Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chloroplast expression

Academic literature on the topic 'Chloroplast expression'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Chloroplast expression"

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Xin, Kexing, Ting Pan, Shan Gao, and Shunping Yan. "A Transcription Factor Regulates Gene Expression in Chloroplasts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136769.

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The chloroplast is a semi-autonomous organelle with its own genome. The expression of chloroplast genes depends on both chloroplasts and the nucleus. Although many nucleus-encoded proteins have been shown to localize in chloroplasts and are essential for chloroplast gene expression, it is not clear whether transcription factors can regulate gene expression in chloroplasts. Here we report that the transcription factor NAC102 localizes in both chloroplasts and nucleus in Arabidopsis. Specifically, NAC102 localizes in chloroplast nucleoids. Yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay suggested that NAC102 interacts with chloroplast RNA polymerases. Furthermore, overexpression of NAC102 in chloroplasts leads to reduced chloroplast gene expression and chlorophyll content, indicating that NAC102 functions as a repressor in chloroplasts. Our study not only revealed that transcription factors are new regulators of chloroplast gene expression, but also discovered that transcription factors can function in chloroplasts in addition to the canonical organelle nucleus.
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Ahmad, Niaz, Muhammad Aamer Mehmood, and Sana Malik. "Recombinant Protein Production in Microalgae: Emerging Trends." Protein & Peptide Letters 27, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866526666191014124855.

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: In recent years, microalgae have emerged as an alternative platform for large-scale production of recombinant proteins for different commercial applications. As a production platform, it has several advantages, including rapid growth, easily scale up and ability to grow with or without the external carbon source. Genetic transformation of several species has been established. Of these, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has become significantly attractive for its potential to express foreign proteins inexpensively. All its three genomes – nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplastic – have been sequenced. As a result, a wealth of information about its genetic machinery, protein expression mechanism (transcription, translation and post-translational modifications) is available. Over the years, various molecular tools have been developed for the manipulation of all these genomes. Various studies show that the transformation of the chloroplast genome has several advantages over nuclear transformation from the biopharming point of view. According to a recent survey, over 100 recombinant proteins have been expressed in algal chloroplasts. However, the expression levels achieved in the algal chloroplast genome are generally lower compared to the chloroplasts of higher plants. Work is therefore needed to make the algal chloroplast transformation commercially competitive. In this review, we discuss some examples from the algal research, which could play their role in making algal chloroplast commercially successful.
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Zhang, Yi, Aihong Zhang, Xiuming Li, and Congming Lu. "The Role of Chloroplast Gene Expression in Plant Responses to Environmental Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 6082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176082.

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Chloroplasts are plant organelles that carry out photosynthesis, produce various metabolites, and sense changes in the external environment. Given their endosymbiotic origin, chloroplasts have retained independent genomes and gene-expression machinery. Most genes from the prokaryotic ancestors of chloroplasts were transferred into the nucleus over the course of evolution. However, the importance of chloroplast gene expression in environmental stress responses have recently become more apparent. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of the distinct chloroplast gene expression processes in plant responses to environmental stresses. For example, the transcription and translation of psbA play an important role in high-light stress responses. A better understanding of the connection between chloroplast gene expression and environmental stress responses is crucial for breeding stress-tolerant crops better able to cope with the rapidly changing environment.
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Susek, RE, and J. Chory. "A Tale of Two Genomes: Role of a Chloroplast Signal in Coordinating Nuclear and Plastid Genome Expression." Functional Plant Biology 19, no. 4 (1992): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9920387.

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Plant cells coordinately regulate the expression of nuclear and plastid genes that encode components of the photosynthetic apparatus. Nuclear genes that regulate chloroplast development and chloroplast gene expression provide part of this coordinate control. However, there is compelling evidence that information also flows in the opposite direction, from chloroplasts to the nucleus. This hypothesised, second pathway functions to coordinate the expression of nuclear genes encoding components of the photosynthetic apparatus with the functional state of the chloroplast. Here we review the evidence for the signal transduction pathway from the chloroplasts to the nucleus and suggest possible signal molecules.
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Page, Mike T., Tania Garcia-Becerra, Alison G. Smith, and Matthew J. Terry. "Overexpression of chloroplast-targeted ferrochelatase 1 results in a genomes uncoupled chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling phenotype." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1801 (May 4, 2020): 20190401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0401.

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Chloroplast development requires communication between the progenitor plastids and the nucleus, where most of the genes encoding chloroplast proteins reside. Retrograde signals from the chloroplast to the nucleus control the expression of many of these genes, but the signalling pathway is poorly understood. Tetrapyrroles have been strongly implicated as mediators of this signal with the current hypothesis being that haem produced by the activity of ferrochelatase 1 (FC1) is required to promote nuclear gene expression. We have tested this hypothesis by overexpressing FC1 and specifically targeting it to either chloroplasts or mitochondria, two possible locations for this enzyme. Our results show that targeting of FC1 to chloroplasts results in increased expression of the nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes GUN4 , CA1 , HEMA1 , LHCB2.1, CHLH after treatment with Norflurazon (NF) and that this increase correlates to FC1 gene expression and haem production measured by feedback inhibition of protochlorophyllide synthesis. Targeting FC1 to mitochondria did not enhance the expression of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes after NF treatment. The overexpression of FC1 also increased nuclear gene expression in the absence of NF treatment, demonstrating that this pathway is operational in the absence of a stress treatment. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that haem synthesis is a promotive chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signal. However, not all FC1 overexpression lines enhanced nuclear gene expression, suggesting there is still a lot we do not understand about the role of FC1 in this signalling pathway. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles’.
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Wang, Xinwei, Yaqi An, Ye Li, and Jianwei Xiao. "A PPR Protein ACM1 Is Involved in Chloroplast Gene Expression and Early Plastid Development in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052512.

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Chloroplasts cannot develop normally without the coordinated action of various proteins and signaling connections between the nucleus and the chloroplast genome. Many questions regarding these processes remain unanswered. Here, we report a novel P-type pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) factor, named Albino Cotyledon Mutant1 (ACM1), which is encoded by a nuclear gene and involved in chloroplast development. Knock-down of ACM1 transgenic plants displayed albino cotyledons but normal true leaves, while knock-out of the ACM1 gene in seedlings was lethal. Fluorescent protein analysis showed that ACM1 was specifically localized within chloroplasts. PEP-dependent plastid transcript levels and splicing efficiency of several group II introns were seriously affected in cotyledons in the RNAi line. Furthermore, denaturing gel electrophoresis and Western blot experiments showed that the accumulation of chloroplast ribosomes was probably damaged. Collectively, our results indicate ACM1 is indispensable in early chloroplast development in Arabidopsis cotyledons.
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Brunkard, Jacob O., Anne M. Runkel, and Patricia C. Zambryski. "Chloroplasts extend stromules independently and in response to internal redox signals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 32 (July 6, 2015): 10044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511570112.

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A fundamental mystery of plant cell biology is the occurrence of “stromules,” stroma-filled tubular extensions from plastids (such as chloroplasts) that are universally observed in plants but whose functions are, in effect, completely unknown. One prevalent hypothesis is that stromules exchange signals or metabolites between plastids and other subcellular compartments, and that stromules are induced during stress. Until now, no signaling mechanisms originating within the plastid have been identified that regulate stromule activity, a critical missing link in this hypothesis. Using confocal and superresolution 3D microscopy, we have shown that stromules form in response to light-sensitive redox signals within the chloroplast. Stromule frequency increased during the day or after treatment with chemicals that produce reactive oxygen species specifically in the chloroplast. Silencing expression of the chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase, a central hub in chloroplast redox signaling pathways, increased chloroplast stromule frequency, whereas silencing expression of nuclear genes related to plastid genome expression and tetrapyrrole biosynthesis had no impact on stromules. Leucoplasts, which are not photosynthetic, also made more stromules in the daytime. Leucoplasts did not respond to the same redox signaling pathway but instead increased stromule formation when exposed to sucrose, a major product of photosynthesis, although sucrose has no impact on chloroplast stromule frequency. Thus, different types of plastids make stromules in response to distinct signals. Finally, isolated chloroplasts could make stromules independently after extraction from the cytoplasm, suggesting that chloroplast-associated factors are sufficient to generate stromules. These discoveries demonstrate that chloroplasts are remarkably autonomous organelles that alter their stromule frequency in reaction to internal signal transduction pathways.
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Puthiyaveetil, Sujith, and John F. Allen. "Chloroplast two-component systems: evolution of the link between photosynthesis and gene expression." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1665 (February 25, 2009): 2133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1426.

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Two-component signal transduction, consisting of sensor kinases and response regulators, is the predominant signalling mechanism in bacteria. This signalling system originated in prokaryotes and has spread throughout the eukaryotic domain of life through endosymbiotic, lateral gene transfer from the bacterial ancestors and early evolutionary precursors of eukaryotic, cytoplasmic, bioenergetic organelles—chloroplasts and mitochondria. Until recently, it was thought that two-component systems inherited from an ancestral cyanobacterial symbiont are no longer present in chloroplasts. Recent research now shows that two-component systems have survived in chloroplasts as products of both chloroplast and nuclear genes. Comparative genomic analysis of photosynthetic eukaryotes shows a lineage-specific distribution of chloroplast two-component systems. The components and the systems they comprise have homologues in extant cyanobacterial lineages, indicating their ancient cyanobacterial origin. Sequence and functional characteristics of chloroplast two-component systems point to their fundamental role in linking photosynthesis with gene expression. We propose that two-component systems provide a coupling between photosynthesis and gene expression that serves to retain genes in chloroplasts, thus providing the basis of cytoplasmic, non-Mendelian inheritance of plastid-associated characters. We discuss the role of this coupling in the chronobiology of cells and in the dialogue between nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic systems.
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Nozoe, Mikio, Yuichi Tsunoyama, Yoko Ishizaki, Yoichi Nakahira, and Takashi Shiina. "Selective Activation of Chloroplast psbD Light-Responsive Promoter and psaA/B Promoter in Transplastomic Tobacco Plants Overexpressing Arabidopsis Sigma Factor AtSIG5." Protein & Peptide Letters 27, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866526666191014130605.

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Background: Plastid-encoded eubacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) plays a critical role in the transcription of photosynthesis genes in chloroplasts. Notably, some of the reaction center genes, including psaA, psaB, psbA, and psbD genes, are differentially transcribed by PEP in mature chloroplasts. However, the molecular mechanism of promoter selection in the reaction center gene transcription by PEP is not well understood. Objective: Sigma factor proteins direct promoter selection by a core PEP in chloroplasts as well as bacteria. AtSIG5 is a unique chloroplast sigma factor essential for psbD light-responsive promoter (psbD LRP) activity. To analyze the role of AtSIG5 in chloroplast transcription in more detail, we assessed the effect of AtSIG5 hyper-expression on the transcription of plastid-encoded genes in chloroplast transgenic plants. Results: The chloroplast transgenic tobacco (CpOX-AtSIG5) accumulates AtSIG5 protein at extremely high levels in chloroplasts. Due to the extremely high-level expression of recombinant AtSIG5, most PEP holoenzymes are most likely to include the recombinant AtSIG5 in the CpOXAtSIG5 chloroplasts. Thus, we can assess the promoter preference of AtSIG5 in vivo. The overexpression of AtSIG5 significantly increased the expression of psbD LRP transcripts encoding PSII reaction center D2 protein and psaA/B operon transcripts encoding PSI core proteins. Furthermore, run-on transcription analyses revealed that AtSIG5 preferentially recognizes the psaA/B promoter, as well as the psbD LRP. Moreover, we found that psbD LRP is constitutively active in CpOX-AtSIG5 plants irrespective of light and dark. Conclusion: AtSIG5 probably plays a significant role in differential transcription of reaction center genes in mature chloroplasts.
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Ishiga, Yasuhiro, Mutsumi Watanabe, Takako Ishiga, Takayuki Tohge, Takakazu Matsuura, Yoko Ikeda, Rainer Hoefgen, Alisdair R. Fernie, and Kirankumar S. Mysore. "The SAL-PAP Chloroplast Retrograde Pathway Contributes to Plant Immunity by Regulating Glucosinolate Pathway and Phytohormone Signaling." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 10 (October 2017): 829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-17-0055-r.

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Chloroplasts have a crucial role in plant immunity against pathogens. Increasing evidence suggests that phytopathogens target chloroplast homeostasis as a pathogenicity mechanism. In order to regulate the performance of chloroplasts under stress conditions, chloroplasts produce retrograde signals to alter nuclear gene expression. Many signals for the chloroplast retrograde pathway have been identified, including chlorophyll intermediates, reactive oxygen species, and metabolic retrograde signals. Although there is a reasonably good understanding of chloroplast retrograde signaling in plant immunity, some signals are not well-understood. In order to understand the role of chloroplast retrograde signaling in plant immunity, we investigated Arabidopsis chloroplast retrograde signaling mutants in response to pathogen inoculation. sal1 mutants (fry1-2 and alx8) responsible for the SAL1-PAP retrograde signaling pathway showed enhanced disease symptoms not only to the hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 but, also, to the necrotrophic pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum EC1. Glucosinolate profiles demonstrated the reduced accumulation of aliphatic glucosinolates in the fry1-2 and alx8 mutants compared with the wild-type Col-0 in response to DC3000 infection. In addition, quantification of multiple phytohormones and analyses of their gene expression profiles revealed that both the salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling pathways were down-regulated in the fry1-2 and alx8 mutants. These results suggest that the SAL1-PAP chloroplast retrograde pathway is involved in plant immunity by regulating the SA- and JA-mediated signaling pathways.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chloroplast expression"

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Sornarajah, Renuka. "Chloroplast control of nuclear gene expression." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364277.

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Chandler, Aglaia. "The role of RpoT;3 in chloroplast development and gene expression." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1701.

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Kindgren, Peter. "The chloroplast talks : Insights into the language of the chloroplast in Arabidopsis." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysiologisk botanik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-36166.

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The chloroplast originates from an endosymbiotic event 1.5 billion years ago, when a free living photosynthetic bacteria was engulfed by a eukaryotic host. The chloroplastic genome has through evolution lost many genes to the nuclear genome of the host. To coordinate the gene expression between the two genomes, plants have evolved two types of communication, nucleus-to-plastid (anterograde) and plastid-to-nucleus (retrograde) signalling. This thesis will focus on retrograde communication with emphasis on redox and tetrapyrrole mediated signalling. In this thesis, we establish the tetrapyrrole Mg-ProtoIX as an important retrograde negative regulator of nuclear encoded plastid proteins. We show that Mg-ProtoIX accumulates in both artificial and natural stress conditions, and that the accumulation is tightly correlated to regulation of nuclear gene expression. Using confocal microscopy, we could visualize Mg-ProtoIX in the cytosol during stress conditions. In addition, exogenously applied Mg-ProtoIX stayed in the cytosol and was enough to trigger a signal to the nucleus. The results presented here indicate that Mg-ProtoIX is transported out of the chloroplast to control nuclear gene expression. Mg-ProtoIX mediated repression of the nuclear gene, COR15a, occurs via the transcription factor HY5. HY5 is influenced by both plastid signals and the photoreceptors. Here, we show that photoreceptors are part of Mg-ProtoIX mediated signalling as well as excess light adaptation. We identified the blue light receptor, CRY1, as a light intensity sensor that partly utilizes HY5 in the high light response. To further understand the high light regulation of nuclear genes, we isolated a mutant with redox insensitive (rin) high light response. The rin2 mutant has a mutated plastid protein with unknown function. Characterization of the rin2 mutant revealed that the protein is important in regulating plastid gene expression as well as nuclear gene expression. The rin2 mutant is the first characterized rin mutant and could prove important in elucidating the cross-talk between redox mediated coordination between the plastid and the nuclear genome.
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Kremnev, Dmitry. "Get in tune : chloroplast and nucleus harmony." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysiologisk botanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96171.

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Photosynthetic eukaryots emerged as a result of several billion years of evolution between proeukaryotic cell and ancestral cyanobacteria that formed modern chloroplasts. The symbiotic relationship led to significant rearrangements in the genomes of the plastid and the nucleus: as many as 90 % of all the plastid genes were transferred to the nucleus. The gene transfer has been accompanied by the development of sophisticated regulatory signaling networks originating in the organelle (retrograde) and in the nucleus (anterograde) that coordinate development of the plastid and ensure adequate cell responses to stress signals. In this thesis I have demonstrated that transcriptional activity of PEP in the chloroplast is essential for proper embryo and seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana. The function of PEP is dependent on the nuclear encoded PEPassociated factor PRIN2 that is able to sense the redox status of the plastid during seedling development and different stress. In response to the plastid status PRIN2 modulates the transcription activity of the PEP enzyme complex. We further established that PRIN2, as an essential component for full PEP activity, is also required to emit the Plastid Gene Expression (PGE) retrograde signal to regulate the Photosynthesis-Associated Nuclear Genes (PhANG) in the nucleus during early seedling growth via GUN1. On the other hand, regulation of PhANG expression during the High Light (HL) conditions requires functional PRIN2 and PEP activity but is GUN1-independent. Another retrograde signal produced by the developing chloroplast is associated with the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. We have established that accumulation of the chlorophyll intermediate MgProtoIX-ME in the crd mutant triggers repression of the PhANG expression, and this negative signal is mediated by a cytoplasmic protein complex containing the PAPP5 phosphatase. The nuclear targets that receive the tetrapyrrole mediated signal are GLK1 and GLK2 transcription factors that control the PhANG expression and the expression of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll.
Fotosyntetiserande eukaryoter uppstod från en endosymbiotisk interaktion under några miljarder år mellan en ur-eukaryot och kloroplastens förfader, den prokaryota cyanobakterien. Den symbiotiska händelsen ledde till att kloroplastens och kärnans genom blev väsentligt förändrade. Så småningom överförde kloroplasten så många som 90 % av dess gener till cellkärnan. För att koordinera genutrycket från de två genomen utvecklade växtcellen ett sofistikerat signalsystemen som inkluderar: plastid-kärn (retrograd) och kärn-plastid (anterograd) signalering som styr kloroplastens utveckling och förmåga att anpassa sig till stressförhållanden. Den här avhandlingen beskriver kloroplastens maskineri för genuttryck (PEP) som en nödvändig komponent för embryo- och växtutvecklingen hos Arabidopsis thaliana. PEP funktionen är beroende av det kärnkodade kloroplastproteinet PRIN2 som är associerat med PEP. PRIN2 mottar redox signaler från plastiden och förändrar genuttrycksaktivitet under kloroplastens utvecklingen eller under olika stressförhållanden. Jag visar dessutom att PRIN2 spelar en viktig roll i överföring av kloroplastens signal som kommunicerar genuttrycksaktivitet (PGE) via GUN1 till kärnan där den styr uttryck av de kärnkodade fotosyntetesgenerna (PhANG). Under högljus stressförhållanden styrs dock PhANG-uttrycket av signaler som uppstår från PEP-aktivitet och PRIN2 men som är oberoende av GUN1. Vidare finns det en annan retrograd signal som har sitt ursprung i biosyntesen av tetrapyrroler. Jag har visat att ackumuleringen av tetrapyrrolen MgProtoIX-ME i crd-mutanten framkallar nedreglering av PhANG-uttryck genom interaktion med ett fosfatas (PAPP5) i cytosolen. GLK1 and GLK2 är två transkriptionsfaktorer som tar emot den tetrapyrrole-medierade signalen i sin tur styr biosyntes av chlorofyll och PhANG uttryck.
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Ruhlman, Tracey. "Determinants of Chloroplast Gene Expression and Applications of Chloroplast Transformation in Lactuca Sativa and Nicotiana Tabacum." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2854.

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Genetic modification of plastids in the model plant tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) has demonstrated that numerous foreign gene products can accumulate to high levels in this setting. Plastid biotechnology is maturing to encompass the improvement of food and feed species and the production of biopharmaceutical proteins for oral delivery necessitating development of stable transplastomic edible plants. In the interest of establishing an edible platform we have investigated the use of native and foreign regulatory elements in relation to foreign gene expression in plastids. Multiple sequence alignments of intergenic regions for 20 species of angiosperm showed that despite 95% identity in the coding region, identity in the psbA upstream region is 59% across all taxa examined, other gene coding regions displayed sequence identity of 80-97%, whereas the non-coding regions were 45-79% suggesting that our physical data can be extrapolated beyond the model presented. We found that by exchanging psbA untranslated regions (UTRs) between N. tabacum and lettuce (Lactuca sativa), the expression of the CTB-proinsulin (CTB-Pins) monocistronic transcript declined by 84% and foreign protein accumulation was reduced by as much as 97% in mature leaves. Polyribosome association assays suggest that ribosome-free transgenic transcripts are stabilized where the native UTR is employed. RNA EMSA revealed that binding proteins interacted with psbA 5' UTRs in a species specific manner and the half life of the L. sativa 5'UTR-CTB-Pins mRNA was reduced by 3.7 fold in N. tabacum stromal extracts. Our data indicate that the use of species-specific regulatory elements could lead to establishment of reproducible plastid transformation in desirable target species such as L. sativa. Using transplastomic L. sativa for oral delivery of bioencapsulated CTB-Pins we delayed the onset of diabetes in NOD mice when retinyl acetate supplement was provided compared to untouched mice. In this 30 week study we monitored blood glucose levels and evaluated the in vitro suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells isolated from diabetic mice. Whether delay or prevention was achieved appeared to be a function of antigen dose as high dose resulted in a nine week delay of onset while low dose reduced the incidence of diabetes by 36%. In addition we have evaluated metabolic engineering in the N. tabacum model where we generated cis-genic lines expressing nucleus-encoded methionine pathway enzymes in plastids. Transplastomic expression of Cystathionine gamma-Synthase led to a three-fold increase in enzyme activity and a doubling of methionine content in leaves without a deleterious phenotype. In exploring molecular mechanisms supporting gene expression in plastids and applying transplastomic technology to real human problems this work seeks address the potential of plastid biotechnology for improvement of commodity crops and production of biopharmaceuticals.
Ph.D.
Department of Biomolecular Science
Other
Biomedical Sciences PhD
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Zainuddin, Zarina. "Expression of vitamin B₁₂ enzymes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609492.

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Barthet, Michelle Marie. "Expression and Function of the Chloroplast-encoded Gene matK." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26287.

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The chloroplast matK gene has been identified as a rapidly evolving gene at nucleotide and corresponding amino acid levels. The high number of nucleotide substitutions and length mutations in matK has provided a strong phylogenetic signal for resolving plant phylogenies at various taxonomic levels. However, these same features have raised questions as to whether matK produces a functional protein product. matK is the only proposed chloroplast-encoded group II intron maturase. There are 15 genes in the chloroplast that would require a maturase for RNA splicing. Six of these genes have introns that are not excised by a nuclear imported maturase, leaving MatK as the only candidate for processing introns in these genes. Very little research has been conducted concerning the expression and function of this important gene and its protein product. It has become crucial to understand matK expression in light of its significance in RNA processing and plant systematics. In this study, we examined the expression, function and evolution of MatK using a combination of molecular and genetic methods. Our findings indicate that matK RNA and protein is expressed in a variety of plant species, and expression of MatK protein is regulated by development. In addition, matK RNA levels are affected by light. Furthermore, genetic analysis has revealed that although MatK has a high rate of amino acid substitution, these substitutions are not random but are constrained to maintain overall chemical structure and stability in this protein. We have also identified an alternate start codon for matK in some plant species that buffers indels (insertions and deletions) in the open reading frame (ORF) that are not in multiples of three in the gene sequence. Usually, indels not in multiples of three result in frame shifts that destroy the reading frame. Our results indicate that an out-of-frame matK start codon in some orchids compensates for these otherwise deleterious indels. This research represents the first in-depth analysis of matK gene expression and contributes to several fields of biology including plant systematics, genetics and gene expression.
Ph. D.
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Kawazoe, Ryo. "Control of chloroplast gene expression by a circadian clock in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii /." Digital version:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p9992832.

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Bateman, Joseph Matthew. "The maintenance and expression of foreign genes in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391710.

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Hong, Ling. "Gene structure and expression of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast psbB and petB operons." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186930.

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Euglena gracilis has been used as a model for studying the chloroplast genome and gene expression during chloroplast biogenesis. My graduate research has been focused on the following two areas: (1) DNA sequencing of part of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome, (2) Euglena chloroplast RNA metabolism, such as intercistronic RNA processing and intron splicing. The region that I characterized is between the psbB and rbcL loci on the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome. Three photosystem II genes (psbT, psbN and psbH), one cytochrome b6 gene (petB) and two ATPase subunit genes (atpB and atpE) have been identified. Based on northern hybridization analysis, the Euglena gracilis chloroplast petB, atpB and atpE genes are cotranscribed as a tricistronic operon. Through cDNA analysis of petB-atpB-atpE pre-mRNA, eight introns have been identified. Two independent intercistronic RNA processing events and 11 splicing reactions lead to the accumulation of the mature petB, atpB and atpE monocistronic mRNAs. The mRNAs from psbB, psbT, psbH and psbN genes have been analyzed by northern hybridization, S1 nuclease protection and primer extension RNA sequencing. psbB and psbT are cotranscribed, while psbH and psbN are cotranscribed on the opposite strand. The 5' end of the psbN-psbH transcript and the intercistronic cleavage sites between psbB-psbT and psbN-psbH were determined. Through a combination of cDNA cloning and sequencing, northern hybridization and S1 nuclease protection analysis of the partially spliced psbT pre-mRNAs, the 1352 nt psbT intron has been characterized as a complex twintron with overlapping internal introns and alternative splicing pathways. In the predominant pathway, two internal group II introns are not orderly spliced. In an alternative pathway, splicing of a group III intron occurs. This group III intron is recruited from sequences of two group II introns. The generation of this group III intron is the first evidence that a group III intron can be derived from portions of existing group II introns. The mechanism of group III intron formation may also be relevant to the evolution of nuclear introns from putative group II intron ancestors.
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Books on the topic "Chloroplast expression"

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Ko, Kenton. Organization, expression and evolution of the "Vicia fabia" chloroplast genome. 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chloroplast expression"

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Nickelsen, Jörg, Alexandra-Viola Bohne, and Peter Westhoff. "Chloroplast Gene Expression—Translation." In Plastid Biology, 49–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1136-3_2.

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Ruhlman, Tracey A., Jeffrey W. Cary, and Kanniah Rajasekaran. "Chapter 17 The Plastid Genome as a Platform for the Expression of Microbial Resistance Genes." In The Chloroplast, 245–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_17.

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Gray, J. C., K. H. Pwee, R. E. Slatter, and P. Dupree. "Regulation of Expression of the Pea Plastocyanin Gene." In Regulation of Chloroplast Biogenesis, 23–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3366-5_4.

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Rochaix, J. D., M. Goldschmidt-Clermont, Y. Choquet, Y. Takahashi, M. Kuchka, J. Girard-Bascou, and P. Bennoun. "Chloroplast Gene Expression and Reverse Genetics in Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii." In Regulation of Chloroplast Biogenesis, 9–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3366-5_2.

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Grimm, Bernhard. "Chapter 3 Control of the Metabolic Flow in Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis: Regulation of Expression and Activity of Enzymes in the Mg Branch of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis." In The Chloroplast, 39–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_3.

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Richter, Gerhard. "Photoreceptors and their Action on Chloroplast Development Photoregulated Gene Expression." In Regulation of Chloroplast Biogenesis, 71–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3366-5_10.

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Lee, Dong Wook, and Inhwan Hwang. "Transient Expression and Analysis of Chloroplast Proteins in Arabidopsis Protoplasts." In Chloroplast Research in Arabidopsis, 59–71. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-234-2_4.

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Baginsky, Sacha, and Gerhard Link. "Redox Regulation of Chloroplast Gene Expression." In Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation, and Environment, 269–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3579-9_17.

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Gray, J. C., R. Sornarajah, A. A. Zabron, C. M. Duckett, and M. S. Khan. "Chloroplast Control of Nuclear Gene Expression." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere, 2483–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_585.

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Rochaix, Jean-David, Raymond Surzycki, and Silvia Ramundo. "Regulated Chloroplast Gene Expression in Chlamydomonas." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 305–18. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1472-3_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chloroplast expression"

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Wang, Dan, Xueliang Bai, Qing Liu, Yerong Zhu, Yanling Bai, and Yong Wang. "Notice of Retraction: Expression of Human Interleukin-6 in Tobacco by Chloroplast Engineering." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5780238.

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"Effect of melatonin deficiency and disruption of its receptor signaling pathway on photosynthetic parameters and expression of chloroplast genes in plants of Arabidopsis thaliana under photooxidative stress." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-030.

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Naraikina, N. V., and T. I. Trunova. "THE EXPRESSING OF THE DESA Δ12-ACYL-LIPID DESATURASE GENE OF SYNECHOCYSTIS CHANGES THE STRUCTURE OF POTATO CHLOROPLASTS UNDER THE HARDENING TO LOW TEMPERATURE." In The Second All-Russian Scientific Conference with international participation "Regulation Mechanisms of Eukariotic Cell Organelle Functions". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-318-1-66-68.

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Reports on the topic "Chloroplast expression"

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Barkan, A. Transposon-induced nuclear mutations that alter chloroplast gene expression. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6686800.

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Kuchka, M. R. Post transcriptional regulation of chloroplast gene expression by nuclear encoded gene products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7309627.

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Kuchka, M. R. Post transcriptional regulation of chloroplast gene expression by nuclear encoded gene products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5268747.

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Kuchka, M. R. Post-transcriptional regulation of chloroplast gene expression by nuclear encoded gene products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/764181.

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Barkan, A. Transposon-induced nuclear mutations that alter chloroplast gene expression. Annual report, September 1, 1991--August 31, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10136698.

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Barkan, A. Transposon-induced nuclear mutations that alter chloroplast gene expression. Annual report, September 1, 1992--April 15, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10189463.

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Kuchka, M. R. Post transcriptional regulation of chloroplast gene expression by nuclear encoded gene products. Progress report, June 1, 1991--May 31, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10142165.

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Kuchka, M. R. Post transcriptional regulation of chloroplast gene expression by nuclear encoded gene products. Progress report, June 1, 1990--June 30, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10161582.

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