Journal articles on the topic 'Chlorpyrifos'
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Sweety, Sweety, Kamlesh Kumar, and Arun Kumar. "Effects of chlorpyriphos on haematological parameters in freshwater fish Anabas testudineus." PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA 23, no. 01 (June 2024): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.59467/pzsi.2024.23.131.
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Haematological measures are frequently employed as stress indicators in fish and to evaluate their overall health. This study evaluated the sublethal effects of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyriphos on a number of haematological parameters in freshwater fish, specifically Anabas testudineus. Based on comparisons between control and experimental groups exposed to sublethal amounts of chlorpyrifos (0.125 and 0.250) at 7, 14, and 21 days, the effect was evaluated. Red blood cell counts, haemoglobin levels, WBC, and thrombocyte counts were found to decline as chlorpyrifos concentrations and days increased. White blood cell counts rose on the seventh day of exposure but fell on the fourteenth and twenty-first days when chlorpyrifos concentrations rose. According to the study, chlorpyrifos had a major negative effect on the fish's health, and haematological measures might be used as a diagnostic tool to determine whether A. testudineus has been exposed to chlorpyrifos.. KEYWORDS :A. testudineus, Chlorpyrifos, haemoglobin, Rbc, Wbc, haematological.
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Zu’amah, Hidayatuz, Elisabeth Srihayu Harsanti, Anicetus Wihardjaka, Sukarjo, and Asep Nugraha Ardiwinata. "Distribution of chlorpyrifos residue in maize (Zea mays)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012075.
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Abstract Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide. It has low aqueous solubility, is volatile and non-mobile, moderately persistent in soil, highly toxic to mammals, and is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The main use of chlorpyrifos is to control various types of agricultural pests. This study aims to determine the absorption of chlorpyrifos residues in maize plants. The study was conducted in July-December 2019. Experimental research was conducted at Jakenan experimental field on land contaminated with chlorpyrifos residue. The maize used was a hybrid maize variety NK 6172 Perkasa. Pesticide residue analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of the Agricultural Environmental Research Institute (IAERI). The results showed that the highest chlorpyrifos residue was in the stalks and leaf with a value of 0.0318-0.5682 mg kg−1 but still below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 10 mg kg−1 recommended by The National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. The concentration of chlorpyriphos residue in maize grain is 0.0014-0.2203 mg kg−1 (MRL=0.05 mg kg−1). Chlorpyriphos residue in the soil is 0.0148-0.0786 mg kg−1 (MRL=3.2 mg kg−1), and the lowest was root (<0.0014 mg kg−1). Information on residue distribution on maize and soils can be helpful as an early warning about the use of insecticides and food safety measures.
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Rosales-Rimache, Jaime, Paola Machado-Pereyra, and Guido Bendezu-Quispe. "Relationship between Butyrylcholinesterase Activity and Cognitive Ability in Workers Exposed to Chlorpyrifos." Safety 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety9010012.
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Background. The use of Chlorpyrifos leads to a public, environmental, and occupational health problem associated with adverse effects in the exposed population, generating alterations mainly in the central nervous system, such as cognitive function. This study aimed to estimate the association between butyrylcholinesterase activity (BChE) and cognitive ability in workers exposed to chlorpyrifos. Methods. We designed a cross-sectional study, where we measured BChE in serum samples as an indicator of exposure to chlorpyrifos. The cognitive ability was assessed by the mean score of the Peruvian version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We also used a questionary to collect demographic and occupational information. Results. We evaluated 120 farmers with a predominance of males (92%) and a mean age of 32.1 ± 9.0 years. We found most of the workers in fumigation activities (84%). The mean BChE was 6144.7 ± 2355.0 U/L, and 46% presented inhibition enzyme (<5500 U/L). The median MMSE score was 28 (interquartile range: 26.5–31.5; 6% showed an alteration in cognitive ability (score < 24)). The MMSE test found a significant association between BChE inhibition and MMSE score (β: −0.071, 95%CI: −0.108 to −0.025). Conclusion. In this study, 45.8% of workers exposed to chlorpyriphos presented BChE inhibition. The BChE inhibition is significantly associated with the MMSE score in workers exposed to chlorpyrifos.
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Maurissen, Jacques P. J., Mamtha R. Shankar, and Joel L. Mattsson. "Chlorpyrifos." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 22, no. 2 (March 2000): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-0362(99)00062-8.
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Sharma, Anish, Jyotsana Pandit, Ruchika Sharma, and Poonam Shirkot. "Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos by Pseudomonas Resinovarans Strain AST2.2 Isolated from Enriched Cultures." Current World Environment 11, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.1.33.
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A bacterial strain AST2.2 with chlorpyrifos degrading ability was isolated by enrichment technique from apple orchard soil with previous history of chlorpyrifos use. Based on the morphological, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, AST2.2 strain was identified as Pseudomonas resinovarans. The strain AST2.2 utilized chlorpyrifos as the sole source of carbon and energy. This strain exhibited growth upto 400mg/l concentration of chlorpyrifos and exhibited high extracellular organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) activity. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) studies revealed that Pseudomonas resinovarans AST2.2 degraded 43.90 % of chlorpyrifos (400 mg/l) within 96 hrs. Intermediates of chlorpyrifos degradation were identified using GC-MS. This strain have potential to degrade chlorpyrifos and thus can be used for bioremediation and ecological restoration of sites contaminated with chlorpyrifos
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Li, Jinwang, Xiude Li, Zhihui Zhang, Weilong Cheng, Guangmin Liu, and Guoping Zhao. "High-Fat Diet Aggravates the Disorder of Glucose Metabolism Caused by Chlorpyrifos Exposure in Experimental Rats." Foods 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12040816.
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Epidemiological research has demonstrated that the increase in high fat consumption has promoted the morbidity of diabetes. Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (such as chlorpyrifos) may also increase the risk of diabetes. Although chlorpyrifos is a frequently detected organophosphorus pesticide, the interaction effect between chlorpyrifos exposure and a high-fat diet on glucose metabolism is still unclear. Thus, the effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on glucose metabolism in rats eating a normal-fat diet or a high-fat diet were investigated. The results demonstrated that the glycogen content in the liver decreased and that the glucose content increased in chlorpyrifos-treated groups. Remarkably, the ATP consumption in the chlorpyrifos-treatment group was promoted in the rats eating a high-fat diet. However, chlorpyrifos treatment did not change the serum levels of insulin and glucagon. Notably, the contents of liver ALT and AST changed more significantly in the high-fat chlorpyrifos-exposed group than in the normal-fat chlorpyrifos-exposed group. Chlorpyrifos exposure caused an increase in the liver MDA level and a decrease in the enzyme activities of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD, and the changes were more significant in the high-fat chlorpyrifos-treatment group. The results indicated that chlorpyrifos exposure led to disordered glucose metabolism in all dietary patterns as a result of antioxidant damage in the liver, in which a high-fat diet may have aggravated its toxicity.
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Hagan, A. K., J. R. Weeks, and R. B. Reed. "Southern Stem Rot Suppression On Peanut With The Insecticide Chlorpyrifos1." Peanut Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-13-1-11.
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Abstract Chlorpyrifos 15G(2.24 kg a.i./ha), PCNB 10G (11.2 kg a.i./ha), and PCNB 10G + chlorpyrifos 15G(11.2 + 2.24 kg a.i./ha) were compared for the suppression of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. on peanut in on-farm trials on nine farms over three years (1982–1984). Chlorpyrifos, PCNB, and PCNB + chlorpyrifos significantly reduced loci counts all three years. PCNB + chlorpyrifos generally gave the best stem rot suppression and yield response, but there was little difference in disease loci counts between chlorpyrifos and PCNB. PCNB significantly increased yield over the control two years while chlorpyrifos increased yield only one year.
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Li, Zhiguo, Meng Li, Jingnan Huang, Changsheng Ma, Linchen Xiao, Qiang Huang, Yazhou Zhao, Hongyi Nie, and Songkun Su. "Effects of Sublethal Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos on Olfactory Learning and Memory Performances in Two Bee Species, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana." Sociobiology 64, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i2.1385.
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Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide. The acute oral 24 h median lethal dose (LD50) value of chlorpyrifos in Apis mellifera and in Apis cerana was estimated to assess differential acute chlorpyrifos toxicity in the two bee species. The LD50 values of chlorpyrifos in A. mellifera and in A. cerana are 103.4 ng/bee and 81.8 ng/bee, respectively, which suggests A. cerana bees are slightly more sensitive than A. mellifera bees to the toxicity of chlorpyrifos. Doses half the acute LD50 of chlorpyrifos were selected to study behavioral changes in the two bee species using proboscis extension response assay. A. mellifera foragers treated with chlorpyrifos showed significantly lower response to the 10% sucrose solution compared to control bees after 2, 24 and 48 h. Chlorpyrifos significantly impaired the olfactory learning abilities and 2 h memory retention of forager bees regardless of honey bee species, which may affect the foraging success of bees exposed to chlorpyrifos.
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Wang, Qinghai, Juan Yang, Cui Li, Bo Xiao, and Xiaoe Que. "Influence of initial pesticide concentrations in water on chlorpyrifos toxicity and removal by Iris pseudacorus." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 9 (May 1, 2013): 1908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.071.
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For understanding the influence of initial concentrations of pesticides in the water body on removal efficiency of the contaminant by aquatic plants, one hydroponics experiment was used to investigate the influence of initial concentration (1–16 mg L−1) on toxicity and chlorpyrifos removal potential of Iris pseudacorus for 20 days under greenhouse conditions. An increased sensitivity to and reduced removal rate for chlorpyrifos were observed with increasing chlorpyrifos concentration. The relative growth rate (RGR) of I. pseudacorus was significantly inhibited in the presence of 4, 8 and 16 mg L−1 chlorpyrifos, and a negative relationship was also found between RGR and initial pesticide concentration. The half-life of chlorpyrifos was shortened in the hydroponic system with plants, indicating that I. pseudacorus accelerated chlorpyrifos removal from water. But the contribution of the plant to chlorpyrifos removal in the hydroponic phytoremediation system decreased with the increase of initial concentration of chlorpyrifos. The results also indicated that I. pseudacorus can efficiently eliminate chlorpyrifos and may ultimately serve as phytoremediation agents in the natural water body.
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Abbas Al-Khafaji, Zahraa Khudhair, Hassanin sabah hashim, Maryam Jabbar Nasser, and Mohammed A. Dabbi. "The efficiency of Pseudomonas mendocina in biodegradation of chlorpyrifos insecticides." Sumer 2 8, CSS 2 (September 15, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/css/2023.08.02.54.
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At present, extensive varieties of pesticides are being used, but the demand for Organophosphorus pesticides is increasing globally to control insects. Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum, highly toxic, and chlorinated organophosphate insecticide that is synthetic and usually an ester or thiol derivative of phosphoric. The mode of action involves inhibiting acetyl-cholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine, causing neurotoxicity. Bacteria capable of degrading the pesticide chlorpyrifos were isolated from soil contaminated with pesticides. This way, three distinct chlorpyrifos degrading strains of p.mendocina were isolated and characterized using morphological and biochemical analysis. Strains exhibited the greatest chlorpyrifos degradation rate, reaching 100%, and were consequently selected for further investigation. Degradation of chlorpyrifos by strains was rapid at 20 and 37C. Bacteria species were able to effectively degrade chlorpyrifos in a sterilized medium using high inoculum levels. The maximum degradation rate of chlorpyrifos was calculated as 100% during 6-12 days. Bacteria such as strain PC1 that use chlorpyrifos as a carbon source could be employed in biodegradation sites contaminated with pesticides. Keywords: Biodegradation; organophosphate; Chlorpyrifos; pseudomonas putida; Hplc.
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Abbas Al-Khafaji, Zahraa Khudhair, Hassanin Sabah Hashim, Maryam Jabbar Nasser, and Mohammed A. Dabbi. "The efficiency of Pseudomonas mendocina in biodegradation of chlorpyrifos insecticides." Sumer 1 8, CSS 1 (August 15, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/css/s2023.08.01.42.
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At present, wide varieties of pesticides are being used, but the demand for Organophosphorus pesticides is increasing globally to control insects. Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum, highly toxic, and chlorinated organophosphate insecticide that is synthetic in origin and is normally ester or thiol derivatives of phosphoric. The mode of action involves inhibiting acetyl-cholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine, causing neurotoxicity. Bacteria capable of degrading the pesticide chlorpyrifos were isolated from soil contaminated with pesticides. This way, three distinct chlorpyrifos degrading strains of p.mendocina were isolated and characterized using morphological and biochemical analysis. Strains exhibited the greatest chlorpyrifos degradation rate, reaching 100%, and were consequently selected for further investigation. Degradation of chlorpyrifos by strains was rapid at 20 and 37C. Bacteria species were able to effectively degrade chlorpyrifos in the sterilized medium using high inoculum levels. The maximum degradation rate of chlorpyrifos was calculated as 100% during 6-12 days. Bacteria such as strain PC1 that use chlorpyrifos as a carbon source could be employed for the biodegradation of sites contaminated with pesticides Keywords: Biodegradation, organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, Pseudomonas putida, Hplc.
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McClain, Ethan S., Dusty R. Miller, and David E. Cliffel. "Communication—Microfluidic Electrochemical Acetylcholine Detection in the Presence of Chlorpyrifos." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166, no. 16 (January 1, 2019): G178—G181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0711916jes.
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An amperometric acetylcholine sensor was developed for use in a microfluidic system and characterized with chlorpyrifos and its metabolite, chlorpyrifos oxon. This enzymatic sensor was highly selective for acetylcholine, with a detection limit of 0.2 μM and sensitivity of 1.7 nA μM−1 from 1–150 μM. Though chlorpyrifos had no effect on sensor function, chlorpyrifos oxon significantly inhibited response across a range of concentrations (0.5–50 μM). Inhibition was reversed by 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride. This platform can be used to both quantify acetylcholine in the presence of chlorpyrifos and as a biorecognition method for chlorpyrifos oxon.
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Wu, Qingtong, Mile Du, Yingzhen Zhang, and Mengying Shao. "Chlorpyrifos And Chlorpyrifos-methyl Can Promote Conjugative Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes." BIO Web of Conferences 59 (2023): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235901015.
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Antibiotic misuse induces the production of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), leading to the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which poses a major threat to human health. Conjugative transfer, as the main process of ARGs propagation, is sensitively influenced by coexisting contaminants. Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, as organophosphorus insecticides widely used in agriculture, have been shown to induce cytotoxicity such as elevated levels of reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. This is similar to the mechanism by which antibiotics promote the conjugative transfer of ARGs, based on which we hypothesized that chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl could promote conjugative transfer. However, the effect of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl on conjugative transfer is unclear. Therefore, we constructed RP4 plasmid-mediated conjugation system and confirmed that chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl can promote conjugative transfer by inducing oxidative stress in donor and recipient bacteria. Our research reveals the risk of ARM spread in organophosphorus insecticides and ARGs co-contaminated environments.
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MAAN, SHEETAL, ANUSHREE JATRANA, VINAY KUMAR, MEENA SINDHU, and SANCHIT MONDAL. "Chlorpyrifos Release Kinetics from Citric Acid Crosslinked Biopolymeric Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach." Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 11 (October 31, 2023): 2822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.30755.
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Biopolymer based nanoformulation was synthesized by using microwave assisted nano-precipitaion method. The biopolymers consist of chitosan and guar gum were crosslinked using citric acid in order to encapsulate chlorpyrifos pesticide. The successful synthesis of chlorpyrifos containing nano-formulations was thoroughly examined, where the surface morphology examined by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) has established the loading of chlorpyrifos in the biopolymeric matrix, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination revealed the spherical shaped particles of about 234 nm and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis has confirmed the crosslinking between two biopolymers through citric acid due to the presence of peaks corresponding to ester linkages at 1730 cm-1. The encapsulation efficiency of chlorpyrifos at pH 7 and 30 ºC was around 50%. The successfully synthesized chlorpyrifos loaded biopolymeric nano-formulation were further utilized to study the release behaviour of chlorpyrifos in water and biocompatibility towards soil microbiota. The release of chlorpyrifos was almost 15% slower than conventional chlorpyrifos and the formulation was found biocompatible towards microbiota.
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Romer, Shannon H., Kaitlyn M. Miller, Martha J. Sonner, Victoria T. Ethridge, Nathan M. Gargas, and Joyce G. Rohan. "Changes in motor behavior and lumbar motoneuron morphology following repeated chlorpyrifos exposure in rats." PLOS ONE 19, no. 6 (June 14, 2024): e0305173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305173.
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Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide associated with numerous health effects including motor performance decrements. While many studies have focused on the health effects following acute chlorpyrifos poisonings, almost no studies have examined the effects on motoneurons following occupational-like exposures. The main objective of this study was to examine the broad effects of repeated occupational-like chlorpyrifos exposures on spinal motoneuron soma size relative to motor activity. To execute our objective, adult rats were exposed to chlorpyrifos via oral gavage once a day, five days a week for two weeks. Chlorpyrifos exposure effects were assessed either three days or two months following the last exposure. Three days following the last repeated chlorpyrifos exposure, there were transient effects in open-field motor activity and plasma cholinesterase activity levels. Two months following the chlorpyrifos exposures, there were delayed effects in sensorimotor gating, pro-inflammatory cytokines and spinal lumbar motoneuron soma morphology. Overall, these results offer support that subacute repeated occupational-like chlorpyrifos exposures have both short-term and longer-term effects in motor activity, inflammation, and central nervous system mechanisms.
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Mitchell, John C. "Chlorpyrifos Warning." American Entomologist 41, no. 1 (1995): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/41.1.4b.
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Elochi, Emeribe, Chiemeka, and Onuorah Samuel Chinedu. "Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos Insecticide by Bacillus cereus ST06 and Chryseobacterium sp 6024 Isolated from Agricultural Soil, Nigeria." Journal of Advances in Microbiology 24, no. 2 (February 23, 2024): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2024/v24i2795.
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Introduction: Indigenous soil bacteria have the potential to degrade the harmful chlorpyrifos insecticide, this identifies the importance of biodegradation as an eco-friendly method for chemical pollutant cleanup.
Aims: To compare the potential of Bacillus cereus ST06 and Chryseobacterium sp 6024 in biodegrading chlorpyrifos insecticide singly or as a consortium in a liquid medium.
Study Design: Enrichment culture technique was used to evaluate the bacterial potential in biodegrading chlorpyrifos insecticide.
Place and Duration of Study: Agricultural soil sample containing chlorpyrifos degrading bacteria was obtained from Ukukwa village Amansea Nigeria (6o16' 30'' N and 7o 07'30''E) from depths of 15cm. Experiment was conducted from January till March 2022.
Methodology: In this study, previously isolated and characterized Bacillus cereus ST06 and Chryseobacterium sp 6024 by standard microbiological method based on their phenotypic test, biochemical test, cultural morphology and 16S rRNA sequencing was used for the experiment. Their growth response to 20mg/l and 60mg/l chlorpyrifos in mineral salts medium singly and as a consortium was compared and determined by monitoring the optical density at 600nm at the optimum condition of pH 6.5 and 30oC temperature for 28 days. The residual chlorpyrifos concentration after 28 days was also compared and determined using Gas Chromatography- Electron Cathode Detector (GC-ECD).
Results: The result showed a significant difference (P< .001) as Bacillus cereus ST06 and Chryseobacterium sp 6024 responded differently to different concentration of chlorpyrifos. Bacillus cereus ST06 and Chryseobacterium sp 6024 reached maximum growth in medium containing 20mg/l chlorpyrifos with a mean OD of 0.23±0.20 and 0.42±0.02 respectively on 16th day than 60mg/l chlorpyrifos with a mean OD of 0.47±0.02 and 0.81±0.02 respectively on 20th day. The bacterial consortium also reached maximum growth on 20mg/l and 60mg/l of chlorpyrifos with mean OD of 0.21±0.31 and 0.29±0.02 on 20th day respectively. The result of residual chlorpyrifos concentration shows that the bacteria consortium degraded 79 per cent and 78 per cent of 20mg/l and 60mg/l chlorpyrifos respectively, while Bacillus cereus ST06 and Chryseobacterium sp 6024 degraded 63 per cent and 57 per cent of 20mg/l chlorpyrifos and 61 per cent and 37 per cent of 60mg/l chlorpyrifos.
Conclusion: The study shows that bacteria consortium possessed potential to be used in biodegradation of 20mg/l and 60mg/l Chlorpyrifos than the individual isolates. It is therefore recommended that further studies on RNA profiling of each bacterium and synergistic interaction of the bacterial consortium be studied to better understand regulation of genes and individual bacterial roles in degradation chlorpyrifos efficiently.
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Supreeth, M., and N. S. Raju. "Bio-Mineralization of Organophosphorous Insecticide-Chlorpyrifos and its Hydrolyzed Product 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol by Staphylococcus Sp. ES-2." Current World Environment 11, no. 2 (August 25, 2016): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.2.17.
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Application of Chlorpyrifos on agricultural fields to protect crops against pests results in accumulation of it in soil and other environmental samples. The insecticide transform into 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol (TCP) through hydrolysis in soil, which has got antimicrobial property and hence resists its degradation in natural condition. In the current findings, a bacterial isolate capable of mineralizing Chlorpyrifos without accumulation of TCP was isolated from agricultural soil by enrichment method. Based on Morphological, Biochemical Characterization and with Bergey’s Manual comparision, the isolate was identified as Staphylococcus sp. The isolate was found to metabolize chlorpyrifos completely in Mineral salt medium with chlorpyrifos as the sole carbon source. No metabolites of chlorpyrifos were detected in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis after 7 days of incubation. The novelty of the outcome of the experiment relies on Staphylococcus sp.ES-2 in complete mineralization of chlorpyrifos which can be used as a potential bioaugmenting agent in the chlorpyrifos contaminated sites.
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Tat, Truong Quoc, and Duong Minh Vien. "Evaluating of chlorpyrifos-degrading by bacterial strains in mineral salt minimum and in the soil." ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.en.10.1.358.2020.
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Four bacterial strains degraded chlorpyrifos, isolated from agricultural soil, were used as a source of bacteria to investigate their ability to decompose chlorpyrifos in mineral salt minimum and the soil. Barrientosimonas humi C4.3 was investigated for the decomposition of chlorpyrifos in this strain on different days (10, 20 and 30 days of culture) as supplemented and not supplemented TSB. At the same time, another experiment was carried out to evaluate the chlorpyrifos etherification of B. humi C4.3 and the four strains of Achromobacter xylosoxidans C3.1, B. humi C4.3, Microbacterium sp. C8.9, Staphylococcus pasteuri C9.2 in a soil environment. The experiment was carried out including 3 treatments, each treatment was repeated 3, two soil types (sterile soil and non-sterile soil) and bacteria (single bacteria and four bacterial species). The results showed that, in the same culture period of 30 days incubation, biodegradable chlorpyrifos of B. humi C4.3 in the mineral salt medium was more effective (63.07% biodegradable chlorpyrifos) than when grown in soil (21.4% biodegradable chlorpyrifos). Also, biodegradable chlorpyrifos of B. humi C4.3 that was cultured in sterile soil was higher than in non-sterile soil.
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Sosale, Santhosh M., and Raju N. S. "Modeling and Optimization of Chlorpyrifos by Fungi Isolated from Agricultural Soil, Elucidating their Degradation Pathways by LC-MS-Based Metabolomics." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 11, no. 5 (October 30, 2023): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.9026.
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Chlorpyrifos is a moderately hazardous insecticide to humans (Class II) by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its acute toxicity still we are using cost-competitive and widely available suitable for various agro-climatic conditions, especially in arid regions of India. Our study explores the sustainable biodegradation pathways of biodegradation of chlorpyrifos-contaminated soils so that a novel chlorpyrifos-degrading fungus was isolated and identified as Aspergillus and Fusarium with the unique capability to degrade Chlorpyrifos. Identification of C1 and C2 two fungal strains, followed by isolation and characterization of CP and TCP degrading fungi through efficient biodegradation method. By LC-MS analysis the m/z values of sample TCP detected in culture medium and soil Aspergillus and Fusarium were able to completely mineralize Chlorpyrifos and its metabolite TCP from C1 and C2 culture grown in Mineral medium after 7 days of incubation soil without formation of any known intermediates. This study supports the idea that soils contaminated with Chlorpyrifos could be remedied effectively using fungi that break down Chlorpyrifos. Hence, this fungal consortium can be a valuable bio-augmenting agent to clean up Chlorpyrifos contaminated sites and helps in the sustainable management of natural resources.
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Tudi, Muyesaier, Linsheng Yang, Li Wang, Jia Lv, Lijuan Gu, Hairong Li, Wei Peng, et al. "Environmental and Human Health Hazards from Chlorpyrifos, Pymetrozine and Avermectin Application in China under a Climate Change Scenario: A Comprehensive Review." Agriculture 13, no. 9 (August 25, 2023): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091683.
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Chlorpyrifos has been used extensively for decades to control crop pests and disease-transmitting insects; its contribution to increasing food security and minimizing the spread of diseases has been well documented. Pymetrozine and Avermectin (also known as abamectin) have been used to replace the toxic organophosphate insecticides (e.g., Chlorpyrifos) applied to rice crops in China, where the overuse of pesticides has occurred. In addition, climate change has exacerbated pesticide use and pollution. Thus, farmers and communities are at risk of exposure to pesticide pollution. This study reviews the contamination, exposure, and health risks through environmental and biological monitoring of the legacy pesticide Chlorpyrifos and currently used insecticides Pymetrozine and Avermectin in China; it investigates whether changes in pesticide usage from Chlorpyrifos to Pymetrozine and Avermectin reduce pesticide contamination and health hazards to communities and residents. In addition, this review discusses whether Pymetrozine and Avermectin applications could be recommended in other countries where farmers largely use Chlorpyrifos and are exposed to high health risks under climate change scenarios. Although Chlorpyrifos is now banned in China, farmers and residents exposed to Chlorpyrifos are still experiencing adverse health effects. Local farmers still consider Chlorpyrifos an effective pesticide and continue to use it illegally in some areas. As a result, the concentration levels of Chlorpyrifos still exceed risk-based thresholds, and the occurrence of Chlorpyrifos with high toxicity in multiple environmental routes causes serious health effects owing to its long-term and wide application. The bioaccumulation of the currently used insecticides Pymetrozine and Avermectin in the environment is unlikely. Pymetrozine and Avermectin used in paddy water and soil for crop growth do not pose a significant hazard to public health. A change in pesticide use from Chlorpyrifos to Pymetrozine and Avermectin can reduce the pesticide contamination of the environment and health hazards to communities and residents. Finally, we recommend Pymetrozine and Avermectin in other countries, such as Vietnam, and countries in Africa, such as Ghana, where farmers still largely use Chlorpyrifos.
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Wang, Xin, Jia Liang Lu, Li Liu, Jia Bao, Jiyan Liang, and Li Cui. "Study on the Degradation of Chlorpyrifos by Immobilized Bacillus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.613.
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Pesticide pollutions have become increasingly severe. Especially the extensive production and application of chlorpyrifos have resulted in the environmental pollution and ecological damage. The employment of the immobilized microorganism degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil is a kind of effective technology without secondary pollution. The best ratio of immobilized carrier has been determined by comparison among different carriers for chlorpyrifos degradation. Based upon the adoption of Bacillus LLBD4, pH value, temperature and initial concentration of chlorpyrifos were studied in this experiment. The results showed that the combination of 10% of PVC, 1% of activated carbon and 0.5% sodium alginate can be served as the best carrier, furthermore, chlorpyrifos degradation efficiency reached the peak when the pH was set to 7.0, the initial concentration of chlorpyrifos was 100 mg·L-1at 30°C, reaching about 83%.
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Dong, Sa, Qiuyun Shi, Kangli He, Jianwei Wu, Zixin Zhu, and Jianguo Feng. "A Simple Aptamer SERS Sensor Based on Mesoporous Silica for the Detection of Chlorpyrifos." Foods 11, no. 21 (October 23, 2022): 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213331.
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Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide, which can be used to control a variety of chewing and piercing mouthparts pests in agricultural production. It can destroy the normal nerve impulse conduction by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase or cholinesterase in the nerves, causing a series of poisoning symptoms. In order to achieve the quantitative analysis of chlorpyrifos residues in agricultural products, an aptamer-controlled signal molecule release method was developed in this study. The signal molecule 4-ATP of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was loaded into aminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs-NH2) prepared by the one pot method, and then coated with an aptamer of chlorpyrifos through electrostatic interaction. The specific binding of the aptamer and chlorpyrifos led to the release of 4-ATP, and the amount of 4-ATP released was positively correlated with the amount of chlorpyrifos. Finally, the standard curve of chlorpyrifos quantitative detection based on SERS was established. Meanwhile, Ag-carrying mesoporous silica (Ag@MSNs) was prepared as the reinforcement substrate for SERS detection. The results showed that there was a good linear correlation between the Raman intensity and the concentration of chlorpyrifos at 25–250 ng/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 19.87 ng/mL. The recoveries of chlorpyrifos in the apple and tomato samples were 90.08–102.2%, with RSD < 3.32%. This method has high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and stability, and can be used for the quantitative detection of chlorpyrifos in the environment and agricultural products.
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Shi, Fang, Qin, Chen, Wu, and Hua. "Rapid Biodegradation of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Chlorpyrifos by Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 4593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234593.
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Chlorpyrifos was one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides and the neurotoxicity and genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos to mammals, aquatic organisms and other non-target organisms have caused much public concern. Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T, a type of strain of the genus Cupriavidus, is capable of efficiently degrading 200 mg/L of chlorpyrifos within 48 h. This is ~100 fold faster than Enterobacter B-14, a well-studied chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterial strain. Strain X1T can tolerate high concentrations (500 mg/L) of chlorpyrifos over a wide range of temperatures (30–42 °C) and pH values (5–9). RT-qPCR analysis showed that the organophosphorus hydrolase (OpdB) in strain X1T was an inducible enzyme, and the crude enzyme isolated in vitro could still maintain 75% degradation activity. Strain X1T can simultaneously degrade chlorpyrifos and its main hydrolysate 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. TCP could be further metabolized through stepwise oxidative dechlorination and further opening of the benzene ring to be completely degraded by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The results provide a potential means for the remediation of chlorpyrifos- contaminated soil and water.
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Chiemeka Elochi, Emeribe, Onuorah, Samuel Chinedu, and Chukwukelo Chinonyelum Dilys. "Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Bacteria Capable of Degrading Chlorpyrifos from Agricultural Soil at Amansea, Anambra State Nigeria." IDOSR JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY 8, no. 2 (June 14, 2024): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosr/jbcp/23/10.128.
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Chlorpyrifos (O, O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) a broad spectrum moderately toxic organophosphorous insecticide is commonly used as pest control on grain, cotton, fruits, and vegetable crops against pest. Although it is important, its use has become one of the major causes of soil and water pollution. The present technique for removing chloryrifos insecticide from the environment which is biodegradation has shown to be more effective than any other physical or chemical methods like chemical hydrolysis. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide by bacteria isolated from agricultural soil in Amansea, Anambra State, Nigeria. In the present study, two bacteria capable of degrading chlorpyrifos were isolated from Agricultural soil using mineral salts medium and characterized based on their physiological, biochemical, morphological and 16S rRNA sequencing as strains of Bacillus cereus ST06 and Chryseobacterium sp. 6024. Their growth response in mineral salts medium supplemented with 20mg/l concentration of chlorpyrifos was determined by monitoring the optical density at 600nm and at optimium condition of pH 6.5 and 300C for 28 days. The residual chlorpyrifos concentration after 28 days was also determined using Gas Chromatography- Electron Cathode Detector (GC-ECD). The result from one way ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the Growth responses to the insecticides by the test organisms. The result showed that Bacillus cereus ST06 and Chryseobacterium sp. 6024 reached maximum growth on 20mg/l chlorpyrifos with an arithmetic mean difference of 0.23±0.20 and 0.42±0.02 respectively on day 16 .There were also significant (<0.05) difference in concentration of residual chlorpyrifos degraded by the isolates obtained from the GC-ECD curves. Bacillus cereus ST06 and Chryseobacterium sp. 6024 degraded 63% and 57% of 20mg/l chlorpyrifos respectively. Bacillus cereus ST06 showed better results and possess potential to be used in biodegradation of 20mg/l Chlorpyrifos than Chryseobacterium sp. 6024. It is therefore recommended that further studies on the effect of varying Chlorpyrifos concentration on the bacteria singly and as a consortium be studied to better understand their potential for degrading chlorpyrifos efficiently.Keywords: Isolation, Identification, Characterization, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Chlorpyrifos and Insecticides
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Hwang, Kyu-Won, Soo Yoo, Sung-Eun Lee, and Joon-Kwan Moon. "Residual Level of Chlorpyrifos in Lettuces Grown on Chlorpyrifos-Treated Soils." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 2343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122343.
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This study was conducted to investigate the residual loss of chlorpyrifos and the amount transferred to lettuce from soil. Field trials on lettuce were conducted in two different greenhouses located in Yongin (field 1) and Gwangju (field 2) in Korea. Soil and lettuce samples were collected on different days after the treatment of chlorpyrifos at two different levels. The initial residue of chlorpyrifos (0.86 and 2.31 mg/kg) in soils decreased to 0.06 and 0.18 mg/kg, respectively, at 36 days after treatment (DAT) in field 1, and the initial residue with values of 11.10 and 22.59 mg/kg decreased to 1.20 and 3.04 mg/kg, respectively, at 43 DAT in field 2. In field 1, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were approximately 8.4 and 9.0 days for soils treated with 0.86 and 2.31 mg/kg, respectively, while in field 2, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were approximately 18.7 and 13.9 days for soils treated with 11.10 and 22.59 mg/kg, respectively. Residue levels of chlorpyrifos on lettuce were 0.66–5.98% and 2.71–13.26% compared to the initial concentration in the soil. Therefore, the management guideline of chlorpyrifos for lettuce-cultivating soils could be suggested to be 0.75 mg/kg with regards to the Positive List System level of chlorpyrifos on lettuce of 0.01 mg/kg.
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Węgorek, Paweł, Joanna Zamojska, and Marek Mrówczyński. "Susceptibility Level of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa Decemlineata Say) to Chlorpyrifos and Acetamiprid in Poland and Resistance Mechanisms of the Pest to Chlorpyrifos." Journal of Plant Protection Research 51, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-011-0046-4.
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Susceptibility Level of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa DecemlineataSay) to Chlorpyrifos and Acetamiprid in Poland and Resistance Mechanisms of the Pest to ChlorpyrifosNowadays, neonicotinoids play an essential role in the control of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) in Poland. Taking into consideration that CPB shows some resistance to pyrethroids and the main role of oxidative metabolism in this resistance, research was conducted to estimate CPB susceptibility level to chlorpyrifos and acetamiprid. The results pointed to a lack of CPB resistance to acetamiprid and a weak susceptibility level to chlorpyrifos by the CPB. For this reason, the second part of the experiment was aimed at detecting the resistance mechanisms of the CPB to chlorpyrifos. Results showed that none of the tested enzyme groups (oxidases, esterases and glutathione transferases) are the reason for CPB resistance to chlorpyrifos. The experiments revealed an increase in the beetles survival after adding oxidative enzyme blocker to chlorpyrifos.
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Yıldırım, Ebru, Emine Baydan, Murat Kanbur, Oğuz Kul, Miyase Çınar, Hüsamettin Ekici, and Nurgül Atmaca. "The Effect of Chlorpyrifos on Isolated Thoracic Aorta in Rats." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/376051.
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This study investigated the effect of chlorpyrifos on thoracic aorta and on the level of NO in plasma and aorta. The effect of chlorpyrifos on thoracic aorta in organ bath was determined in 10 rats. Another 45 rats were assigned to 3 groups with 15 rats each: control group 1 received distilled water, control group 2 was given corn oil, and the last group was given 13.5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos dissolved in corn oil every other day for 8 weeks orally. Chlorpyrifos (10−10 M–10−5 M) showed no effect on isolated thoracic aorta. Plasma AChE activity was decreased, while LDH, ALT, GGT, and AST activities were increased in chlorpyrifos group compared to control groups. Plasma NO level was increased in chlorpyrifos group compared to control groups. iNOS expression was present in all groups in the cytoplasm of the endothelia and in the smooth muscle cells of aorta. According to semiquantitative histomorphological analysis, iNOS immunopositive reactions were seen in the decreasing order in chlorpyrifos, control 2, and control 1 groups. eNOS immunopositive reactions were observed in the endothelial cell cytoplasm, rarely in the subintimal layer, and the smooth muscle cells of aorta. There were no differences among the groups in terms of eNOS immunostaining. In conclusion, chlorpyrifos induced NO production in aorta following an increase in NOS expression.
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Hongsibsong, Surat, Tippawan Prapamontol, Ting Xu, Bruce D. Hammock, Hong Wang, Zi-Jian Chen, and Zhen-Lin Xu. "Monitoring of the Organophosphate Pesticide Chlorpyrifos in Vegetable Samples from Local Markets in Northern Thailand by Developed Immunoassay." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 4723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134723.
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Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that is wildly used among farmers for crop protection. However, there are concerns regarding its contamination in the environment and food chain. In the present study, an in-house indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) specific for detecting chlorpyrifos is developed and validated against gas chromatography–flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) as the conventional method. The developed ic-ELISA was used for detecting chlorpyrifos residue in vegetable samples. The developed ic-ELISA showed good sensitivity to chlorpyrifos at an IC50 of 0.80 µg/kg, with low cross-reactivity to other organophosphate pesticides. The 160 samples were collected from local markets located in the Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, and Nan provinces in northern Thailand. The positive rate of chlorpyrifos residues in the vegetable samples was 33.8%, with the highest levels found in cucumbers, coriander, and morning glory, at 275, 145, and 35.3 µg/kg, respectively. The highest median levels of chlorpyrifos found in the detected samples were Chinese cabbage (332 μg/kg), cucumber (146.3 μg/kg) and Chinese Kale (26.95 μg/kg). The developed ic-ELISA is suitable for the rapid quantitation of chlorpyrifos residues.
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Omirinde, J., B. Audu, O. Mohammed, and I. Gosomji. "Histomorphometric changes in the gill of Clarias gariepinus exposed to acute concentrations of chlorpyrifos." Journal of Morphological Sciences 34, no. 03 (July 2017): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.105516.
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Abstract Introduction: Chlorpyrifos is an agrochemical pesticide of fame that is commonly used by farmers to control pests. This chemical may become harmful to fish when washed into waterways leading to aquatic environment. This study investigates the histo-morphometric changes in the gills of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to acute toxic concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Materials and Methods: Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (weight 7.28 ± 0.03g and length 4.82 ± 0.06cm) were exposed to grades of (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 pml/L) chlorpyrifos in solution. The 96 hour LC50 value of chlorpyrifos was found to be 160 pml/L. Results: The grades of chlorpyrifos induced several gill histo-architectural damages such as: moderate to severe gill epithelia sloughing, primary and secondary lamellar hyperplasia and central veinous congestion in the parenchyma with pronounced severity in fish exposed to higher concentrations. Similarly, the gill morphometrics (secondary lamellar length, width, interlamellar distance and surface area) were markedly altered by the graded concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Conclusion: Chlorpyrifos appears to be very toxic to ish and therefore, its use near ish farms or in areas close to aquatic environments should be discouraged.
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Fouyet, Sophie, Elodie Olivier, Pascale Leproux, Sabrina Boutefnouchet, Mélody Dutot, and Patrice Rat. "Cocktail Effect of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Application to Chlorpyrifos in Lavender Essential Oils." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 12984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912984.
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Chlorpyrifos is a pesticide that is toxic to human health and has been banned for the past decade. Due to its persistent and bioaccumulative properties, chlorpyrifos is still present in soil. Pregnant women can be exposed to chlorpyrifos through drinking water and herbal products, such as essential oils (EOs), resulting in adverse effects to the mother and fetus. Our objective was to evaluate and compare the potential endocrine disrupting effects of chlorpyrifos “free” or in contaminated lavender EO. We studied the release of four hormones and the activation of the P2X7 cell death receptor in human placental JEG-Tox cells as key biomarkers of endocrine toxicity for pregnant women (hPlacentox assay). We observed that “free” chlorpyrifos disrupted placental hormones and activated the P2X7 receptor, whereas chlorpyrifos in lavender EO disrupted only the placental hormones. We confirm that chlorpyrifos can be classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) for pregnant women and point out that its endocrine disrupting effect may not be apparent when present in lavender EOs. Our results reveal the existence of specific reverse cocktail effects that may have protective properties against EDCs.
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Hicks, Daniel J. "Census Demographics and Chlorpyrifos Use in California’s Central Valley, 2011–15: A Distributional Environmental Justice Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 2593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072593.
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Chlorpyrifos, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (ACI), is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world, and is generally recognized to be a moderate human neurotoxin. This paper reports a distributional environmental justice (dEJ) analysis of chlorpyrifos use in California’s Central Valley, examining the way distributions of environmental risks are associated with race, ethnicity, class, gender, and other systems of structural oppression. Spatial data on chlorpyrifos use were retrieved from California’s Department of Pesticide Registration public pesticide use records for 2011–2015. These data were combined with demographic data for the Central Valley from the American Community Survey (ACS). Spatial regression models were used to estimate effects of demographic covariates on local chlorpyrifos use. A novel bootstrap method was used to account for measurement error in the ACS estimates. This study finds consistent evidence that Hispanic population proportion is associated with increased local chlorpyrifos use. A 10-point increase in Hispanic proportion is associated with an estimated 1.05–1.4-fold increase in local chlorpyrifos use across Census tract models. By contrast, effects of agricultural employment and poverty on local chlorpyrifos use are ambiguous and inconsistent between Census tracts and Census-designated places.
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Maggio, Stephanie A., Philip K. Janney, and Jeffrey J. Jenkins. "Neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon to Daphnia magna." Chemosphere 276 (August 2021): 130120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130120.
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Choi, Kyoungju, Hyun Joo, Randy L. Rose, and Ernest Hodgso. "Metabolism of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon by human hepatocytes." Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 20, no. 6 (2006): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbt.20145.
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Shweta, Nistala, Jaswani Kamal, and S. Keshavkant. "Chlorpyrifos Mediated Amendment in Protein Profiling of Bacillus spp." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 36, no. 1 (July 13, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2023-36-1-1.
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Chlorpyrifos is a popularly used organophosphate and has immense agricultural applications. It is one of the major causes of soil contamination due to its higher adsorption coefficient, hydrophobicity and relatively longer persistence. Conducted study was attempted to monitor responses of Bacillus megaterium, isolated from the paddy growing agricultural field towards different doses of chlorpyrifos. The results highlighted the tolerance of this bacterium to higher concentration (800 mg L-1) of chlorpyrifos. However, protein is an important macromolecule in any living cells and is representative of all the important functions going inside the cell. Thus, quantification and profiling of protein of this bacterium in response to different doses of chlorpyrifos would probably decipher expression, if any, of stress responsive gene(s). The overall findings revealed that Bacillus megaterium expressed a few enzymes/ or proteins in order to show adaptation towards surrounding environment. It can be an efficient degrader of chlorpyrifos, hence, could be exploited for remediation of chlorpyrifos contaminated sites.
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Liu, Zhi Yuan, Xin Chen, Yi Shi, and Zhen Cheng Su. "Bacterial Degradation of Chlorpyrifos by Bacillus cereus." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.676.
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Eleven chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium were isolated from a Chinese soil and compared by microbiological and molecular methods. The strains were significantly different in the ability of degradation efficiency, and one strain (Bacillus cereus) was selected for further analysis. The ability of Bacillus cereus to degrade chlorpyrifos was investigated under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, chlorpyrifos concentration and so on. Experimental results obtained in different conditions show that the optimum temperature, pH, concentration of chlorpyrifos were 30°C, 7.0, less than 100 mg L-1, respectively.
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Chopra, NM, and TH Zuniga. "The Fate of Chlorpyrifos on Tobacco during Smoking." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 14, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0614.
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AbstractCigarettes made from flue-cured tobacco, treated with different amounts of chlorpyrifos, were smoked according to Federal Trade Commission specifications, and the chlorpyrifos levels in the butts, various ashes, and mainstream and sidestream smokes were determined. Of all the chlorpyrifos in a cigarette, 28 % to 29.5 % was left in the butts, 13.5 % to 15 % and 2.0 % to 4.6 % were transferred into mainstream and sidestream smokes, respectively, and about 52 % to 55 % was either combusted or decomposed into unknown fragments. The various ashes did not show any detectable amount of chlorpyrifos.
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Spodniewska, A., and D. Barski. "Concentration of hepatic vitamins A and E in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and/or enrofloxacin." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2016-0046.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the level of antioxidant vitamins A and E in the liver of rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and/or enrofloxacin. Chlorpyrifos (Group I) was administered at a dose of 0.04 LD50 (6 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days, and enrofloxacin (Group II) at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. for 5 consecutive days. The animals of group III were given both of the mentioned above compounds at the same manner as groups I and II, but enrofloxacin was applied to rats for the last 5 days of chlorpyrifos exposure (i.e. on day 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28). Chlorpyrifos and enrofloxacin were administered to rats intragastrically via a gastric tube. The quantitative determination of vitamins was made by the HPLC method. The results of this study indicated a reduction in the hepatic concentrations of vitamins A and E, compared to the control, which sustained for the entire period of the experiment. The four-week administration of chlorpyrifos to rats resulted in a significant decrease of vitamins in the initial period of the experiment, i.e. up to 24 hours after exposure. For vitamin A the maximum drop was observed after 24 hours (19.24%) and for vitamin E after 6 hours (23.19%). Enrofloxacin caused a slight (3-9%) reduction in the level of the analysed vitamins. In the chlorpyrifos-enrofloxacin co-exposure group reduced vitamins A and E levels were also noted, but changes in this group were less pronounced in comparison to the animals intoxicated with chlorpyrifos only. The decrease in the antioxidant vitamin levels, particularly noticeable in the chlorpyrifos- and the chlorpyrifos combined with enrofloxacin-treated groups, may result not only from the increase in the concentration of free radicals, but also from the intensification of the secondary stages of lipid peroxidation.
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Poniman, Poniman. "REMEDIASI RESIDU INSEKTISIDA KLORPIRIFOS PADA PERTANAMAN CABAI MERAH (Capsicum annum L.) DI TANAH TEKSTUR RINGAN DAN TEKSTUR BERAT." Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah 19, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36762/jurnaljateng.v19i1.842.
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Chlorpyrifos is widely used by farmers as a contact poison to control leaf and fruit pests in red chilies. Chlorpyrifos is very toxic to the environment and to living things, although it is easily degraded and has a short half-life. Remediation materials in the form of activated charcoal, biochar, and microbial consortium are effective remediation technologies to reduce insecticide residues. Each compound has different characteristics based on the type and texture of the soil. Research with the aim of determining the ability of remediation agents in reducing chlorpyrifos insecticide residues was carried out in the screen house of the Agricultural Environment Research Institute between May-November 2017. The results showed that the effectiveness of reducing chlorpyrifos residue in the soil was different according to its texture. Application of 2 l / ha of consortium microbes was effective in lowered chlorpyrifos residue in lightweight-texture soils, while biochar-coated urea was effective in reducing chlorpyrifos residues in weight-textured soils. Urea coated with activated charcoal showed relatively stable red chilli yields in the two types of soil textures.
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BUSHWAY, RODNEY J., and ZHIHUA FAN. "Complementation of GC-AED and ELISA for the Determination of Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos in Fruits and Vegetables." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.6.708.
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to screen produce samples for diazinon and chlorpyrifos levels. All positive samples were analyzed for these organophosphate insecticides with a newly developed gas chromatographic atomic emission detection (GC-AED) method. Produce was extracted in methanol by Polytron homogenization and cleaned up and concentrated using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges. Fortification and reproducibility studies were performed using apples, blueberries, green beans, lettuce, and tomatoes that were free of detectable levels diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Percent coefficient of variation (%CV) from the reproducibility studies ranged from 1.9 to 17 for chlorpyrifos and 1.9 to 11 for diazinon. Spiking studies demonstrated percent recoveries of 78 to 114% (%CV 3.1 to 13%) for diazinon and 82 to 123 (%CV 1.5 to 12) for chlorpyrifos. Of the 278 fruit and vegetable samples screened for both organophosphate insecticides, 59 were found to have detectable levels of diazinon and 35 samples were found to contain detectable amounts of chlorpyrifos. A correlation study between ELISA and GC-AED demonstrated that the correlation coefficient was 0.987 for diazinon and 0.967 for chlorpyrifos.
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Goel, Puja, and Manju Arora. "Remediation of Wastewater from Chlorpyrifos Pesticide by Nano-Gold Photocatalyst." MRS Advances 5, no. 52-53 (2020): 2661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.264.
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AbstractSuccessful disintegration of Chlorpyrifos pesticide by nearly monodisperse nano-gold photcatalyst (∼10 nm) for remediation of wastewater has been reported in current studies. Nano-Gold dispersion reaction with Chlorpyrifos solutions completes in 45 minutes at ambient temperature under the normal daylight and exhibit systematic variations in the solution color from wine red to pink to light sky blue and finally transforming into a transparent solution with fine precipitates. UV-Vis absorption studies correlates well with the systematic color changes as observed in the nano-gold treated Chlorpyrifos solutions with time. The characteristic localized surface plasmon resonance peak of nanogold dispersion observed at 529 nm red shifts to weak, medium and strong intensity peaks at ∼ 640 nm, 740 nm and 890 nm on increasing chlorpyrifos concentration owing to the aggregation of gold nanoparticles in small to bigger sized clusters. The fine turbidity in final transparent solution further confirms the aggregation of nanogold particles into stable bigger ensembles. IR transmission spectra of final transparent solutions showed disappearance of Chlorpyrifos νC-Cl and phosphorothioate functional group peaks indicating degradation of chlorpyrifos.
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Logan, J. W. M., D. Rajagopal, J. A. Wightman, and M. J. Pearce. "Control of termites and other soil pests of groundnuts with special reference to controlled release formulations of non-persistent insecticides in India and Sudan." Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, no. 1 (March 1992): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530005149x.
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AbstractTrials for the control of soil pests, particularly of termites (Isoptera: Termiti-dae), in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) in India and Sudan used chlorpyrifos and isofenphos granules, chlorpyrifos, phorate, carbosulfan and carbofuran in controlled release formulations, and chlorpyrifos seed dressing. Their effects on foliar pests were also noted. Chlorpyrifos controlled release pellets were as effective as aldrin, used as a standard, in reducing root and pod attack and, like aldrin, doubled yields. Isofenphos and chlorpyrifos granules increased yields and reduced pod damage, but to a lesser extent. Other treatments were less effective. Carbosulfan and phorate controlled release and isofenphos granules reduced leaf miner attack. These trials establish the efficacy of controlling termites and other soil pests with controlled release formulations of otherwise non-persistent insecticides. However, the expensive formulation is unlikely to be cost-effective for rural farmers in developing countries and, in the case of chlorpyrifos, residue levels in kernels may be unacceptable. Future work should investigate other insecticides in the formulation and development of cheaper controlled release matrices.
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Majumder, Rajib. "Effects of chlorpyrifos on histopathological biomarkers of the freshwater teleost Oreochromis niloticus." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2023-0020.
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Abstract An attempt was made to evaluate histopathological changes in the gills, liver, and kidney tissues of the freshwater teleost Oreochromis niloticus as biomarkers of chlorpyrifos toxicity. An experiment was conducted in glass aquaria with O. niloticus exposed for 28 days to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos of 0.0 µg L−1 (control), 10 µg L−1, and 20 µg L−1. Chlorpyrifos caused distortions of the primary gill lamellae structure, the curling of secondary lamellae, desquamation, and epithelial hyperplasia on secondary gill filaments. Hepatocyte vacuolation and nuclear membrane necrosis were found in the liver. Additionally, the shrinkage of the glomeruli, thickening of Bowman’s capsule, glomerular and tubular necrosis, intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and hyaline degeneration in the renal tubule were seen in the kidney of O. niloticus exposed to chlorpyrifos. No remarkable lesions were observed in the control group. The severity of lesions in the fish tissues was assessed using the standard semi-quantitative grading system. The degree of histopathological lesions in various fish tissues was found to increase with chlorpyrifos concentrations. Histopathological lesions appeared to be good biomarkers of chlorpyrifos toxicity.
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Fryer, Allison D., Pamela J. Lein, Angela S. Howard, Bethany L. Yost, Rondell A. Beckles, and David A. Jett. "Mechanisms of organophosphate insecticide-induced airway hyperreactivity." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 286, no. 5 (May 2004): L963—L969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00343.2003.
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It has been suggested that pesticide exposure may be a contributing factor underlying the increased incidence of asthma in the United States and other industrialized nations. To test this hypothesis, airway hyperreactivity was measured in guinea pigs exposed to chlorpyrifos, a widely used organophosphate pesticide. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves caused frequency-dependent bronchoconstriction that was significantly potentiated in animals 24 h or 7 days after a single subcutaneous injection of either 390 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos, respectively. Mechanisms by which chlorpyrifos may cause airway hyperreactivity include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or dysfunction of M3 muscarinic receptors on airway smooth muscle or of autoinhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on parasympathetic nerves in the lung. AChE activity in the lung was significantly inhibited 24 h after treatment with 390 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos, but not 7 days after injection of 70 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos. Acute exposure to eserine (250 μg/ml) also significantly inhibited lung AChE but did not potentiate vagally induced bronchoconstriction. Neuronal M2 receptor function was tested using the M2 agonist pilocarpine, which inhibits vagally induced bronchoconstriction in control animals. In chlorpyrifos-treated animals, pilocarpine dose-response curves were shifted significantly to the right, demonstrating decreased responsiveness of neuronal M2 receptors. In contrast, chlorpyrifos treatment did not alter methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction, suggesting that chlorpyrifos does not alter M3 muscarinic receptor function on airway smooth muscle. These data demonstrate that organophosphate insecticides can cause airway hyperreactivity in the absence of AChE inhibition by decreasing neuronal M2 receptor function.
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Yu, Lili, Jia Li, Meiqin Feng, Qian Tang, Zejun Jiang, Hui Chen, Tingting Shan, and Junhui Li. "Identification and Dissipation of Chlorpyrifos and Its Main Metabolite 3,5,6-TCP during Wheat Growth with UPLC-QTOF/MS." Metabolites 12, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121162.
Full textAbstract:
Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF/MS) technology was used to investigate the degradation and metabolism of chlorpyrifos during wheat growth by spraying plants with different doses of chlorpyrifos 7 days after the flowering and filling stage. We analyzed and identified chlorpyrifos metabolites in different parts of wheat in full-scan MSE mode, and established a chlorpyrifos metabolite screening library using UNIFI software. The results show that the residues of chlorpyrifos in wheat ears, leaves, and stems exhibited a decreasing trend with the prolongation of application time, and the degradation kinetics could be fitted with the first-order kinetic equation Ct = C0 e−kt. The initial residues of chlorpyrifos in different parts of the wheat were different, in the order of leaves > wheat ears > stems. The degradation rate of chlorpyrifos under field conditions is relatively fast, and the half-life value is 2.33–5.05 days. Chlorpyrifos can undergo a nucleophilic addition substitution reaction under the action of hydrolase to generate secondary metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (3,5,6-TCP). The residual amount of 3,5,6-TCP in each part of wheat first showed an increasing trend and then decreased over time. It reached the maximum on the 3rd, 7th, or 11th day after application, and then gradually degraded. Considering that 3,5,6-TCP is a biomarker with potential threats to humans and animals, it is recommended that 3,5,6-TCP be included in the relevant regulations for dietary exposure risk assessment.
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Mu, Qi’er, Mingxia Zhang, Yong Li, Fayun Feng, Xiangyang Yu, and Jinfang Nie. "Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Effect of Insecticide Chlorpyrifos on Rice Plant Metabolism." Metabolites 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121289.
Full textAbstract:
Pesticides as important agricultural inputs play a vital role in protecting crop plants from diseases and pests; however, the effect of pesticides on crop plant physiology and metabolism is still undefined. In this study, the effect of insecticide chlorpyrifos at three doses on rice plant physiology and metabolism was investigated. Our results revealed that chlorpyrifos cause oxidative stress in rice plants and even inhibit plant growth and the synthesis of protein and chlorophyll at high doses. The metabolomic results suggested that chlorpyrifos could affect the metabolic profiling of rice tissues and a total of 119 metabolites with significant changes were found, mainly including organic acids, amino acids, lipids, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Compared to the control, the content of glutamate family amino acids were significantly disturbed by chlorpyrifos, where defense-related proline and glutathione were significantly increased; however, glutamic acid, N-acetyl-glutamic acid and N-methyl-glutamic acid were significantly decreased. Many unsaturated fatty acids, such as linolenic acid and linoleic acid, and their derivatives lysophospholipids and phospholipids, were significantly accumulated in chlorpyrifos groups, which could act as osmolality substances to help rice cells relieve chlorpyrifos stress. Three organic acids, aminobenzoic acid, quinic acid, and phosphoenolpyruvic acid, involved in plant defenses, were significantly accumulated with the fold change ranging from 1.32 to 2.19. In addition, chlorpyrifos at middle- and high-doses caused the downregulation of most flavonoids. Our results not only revealed the effect of insecticide chlorpyrifos on rice metabolism, but also demonstrated the value of metabolomics in elucidating the mechanisms of plant responses to stresses.
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Kammon, A., No author No author, R. Brar, S. Sodhi, H. Banga, and J. Nagra. "Chlorpyrifos chronic toxicity in broilers and effect of vitamin C." Open Veterinary Journal 5, no. 2 (2011): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2011.v1.i0.p21.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was conducted to study chlorpyrifos chronic toxicity in broilers and the protective effect of vitamin C. Oral administration of 0.8 mg/kg body weight (bw) (1/50 LD50) chlorpyrifos (Radar�), produced mild diarrhea and gross lesions comprised of paleness, flaccid consistency and slightly enlargement of liver. Histopathologically, chlorpyrifos produced degenerative changes in various organs. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg bw vitamin C partially ameliorated the degenerative changes in kidney and heart. There was insignificant alteration in biochemical and haematological profiles. It is concluded that supplementation of vitamin C reduced the severity of lesions induced by chronic chlorpyrifos toxicity in broilers.
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Derbalah, Aly, Ahmed Ismail, and Sabry Shaheen. "Monitoring of organophosphorus pesticides and remediation technologies of the frequently detected compound (chlorpyrifos) in drinking water." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2013-0040.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Studies on the currently used organophosphorus insecticides with respect to their environmental levels and effective remediation technologies for their residues in water have been considered as a source of major concern. This study was carried out to monitor the presence of organophosphorus in drinking water plants (Kafr-El-Shiekh, Ebshan, Elhamoul, Mehalt Aboali, Fowa, Balteem and Metobess) in Kafr-El-Shiekh Governorate, Egypt. Furthermore, it was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of different remediation technologies (advanced oxidation processes and bioremediation) for removing chlorpyrifos in drinking water. The results showed the presence of several organophosphorus pesticides in water sampling sites. Chlorpyrifos was detected with high frequency relative to other compounds in drinking water. Nano photo-Fenton like reagent (Fe2O3(nano)/H2O2/UV) was the most effective treatment for chlorpyrifos removal in drinking water followed by ZnO(nano)/H2O2/UV, Fe3+/H2O2/UV and ZnO/H2O2/ UV, respectively. Bioremediation of chlorpyrifos by effective microorganisms (EMs) removed 100% of the chlorpyrifos initial concentration after 23 days of treatment. There is no remaining toxicity in chlorpyrifos contaminated-water after remediation on treated rats with respect to cholinesterase activity and histological changes in kidney and liver relative to control. Advanced oxidation processes especially with nanomaterials and bioremediation with effective microorganisms can be regarded as safe and effective remediation technologies for chlorpyrifos in drinking water.
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Singh, Brajesh K., Allan Walker, J. Alun W. Morgan, and Denis J. Wright. "Effects of Soil pH on the Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos and Isolation of a Chlorpyrifos-Degrading Bacterium." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 9 (September 2003): 5198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.9.5198-5206.2003.
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ABSTRACT We examined the role of microorganisms in the degradation of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in soils from the United Kingdom and Australia. The kinetics of degradation in five United Kingdom soils varying in pH from 4.7 to 8.4 suggested that dissipation of chlorpyrifos was mediated by the cometabolic activities of the soil microorganisms. Repeated application of chlorpyrifos to these soils did not result in the development of a microbial population with an enhanced ability to degrade the pesticide. A robust bacterial population that utilized chlorpyrifos as a source of carbon was detected in an Australian soil. The enhanced ability to degrade chlorpyrifos in the Australian soil was successfully transferred to the five United Kingdom soils. Only soils with a pH of ≥6.7 were able to maintain this degrading ability 90 days after inoculation. Transfer and proliferation of degrading microorganisms from the Australian soil to the United Kingdom soils was monitored by molecular fingerprinting of bacterial 16S rRNA genes by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Two bands were found to be associated with enhanced degradation of chlorpyrifos. Band 1 had sequence similarity to enterics and their relatives, while band 2 had sequence similarity to strains of Pseudomonas. Liquid enrichment culture using the Australian soil as the source of the inoculum led to the isolation of a chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium. This strain had a 16S rRNA gene with a sequence identical to that of band 1 in the DGGE profile of the Australian soil. DNA probing indicated that genes similar to known organophosphate-degrading (opd) genes were present in the United Kingdom soils. However, no DNA hybridization signal was detected for the Australian soil or the isolated degrader. This indicates that unrelated genes were present in both the Australian soil and the chlorpyrifos-degrading isolate. These results are consistent with our observations that degradation of chlorpyrifos in these systems was unusual, as it was growth linked and involved complete mineralization. As the 16S rRNA gene of the isolate matched a visible DGGE band from the Australian soil, the isolate is likely to be both prominent and involved in the degradation of chlorpyrifos in this soil.
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Griffin, P., M. Payne, H. Mason, E. Freedlander, A. D. Curran, and J. Cocker. "The in vitro percutaneous penetration of chiorpyrifos." Human & Experimental Toxicology 19, no. 2 (February 2000): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032700678815684.
Full textAbstract:
Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphate pesticide. In order to study the pharmacokinetics of the penetration of chlorpyrifos through human skin we measured the percutaneous penetration of chlorpyrifos through human skin using an in vitro flow through apparatus. The chlorpyrifos was applied to the skin as a commercial concentrate or as a reference standard dissolved in ethanol. There was a significant difference (P=0.03) between the rate of penetration from the commercial concentrate (9.0 nmoles cm-2 h-) and that from the reference standard (4.9 nmoles cm-2 h-). Each experi- ment was run for 24 h. The recoveries from experiments where chlorpyrifos was applied to the skin as a commercial concentrate and as a reference standard dissolved in ethanol were, respectively, in total 91 and 87% of the applied dose of which 15 and 10% was recovered from the skin, 56 and 66% was recovered from the surface of the skin and 20 and 11% was recovered from the receptor fluid. There was a significant difference in the recoveries from the skin but there was no significant difference in the recoveries from the surface of the skin. We concluded that the majority of a dermal dose of chlorpyrifos was still present at or in the surface ofthe skin 24 h after application of a dermal dose. Because chlorpyr- ifos was recovered from the skin after 24 h, it is possible that the skin could act as a reservoir and release chlorpyrifos over a longer period. We also conclude that the solvent vehicle for chlorpyrifos can affect the rate of penetration of the pesticide.