.05) were found in all other chemical parameters like contents of total solids, fat, protein, ash and carbohydrate (mixed sugar). There was no evidence of presence of bacteria (total viable bacteria and coliform bacteria) in any of the samples. Considering all of organoleptic, chemical and microbiological properties of the samples of UHT chocolate milks, it could be concluded that Starship UHT chocolate milk was better and more acceptable followed by that supplied by Milkman. It could be suggested that to obtain quality UHT chocolate milk proper method, composition of ingredients and also the strict hygienic and sanitary measures should be followed.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. 44(2): 128-131
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Singh, Dixita, Abhishek D. Tripathi, Kundan S. Adhikari, and Veena Paul. "Development of Functional Dark Chocolate by Incorporating Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) Oil and Honey with Improved Organoleptic and Textural Attributes." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 5 (July 14, 2020): 698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666190823093846.
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Background: Chocolate is one of the most consumable fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), possessing many health benefits. The present study was envisaged to develop dark chocolate incorporated with flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) oil and honey. Flaxseed oil contains omega-3 fatty acid which is useful in heart disease, arthritis, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and cancer, whereas honey acts as an antioxidant. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop functional dark chocolate with improved organoleptic, textural and functional attributes by optimizing the ingredients levels such as flaxseed oil and honey and its further validation for quality improvement. Methods: The chocolate composition was optimized by selecting two variables including flaxseed oil (1-2.5g) and honey (10-15g) at 3 levels in central composite rotatable design (CCRD) by using Design- Expert version 11 software tool. Results: After optimization, the best-predicted formulation comprising flaxseed oil 2.37% (w/w) and honey 15% (w/w) showed best sensorial score (p<0.05) with desirability 0.826. Conclusion: Physicochemical analysis of optimized formulation showed significant improvement in organoleptic attributes (p <0.05) with a significant increase of 10.22% (p <0.05) in antioxidant activity in comparison to control.
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Plotnikova, I. V., G. O. Magomedov, T. A. Shevyakova, V. V. Gubkovskaya, and V. E. Plotnikov. "Chocolate muffins with improved quality." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-2-125-132.
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Nowadays the production of competitive flour and chocolate confectionery products of improved quality and low cost is an important area. An alternative substitute for cocoa powder - cocoa shell powder - is promising in this regard. It can preserve the color, taste and aroma of the finished product. The objects of study were natural cocoa products obtained by cocoa beans processing - this is cocoa powder and heat-treated powder from cocoa shells. By the chemical composition the enrichment used contains a significant amount of valuable physiological effects of food substances. Compared with cocoa powder, it contains more fiber, cellulose, dietary fiber, minerals and vitamins, its energy value is 3 times lower. The introduction of cocoa shell powder into the muffins recipe intensifies the foaming process of the whipped recipe mixture, and the duration of its whipping is reduced. A rational dosage of cocoa shell powder was determined as 3.5% (by weight of the dough). According to organoleptic characteristics, samples of muffins with cocoa shell powder were not inferior to samples with cocoa powder, while their color, appearance, taste and aroma were improved. Chocolate muffins had a delicate, elastic crumb with uniform thin-walled porosity, had a smooth surface with slight detonations. The results of calculating the nutritional and energy value of the muffins showed that the "Chocolate Delight" muffins with cocoa shell powder contain more dietary fiber, minerals - K, Mg, P, Ca, vitamins - B3, B9, PP. The daily requirement for these nutrients is more than 20%, therefore the developed product can be attributed to functional products. The energy value of the developed "Chocolate Delight" sample is 34.4 kcal lower than the control.
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IK Ali, Maha, Rehab A Mostafa, and Ahmed E Abdel Gawad. "Effects of fat replacing with eggplant puree on characteristics of chocolate spread." MOJ Food Processing & Technology 8, no. 4 (2020): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojfpt.2020.08.00253.
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Nowadays, the interest in searching for natural sources to fat replacer has increased to reduce obesity and the related with health risks. Chocolate spread products are the most important products of candy that are popular and more consumed, especially by children where it is a source of energy also its high nutritional value. This research aims to assess the fat replacement by eggplant puree at 25% and 75 % from the total fat content and its effects on the sensory properties, texture, chemical composition, minerals content, fatty acid composition, polyphenol compound content as tannic acid and storage stability as free fatty acid (FFA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total plate count (TPC) and yeasts and molds count and compared by control sample. The obtained results showed that no significant difference in sensory properties between all the products, while Chocolate spread containing 25% eggplant puree substituted were the highest in most Texture properties, the chemical composition was affected by the increasing of eggplant puree, that noted an increasing moisture, ash, dietary fiber and minerals contents while the crude ether extract and energy values were significantly (p<0.05) decreased. The fatty acid profile for the three products was within the permissible limit, tannic acid values were 318.92, 401.28 and 661.46 mg/100g. Finally found that the FFA values which were ranged from 1.73% to 10.75%, TBA values which were ranged from 2.21 to 6.87 mg Malon-aldehyde/kg sample. The use of these fat replacements has improved all the properties of Chocolate spread except the storage stability.
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Santiago-Rodríguez, Efraín, Brenda Estrada-Zaldívar, and Elba Zaldívar-Uribe. "Effects of Dark Chocolate Intake on Brain Electrical Oscillations in Healthy People." Foods 7, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods7110187.
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Dark chocolate is rich in flavonoids that can have effects on body composition and cognitive performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of acute and subchronic chocolate intake on electrical brain oscillations. A study with 20 healthy subjects (mean age of 24.15 years) and a control group with five subjects (mean age of 23.2 years) was carried out. In the acute effect study, the subjects’ intake was dark chocolate (103.72 mg/kg of body weight) rich in flavonoids and low in calories as in fasting. In the control group, the subjects intake was only low-calorie milk. For the subchronic effect, a daily dose of dark chocolate was given for eight days. The baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded before dark chocolate intake; at 30 min, the second EEG was carried out; on the eighth day, the third and fourth EEGs were performed before and after the last intake. In acute and subchronic intake, Delta Absolute Power (AP) decrease was observed in most brain regions (p < 0.05), except in the right fronto-centro-temporal regions. In the Theta band, there was a generalized decrease of the AP of predominance in the left fronto-centro-temporal regions. In contrast, an increase in AP was observed in the temporo-occipital regions in the Alpha band, and in the right temporal and parieto-occipital regions in the Beta band. The control group did not have significant changes in brain oscillations (p > 0.05). We concluded that acute and subchronic chocolate intake decreased the Delta and Theta AP and increased Alpha and Beta AP in most brain regions.