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Surucu, Birgul [Verfasser]. "Synthesis of Chlorogenic Acids and Chlorogenic Acid Lactones / Birgul Surucu." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1035217090/34.
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Knevitt, Daniel. "Characterising chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in coffee." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/63829/.
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Coffee is an important commodity and a major export for developing countries. There are two commercially grown species: Robusta and Arabica. The latter is more desirable, but more difficult to cultivate. It is susceptible to pests and diseases and less tolerant to environmental changes. This vulnerability is partly due to Arabica accumulating less chlorogenic acid (CGA) than Robusta. There are high levels of CGAs in the coffee beverage which contribute to the flavour and confer health benefits. In this study, I characterised enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of CGAs in coffee and investigated the function of transcription factors in controlling the phenylpropanoid pathway that lead to CGA production. The enzyme hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HQT) is entirely responsible for the synthesis of the major CGA, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA). I also discovered two routes for the synthesis of dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs) from 5-CQA utilising two different enzymes in different subcellular compartments. HQT could synthesise diCQAs in the presence of high concentrations of 5-CQA when localised to the vacuole. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate/shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) could synthesise diCQAs through the same route but can also synthesise diCQAs at neutral pH using 5-CQA and caffeoyl CoA. Tissue distribution patterns of metabolites in developing coffee fruit confirmed the presence of these biosynthetic routes. I cloned and characterised several R2R3MYB genes encoding potential regulators of CGA biosynthesis. Their analysis also led to a possible explanation for the usually high levels of CGA in coffee. Distinct MYB12-like transcription factors activated the transcription of a non-functional chalcone synthase (CHS) gene which is important for the synthesis of flavonols. This results in high levels of CGAs at the expenses of flavonol accumulation. Understanding CGA biosynthesis in coffee will be useful for sustainable cultivation of this important crop.
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Bushman, Bradley Shaun. "The genetic basis of chlorogenic acid synthesis in maize /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060089.
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Lallemand, Laura Amandine. "Structural and biochemical characterisation of enzymes involved in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENV008/document.
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Les acides chlorogéniques (CGAs) représentent une famille d'esters formés d'un dérivé de l'acide cinnamique conjugué à l'acide quinique ou shikimique. Ces métabolites secondaires produits par la voie des phénylpropanoides sont largement répandus chez les végétaux terrestres et sont une source majeure d'antioxydants alimentaires. Les esters hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA sont les précurseurs des CGAs et d'autres composés phénoliques tels que les lignines. Ces intermédiaires activés sont synthétisés à partir d'un acide hydroxycinnamique et du coenzyme A par la 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) appartenant à la superfamille des enzymes formant des adénylates. Nicotiana tabacum 4CL2 a été utilisée pour la production d'esters et sa structure a été résolue par remplacement moléculaire. Deux gènes codant pour des hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransférases chez Coffea canephora ont été clonés. CcHCT et CcHQT, qui appartiennent à la superfamille des acyltransférases acyl-CoA-dépendantes, ont été surexprimées dans E. coli et purifiées à homogénéité. L'analyse par diffraction aux rayons X de cristaux de CcHCT a permis de déterminer sa structure par remplacement moléculaire. Un modèle a été dérivé par homologie de séquence pour CcHQT afin de proposer les déterminants de la préférence pour l'acide quinique ou shikimique. Des modélisations moléculaires ont été réalisées afin d'identifier les résidus potentiellement impliqués dans les intéractions enzyme-substrat. L'analyse par chromatographie liquide haute performance des réactions enzymatiques ont montré que ces enzymes sont capables de synthétiser l'acide 5-O-caféoylquinique mais aussi le diester 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinique, qui est un composé majeur du grain de café avant mûrissement. La production de variants par mutagenèse dirigée a permis l'identification de résidus importants pour la catalyse des réactions de mono- et de diacylation. L'approche combinée de la biologie structurale et de l'enzymologie s'avère particulièrement utile pour mieux comprendre le rôle de HCT et HQTChlorogenic acids (CGAs) represent a family of esters formed between a cinnamic acid derivative and quinic or shikimic acid. CGAs are secondary metabolites produced via the phenylpropanoid pathway by higher plants and are a major source of dietary antioxidants. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA esters are the precursors for CGAs and other phenolic compounds such as lignins. These activated intermediates are synthesized from a hydroxycinnamic acid and coenzyme A by 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL), which belongs to the adenylate-forming enzyme superfamily. Nicotiana tabacum 4CL2 was used to produce hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA esters and its structure was solved by molecular replacement. Two genes encoding hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferases from Coffea canephora were cloned. CcHCT and CcHQT, which belong to the acyl-CoA-dependent acyltransferase superfamily, were overexpressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. X-ray diffraction analysis of CcHCT crystals resulted in a structural solution by molecular replacement. A homology model was derived for CcHQT in order to propose some determinants of the preference for quinic or shikimic acid. Docking experiments were carried out in order to identify potential residues involved in enzyme-substrate interactions. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of enzymatic reactions showed that these enzymes are capable of synthesizing 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid but also the diester 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, which is a major component of the coffee grain before ripening. The production of variants by site-directed mutagenesis enabled the identification of residues important for catalysis of the mono- and diacyltransfer reactions. The combined approach of structural biology and enzymology provides molecular insights into the role of HCT and HQT in CGA biosynthesis
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Shan, Jiajia. "Prediction of Roasting Degrees and Chlorogenic Acid Concentration of Coffee by NIR Spectroscopy." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199343.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第19019号
農博第2097号
新制||農||1029(附属図書館)
学位論文||H27||N4901(農学部図書室)
31970
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 近藤 直, 教授 清水 浩, 准教授 小川 雄一
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Chan, Shin Yee. "Biomarkers of tea and coffee-derived polyphenol exposure in human subjects." University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0046.
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Tea and coffee are rich in polyphenols with a variety of biological activities. Polyphenols found in tea are predominantly flavonoids, of which up to 15% are present as free or esterified gallic acid. Coffee polyphenols are almost wholly comprised of chlorogenic acids. Many of the demonstrated activities of polyphenols are consistent with favourable effects on the risk of chronic diseases. In investigating the relationships between intake and exposure to such compounds and chronic disease-related endpoints, it is important to be able to identify biomarkers that are specific to the compounds of interest. 4-O-methyl gallic acid (4OMGA) and isoferulic acid have been identified as potential biomarkers of intake and exposure to polyphenols derived from tea and coffee, respectively. 4OMGA is derived from gallic acid in tea, and isoferulic acid from chlorogenic acid in coffee. The major objectives of the research which is the subject of this thesis were (1) to establish a dose-response relationship of 24h urinary excretions of 4OMGA and isoferulic acid following ingestions of black tea and coffee of different strengths, and (2) to explore relationships of tea and coffee intake with 24h urinary excretion of 4OMGA and isoferulic acid in human populations. It was found that there was rapid excretion of both 4OMGA and isoferulic acid in the first 6h after tea and coffee ingestion, respectively. Approximately 60 80% of the ingested dose was excreted during the first 6h after ingestion. Urinary excretion of 4OMGA and isoferulic acid was directly related to the dose of tea and coffee, respectively. That is, higher intake resulted in increased urinary excretion of the metabolites. The relationships of 24h urinary excretion of 4OMGA and isoferulic acid with long-term usual (111 participants) and contemporary recorded current (344 participants) tea and coffee intake were assessed. 4OMGA was strongly related to usual (r = 0.50, P < 0.001) and current (r = 0.57, P < 0.001) tea intake. Isoferulic acid was less strongly, but significantly associated with usual (r = 0.26, P = 0.008) and current (r = 0.18, P < 0.001) coffee intake. Overall, the results are consistent with the proposal that 4OMGA is a good biomarker for black tea derived polyphenol intake and exposure, but isoferulic acid may have only limited use as a biomarker for coffee-derived polyphenol exposure.
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Cairns, Paulette Anne. "Effects of Hydroxycinnamates and Exogenous Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen on Cider Aroma and Fermentation Performance." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101679.
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Heritage apple cultivars for cider-making are often distinguished by a high concentration of tannins (phenolic compounds), and/or acid. The phenolic content of some cider apples far exceeds that of white wine, however most cider fermentation practices are directly taken from white winemaking, not accounting for effects of high concentrations of phenolic compounds on yeast fermentation. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and chlorogenic acid—at concentrations reported in apples—and their interactions with yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) on fermentation kinetics and cider aroma. Our hypothesis was that the phenolic compounds present in high-tannin cider apples would negatively impact fermentation kinetics, but not alter the aroma, and that added YAN would reduce these effects. Ferulic acid negatively affected fermentation performance (p < 0.05), but p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid did not. p-Coumaric acid led to the greatest changes in cider aroma. Differences were also detected for different concentrations of ferulic acid. Chlorogenic acid did not affect aroma. Yeast strain influenced fermentation performance and cider aroma. Finally, addition of exogenous YAN improved fermentation performance for the low concentration ferulic acid condition, but not for the high concentration. Adding YAN also changed cider aroma in the presence of p-coumaric acid.Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Liang, Yundi. "L-Cysteine Effects on Chlorogenic Acid Quinone-Amino Acid Induced Greening and Browning: Mechanism and Effects on Antioxidant Capacity." Chapman University Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/food_science_theses/8.
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The formation of green trihydroxy benzacridine (TBA) derivatives when chlorogenic acid (CGA) quinones and amino acids react can be visually unappealing in some applications where CGA containing ingredients are used. Cysteine was studied as an amino acid anti-greening strategy, because cysteine-CGA conjugates are colorless. Buffered CGA: lysine: cysteine solutions at pH 8.0 and 9.0 were prepared and incubated for a maximum of 48 h at ambient temperature. Color intensity was periodically monitored using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Quantification and identification of conjugate formation were conducted by HPLC and LC-MS, while Antioxidant capacity was assessed by Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent reducing capacity assays. More intense greening was detected at higher pH. Lysyl amine- CGA conjugates were identified as the predominant precursor of green TBA. Concentration-dependent cysteine inhibition of CGA-lysine greening was primarily by redox diphenol regeneration when pH was below cysteinyl thiol pKa 8.3 while primarily by forming cysteinyl-CGA conjugates when pH was above 8.3. Visible greening was fully inhibited with a cysteine: lysine 1:1 molar ratio in pH 9 CGA: Lys: Cys solutions, indicating that cysteinyl thiol was a stronger nucleophile than ε-lysyl amine to react with CGA o-quinones. Mono- and di-cysteine-CGA conjugates contributed to antioxidant capacity. Cysteine concentration, pH and incubation time all significantly affected color intensities and antioxidant capacity (p
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Zaffarano, Jennifer I. "MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATIONS OF TWO COMMON FOOD PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF SWINE FECES IN VITRO." UKnowledge, 2003. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/182.
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Feeding sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics to livestock has been associated withdevelopment and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The present experiment was conductedto investigate the effect of antibiotic alternatives (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and carbadox)on the microbial ecology of swine feces in vitro.Minimum inhibitory concentrations of caffeic and chlorogenic acids were determined forseveral pathogens using macrobroth and agar dilution techniques. Gram-negative bacteria werenot inhibited. Caffeic acid inhibited four Staphylococcus aureus strains at 200 ppm or less, andtwo Clostridium perfringens strains at 300 ppm. Chlorogenic acid inhibited all S. aureus strainsat 500 ppm, and one C. perfringens strain at 400 ppm.Effects of antibiotic alternatives on fecal microbial ecology were determined using an invitro incubation. Caffeic acid lowered total anaerobes, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, andpercent E. coli (pandlt;0.01). Chlorogenic acid lowered total anaerobes, Bifidobacteria, andlactobacilli (pandlt;0.01), and increased acetate concentration (pandlt;0.0001). Carbadox lowered totalanaerobes, Bifidobacteria, E. coli, and coliforms (pandlt;0.01), and lowered acetate, propionate,butyrate, valerate, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations (pandlt;0.01). It can be concluded thataddition of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, or carbadox effected bacterial and chemicalcomponents of the microbial ecology of swine feces.
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Scherbl, Denise [Verfasser], and Elke [Akademischer Betreuer] Richling. "Influence of breakfast consumption on the chlorogenic acid metabolism in humans / Denise Scherbl ; Betreuer: Elke Richling." Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143595262/34.
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Szalma, Stephen J. "QTL and association analyses of the phenylpropanoid pathway in maize silks /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091971.
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Palermo, Larissa Trombetta 1976. "Determinação simultânea dos ácidos caféico e clorogênico por fluorencência." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248387.
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Orientador: Lauro Tatsuo KubotaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T12:04:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Palermo_LarissaTrombetta_M.pdf: 624816 bytes, checksum: 9227a24ded626786ef64b5defeb77d15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: O presente trabalho trata da aplicação da fluorescência molecular e de métodos de calibração multivariados, na modalidade PLS-1, para a determinação simultânea de uma mistura dos ácidos cafêico (CA) e clorogênico (CGA), tanto em amostras sintéticas quanto em amostras reais, provenientes de extratos vegetais aquosos da planta Ilex paraguariensis, aproveitando-se o fato de que ambos os compostos apresentam fluorescência intrínseca. O método desenvolvido não requer reagente, sendo apenas necessário o uso de água aquecida para a etapa de extração. Para tanto, planejamentos fatoriais 2 foram aplicados no sentido de se determinar as condições ótimas para a obtenção da maior sensibilidade, analisando para isso os efeitos principais e a presença de fatores de interação. Esse estudo foi feito para cada um dos ácidos separadamente. Foram feitos dois tipos de planejamentos: um relacionado às variáveis instrumentais e outro sobre as variáveis relacionadas à condição da amostra. Porém, a escolha dos níveis e dos fatores a serem utilizados foi feita a partir de experimentos preliminares, observando-se o efeito de nove variáveis sobre o comportamento de emissão de fluorescência, para cada um dos ácidos. As melhores condições de análise permitiram a obtenção de uma resposta linear para CA na faixa de 0,08-11,1 mmol L, a 284 nm de excitação, com limite de detecção (LD) equivalente a 0,02 mmol L e limite de quantificação (LQ) de 0,07 mmol L (r=0,9972, n=7). Para o CGA a faixa linear foi de 0,3-8,5 mmol L, a 330 nm de excitação, com LD=0,07 mmol L e LQ=0,2 mmol L (r=0,9959, n=8). A etapa seguinte consistiu na construção do modelo de calibração para a mistura, utilizando-se diferentes proporções de CA e CGA (1:7,5; 1:9,5; 1:11,5; 1:13,5; 1:17,5). Os espectros das amostras foram obtidos a 284 nm, e a faixa espectral de 380-500 nm foi decomposta utilizando-se PLS-1. Os dados foram centrados na média, utilizando-se validação cruzada, sem transformação derivativa. O número ótimo de componentes principais encontrados foi de 3 (CA) e 5 (CGA), sendo que 48 amostras foram usadas no conjunto de calibração, e 12 amostras no de validação externa. As concentrações previstas e reais apresentaram-se satisfatoriamente correlacionadas (r=0,990007 e 0,997176 para os modelos do CA e CGA), e para ambos os modelos o desempenho da previsão foi avaliado em termos do coeficiente de variabilidade (CV). A quantificação dos ácidos na amostra comercial foi feita utilizando-se os modelos finais obtidos por PLS-1, sendo validada através da adição de padrão, com boas recuperações obtidas (94±5 % e 104±3 %, para CA e CGA, respectivamente)
Abstract: The present work concerns the application of molecular fluorescence and multivariate calibration method, in the PLS-1 modality, for the simultaneous determination of caffeic (CA) and chlorogenic (CGA) acids in synthetic samples and in real samples of aqueous vegetable extracts of Ilex paraguariensis, using the intrinsic fluorescence of both compounds. The developed method just need the use of warm water for the extraction stage and no chemical is required. A factorial design 2 was applied to get the optimized conditions looking for the largest sensitivity, evaluating the main effects and the presence of interaction factors. This study was performed for each one of the analyte separately. They were performed two types of design: one related to the instrumental variables and other on the variables related to the sample condition. However, the choice of the levels and the factors was based on the preliminary experiments, being observed the effect of nine variables on the behavior of fluorescence emission. The optimized conditions allowed to obtain a linear response for CA in the range of 0.08-11.1 mmol L, using a wavelength of 284 nm for excitation, with a detection limit (LD) equivalent to 0.02 mmol L and quantification limit (LQ) of 0.07 mmol L (r=0.9972, n=7). For CGA the linear response range was 0.3-8.5 mmol L, excitation at a wavelength of 330 nm, with a LD=0.07 mmol L and LQ=0.2 mmol L (r=0.9959, n=8). The construction of the calibration model for the rnixture was consisted in different proportions of CA and CGA (1:7.5; 1:9.5; 1:11.5; 1:13.5; 1:17.5). The spectra of the samples were obtained exciting at 284 nm, and recording the spectral range of 380-500 nm. The data were decomposed using PLS-1. The data set was mean centered, being used the cross validation, without derivative transformation. The optimum number of factors was found as 3 (CA) and 5 (CGA), and 48 samples were used in the calibration set, and 12 samples in one validation group. A satisfactory agreement between predicted and experimental concentrations was obtained (r=0.990007 and 0.997176 for the models of CA and CGA), and for both models the prediction performance was evaluated in terms of the variability coefficient (CV). The acids quantification in the commercial sample was carried out using the final models obtained by PLS-1, being validated through the standard addition, with good recoveries (94±5 % and 104±3 %, for CA and CGA, respectively)
Mestrado
Quimica Analitica
Mestre em Química
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Kong, Emily S. "EFFECT OF pH AND TEMPERATURE ON THE BINDING INTERACTIONS OF CAFFEINE AND CHLOROGENIC ACID WITH SODIUM CASEINATE." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/947.
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Coffee is a popular and well-loved beverage consumed worldwide by millions of people every day. While most patrons of coffee do so because of its unique and satisfying taste, consumers may be unaware of the potential beneficial health effects it also imparts. The antioxidants found in green coffee beans collectively known as chlorogenic acids (CGA) and caffeine are two of the most abundant bioactive compounds present in coffee. Both these bioactive compounds have been implicated in many studies to impart a wide range of health benefits, from reducing the risk of Type 2 diabetes, to their use as aides in weight management. Indeed, epidemiological studies on people who consume moderate amounts of coffee on a regular basis have unanimously shown benefits to overall health.
While caffeine and CGA are naturally occurring compounds in coffee, their potential in conferring beneficial health effects warrant research into other potential food matrixes that can be used to bind and deliver these bioactive compounds into foods that do not naturally contain them. Milk proteins, specifically caseins, have been shown to be excellent vehicles to both bind and deliver sensitive bioactive compounds of various chemical and physical properties. Caseins have been shown in numerous studies to successfully bind to molecules such as vitamin D2, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA), and iron to name a few. Because caseins exhibit high versatility in binding a variety of molecules, caseins were the milk protein of choice for the experiments in this thesis.
Polyphenols have been the subject of many studies on its binding capacity with milk proteins, but research on the binding capacity of caffeine with caseins is limited. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are threefold: 1) develop, optimize and validate an HPLC method for the accurate and simultaneous determination of caffeine and CGA, 2) establish a procedure by which caffeine and CGA bind to sodium caseinate, and 3) determine the optimal treatment conditions of pH and temperature to increase binding interactions and speculate on the mechanism of binding for each bioactive compound.
A reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method was developed and subjected to validation studies with good results in linearity (caffeine R2 = 0.9992, CGA R2 = 0.9995) and precision (RSD of caffeine <1%, RSD of CGA <2%). The developed method also demonstrated selectivity for caffeine and CGA. This method was then used to analyze sodium caseinate samples containing caffeine and 5-CGA. The results from these studies have shown that binding interactions between caffeine and sodium caseinate are temperature dependent (p < 0.01) whereas binding interactions between CGA and sodium caseinate are influenced by both pH and temperature (p < 0.01). Elucidating the binding mechanisms of caffeine and CGA to sodium caseinate and providing a sensitive analytical technique by which these compounds can be accurately quantified may facilitate future research involving the use of caffeine and CGA in many other facets, as well as promoting its increased use in the dairy industry.
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Raheem, Kolawole Saki. "Studies on the synthesis of dicaffeoylquinic acid conjugates." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2009.
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Dicaffeoylquinic acid (DCQA) is a natural polyphenolic compound widely distributed in plants such as coffee beans, which possesses a range of pharmacological activities. Herein, is reported studies undertaken towards the first total synthesis of 3,5-DCQA conjugates. Two synthetic routes were investigated. The first route involves a seven step sequence beginning from quinic acid. The overall yield via this synthetic approach was 30%. The key steps involved in the sequence were a regioselective benzylation of the C-3-hydroxyl group followed by silyl protection of the C-1 and C-4 hydroxyl groups. Deprotection of the benzyl group by hydrogenolysis and opening of the lactone afforded the 3,5-diol. Esterification of the 3,5-diol with 3,4-tert-butyldimethylsilyl caffeoyl chloride afforded the di-ester. Removal of the protecting groups afforded 3,5-DCQA. The second route involved selective protection of the C-3-hydroxyl group with silyl followed by benzylation of the C-1 and C-3 hydroxyl groups. Saponification of the lactone ring followed by benzylation of the carboxylic acid gave the benzyl ester. Silyl deprotection afforded the 3,5-diol. The 3,5-diol was subsequently esterified by refluxing in toluene with commercially available Meldrum’s acid. In the final step, the synthesis of 3,5-DCQA was achieved by a Knoevenagel condensation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and a malonate ester of quinic acid. An efficient method for the synthesis of possible metabolites of quinic acid conjugates was also described. This protocol employs N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-trifluoroacetimidate glucuronyl as the donor. The key reaction in this sequence was the coupling of N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-trifluoroacetimidate glucuronyl with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde.
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Kaushik, Prashant. "Application of Conventional, Biotechnological and Genomics Approaches for Eggplant (Solanum melongena.L). Breeding with a Focus on Bioactive Phenolics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/122295.
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[ES] En el primer capítulo, se caracterizó una colección de seis accesiones de berenjenas, 21 accesiones de 12 especies silvestres y 45 híbridos interespecíficos de berenjena con especies silvestres utilizando 27 descriptores morfológicos y 20 descriptores morfométricos de frutos basados en la herramienta fenómica Tomato Analyzer. Observamos diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos, con híbridos que muestran valores intermedios para la mayoría de los descriptores. Las especies silvestres mostraron una amplia diversidad para ampliar la base genética de la berenjena. En el segundo capítulo, el mismo material se caracterizó para el contenido en compuestos fenólicos del fruto, el color de la pulpa de la fruta y los caracteres relacionados con el pardeamiento. Mientras que el ácido fenólico predominante en la berenjena cultivada fue el ácido clorogénico (> 65.0%), en los parientes silvestres fue de menos del 50% del área del pico del cromatograma HPLC. Las variedades cultivadas presentaron un color de carne más claro y baja actividad de polifenol oxidasa (PPO). Los híbridos interespecíficos fueron intermedios para todos los caracteres estudiados. En el tercer capítulo, realizamos un estudio genético Linea por Probador (L × P) utilizando dos líneas cultivadas, una con citoplasma oriental y otra occidental con cuatro probadores que representan tres especies silvestres: S. insanum, S.anguivi y S . lichtensteinii. Además, evaluamos el material para 3 descriptores bioquímicos, 12 morfológicos y 8 de Tomato Analyzer. Encontramos diferencias significativas para los 23 caracteres estudiados. Los valores más altos para la componente SCA se determinaron en comparación con la componente GCA. En general, los probadores del genepool secundarios fueron mejores para la mejora de los caracteres bioquímicos, mientras que las especies de genepool primarias fueron mejores para los caracteres morfológicos. En el cuarto capítulo, para obtener información sobre la genética de caracteres importantes en la berenjena, realizamos el primer estudio genético detallado de la berenjena con 10 genotipos diversos de berenjena, entre ellos una accesión de S. insanum, mientras que el resto fueron variedades tradicionales con forma del fruto muy diversa. Cuando se cruzaron en un diseño de medio dialelo, los 10 padres produjeron un conjunto de 45 híbridos. Evaluamos padres e híbridos para 14 descriptores de características morfológicas y 14 características morfométricas del fruto. También determinamos las distancias genéticas utilizando 7,335 marcadores de SNP polimórficos. Del mismo modo, en el quinto capítulo, estudiamos los compuestos fenólicos del fruto, el color de la pulpa del mismo y los caracteres relacionados con el pardeamiento en el mismo material. Se determinó que la accesión de S. insanum accession INS2 presenta valores altamente significativos para los compuestos fenólicos totales y el contenido de ácido clorogénico. Se encontraron efectos significativos para la aptitud combinatoria específica y general para los caracteres bioquímicos estudiados. De manera similar a lo encontrado anteriormente, la distancia genética entre los padres no fue útil para predecir el comportamiento de los híbridos.Finalmente, en el sexto capítulo, hemos desarrollado un protocolo de agroinfiltración para la expresión transitoria de un gen en el fruto de la berenjena utilizando GUS; Vector pCAMBIA1304. Posteriormente, para probar la utilidad del protocolo, utilizamos la hidroxicinamoil CoA-quinato transferasa (SmHQT) de berenjena, que es la enzima central estudiada para aumentar el contenido de ácido clorogénico, en la construcción del gen con el promotor específico en un vector de transformación de plantas (pBIN19). Además, en nuestro casete, también coexpresamos la proteína P19 del Tomato bushy stunt virus para sobreexpresar la proteína. En esta tesis proporcionamos información sobre los parientes sil[CAT] En el primer capítol, es va caracteritzar una col·lecció de sis accessions d'albergínies, 21 accessions de 12 espècies silvestres i 45 híbrids interespecífics d'albergínia amb espècies silvestres utilitzant 27 descriptors morfològics i 20 descriptors morfomètrics de fruits basats en l'eina fenómica Tomato Analyzer. Observarem diferències significatives entre els tres grups, amb híbrids que mostren valors intermedis per a la majoria dels descriptors. Les espècies silvestres van mostrar una àmplia diversitat per a ampliar la base genètica de l'albergínia.En el segon capítol, el mateix material es va caracteritzar per al contingut en compostos fenòlics del fruit, el color de la polpa de la fruita i els caràcters relacionats amb el pardejament. Mentre que l'àcid fenòlic predominant en l'albergínia cultivada va ser l'àcid clorogènic (> 65.0%), en els parents silvestres va ser de menys del 50% de l'àrea del pic del cromatograma HPLC. Les varietats cultivades van presentar un color de carn més clar i baixa activitat de polifenol oxidasa (PPO). Els híbrids interespecífics van ser intermedis per a tots els caràcters estudiats. Curiosament, no trobem correlacions significatives entre el contingut de compostos fenòlics totals o àcid clorogènic i el pardejament de la polpa de la fruita. En el tercer capítol, realitzem un estudi genètic Línia per Emprovador (L × P) utilitzant dues línies cultivades, una amb citoplasma oriental i una altra occidental amb quatre emprovadors que representen tres espècies silvestres: S. insanum, S. anguivi i S. lichtensteinii. A més, avaluem el material per a 3 descriptors bioquímics, 12 morfològics i 8 de Tomato Analyzer. Trobem diferències significatives per als 23 caràcters estudiats. Els valors més alts per a la component SCA es van determinar en comparació amb la component GCA. En el quart capítol, per a obtindre informació sobre la genètica de caràcters importants en l'albergínia, realitzem el primer estudi genètic detallat de l'albergínia amb 10 genotips diversos d'albergínia, entre ells una accessió de S. insanum, mentre que la resta van ser varietats tradicionals amb forma del fruit molt diversa. Quan es van creuar en un disseny de mitjà dial·lel, els 10 pares van produir un conjunt de 45 híbrids. Avaluem pares i híbrids per a 14 descriptors de característiques morfològiques i 14 característiques morfomètriques del fruit. També determinem les distàncies genètiques utilitzant 7,335 marcadors de SNP polimòrfics. En l'estudi de l'herència dels caràcters morfològics importants per al desenvolupament d'híbrids en albergínia, es va trobar que la distància genètica entre els pares té un valor limitat per a predir el rendiment dels híbrids en aquest cultiu. Es va determinar que l'accessió de S. insanum accessió INS2 presenta valors altament significatius per als compostos fenòlics totals i el contingut d'àcid clorogènic. Es van trobar efectes significatius per a l'aptitud combinatòria específica i general per als caràcters bioquímics estudiats. De manera similar a l'oposat anteriorment, la distància genètica entre els pares no va ser útil per a predir el comportament dels híbrids. Finalment, en el sisé capítol, hem desenvolupat un protocol d'agroinfiltració per a l'expressió transitòria d'un gen en el fruit de l'albergínia utilitzant GUS; Vector pCAMBIA1304. Posteriorment, per a provar la utilitat del protocol, utilitzem la hidroxicinamoil CoA-quinat transferasa (SmHQT) d'albergínia, que és l'enzim central estudiat per a augmentar el contingut d'àcid clorogènic, en la construcció del gen amb el promotor específic en un vector de transformació de plantes (pBIN19). A més, en el nostre casset, també coexpresem la proteïna P19 del Tomato bushy stunt virus per a sobreexpresar la proteïna. En aquesta tesi proporcionem informació sobre els parents silvestres d'albergínies per a caràcters morfològics i bioq
[EN] In the first chapter, a collection of six eggplant accessions, 21 accessions of 12 wild species (the only primary genepool species S. insanum and 11 secondary genepool species) and 45 interspecific hybrids of eggplant with wild species were characterized using 27 morphological descriptors and 20 fruit morphometric descriptors based on the phenomics tool Tomato Analyzer. We observed significant differences among the three groups with hybrids showing intermediate values for most of the descriptors. The wild species showed an extensive diversity for broadening the genetic base of eggplant. In the second chapter, the same material was characterized for the fruit phenolics, fruit flesh colour and browning related traits. Wild relatives showed greater variation for the fruit phenolics than cultivated eggplant. While, the predominant phenolic acid in cultivated eggplant was chlorogenic acid (>65.0%), in the wild relatives it was less 50% of HPLC chromatogram peak area. Cultivated varieties had lighter flesh colour and low polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. The interspecific hybrids were found to be intermediate for all the characters studied. Interestingly, we found no significant correlations between total phenolics or chlorogenic acid contents and fruit flesh browning. In the third chapter, we performed a Line by Tester (L ×T) genetic study using two cultivated lines one with oriental and another with occidental cytoplasm along with four testers representing three wild species namely, S. insanum, S.anguivi, and S. lichtensteinii. Further, we evaluated the material for 3 biochemical, 12 morphological and 8 Tomato Analyzer based descriptors. We found a significant amount of variation for all the 23 traits studied. The higher values for the SCA component were determined as compared to the GCA component. Overall, the secondary genepool testers were better for the biochemical traits improvement whereas, the primary genepool species was better for the morphological traits. In the fourth chapter, in order to gain information regarding the genetics of important traits in eggplant, we performed the first detailed genetic study of eggplant with 10 diverse eggplant genotypes among them an S. insanum accession, while the remaining nine were highly diverse shaped fruits of popular eggplant cultivars. When crossed in a half-diallel matting design 10 parents produced a set of 45 hybrids. We evaluated parents and hybrids for 14 morphological and 14 fruit morphometric traits descriptors. We also determined the genetic distances using 7,335 polymorphic SNP markers. In the study of the genetics of important morphological traits for hybrid development in eggplant, we found that genetic distance among parents had limited value to predict hybrid performance in this crop. Likewise, in the fifth chapter, we studied the fruit phenolics, fruit flesh colour and browning related traits in the same material. We determined that S. insanum accession INS2 displayed values highly significant for the total phenolics and CGA content. Significant specific and general combining ability effects were found for the biochemical traits studied. Similarly, the genetic distance among parents was nonsignificant to predict hybrids performance. Finally, in the sixth chapter, we have developed an agroinfiltration protocol for the transient expression of a gene in the eggplant fruit using GUS bearing; pCAMBIA1304 vector. Thereafter, to prove the usefulness of the protocol, we have used the eggplant hydroxycinnamoyl CoA-quinate transferase (SmHQT), which is the central enzyme studied to increase the chlorogenic acid content, in a gene construct with the specific promoter in a plant transformation vector (pBIN19). Also, in our cassette, we also co-expressed the P19 protein of Tomato bushy stunt virus to overexpress the protein. Overall, in this thesis, we have provided information regarding the wild relatives of eggplants from a morphological and biochemical prospective.
Kaushik, P. (2019). Application of Conventional, Biotechnological and Genomics Approaches for Eggplant (Solanum melongena.L). Breeding with a Focus on Bioactive Phenolics [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/122295
TESIS
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Mori, Shinnosuke. "Biocommunication between plants and honeybees through pollen fluorescence." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/236628.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第21467号
農博第2310号
新制||農||1064(附属図書館)
学位論文||H31||N5162(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 平井 伸博, 准教授 赤松 美紀, 教授 森 直樹
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Martinez, Beltran Emerson R. "Decrease of HT chlorogenic acid content in sunflower meal using an enzyme preparation secreted by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26830.
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This project describes the enzymatic degradation of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in a model system with pure CGA and in a sunflower meal (SFM) system. The effects of several parameters, such as pH, temperature, and substrate, enzyme and sunflower meal concentrations, on the decrease of the CGA concentration were studied. The optimum pH was found to be 4.3 for the model system and 3.4 for the SFM system; the difference in pH was due to the buffering capacity of the meal in the SFM system. The optimum temperature was 45°C for both systems. There is a linear relationship between the enzyme concentration and the initial reaction rate for low enzyme concentrations. That linearity disappears when the enzyme concentration was higher than 1 nkat/mL and 2.2 nkat/mL for the model and SFM systems, respectively. Regarding the effect of the substrate concentration, a saturation with substrate was noticed when its concentration was 0.13 mM. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Rodrigues, Eliseu 1983. "Capacidade desativadora de espécies reativas de oxigênio e de nitrogênio por carotenoides e extrato de maná-cubiu = Scavenging capacity of carotenoids and extract from mana-cubiu against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254193.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Adriana Zerlotti MercadanteTexto em português e Inglês
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Neste trabalho foi avaliada a capacidade antioxidante de carotenoides em sistema homogêneo e em lipossomas, de carotenoides microencapsulados e de extratos de maná-cubiu (Solanum sessiflorum) frente às espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e espécies reativas de nitrogênio (RNS) de importância biológica. Devido à insolubilidade de carotenoides em solução tampão, utilizada como meio de reação no conhecido método oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), foi desenvolvido também um novo método para determinar a capacidade de carotenoides de desativarem o radical peroxila (ROO). Em geral, as microcápsulas de goma arábica e de maltodextrina (20 DE) contendo compostos antioxidantes (trolox, -tocoferol, ß-caroteno, apo-8¿-carotenal e apo-12¿-carotenal) foram capazes de desativar as ROS e RNS, sendo a eficiência de desativação influenciada pelo material de parede, pela espécie reativa (ROO, peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), radical hidroxila (HO), ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) e ânion peroxinitrito (ONOO-) e pela estrutura do composto antioxidante. Interessantemente, as microcápsulas vazias também foram capazes de desativar as ROS e RNS, sendo as de goma arábica mais eficazes que as de maltodextrina. A incorporação de apo-8¿-carotenal promoveu o maior aumento na capacidade das microcápsulas de desativarem ROS e RNS, variando de 50% a 132% e de 39% a 85% para goma arábica e maltodextrina, respectivamente. Este fato sugere que o apo-8¿-carotenal apresenta o melhor balanço entre a sua localização no interior das microcápsulas e a reatividade frente às espécies reativas. A localização também foi um fator importante na eficiência dos carotenoides desativarem ROS e RNS em lipossomas. Neste sistema, os carotenoides com grupos hidroxila foram geralmente mais potentes na desativação do ROO, HO e HOCl que carotenos, com destaque para a astaxantina, enquanto o ß-caroteno foi mais eficiente na desativação do ONOO-. Para o estudo dos carotenoides em sistema homogêneo foi desenvolvido e validado com sucesso um novo método para avaliação da capacidade de carotenoides de desativarem o ROO, o qual é baseado na perda de fluorescência da sonda ácido 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-fenil-1,3-butadienil)-4-bora-3a,4a-diazo-s-indaceno-3-undecanoico (C11-BODIPY581/591) devido à oxidação pelo ROO, que é gerado pela termodecomposição do azobisisobutironitrila (AIBN). A aplicação deste novo método permitiu o estudo da relação entre a estrutura química de diferentes carotenoides e a capacidade de desativar o ROO. Foi demonstrado que neste sistema os carotenoides são potentes desativadores desta espécie reativa, sendo a eficiência influenciada principalmente pela abertura do anel -ionona e pela extensão do cromóforo. O licopeno foi o mais potente desativador de ROO (8,67 0,74), porém não tão eficiente quanto os carotenoides do maná-cubiu (9,80 0,80). Os compostos bioativos de maná-cubiu foram determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada aos detectores de arranjo de diodos e espectrômetro de massas (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Esta fruta apresentou -caroteno (7,15 g/g) e luteína (2,41 g/g) como carotenoides majoritários. Por fim, o extrato fenólico de maná-cubiu, contendo o ácido 5-cafeoilquínico (1298 g/g) como composto fenólico principal, apresentou grande eficiência em desativar o H2O2 (IC50 = 305 17 g/mL) e o HOCl (IC50 = 13 0,8 g/mL). Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que os carotenoides foram capazes de desativar todas as ROS e RNS de relevância biológica avaliadas neste trabalho, sendo a eficiência de desativação influenciada pela concentração e estrutura química do carotenoide, pelo nível de organização do sistema (homogêneo ou multifásico) e pelo tipo de espécie reativa
Abstract: In the present study, the antioxidant capacity of carotenoids in homogeneous system and in liposomes, of microencapsulated carotenoids and of extracts from mana-cubiu (Solanum sessiflorum) were evaluated against reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species of biological relevance. Due to the insolubility of carotenoids in aqueous buffers, which is used as reaction medium in the well known oxygen radical absorbance capacity method (ORAC), a novel method was also developed to determine the peroxyl radicals (ROO) scavenging capacity of carotenoids. In general, the gum arabic and maltodextrin (20 DE) microcapsules containing antioxidant compounds (trolox, -tocopherol, ß-carotene, apo-8¿-carotenal and apo-12¿-carotenal) were capable to scavenge ROS and RNS. The scavenging efficiency of the microcapsules was influenced by the wall material, the reactive species (ROO, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (HO), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) and the structure of the antioxidant compound. Interestingly, the empty microcapsules were also able to scavenge the ROS and RNS, being the gum arabic microcapsules more efficient than the maltodextrin ones. The incorporation of apo-8¿-carotenal resulted in the largest increase in the microcapsules scavenging capacity, varying from 50% to 132% and from 39% to 85% in the gum Arabic and maltodextrin microcapsules, respectively. These findings suggest that the apo-8¿-carotenal presented the best balance between its location in the microcapsules interior and the reactivity against the reactive species. The location was also an important factor influencing the efficiency of carotenoids to scavenge ROS and RNS in liposomes. In this system, the carotenoids with hydroxyl groups were usually more potent ROO, HO and HOCl scavengers than the carotenes, especially astaxanthin, whilst ß-carotene was the most efficient ONOO- scavenger. To study the carotenoids in homogeneous system, a new ROO scavenging assay, based on the loss of fluorescence of the probe 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoic acid (C11-BODIPY581/591) due to its oxidation induced by ROO generated by the thermo decomposition of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), was successfully developed and validated. This new method allowed the establishment of the relationship between the structure of different carotenoids and their ROO scavenging capacity. In this system, carotenoids showed to be potent scavengers of this reactive species, and their scavenging capacity was influenced mainly by the opening of the -ionone ring and by the chromophore extension. Lycopene was the most potent ROO scavenger (8.67 0.74); however, it was not so efficient as the carotenoids from mana-cubiu (9.80 0.80). The bioactive compounds of mana-cubiu were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). The major carotenoids of this fruit were -carotene (7.15 g/g) and lutein (2.41 g/g). Finally, the main phenolic compound found in the phenolic extract from mana-cubiu was 5-caffeoylquinic acid (1298 g/g), which showed to be a good H2O2 (IC50 = 305 17 g/mL) and HOCl (IC50 = 13 0.8 g/mL) scavenger. The results of this thesis showed that the carotenoids are able to scavenge all the evaluated ROS and RNS of biological relevance and that their efficiency depends on the carotenoid structure and concentration, level of organization of the reaction medium (homogeneous or multiphase) and type of reactive species
Doutorado
Ciência de Alimentos
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
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Poerner, Rodrigues Naira 1985. "Café = compostos bioativos e capacidade desativadora de espécies reativas de oxigênio e de nitrogênio in vitro = Coffee: bioactive compounds and in vitro scavenging capacity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255280.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Neura BragagnoloTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: No presente estudo foi avaliado o perfil qualitativo e quantitativo de compostos bioativos por HPLC-DAD-MSn e a capacidade antioxidante de bebidas de café e de sementes de café cru de diferentes genótipos frente às principais espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e de nitrogênio (ERN) de relevância biológica. As bebidas de café foram preparadas com café torrado e moído (7 regulares e 3 descafeinados) e com café solúvel (2 regulares e 2 descafeinados), ambos comerciais. Nas bebidas de café foram identificados e quantificados 16 ácidos clorogênicos (ácido 5-cafeoilquínico foi o majoritário), 4 lactonas de ácidos clorogênicos, 2 conjugados de cinamoil-aminoácido, 2 ácidos cinâmicos livres, trigonelina, ácido nicotínico, 5-hidroximetilfurfural, teobromina, teofilina e cafeína. Este é o primeiro trabalho que relata a presença de isômeros do ácido cafeoilferuloilquínico e conjugados de cinamoil aminoácido em bebidas de café solúvel. Em geral, o perfil qualitativo de compostos bioativos foi similar entre as bebidas de café. Por outro lado, foram encontradas diferenças quantitativas destes compostos entre as bebidas de café torrado e moído e de café solúvel, e entre as bebidas de café regular e descafeinado. Estas diferenças provavelmente são devido às diferentes espécies e variedades de café usadas nos blends, bem como, às condições de processamento, especialmente o processo de descafeinização e o processo de elaboração do café solúvel. Apesar desta variação, todas as bebidas de café podem ser consideradas fonte de ácidos clorogênicos e de seus derivados e podem contribuir com a ingestão da vitamina niacina para os consumidores habituais de café. Além disso, as bebidas de café mostraram ser potentes desativadoras in vitro de todas as ERO [radical peroxila (ROO?), radical hidroxila (HO?), peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e ácido hipocloroso (HOCl)] e ERN [óxido nítrico (NO?) e ânion peroxinitrito (ONOO-)] avaliadas. A capacidade das bebidas de café de desativarem o ROO?, o HO?, o NO? e o ONOO- foi relacionada principalmente aos teores de ácidos clorogênicos, enquanto que a capacidade das bebidas de café de desativarem o H2O2 e o HOCl foi relacionada aos teores de compostos escuros formados durante a reação de Maillard. As sementes de café cru foram provenientes de 12 genótipos de café pertencentes a 4 espécies (Coffea kapakata, C. racemosa, três cultivares de C. arabica e sete variedades de C. canephora). O perfil qualitativo de compostos bioativos foi similar entre os genótipos de café. Por outro lado, foram encontradas variações entre os genótipos de café nos teores de ácidos clorogênicos totais (22,9 a 37,9 g/100 g), conjugados de cinamoil-aminoácido (26,5 a 1116 mg/100 g), trigonelina (3,1 a 6,7 g/100 g) e cafeína (3,9 a 11,8 g/100 g), destacando-se a maior concentração de ácidos clorogênicos do C. canephora e do C. kapakata quando comparados ao C. arabica e ao C. racemosa. A capacidade de desativar as ERO e ERN também variou entre os genótipos de café. Os extratos de C. canephora e de C. kapakata foram os mais eficientes na desativação do ROO?, H2O2, HO?, NO? e ONOO-, fato relacionado aos maiores teores de ácidos clorogênicos. Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que as bebidas de café são potentes desativadoras de todas as ERO e ERN de relevância biológica avaliadas, sendo que a eficiência de desativação é influenciada pelo conteúdo de ácidos clorogênicos e de compostos escuros formados durante a reação de Maillard. Além disso, este trabalho indica que o genótipo é uma característica determinante nos teores dos compostos bioativos presentes nas sementes de café cru e que a eficiência dos diferentes genótipos de café de desativarem as ERO e ERN é influenciada principalmente pelos ácidos clorogênicos
Abstract: The present study evaluated the qualitative and quantitative profiles of bioactive compounds by HPLC-DAD-MSn and the antioxidant capacity of coffee brews and of different genotypes of raw coffee seeds against the main reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species of biological relevance. The coffee brews were prepared with commercially available ground roasted coffee (7 regular and 3 decaffeinated) and soluble coffee (2 regular and 2 decaffeinated). Sixteen chlorogenic acids (5-caffeoylquinic acid was the major compound), four chlorogenic acid lactones, two cinnamoyl-amino acid conjugates, two free cinnamic acids, trigonelline, nicotinic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, theobromine, theophylline and caffeine were identified and quantified in the coffee brews. This is the first study that reports the presence of caffeoylferuloylquinic acid isomers and cinnamoyl-amino acid conjugates in soluble coffee brews. In general, the qualitative profile of the bioactive compounds was similar in all the coffee brews. The content of these compounds differed among the brews prepared with ground roasted coffee and soluble coffee and also between the ones prepared with regular and decaffeinated coffee. Such differences can probably be attributed to the different species and varieties of coffee used in the blends, as well as to the processing conditions, especially in the process of decaffeination and soluble coffee processing. Despite this variation, all the coffee brews can be considered sources of chlorogenic acids and derivatives and can contribute to the intake of the niacin vitamin for habitual consumers of coffee. In addition, the coffee brews showed to be potent in vitro scavengers of all the evaluated ROS [peroxyl radical (ROO?), hydroxyl radical (HO?), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl)] and RNS [nitric oxide (NO?) and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-)]. The capacity of the coffee brews to scavenge ROO?, HO?, NO? and ONOO- was mainly related to the chlorogenic acid content, whilst their capacity to scavenge H2O2 and HOCl was related to the content of browned compounds formed during the Maillard reaction. The raw coffee seeds studied were from 12 coffee genotypes of 4 species (Coffea kapakata, C. racemosa, three cultivars of C. arabica and seven varieties of C. canephora). The qualitative profile of the bioactive compounds was similar among the coffee genotypes. On the other hand, variations were found in the contents of total chlorogenic acid (22.9 to 37.9 g/100 g), cinnamoyl-amino acid conjugates (26.5 to 1116 mg/100 g), trigonelline (3.1 to 6.7 g/100 g) and caffeine (3.9 to 11.8 g/100 g) among the coffee genotypes. The higher chlorogenic acid concentrations in C. canephora and C. kapakata as compared to C. arabica and C. racemosa should be highlighted. The capacity to scavenge ROS and RNS also varied among the coffee genotypes. The C. canephora and C. kapakata extracts were the most efficient ROO?, H2O2, HO?, NO? and ONOO- scavengers, which is related to their high chlorogenic acid contents. The results of the present study showed that coffee brews were potent scavengers of all the evaluated ROS and RNS of biological relevance, and that the scavenging efficiency was influenced by the contents of chlorogenic acid and browned compounds formed during the Maillard reaction. Moreover, this study indicated that the genotype is a determinant characteristic of the content of bioactive compounds present in the raw coffee seeds and that the efficiency of the different genotypes to scavenge ROS and RNS was mainly influence by the chlorogenic acids
Doutorado
Ciência de Alimentos
Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos
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Matei, Marius-Febi [Verfasser], Nikolai [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Kuhnert, Werner [Gutachter] Nau, and Ulrich [Gutachter] Engelhardt. "Synthesis and Analysis of Chlorogenic Acid Derivatives from Food Processing / Marius-Febi Matei ; Gutachter: Nikolai Kuhnert, Werner Nau, Ulrich Engelhardt ; Betreuer: Nikolai Kuhnert." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1128907313/34.
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Castillo, Fraire Claudia Mariana. "Les produits de l’oxydation de l’acide caféoylquinique en modèle jus de pomme : synthèse enzymatique, structures, quantification et propriétés tannantes." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NSARB336.
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Lorsque les pommes sont transformées en jus ou en cidres, une grande variété de molécules néoformées est générée par l’oxydation enzymatique des polyphénols. Ces produits d’oxydation phénoliques pourraient être responsables de propriétés organoleptiques spécifiques dans les jus de pomme et les cidres. Dans la pomme, l’acide 5’-O-Caféoylquinique (CQA) est le principal ester quinique des acides hydroxycinnamiques, et le substrat préférentiel de la polyphénoloxydase (PPO). Ses principaux produits d’oxydation ont été synthétisés et purifiés à l’échelle de plusieurs milligrammes pour déterminer leurs structures et étudier leurs propriétés. Les produits d’oxydation du CQA ont d’abord été synthétisés en solution modèle par oxydation enzymatique (PPO).Après une étape de fractionnement par Chromatographie de Partage Centrifuge (CPC), les produits d’oxydation ont été purifiés par CLHP en phase inverse à l’échelle semi-préparative. Dix déhydrodimères de CQA (MW 706 Da) ont été purifiés avec succès, avec une pureté chromatographique UV 280 nm supérieure à 85%.Ces composés ont fait l’objet d’une analyse structurale par spectrométrie de masse et par RMN 1D et 2D. Quatre structures similaires aux caféicines ont été élucidées. Les interactions entre ces déhydrodimères de CQA et des protéines salivaires ont été étudiées dans le but de connaître l’impact de ces composés sur la sensation d’astringence. Enfin, ces produits d’oxydation ont été quantifiés dans les jus de pommesWhen apples are processed into juices or ciders, a great variety of neoformed molecules are generated by enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols. These phenolic oxidation products could be responsible of specific organoleptic properties in apple juices and ciders. 5’-O-Caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) is the major hydroxycinnamic acid in apple and the preferential substrate of apple polyphenoloxidase (PPO). Its main oxidation products were synthetized and purified at the multi-milligrams scale to decipher their structures and study their properties. CQA oxidation products were first synthetized in model solution by enzymatic oxidation (PPO) of CQA.After a last purification step using semi-preparative reversed phase HPLC, ten CQA dehydrodimers (MW 706 Da) were successfully purified, with a UV 280 nm chromatographic purity superior to 85%.These compounds were analyzed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1D and 2D and four caffeicin-like structures were elucidated. The interactions between CQA dehydrodimers and salivary proteins were studied with the aim of knowing the impact of these compounds on astringency sensation. Finally, these oxidation products were quantified in apple juices
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González, Alberth Jonnathan Carreño. "Avaliação da atividade neuroprotetora do ácido clorogênico no hipocampo de ratos wistar, submetidos a status epilepticus por lítio-pilocarpina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-10052017-144511/.
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A epilepsia é uma enfermidade, caracterizada por eventos cerebrais paroxísticos auto-sustentados e recorrentes, que apresenta manifestações eletro-clínicas e neuropatológicas únicas, que podem alterar a estrutura e funcionamento do encéfalo, cujas manifestações são diferentes entre si. Afeta cerca de 50 milhões de pessoas no mundo. Modelos animais e ferramentas biológicas são importantes para se entender lesões neuroniais. Sabe-se que logo depois da administração de Li-Pilo em ratos - status epilepticus (SE), inicia-se uma cadeia de eventos neuroquímicos, como a produção de radicais livres,dentre outros, que podem piorar ou perpetuar as crises posteriores. A utilização de agentes antioxidantes, com ação no Sistema Nervoso Central pode significar uma alternativa co-adjuvante na prevenção das epilepsias secundárias, de animais de laboratório e talvez em humanos. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a ação antioxidativa e neuroprotetora do ácido clorogênico (AC), in vivo, em ratos submetidos ao SE. Comparou-se ademais o efeito do AC com o efeito de um antioxidante, o acido ascórbico. Ao tratar os animais com AC (30 mg/kg), houve uma diminuição significativa (50%), [F (7, 40)= 14,42; P < 0,0001], da produção de MDA, importante produto da peroxidação lipídica; assim como uma diminuição significativa (72%), [F (7,40)= 11,26; P < 0,0001], na atividade da SOD, enzima que atua como agente antioxidante endógeno. A ação do AC, diminuindo a concentração de MDA (49%), que é um dos substratos da SOD, levaria a uma menor taxa de SOD (59%). Pensando no que acontece com um fármaco que iniba essa cascata de peroxidação, esses resultados estão de acordo com a literatura, na qual se ressalta que a ação da SOD pode estar diretamente relacionada com a presença do MDA. E o mais importante, constatou-se que o AC (30 mg/kg) protegeu as células hipocampais, ou seja, diminuiu significativamente a perda de células nas regiões CA3 [F (4,25)= 15,55; P < 0,0001] (48%), e no hilus do hipocampo [F (4,25)= 6,276, P<0,0001] (75%). Da mesma forma, houve uma diminuição significativa de neurônios em degeneração (Fluoro Jade C+) na CA3 [F(2,15)= 40,90; P<0,0001]. Podemos concluir que o AC é um eficiente inibidor da proliferaçãode agentes oxidantes, que levam à morte celular, quando comparado com o ácido ascórbico, no hipocampo de ratos Wistar, quando induzido o SE com Li-Pilo. Portanto, sendo neuroprotetorEpilepsy is a disorder characterized by paroxysmal self-sustained and recurrent brain events, featuring electro-clinical and neuropathological phenomena unique, which may change the structure and functioning of the brain, whose manifestations are different. It affects about 50 million people worldwide. Animal models and are important biological tools for understanding neuronal injury. It is known that soon after the administration of Li-Pilo in rats - status epilepticus (SE), starts a chain of neurochemical events such as the production of free radicals, among others, that may worsen or perpetuate the subsequent seizures. The use of antioxidant agents acting on the central nervous system can alternatively mean a co-adjuvant in secondary preven-tion of epilepsy, laboratory animals and possibly humans. In our study we evaluated the antioxi-dative action and chlorogenic acid (CA) neuroprotective using Litio-Pilocarpine in vivo, in rats. It compared the effects of CA in addition to the effect of an antioxidant, ascorbic acid. By treating the animals with CA (30 mg / kg), a significant decrease in [F (7, 40) = 14.42; P <0.0001], the production of MDA, important product of lipid peroxidation; as well as a significant decrease in [F (7,40) = 11.26; P <0.0001] (50%), the activity of SOD, an enzyme that acts as an endogenous antioxidant. The action of CA, decreasing the concentration of MDA (49%), which is one of the SOD substrates, would lead to a lower rate of SOD (72%). Thinking about what happens to a drug that inhibits this peroxidation cascade, these results are consistent with the literature, in which it points out that the action of SOD can be directly related to the presence of MDA. Furthermore, it was found that the CA (30 mg / kg) protected the hippocampus cells, or significantly decreased cell loss in CA3 [F (4,25) = 15.55; P <0.0001] (59%), and hilus regions of the hippocampus [F (4,25) = 6.276, P <0.0001] (48%). Likewise, a significant reduction in neu-ronal degeneration (Fluoro Jade C +) in the CA3 [F (2,15) = 40.90; P <0.0001] (75%). We con-clude that the CA is an effective inhibitor of the proliferation of oxidizing agents, leading to cell death when compared to the ascorbic acid in the hippocampus of Wistar rats when induced SE with Li-Pilo. However, CA was neuroprotector in this model.
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Moreira, Tathiana da Cunha Castro. "Efeitos do ácido clorogênico sobre fenômenos celulares da resolução da inflamação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-27052015-135949/.
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A imunidade inata é um mecanismo ativado rapidamente para permitir a defesa do organismo contra injúrias de diferentes origens. No entanto, a exacerbação do processo inato é prejudicial ao hospedeiro e pode levar a cronicidade do processo. Os neutrófilos são as células importantes na resposta inata, que após exercerem suas ações no processo, devem ser eliminadas para o retorno da homeostasia. Nesta fase, os neutrófilos entram em apoptose e são fagocitados por macrófagos residentes. O ácido clorogênico (ACG) é componente frequente de alimentos, em especial em grãos, e apresentam propriedades anticancerígenas, antimutagênicas, antipiréticas, antifúngicas, antioxidantes, analgésicas e anti-inflamatórias. Neste último contexto, as ações do ACG na instalação do processo têm sido bem demonstradas, mas seu potencial de interferir com a resolução da inflamação ainda é fragmentária. Desta forma, o presente trabalho visou avaliar os mecanismos de ação do ACG na resolução da inflamação, focando nos mecanismos de morte dos neutrófilos, de fagocitose e \"killing\" de macrófagos. Para tanto, foram empregados camundongos, adultos, machos da linhagem Swiss. Neutrófilos peritoneais foram recrutados 4 horas após injeção local de glicogênio de ostra 1% e macrófagos peritoneais foram obtidos 96 horas após a injeção local de tioglicolato de sódio a 3%. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o tratamento com ACG por 24 horas, na concentração 1, 10, 50 e 100 mM, aumentou a porcentagem de número de neutrófilos apoptóticos e não alterou a porcentagem de neutrófilos em necrose; a incubação de ACG por 1 hora, na concentração 1, 10, 50 e 100 mM, com macrófagos peritoneais aumentou a capacidade destas células fagocitarem neutrófilos apoptóticos; reduziu a secreção do tumor de necrose tumoral (TNF-alfa), não alterou a secreção de interleucina-10 e não interferiu com as expressões de MHC-II e de CD36. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos sugerem que o ACG pode controlar a resolução da inflamação por induzir a apoptose de neutrófilos e a fagocitose destes por macrófagos.Innate immunity is a rapidly activated mechanism to allow the body\'s defense against injuries from different origins. However, exacerbation of innate process is detrimental to the host and can lead to chronic process. Neutrophils are important cells in innate response, which after performing their actions in the process, should be eliminated for the return of homeostasis. At this stage, the neutrophils undergo to apoptosis and are phagocytosed by resident macrophages. The chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a frequent component of foods, in particular grain, and it has anticancer, antimutagenic, antipyretic, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. In this latter context, the actions of the ACG in the initial phases of the inflammatory process have been well documented, but its potential to interfere with the resolution of inflammation is still fragmented. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of action of ACG in the resolution of inflammation, focusing on mechanisms of neutrophil death and phagocytosis of macrophages. Hence, Swiss adult, male mice were employed as donor of neutrophils and macrophages. Peritoneal neutrophils were recruited 4 hours after local injection of 1% oyster glycogen and used for assessment of cell death mechanism, besides being used as apoptotic cells to be phagocyted. Peritoneal macrophages recruited 96 hours after the injection of 3% thioglycollate medium were used to 1) phagocytosis assay 2) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in the supernatant 3) quantification of MHC-II and CD36. The results showed that treatment with ACG, during 24 hours, at concentrations of 1, 10, 50 or 100 mM increased the percentage of apoptotic neutrophils and did not induced necrosis; incubation of macrophages during 1 hour with 1, 10, 50 or 100 mM increased the capacity of these cells to phagocyte apoptotic neutrophils; reduced tumor secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and did not alter the secretion of interleukin-10, and did not interfere with the expression of MHC-II and CD36. Together, these data suggest that the ACG can control the resolution of inflammation, by interfering with events in neutrophils and macrophages.
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Badmos, Sabur [Verfasser], Nikolai [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuhnert, Gerd-Volker [Gutachter] Röschenthaler, and Michael N. [Gutachter] Clifford. "Comparison of chlorogenic acid and lipid profiles in green and roasted coffee beans / Sabur Badmos ; Gutachter: Gerd-Volker Röschenthaler, Michael N. Clifford ; Betreuer: Nikolai Kuhnert." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1224353293/34.
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Melo, Geraldo Aclecio. "Purificação da enzima polifenoloxidase do cafeeiro, sua relação com resistencia a pragas e o controle da sintese de seu principal substrato, o acido clorogenico." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315483.
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Orientador: Paulo MazzaferaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Polifenoloxidase - PFO (EC 1.14.18.1 ou EC 1.10.3.2) é uma enzima de ampla distribuição entre as plantas e catalisa a hidroxilação de monofenóis a o-difenóis e a oxidação destes para o-diquinonas. Sua função em plantas tem sido relacionada a mecanismos de defesa contra patógenos e pragas. Em cafeeiro, o ácido 5-cafeoilquínico, também conhecido como ácido clorogênico (CGA) é o principal substrato da PFO e ambos, enzima e substrato, estão presentes em quantidades expressivas nos frutos e nas folhas desta planta. O CGA também está relacionado com mecanismos de defesas das plantas e como tal é considerando importante substrato em reações de oxidação, principalmente aquelas mediadas pela PFO. No presente estudo, com objetivo de conhecer características da PFO de folhas do cafeeiro, de averiguar sua ação em mecanismos de defesa nessa planta e de entender fatores ligados à síntese e ao acúmulo de seu principal substrato foram feitas a purificação e caracterização dessa enzima, estudos da expressão de sua atividade, bem como estudos de expressão de enzimas da via de síntese do CGA em cafeeiro. Com o uso de técnicas de precipitação com sulfato de amônio, cromatografias de troca iônica, interação hidrofóbica e exclusão molecular foi possível obter a PFO com alto grau de pureza. A enzima apresentou massa molecular de 40,5 Kda e preferência pelo ácido 5-cafeoilquínico como substrato. Seqüências de peptídeos obtidas após digestão da proteína e análise por espectrometria de massas mostraram-se homólogas a seqüências de PFO de várias outras plantas. O nível constitutivo de atividade da PFO observado para quinze genótipos de café variou de 3,8 a 88,0 unidades de atividade/mg de proteína, entretanto não teve relação direta com resistência a pragas e doenças nessa planta. A resistência ao bicho mineiro foi significativamente relacionada ao nível de compostos fenólicos, entretanto, ácido 5-cafeoilquínico, o principal substrato da PFO em café, não teve relação com essa resistência, sugerindo a importância de outros compostos fenólicos como substratos da PFO. Dano mecânico, tratamento com ácido metiljasmônico, inoculação com esporos do fungo Hemileia vastatrix e a infestação com ovos do inseto Perileucoptera coffeella levaram a respostas variadas nos níveis de atividade de PFO nos genótipos avaliados. Baseando-se nesses resultados, conclui-se que a ação da PFO na resistência do cafeeiro a pragas e doenças pode estar relacionada ao potencial oxidativo do tecido e não simplesmente uma maior atividade; que o tipo e quantidade de substrato encontrado no tecido podem ser importantes na resistência do cafeeiro e que entre os genótipos pode existir a especialização de mecanismos de resistência envolvendo a ação da PFO. Estudos de expressão por RT-PCR de fenilalanina amônia-liase (PAL), cinamato 4-hiroxilase (C4H), coumarato 3-hidroxilase (C3H), hidroxicinamoil-CoA ligase (4CL) e hidroxicinamoil-CoA:D-quinato hidroxicinamoil transferase (CQT), enzimas da via de síntese do CGA, tiveram sua expressão reduzida à medida que o tecido envelhece. No endosperma foi observado um decréscimo acentuado de expressão no final da maturação dos frutos. Plântulas estioladas obtidas pela germinação de sementes no escuro e transferidas para luz mostraram aumentos significativos no conteúdo de CGA após 24 horas. Esses aumentos foram transientes e coincidiram com a expressão da PAL, C4H, C3H, 4CL e CQT. Os resultados indicam existência de controle da síntese de CGA e a existência de mecanismos de controle da expressão em comum para as cinco enzimas estudadas
Abstract: Polyphenoloxidase - PPO (EC 1.14.18.1 ou EC 1.10.3.2) is an enzyme with broad distribution among plants and catalyzes the hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenols and the oxidation of these to o-diquinones. Its function on plants has been related to defense mechanisms against pathogens and plagues. 5-Caffeoylquinic acid, also known as chlorogenic acid (CGA), is the main PPO substrate in coffee tissues and both, enzyme and substrate are present on substantial quantities in fruits and leaves. CGA is also referred to having connection with plants defense mechanisms and it is also an important substrate on oxidation reactions, mainly those mediated by PPO. Therefore, in order to increase our knowledge on the coffee PPO characteristics, to verify its role in defense mechanisms and also to understand the factors connected to the synthesis of CGA, coffee leaf PPO was purified and characterized regarding kinetic parameters and its activity in leaves of several coffee species exposed or not to pest (leaf miner) and disease (leaf rust). Also studies on the expression of the enzymes of CGA synthesis were carried out. By using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by chromatographic steps on ionic exchange, hydrophobic interaction and molecular exclusion resins it was possible to purify PPO to homogeneity. The enzyme presented a molecular mass of 40,5 Kda and used 5-cafeoylquinic acid as the preferred substrate. Peptide sequences obtained after digestion of the purified PPO and analysis through mass spectrometry were homologous to PPO sequences of several other plants. The constitutive level of PPO activity observed for 15 coffee genotypes varied from 3,8 to 88,0 units of activity/mg of protein, but did not have a direct relationship with resistance to plagues in this plant. Resistance to leaf miner was significantly related to the level of phenolic compounds. However, 5-caffeoylquínic acid, the main substrate of PPO on coffee, was not related with resistance, suggesting the importance of other phenolic compounds as PPO substrates. Mechanical damage, treatment with methyljasmonic acid, inoculation with spores from Hemileia vastatrix and the infestation with the insect Perileucoptera coffeella led to varied results of the PPO activity in the evaluated genotypes. Based on these results, we conclude that the PPO role in the coffee resistance to plagues and diseases might be related to the oxidative potential of the tissue and not only on the PPO activity; that the kind and quantity of PPO substrate found in the tissue might be important for the resistance of the coffee tree and that there may be specific mechanisms of resistance involving PPO action among the genotypes. RT-PCR studies of the expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hyroxylase (C4H), coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA ligase (4CL) and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:D-quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (CQT), which code for enzymes of the CGA biosynthetic pathway, showed that the expression of these enzymes decrease with tissue aging. In the endosperm, an evident decrease on the expression was observed in the end of the fruit ripening. Etiolated seedlings obtained by germination of coffee seeds in the dark and transferred into light showed significant increasing on the CGA content after 24 hours. The increase was transient and followed the expression pattern of PAL, C4H, C3H, 4CL and CQT. The results indicate that CGA biosynthesis is coordinately regulated by the expression of the five enzymes
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
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Belinati, Karen Daher. "Efeitos do ácido clorogênico sobre funções de neutrófilos: estudos in vitro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-31012011-135341/.
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Ácido clorogênico (ACG) é o termo utilizado para designar um grupo de compostos fenólicos oriundos da reação de esterificação entre ácidos hidroxicinâmicos (p-cumárico, caféico e ferúlico) e ácido quínico. São amplamente encontrados em produtos naturais e exercem ações antioxidantes, citotóxicas, antitumorais, antibacterianas, antifúngicas e antiinflamatórias. Apesar da descrição dos seus efeitos antiinflamatórios em diferentes modelos experimentais, a literatura é carente quanto suas ações específicas em funções inflamatórias de neutrófilos. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar os efeitos do ACG sobre funções de neutrófilos in vitro. Neutrófilos foram obtidos do lavado peritoneal de ratos Wistar, machos, 4 horas após a injeção local de glicogênio de ostra a 1% e foram incubados, na presença ou ausência de LPS, com ACG nas concentrações de 25, 50, 100 ou 1000 µM. A viabilidade celular (exclusão por trypan-blue), a secreção de citocinas e prostaglandina E2 (ensaio imunoenzimático); a produção de óxido nítrico (reação de Griess); a expressão de moléculas de adesão (citometria de fluxo); a aderência e a quimiotaxia foram avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o ACG não afetou as secreções do fator de necrose tumoral-α,de interleucina 1β, do óxido nítrico e de prostaglandina E2 em condições basais ou após estimulação pelo LPS. Diferentemente, a incubação com ACG inibiu a aderência de neutrófilos à cultura primária de célula endotelial de microcirculação de ratos e a quimiotaxia in vitro frente ao peptídeo formilado (N-formilmetionil- leucil-fenilalanina). Estes últimos efeitos podem estar associados à ação do ACG sobre a expressão de moléculas de adesão, já que o ACG elevou a expressão de L-selectina e reduziu as expressões de β2 integrina e da molécula de adesão plaqueta e endotélio. Os dados obtidos não foram dependentes de alterações da viabilidade celular. Em conjunto, os resultados mostram que o ACG possui efeito direto sobre funções de neutrófilos responsáveis pela interação ao endotélio microvascular e pela migração orientada em resposta a estímulo inflamatório. Estes efeitos podem contribuir, pelo menos em parte, para redução da migração de neutrófilos para focos de inflamação na vigência de tratamento com ACG amplamente descrita na literatura.Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is the term utilized to design a group of phenolic compounds from the sterification reaction between the hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acid) and the quinic acid. They are largely found in natural products and exert anti-oxidant, citoxic, anti-tumoral, anti-bactericidal, anti-fungicidal and anti-inflammatory activity. Besides the description of its anti-inflammatory effect in different experimental models, the literature is scarse regarding its specific actions in neutrophil inflammatory functions. Therefore, the aim of this present work was to investigate the CGA effects on neutrophils functions in vitro. Neutrophils were obtained from the peritoneal lavage of male Wistar rats four hours after a local injection of oyster glycogen 1% and were incubated, in the presence or absence of LPS, with CGA in the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 or 1000 µM. The cellular viability (trypan-blue exclusion), the cytokines secretions (enzyme-linked immunosorbend assay), production of nitric oxide (Greiss reaction); adhesion molecules expression (flow citometry), adherence and chemotaxis in vitro were assessed. The results shows that the CGA did not affect the secretion of the tumor necrosis factor-α , of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 and only the incubation with 50µM of CGA inhibited the secretion of Interleukin 1β after stimulation with LPS. Differently, the incubation with CGA inhibited the adherence of neutrophils on the primary culture of endothelial cell from the micro-circulation of rats and the chemotaxis in vitro against formylated peptide (fenyl-metyl-leucyl-alanin). This lasts effects might be associated with the action of CGA on the expression of adhesion molecules, hence this compound was capable of elevate the expression of L-selectin and reduce the expression of β2 integrin and PECAM-1. The data here obtained are not dependent of cellular viability alterations. In conjunct, the data here obtained shows that the CGA has direct effect on neutrophils functions responsible of the interaction with the micro vascular endothelium and the oriented migration in response to an inflammatory stimuli. These effects can contribute, at least in part, to the decreased neutrophil migration in the inflammatory focus in the presence of CGA treatment.
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Sá, Amanda Maria Oliveira e. "Estudo da ação do extrato da planta Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl. (Gervão roxo) e compostos naturais sobre a enzima arginase de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74135/tde-18042017-133512/.
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As leishmanioses são antropozoonoses com amplo problema de saúde pública, que acometem aproximadamente 12 milhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo e causam cerca de 60 mil mortes por ano. No Brasil, a leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) apresenta coeficiente médio de detecção de 16 casos por 100 mil habitantes, onde em notificações no estado do Maranhão apresenta um dos maiores índices de incidência. Os fármacos utilizados atualmente apresentam eficácia limitada e algumas vezes significante toxicidade e efeitos adversos, sendo necessária a busca por novos tratamentos. Um dos meios para obtenção deste propósito é obter extratos vegetais que proporcionem a inativação da enzima arginase presente no parasito e responsável pela produção de poliaminas essenciais a sua sobrevivência. A escolha do material vegetal foi baseada através de práticas medicinais de populações onde a planta Stachytarpheta cayennensis é utilizada como analgésica, antiinflamatória e no tratamento de úlceras causadas por Leishmania. A planta foi coletada e feita a identificação botânica, e a droga foi utilizada para preparo de dois extratos por decocção e maceração em etanol 50%. Ambos foram fracionados com n-butanol e utilizados em testes de inibição da arginase. A fração butanólica do chá (BUF) foi a que apresentou menor número de constituintes. A análise do BUF por ressonância magnética nuclear indicou a presença de uma mistura de 7:3 de verbascosídeo/isoverbascosideo. Em seguida foi realizado o teste de inibição enzimática com a mesma fração e com os compostos estruturalmente relacionado com o verbascosídeo: ácido cafeico (IC50 = 1.5 µM), ácido clorogênico (IC50 = 3.4 µM), e ácido rosmarínico (IC50 = 1.5 µM). O teste de inibição na forma promastigota do parasito com a fração (BUF-CHÁ) em 72h de tratamento apresentou EC50 de 51 µg/mL. A partir dos resultados encontrados faz-se necessário mais experimentos com a planta, como a realização de ensaios com amastigotas de Leishmania e teste de toxicidade celular. Conclusão: S. cayennensis pode ser uma promissora fonte de novos fármacos para leishmaniose.Stachytarpheta cayennensis is a plant traditionally used to treat tegumentary Leishmaniasis and as an anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of action of extracts from S. cayennensis on the arginase enzyme of the trypanosome parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. S. cayennensis was collected in Formosa da Serra do Maranhão, Brazil. Crude water extract was fractionated with n-butanol and fractions were tested against arginase enzymes collected from L. (L.) amazonensis. The most potent arginase inhibitor fraction was then tested against L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes in axenic culture. To verify arginase inhibition in L. (L.) amazonensis, promastigote cultures were supplemented with L-arginine (substrate) and L-ornithine, a product of hydrolysis of L-arginine by the arginase enzyme. Butanolic fraction (BUF) is a potent L. (L.) amazonensis arginase inhibitor (IC50 = 5 ± 1 µg/mL). BUF showed an IC50 of 51 µg/mL against L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotas. In addition, caffeic acid and two acids containing caffeoyl moiety were tested against arginase showing IC50 1.5-3.4 µM. The inhibition of arginase by BUF in the promastigote cultures was demonstrated by adding L-ornithine, which enhances parasite growth. In conclusion, verbascoside present in S. cayennensis extracts (BUF) target the arginase enzyme of L. (L.) amazonensis, resulting in the death of the parasites.
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Deshpande, Sagar [Verfasser], Nikolai [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuhnert, Gerd-Volker [Akademischer Betreuer] Röschenthaler, and Michael N. [Akademischer Betreuer] Clifford. "Mass Spectrometry Based Investigation of Chlorogenic Acid Reactivity and Profile in Model Systems and Coffee Processing / Sagar Deshpande. Betreuer: Nikolai Kuhnert. Gutachter: Nikolai Kuhnert ; Gerd-Volker Röschenthaler ; Michael N. Clifford." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1087295203/34.
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Forte, Ana Luíza Scarano Aguillera. "Avaliação in vitro e in vivo do potencial fotoquimiopreventivo do extrato de Lychnophora salicifolia Mart. e do ácido clorogênico livres e incorporados em lipossomas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60137/tde-03102016-141300/.
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A pele possui um grande número de mecanismos de defesa antioxidante. No entanto, a exposição prolongada à radiação ultravioleta (RUV), é capaz de aumentar a concentração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) provocando um desequilíbrio antioxidante/oxidante. A geração de EROs pode levar ao fotoenvelhecimento e doenças, como o câncer. A administração tópica de antioxidantes é uma maneira eficiente de enriquecer o sistema protetor cutâneo endógeno e, assim, uma estratégia para reduzir os danos oxidativos causados pela RUV à pele. Entretanto, para fornecer a proteção adequada à pele, estas substâncias devem ultrapassar a barreira imposta pelo estrato córneo. O extrato de Lychnophora salicifolia Mart. possui compostos com atividades antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e analgésica, como o ácido clorogênico e a vicenina-2, sendo, portanto, um possível candidato à agente protetor dos danos induzidos pela radiação na pele. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fotoquimiopreventivo deste extrato e do ácido clorogênico, bem como de formulações contendo o extrato e a substância isolada encapsulados em lipossomas. Para atingir tal objetivo, foram realizados experimentos in vitro e in vivo de atividade antioxidante e eficácia fotoquimiopreventiva para comprovação do potencial antioxidante e anti-inflamatório, estudos de liberação e estudos de penetração cutânea das formulações utilizando pele humana e pele de orelha de porco. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o extrato possui atividade antioxidante in vitro e baixa citotoxicidade. A incorporação do extrato e da substância isolada em lipossomas foi bem sucedida, uma vez que estes demonstraram uma boa estabilidade físico-química e aumentaram a penetração dos compostos na pele de camundongos sem pelos. As formulações contendo lipossomas permitiram que os compostos do extrato e o ácido clorogênico isolado atravessassem o estrato córneo chegando até epiderme e derme na pele humana ex vivo. O acúmulo de partículas nos folículos pilosos parece não exercer influencia neste processo. Os extrato foi capaz de sequestrar EROs intracelulares e evitar a depleção do antioxidante endógeno GSH tanto em cultura de células como nos experimentos in vivo. Também foi observada a inibição in vivo da metaloproteinase de matriz-9 (MMP-9), enzima ativada pela RUV e que tem a capacidade de degradar os componentes da matriz extracelular da pele. Além disso, o extrato apresentou atividade anti-inflamatória superior à do ácido clorogênico, verificada pela diminuição dos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-1?, IL-6 e TNF-?) e da atividade da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO) in vivo. Portanto, o extrato parece ser um agente fotoquimiopreventivo promissor para uso tópico e, as formulações desenvolvidas, um sistema viável para liberação destas substâncias na pele.The skin has several defense mechanisms to avoid oxidant damages. However, a prolonged exposition under ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration causing antioxidant/oxidant imbalance. ROS generation can induce photoaging and skin cancer. Topical administration of antioxidants is an efficient way to fortify the endogenous protection system and to reduce the oxidative damage caused by UVR. Nevertheless, to be effective, these compounds need to pass through the skin barrier imposed by stratum corneum. Lychnophora salicifolia Mart. extract has antioxidant, antiinflammatory and analgesic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid and vicenin-2, and it may be a skin protector agent against UVR damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the photochemopreventive potential of this extract and chlorogenic acid, as well as their formulation containing liposomes. In vitro and in vivo tests were performed to prove antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity. Formulation release and skin penetration studies were also carried out in human and porcine ear skin. The results showed that the extract has antioxidant activity in vitro and low cytotoxicity. The extract and the isolated compound were successfully entrapped in liposomes, demonstrating a good physic and chemical stability and increasing the skin penetration in hairless mice. The formulations containing liposomes allowed that the extract compounds and chlorogenic acid passed through the stratum corneum and reached epidermis and dermis in human skin ex vivo. The hair follicle uptake of the particles do not influenced the penetration process. The extract was able to scavenge intracellular ROS and avoid the depletion of the endogenous GSH both in cell culture and in vivo, even as it inhibited matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), enzyme activated by UVR that degrades skin matrix extracellular components. The extract also presented larger antiinflammatory properties than chlorogenic acid, decreasing the cytokines (IL-1?, IL-6 and TNF-?) levels and the mieloperoxidase activity in vivo. Therefore, the results suggest the potential applicability of the extract as a photochemopreventive agent to topical use and the developed formulations seem to be a viable system to release these compounds to the skin.
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Colpo, Ana Zilda Ceolin. "Efeitos dos extratos de erva-mate sobre danos oxidativos e sua relação com anti e co-genotoxicidade." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2017. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riu/1924.
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O consumo de bebidas a base de erva-mate é parte dos hábitos e costumes de populações do sul do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai. Seu consumo é um símbolo cultural vinculado à sociabilidade e demonstrações de cordialidade. Aprimorar o conhecimento sobre a associação de seu consumo com a saúde humana pode levar a formulação de paradoxos de grande relevância econômica e social. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivos: i) avaliar a capacidade dos extratos de erva-mate modularem o equilíbrio redox a nível sistêmico em Drosophila melanogaster e em nível de sistema nervoso central (SNC) em ratos; ii) observar como os extratos podem afetar eventos genotóxicos relacionados a perda da heterozigose em asas de Drosophila melanogaster. Dietas acrescidas de colesterol foram usadas como indutoras de danos no estudo com moscas da fruta e imobilização no estudo com animais. Para avaliar a relação do extrato com mutagênese e antimutagênese empregou-se o Teste de Mutação e Recombinação Somáticas (SMART). Além disso, no delineamento experimental deste trabalho projetou-se o uso de extratos (mates) obtidos mimetizando a forma tradicional de consumo, assim nas abordagens com moscas da fruta empregaram-se extratos obtidos por extrações sequenciais. Com animais, por limitações impostas pelo experimento, empregou-se o extrato bruto obtido de forma convencional. Nesta vertente também se incluiu a avaliação dos efeitos do composto majoritário em extratos de erva-mate, o ácido clorogênico (CGA). Os resultados demostram que extratos de erva-mate, em Drosophila melanogaster expostas à dieta hipercolesterolêmica, são capazes de aumentar significativamente a capacidade de resistir a estresse induzido melhorando a homeostase redox. O que foi constatado pela redução dos níveis de produtos da peroxidação lipídica, recuperação da atividade enzimática da glutationa S-transferase (GST) e aumento do tempo de vida dos insetos. Nas regiões cerebrais córtex (CTX), hipocampo (HIP) e corpo estriado (STR) a indução de estresse por imobilização produz danos a lipídeos e proteínas. Mate e CGA foram capazes de atenuar esses prejuízos, demostrando seu potencial de melhorar a resistência a estresse induzido, efeito possivelmente mediado por sua capacidade antioxidante. Para completar, os resultados obtidos para a atividade genotóxica mostraram que mate não induz danos em asas de Drosophila, quer seja por processos mutacionais ou recombinatórios. Dados relativos à avaliação da antigenotoxicidade indicaram que os extratos reduziram a frequência de manchas mutantes em co-tratamento. No entanto, podem apresentar efeitos genotóxicos quando administrados após danos, isto pode ser resultado de sua ação na modulação de funções detoxificantes no organismo, relacionadas principalmente ao citocromo P450 (CYP). Com base em dados da literatura estas informações levam a suposição que compostos fenólicos podem provocar inibição do CYP reduzindo a metabolização e a eliminação de drogas, o que produz acumulação e aumento da toxicidade. Conclui-se, por meio do uso dos diferentes modelos experimentais e das propostas deste estudo, que a erva-mate possui significativa atividade antioxidante e não produz efeito genotóxico per se, mas sua relação com antigenotoxidade e metabolização de xenobióticos precisa ser confirmada por estudos aprofundados nesta abordagem.
The consumption of yerba-mate based beverages is part of the habits of the population from South Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. Its consumption is a cultural symbol linked to sociability and demonstrations of cordiality. Improving the knowledge about the association of yerba-mate consumption with human health can lead to the creation of great economic and social relevant paradoxes. Thus, this research had as objectives: i) to evaluate the capacity of yerba-mate extracts on modulating the redox balance at systemic level in Drosophila melanogaster and at the central nervous system (CNS) in rats; ii) to observe how the extracts can affect genotoxic events related to heterozygosity loss on Drosophila melanogaster wings. Diets with high cholesterol added were used as damage inducers on the study with fruit flies and immobilization with animals. The Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) was used to evaluate the relation of the extract with mutagenesis and antimutagenesis. In addition, in the experimental design of this work, were used extracts (mates) obtained mimicking the traditional form of consumption. Thus, in the approaches with fruit flies, extracts obtained by sequential extractions were used. Because of the limitations imposed by the experiment, the crude extract obtained by the conventional manner was used in the animals. In this strand, the evaluation of the effects of the major compound in yerba-mate extracts, the chlorogenic acid (CGA), was also included. The results showed that yerba-mate extracts, in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to hypercholesterolemic diet, are able to increase significantly the capacity to resist the induced stress, improving the redox homeostasis. This was evidenced by the reduction of the levels of lipid peroxidation products, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity recovery and increase of the insects’ lifespan. In the brain regions: cortex (CTX), hippocampus (HIP) and striatum (STR), the induction of immobilization stress produces damage to lipids and proteins. Mate and CGA were able to mitigate these damages, demonstrating their potential to improve induced stress resistance. This effect was possibly mediated by its antioxidant capacity. To complete, the results obtained for the genotoxic activity showed that mate does not induce damage in Drosophila wings, either by mutational or recombinant processes. Data for the evaluation of the antigenotoxicity indicated that the extracts reduced the frequency of mutant stains in co-treatment. However, they can present genotoxic effects when given after damage. This may be due to its action on modulating detoxifying functions in the organism, related mainly to the P450 cytochrome (CYP). Based on the literature data, this information lead to the assumption that phenolic compounds may cause CYP inhibition, reducing metabolization and drug elimination, which produces accumulation and increased toxicity. Were possible to conclude, by using different experimental models and the study proposals, that yerba-mate has significant antioxidant activity and does not produce genotoxic effect per se, but its relation with antigenotoxicity and xenobiotic metabolization needs to be confirmed by deepened studies focused on this approach.
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Stefanello, Naiara. "EFEITO DO ÁCIDO CLOROGÊNICO, CAFEINA E CAFÉ EM PARÂMETROS BIOQUIMICOS E COMPORTAMENTAIS EM RATOS DIABÉTICOS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11207.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorStudies have shown that the hyperglycemia in diabetes leads to complications in cognitive, physiological and structural central nervous system (CNS) mainly linked with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contribute to the development of chronic complications of the diabetic state. Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound found in coffee that presents antioxidant, neuroprotective and hypoglycemic function. In addition, caffeine is also found in high concentrations in coffee and is known for its antioxidant, neuroprotective effects and psycho-stimulant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA), caffeine (CA) and coffee (CF) in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na+,K+-ATPase and Aminolevulinate acid dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) activities, as well as lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS) from cerebral cortex, memory and anxiety on strepzotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The animals were divided into eight groups (n=6 13): Control; Control/CGA 5 mg/kg; Control/CA 15 mg/kg; Control/CF 0.5 g/kg; Diabetic; Diabetic/CGA 5 mg/kg; Diabetic/CA 15 mg/kg e Diabetic/CF 0.5 g/kg. Two-nine days after treatment with compounds, the animals were submitted to behavioral tests (Inhibitory avoidance and elevated plus maze) and then sacrificed and the cerebral cortex was collected. Our results demonstrated that AChE activity and TBARS levels were increased in cerebral cortex, while δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase activities were decreased in the diabetic rats when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the diabetic rats showed deficit in memory and an increase in the anxiety. There was prevention in the increase of AChE activity when diabetic rats were treated with CGA and CA when compared with untreated rats. CGA, CA and Coffee intake restored partially cerebral δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase when compared to untreated diabetic group. Moreover, CGA prevented diabetes-induced TBARS production and improve the memory and decrease the anxiety. Our results showed that CGA, CA and coffee can modulate cerebral oxidative stress and δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in a model of diabetes type I. Consequently, we can suppose that these compounds mainly the CGA, which has the better effect, could modulate this enzymes in CNS that are altered in diabetes.
Estudos demonstraram que a hiperglicemia no diabetes leva a complicações cognitivas, fisiológicas e estruturais no sistema nervoso central (SNC), causadas principalmente pelo aumento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROS), que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de complicações crônicas do estado diabético. O ácido clorogênico é um composto fenólico encontrado no café que apresenta atividade antioxidante, neuroprotetora e hipoglicemiante. Além disso, a cafeína também é encontrada em altas concentrações no café e se destaca por sua ação antioxidante, neuroprotetora e psico-estimulante. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do ácido clorogênico (CGA), cafeína (CA) e café (CF) na atividade das enzimas acetilcolinesterase (AChE), Na+, K+-ATPase e δ- aminolevulinato desidratase (δ-ALA-D), assim como seus efeitos no níveis de peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) no córtex cerebral, bem como na memória e ansiedade no diabetes induzidos por estreptozotocina (STZ) 60 mg/kg em ratos. Os animais foram divididos em oito grupos: Controle; controle/CGA 5 mg/kg; Controle/CA 15 mg/kg; Controle/CF 0,5 g/kg; Diabéticos; diabético/CGA 5 mg/kg; diabético/CA 15 mg/kg e diabético/CF 0,5 g/kg. Após 29 dias de tratamento com os compostos, os animais foram submetidos a testes comportamentais (esquiva inibitória e labirinto em cruz elevada) e, em seguida, submetidos a eutanásia e o córtex cerebral retirado. Os nossos resultados demonstraram que a atividade da AChE e os níveis de TBARS foram aumentados em córtex cerebral, enquanto que a atividade da δ-ALA-D e Na+, K+-ATPase foram diminuídas em ratos diabéticos quando comparado com os ratos controles. Além disso, os ratos diabéticos mostraram déficit na memória e um aumento na ansiedade. Houve uma prevenção no aumento da atividade da AChE quando os ratos diabéticos foram tratados com CGA e CA quando comparados com os ratos não tratados. A ingestão de CGA, CA e café restauraram parcialmente a atividade da δ-ALA-D e Na+, K+-ATPase em ratos diabéticos quando comparado com o grupo diabético sem tratamento. Além disso, os níveis de TBARS foram encontrados diminuídos nos ratos diabéticos tratados com CGA. O tratamento com CGA em ratos diabéticos também demonstrou uma melhora na memória e uma diminuição na ansiedade. Os resultados mostraram que esses compostos principalmente o CGA, composto que apresentou melhores efeitos, podem modular estas enzimas no SNC, que são alterados no diabetes.
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Souza, Júnior Dimas Henrique. "Análise de ácido clorogênico em amostras de pêssego - Prunus persica (l.) Batsch : otimização e validação de método." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/12006.
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O pêssego é o nome popular do fruto produzido por Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, e é amplamente cultivado na região sul do Brasil. Seu cultivo é economicamente muito importante para o local, e o desenvolvimento de técnicas que garantam o controle de qualidade desta matéria-prima e seus produtos industriais são interessantes. No presente trabalho foi feita uma revisão de literatura acerca de análises realizadas por CLAE-UV com o pêssego, realizada uma otimização das técnicas de extração do ácido clorogênico e do sistema cromatográfico, validado este método e utilizado para quantificar 13 diferentes cultivares de pêssegos fornecidos pela EMBRAPA Clima Temperado, cultivados em Pelotas, RS. O resultado é um método rápido, econômico e prático que foi otimizado e validado, excelente para análises rotineiras de controle de qualidade deste material. As quantidades de ácido clorogênico foram comparadas entre si, e identificou-se que as cultivares Morro Redondo e Sunblaze apresentaram os maiores teores desta substância, sendo promissoras para serem empregadas pela indústria como alimento funcional.Peach is the common name of the fruit produced by Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, widely cultivated in the southern of Brazil. Its cultivation is economically important to the local market, and the development of techniques that assure the quality control of the raw material as well as the industrial products made of this fruit are very useful. In this work, a literature review of the HPLC-UV analysis of peach was done, a technique of extraction and chromatographic system were optimized and validated, and 13 cultivar varieties supplied by EMBRAPA Clima Temperado, grown in Pelotas, RS were analyzed. The result is an optimized and validated method of HPLC-UV to quantify chlorogenic acid in peaches, excellent for routine analysis. The average amount of this phenolic compound in the selected cultivars was quantified and compared among them. It was identified that Morro Rendondo and Sunblaze varieties presents the highest amounts of this substance, and both are promising cultivars to be explored by the industry as functional food.
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Bilbrey, Emma A. "Seeding Multi-omic Improvement of Apple." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594907111820227.
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Mostafa, Kamel Abdelfatah Ali. "Interactions of food proteins with plant phenolics – modulation of structural, techno- and bio-functional properties of proteins." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6903/.
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The phenolic compounds as food components represent the largest group of secondary metabolites in plant foods. The phenolic compounds, e.g. chlorogenic acid (CQA), are susceptible to oxidation by enzymes specially, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and at alkaline conditions. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidations occur in the presence of oxygen and produce quinone, which normally further react with other quinone to produce colored compounds (dimers), as well as is capable of undergoing a nucleophilic addition to proteins. The interactions of proteins with the phenolic compounds have received considerable attention in the recent years where, plant phenolic compounds have drawn increasing attention due to their antioxidant properties and their noticeable effects in the prevention of various oxidative stress associated diseases. Green coffee beans are one of the richest sources of chlorogenic acids. Therefore, a green coffee extract would provide an eligible food relevant source for phenolic compounds for modification of proteins.
The interaction between 5-CQA and amino acid lysine showed decrease in both free CQA and amino acid groups and only a slight effect on the antioxidative capacity depending on the reaction time was found. Furthermore, this interaction showed a large number of intermediary substances of low intensities. The reaction of lysine with 5-CQA in a model system initially leads to formation of 3-CQA and 4-CQA (both are isomers of 5-CQA), oxidation giving rise to the formation of a dimer which subsequently forms an adduct with lysine to finally result in a benzacridine derivative as reported and confirmed with the aid of HPLC coupled with ESI-MSn. The benzacridine derivative containing a trihydroxy structural element, was found to be yellow, being very reactive with oxygen yielding semiquinone and quinone type of products with characteristic green colors. Finally, the optimal conditions for this interaction as assessed by both the loss of CQA and free amino groups of lysine can be given at pH 7 and 25°C, the interaction increasing with incubation time and depending also on the amount of tyrosinase present. Green coffee bean has a higher diversity and content of phenolics, where besides the CQA isomers and their esters, other conjugates like feruloylquinic acids were also identified, thus documenting differences in phenolic profiles for the two coffee types (Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta). Coffee proteins are modified by interactions with phenolic compounds during the extraction, where those from C. arabica are more susceptible to these interactions compared to C. robusta, and the polyphenol oxidase activity seems to be a crucial factor for the formation of these addition products. Moreover, In-gel digestion combined with MALDI-TOF-MS revealed that the most reactive and susceptible protein fractions to covalent reactions are the α-chains of the 11S storage protein. Thus, based on these results and those supplied by other research groups, a tentative list of possible adduct structures was derived. The diversity of the different CQA derivatives present in green coffee beans complicates the series of reactions occurring, providing a broad palette of reaction products. These interactions influence the properties of protein, where they exposed changes in the solubility and hydrophobicity of proteins compared to faba bean proteins (as control).
Modification of milk whey protein products (primarily b-lactoglobulin) with coffee specific phenolics and commercial CQA under enzymatic and alkaline conditions seems to be affecting their chemical, structural and functional properties, where both modifications led to reduced free amino-,thiol groups and tryptophan content. We propose that the disulfide-thiol exchange in the C-terminus of b-lactoglobulin may be initiated by the redox conditions provided in the presence of CQA. The protein structure b-lactoglobulin thereupon becomes more disordered as simulated by molecular dynamic calculation. This unfolding process may additionally be supported by the reaction of the CQA at the proposed sites of modification of -amino groups of lysine (K77, K91, K138, K47) and the thiol group of cysteine (C121). These covalent modifications also decreased the solubility and hydrophobicity of b-lactoglobulin, moreover they provide modified protein samples with a high antioxidative power, thermally more stable as reflected by a higher Td, require less amount of energy to unfold and when emulsified with lutein esters, exhibit their higher stability against UV light. The MALDI-TOF and SDS-PAGE results revealed that proteins treated at alkaline conditions were more strongly modified than those treated under enzymatic conditions. Finally, the results showed a slight change in emulsifying properties of modified proteins.Für die Verbesserung von Nahrungsmitteleigenschaften können Modifikationen an verschiedenen Inhaltsstoffen vorgenommen werden. Beispielsweise werden bereits Proteine miteinander verknüpft und bilden sogenannte „Crosslinks“ oder vernetzte Biomoleküle. Diese werden für die Herstellung fester, viskoelastischer Produkte, die zum Verdicken als auch zum Stabilisieren von Emulsionen oder Schäumen eingesetzt werden, genutzt. Da die Verbraucher sich Zunehmens mit gesundheitsfördernden Lebensmitteln befassen, ist das Einbringen von gesundheitsfördernden Inhaltsstoffen wie z.B. phenolische Verbindungen, immer mehr in den Fokus der Forschung gerückt. Demnach ist das wissenschaftliche Bestreben phenolische Verbindungen in die Vernetzung von Proteinen mit einzubeziehen und deren positive Wirkungen (antioxidativ) auszunutzen, vorteilhaft. Als Phenole werden Verbindungen bezeichnet, die eine oder mehrere Hydroxygruppen am Benzolring aufweisen. Phenole liegen in der Enolform vor, da diese, bedingt durch den Erhalt des aromatischen Benzolringes, energetisch begünstigt ist. Kaffeesäure ist eine Hydroxyzimtsäure und in Kaffeebohnen zu finden. Der am häufigsten anzutreffende Ester besteht aus Kaffee- und Chinasäure. Der einfachste Vertreter ist die Chlorogensäure (5-Caffeoylchinasäure, 5-CQA), die in vielen Pflanzenteilen enthalten ist. Chlorogensäure und ihre Derivate besitzen ebenfalls antioxidative Eigenschaften. Zusätzlich wirken sie auf Enzyme, die an entzündlichen- oder allergischen Reaktion teilnehmen, inhibierend. Während Verarbeitungs- und Lagerungsprozessen können phenolische Komponenten pflanzlicher Lebensmittel mit den Aminosäuren der Proteine in Lebensmitteln reagieren. Solche Reaktionen können die physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften von Proteinen verändern und deren ernährungsphysiologische Wertigkeit vermindern. Proteine weisen verschiedene reaktive Seitengruppen (Sulfhydryl-, Hydroxyl-, Aminogruppen) auf, mit denen sie über kovalente und nicht-kovalente Wechselwirkungen mit Phenolen Verbindungen eingehen können. Zu den nicht-kovalenten Verbindungen gehören u. a. Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen, hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen und Ionenbindungen. Phenole (z.B. Chlorogensäuren) können bei Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff enzymatisch bzw. nichtenzymatisch oxidiert werden. Die Reaktionsprodukte (Chinone) bilden anschließend mit reaktiven Thiol- bzw. Aminogruppen von Proteinen Addukte. Die Erfassung dieser verschiedenen Facetten von Interaktionen stellt somit die primäre Forschungsaufgabe im Rahmen dieser Arbeit. Die primäre Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht demzufolge in der Etablierung der Analysen- und der Charakterisierungsmöglichkeiten solcher Wechselwirkungen (Bindung) pflanzlicher Verbindungen bzw. deren Reaktionsprodukten mit Proteinen u.a. über massenspektrometrische Methoden. Da die Wechselwirkung mit Proteinen auch zu Veränderungen der Proteinstruktur führt, können deren funktionelle Eigenschaften auch verändert sein. Dies soll anhand der Messung von isolierten Proteinen die an der Wechselwirkung beteiligt sind, nachgewiesen werden. Anschließend sollen über Docking-Untersuchungen die entsprechenden Bindungsstellen näher charakterisiert werden. Durch die vorliegenden Ergebnisse wurden mögliche Reaktionen von phenolischen Verbindungen mit Proteinen, näher charakterisiert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Apfelsorte Braeburn über die höchste PPO- Enzymaktivität beim gleichzeitigen niedrigen CQA Gehalt im Vergleich zu den anderen untersuchten Sorten verfügt. Die PPO/Tyrosinase modulierte Reaktionen zwischen CQA und Lysine wurden in Abhängigkeit der vorherrschenden Bedingungen optimiert und die Reaktionsprodukte analysiert. In dem zweiten Teil wurden solche Reaktionsmöglichkeiten in den Grünen Kaffeebohnen lokalisierte und modelliert. Dazu wurden die sortenabhängige CQA-Zusammensetzung ermittelt und die möglichen Reaktionen mit den Hauptspeicherproteinen des Kaffees dargestellt. Im letzten Teil wurden dann diese Reaktionen mit Molkenproteinen simuliert und Einflüsse auf die Struktur und die funktionellen Eigenschaften erfasst. Die Ergebnisse belegen eine umfangreiche und sehr heterogene Adduktbildung mit den Aminoseitenketten des Lysins und Cysteins. Ein Katalog der unterschiedlichen Reaktionsprodukte wurde erstellt und am Protein modelliert. Die entsprechende Veränderung an die Proteinstruktur wurde experimentell belegt und der Einfluss wurde in den technofunktionelle Eigenschaften (wie die Löslichkeit, Emulgierbarkeit usw.) wiederspiegelt. Ein Anstieg des antioxidativen Potentials der Proteine wurde erreicht und diese so modifizierten Proteine wurden weiter zur Stabilisierung und Produktentwicklung getestet. Die ersten Ergebnisse eröffnen Nutzungsmöglichkeiten der modifizierten Proteine zur Verkapselung von bioaktiven Sekundären Pflanzenstoffen.
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Rossato, Simone Bertazzo. "Potencial antioxidante e compostos fenólicos de pêssegos (Prunus persica L. Batsch)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/28747.
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Observa-se, atualmente, um aumento no interesse por alimentos funcionais e isto tem levado pesquisadores a investigar o potencial antioxidante de diversas frutas e de diversos compostos fenólicos presentes nos alimentos. As pesquisas a cerca da atividade antioxidante de pêssegos e nectarinas são escassas quando comparada às frutas vermelhas, apesar de aqueles frutos conterem importantes compostos fenólicos, como o ácido clorogênico, que apresenta efeitos potencialmente benéficos à saúde derivados de sua ação antioxidante. Entretanto, dados a respeito do seu conteúdo em frutas, vegetais, alimentos processados e sua distribuição em diferentes tecidos de plantas são escassos. O potencial antioxidante reativo total (TRAP) é um dos métodos mais utilizados para estimar a capacidade antioxidante de amostras in vitro. Entretanto, este método apresenta limitações quando a amostra não apresenta a fase lag (ou tempo de indução) necessária para obter o valor do TRAP pelo método original. Esse comportamento é obtido em algumas amostras e em substâncias isoladas, mas não em muitos extratos, os quais possuem diversas substâncias antioxidantes. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi otimizar e validar o método TRAP original e propor outro método de avaliação utilizando a Área Sob a Curva (AUC) e empregar essa ferramenta para avaliar o potencial antioxidante de extratos de pêssego (cascas e polpas) de três cultivares e do ácido clorogênico na mesma concentração encontrada no extrato. Para desenvolver esse trabalho, o primeiro passo foi otimizar e validar o método TRAP alternativo utilizando 2,2'-azo-bis (2- amidinopropano) (AAPH) como fonte de radical livre e um cintilador líquido para monitorar a quimiluminescência amplificada pelo luminol após a adição da amostra antioxidante. O método cromatográfico para quantificar o ácido clorogênico foi realizado usando uma coluna C-18 e sistema gradiente de eluição com acetonitrila-água-ácido trifluoracético. A detecção foi realizada por ultravioleta a 327 nm e a identificação do pico foi baseada no tempo de retenção, por coinjeções com a substância de referência e por LC-MS-MS. A principal condição estabelecida para o método TRAP foi a necessidade de estabilização do sistema (7000 segundos) antes da adição do antioxidante a ser testado. Todos os parâmetros da validação mostraram resultados satisfatórios: especificidade, linearidade (r > 0,99), precisão (intra e inter-dia – desvio padrão relativo menos que 5%), robustez e os limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ) foram baixos e similares para ambos os métodos de avaliação. O método cromatográfico para quantificar o ácido clorogênico apresentou boa linearidade (r > 0,99), repetibilidade (RSD < 2%) e recuperação (96,3%, RSD = 1,96%) e foi robusto para pequenas variações nos parâmetros testados (RSD < 2%). Os resultados obtidos usando a AUC mostraram que os extratos de cascas e polpas das cultivares Maciel, Leonense e Eldorado apresentaram atividade de seqüestro de radicais livres em todas as concentrações testadas, com uma ação concentraçãodependente. A inibição imediata da quimiluminescência e a duração desta inibição foram significativamente maiores no extrato em relação ao composto majoritário (ácido clorogênico) isolado e isto pode ser devido a um efeito sinérgico ou aditivo de outros antioxidantes presentes no extrato. O IC50 para o extrato de pêssego e ácido clorogênico foi 1,19 μg/mL e 8,43 μg/mL, respectivamente, quando o TRAP foi avaliado e um IC50 de 0,41 μg/mL e 1,89 μg/mL foi obtido quando o TAR (Reatividade Antioxidante Total) foi avaliado com o extrato de pêssego e com o ácido clorogênico, respectivamente. O ácido clorogênico apresentou uma importante contribuição ao potencial e à reatividade antioxidantes, mas os extratos do fruto contribuem com uma ação antioxidante mais duradoura. A principal vantagem da utilização da AUC para avaliar a atividade antioxidante é a maior precisão desse método e seu uso em amostras que não apresentam fase lag, como os extratos de pêssego, os quais apresentaram importante atividade antioxidante e, portanto, podem proporcionar vantagens à saúde de consumidores que ingerem essa fruta.Increasing recent interest in nutraceuticals and functional foods has led researchers to investigate the antioxidant potential of several fruits and of several phenolic compounds. The researches about antioxidant activity of peaches and nectarines are scarce when compared to red fruits despite of they contain important phenolic compounds as chlorogenic acid, which present potential beneficial effect in humans derived from its antioxidant activity. However, data on its content in fruits, vegetables, foods processing, and its distribution in different tissues of plants is scarce. The total reactivity antioxidant potencial (TRAP) method is one of the methods most employed to estimate the antioxidant capacity of samples in vitro. However, this method can presents limitations when the sample does not present a lag phase (or induction time) which is necessary to get TRAP value by original method. This behavior is got in some samples and to isolated substances, but not in many extracts which have several antioxidants. In this context, the aim of this work was to optimize and validate the original TRAP method, and to propose another evaluation method utilizing the area under curve (AUC) and to use this tool to evaluate antioxidant potential and reactivity from peach extracts (peels and fleshes) from three cultivars and from chlorogenic acid in the same concentration founded in extract. To developed this work, the first step was to optimized and to validated the alternative method to get TRAP value using 2,2'-azo-bis (2-amidinopropane) (AAPH) as the free radical source and a liquid scintillator counter to monitored the luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence after addition of the antioxidant sample. The chromatographic method to quantifiy chlorogenic acid was performed using a C-18 column with acetonitrile-watertrifluoracetic acid gradient elution. The detection was carried out by UV at 327 nm and the peak identification was based on the retention times, by cochromatography with reference substances and by LC-MS-MS. The main condition established to TRAP method was the need for the stabilization of the system, at 7000 s, before the addition of the antioxidant to be tested. All validations parameters showed satisfactory results: specificity, linearity (r >0.99), precision (intra- and interassay - relative standard deviation were both less than 5 %), robustness, and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were low and similar to both evaluation methods. The chromatographic method to quantify chlorogenic acid presented good linearity (> 0.99), good repeatability (RSD < 2 %) and accuracy (96.3%, RSD = 1.96% ) and was robust to small variations in parameters tested (RSD < 2 %). The results obtained using AUC showed that the extracts of peels and fleshes of Maciel, Leonense and Eldorado peach cultivars present free radical scavenging activity in all concentrations tested, with a concentration-dependent action. The immediate inhibition of chemiluminescence and the duration of this inhibition were significantly higher in the extracts than in the major compound (chlorogenic acid) alone and it can be due to a synergistic or additive effect of other antioxidants present in the extracts. The IC50 for peach extract and chlorogenic acid were 1.19 μg/mL and 8.43 μg/mL, respectively, when TRAP was evaluated and an IC50 of 0.41 μg/mL and 1.89 μg/mL was found when TAR was evaluated in peach extract and chlorogenic acid, respectively. Chlorogenic acid presented a good contribution to antioxidant reactivity and potential, but the fruit extracts provide better antioxidant action. The main advantage of utilization of AUC to evaluate antioxidant activity is the higher precision of this method and its use in samples that do not present lag phase, as peach extracts which presented important antioxidant activity and therefore, it may provide health-promoting advantages to consumers by intake of this fruit.
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Santos, Anai Loreiro dos. "Recuperação de compostos bioativos do resíduo do processamento do café (silverskin) : otimização do processo de extração; caracterização química, capacidade antioxidante e toxicidade dos extratos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180650.
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O silverskin é um resíduo, rico em compostos antioxidantes, como o ácido 5-cafeoilquínico (5-CQA) e a cafeína (CAF), produzido durante a torrefação dos grãos de café. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma metodologia de extração, aliando a extração assistida por ultrassom e o planejamento de experimentos, para a recuperação simultânea do 5-CQA e da CAF da silverskin. Os extratos gerados foram caracterizados e tiveram a capacidade antioxidante e a toxicidade investigadas. A metodologia de superfície de resposta e a função Desejabilidade foram empregadas na otimização da extração. A LC-DAD/MSn foi utilizada para a caracterização dos extratos, os métodos de sequestro do radical DPPH e de redução do ferro (FRAP), para avaliar a capacidade antioxidante; enquanto o ensaio da Artemia salina foi usando para avaliar a toxicidade. As condições ótimas de extração foram: 45 % de etanol em água como solvente de extração, razão amostra-solvente 1/20, extração por 7 min a 59 °C, com rendimentos de 5-ACQ e CAF de respectivamente 2,00 e 6,26 mg g-1. No total, 9 derivados clorogênicos foram tentativamente identificados. Os teores de teofilina, ácido cafeico e derivados clorogênicos foram respectivamente: 0,53, 0,06 e 4,40 mg g-1. O extrato demonstrou considerável capacidade antioxidante, com concentração eficiente de 46,87 mg L-1 e capacidade redutora de ferro de 152,71 μM de FeSO4 g-1, além de alta toxicidade. O método desenvolvido obteve rendimento similar ao da extração sólido-líquido para o 5-ACQ.Silverskin is a waste generated during the coffee beans roasting. This residue has been showing antioxidant compounds, mainly 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and caffeine (CAF). The aim of this study was used the design of experiments and ultrasound-assisted extraction to develop an extraction method for the efficient recovery of 5-CQA and CAF from silverskin, simultaneously. In addition, the optimized extract was characterized, and its antioxidant capacity and acute toxicity were investigated. The response surface methodology and Desirability function were employed to optimize the extraction. The chemical characterization was carry out by LC-DAD/ESI-MSn. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1 picryl hydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods and the acute toxicity by Artemia salina assay. The optimal extraction conditions were 45.0 % ethanol in water, the solid-to-liquid ratio was 1:20, and extraction for 7.0 min at 59 °C. Under optimal conditions, the yield of 5-CQA and CAF were 2.00 and 6.26 mg g-1, respectively. Theophylline, caffeic acid, and total chlorogenic acid concentrations were 0.53, 0.06 e 4.40 mg g-1, respectively and 9 chlorogenic acids were identified in the extract. The extract showed considerable antioxidant capacity, with efficient concentration value of 46,87 mg L-1 in the DPPH assay and 152,71 μM FeSO4 g-1 (FRAP) and high toxicity. The developed extraction methodology showed similar performance as solid-liquid extraction to 5-CQA yield.
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Duriot, Léonor. "Caractérisation moléculaire et enzymatique d’une HCT impliquée dans la biosynthèse de dérivés d’acide caféoyl-quinique chez Ipomoea batatas." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0224/document.
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Spécialisée dans la production d’actifs végétaux, l’entreprise PAT développe une activité innovante de recherche qui consiste à produire ou à modifier par voie enzymatique, des molécules présentes naturellement dans les plantes. L’espèce Ipomoea batatas contient de nombreux dérivés d’acide caféoyl-quinique dont majoritairement du 3,5-dicaféoyl-quinique (3,5-DCQ), une molécule antioxydante très recherchée en cosmétique. Cependant, la voie de biosynthèse est assez méconnue pour pouvoir exploiter les gènes d’intérêt par des approches d’ingénierie métabolique en vue d’augmenter la production. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont porté sur l’identification et la caractérisation fonctionnelle d’une hydroxycinnamoyl transférase (HCT) en vue d’augmenter la production de 3,5-DCQ soit en micro-organismes soit dans des plantes recombinantes. Pour réaliser ces travaux, une banque de données RNAseq a été générée permettant ainsi d'accéder à des séquences codantes. Ces séquences ont été analysées par alignement avec des séquences codant pour des hydroxycinnamoyl transférases (HCT, HQT) impliquées dans la synthèse d’un précurseur potentiel, l’acide chlorogénique. Un premier tri a été mené en utilisant des approches d’expression différentielle de gènes. La fonction des gènes a été étudiée par des approches d’expression hétérologue en système bactérien et de transgénèse végétale. La production des métabolites cibles a été analysée dans des plantes transgéniques et dans des cultures cellulaires. Sur ces plantes, nous avons réalisé des tests de résistance à des pathogènes fongiques. Nous avons identifié une HCT qui partage 85% d’identité avec une HCT de café impliquée dans la synthèse de 3,5-DCQ. Cette activité a pu être démontrée in vitro pour l’HCT d’ipomée. De plus, l’expression du gène codant pour l’HCT conduit à une surproduction de 3,5-DCQ dans les cultures cellulaires de tabacs exprimant les HCT. Cette molécule inhibe la croissance de Botrytis cinerea et de Phytophthora parasitica. Compte tenu des teneurs en 3,5-DCQ très faibles par rapport à la plante d’origine, ces résultats suggèrent l’implication d’autres gènes dans cette voie de biosynthèse. L’activité antifongique du 3,5-DCQ pourrait être exploitée pour des applications agrochimiquesSpecialized in the production of plant actives, the company PAT develops an innovate research activity that consists of producing or modifying by enzymatic pathway, molecules naturally present in plants. The species Ipomoea batatas contains numerous caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, predominantly 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQ), an antioxydant molecule arousing interest in cosmetics. However, biosynthesis pathway of this molecule is poorly established in order to exploit the genes of interest by metabolic engineering approaches to increase the production. The work realized in the frame of this PhD concerns the identification and functional characterization of a hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) in order to increase the production of 3,5-DCQ either in microorganisms or in recombinant plants. To perform this work, an RNAseq databank was generated allowing to access to coding sequences. These sequences were analysed by alignment of sequences encoding for hydroxycinnamoyl transferases (HCT, HQT) involved in the biosynthesis of a potential precursor, chlorogenic acid. A first screening was performed by utilizing an approach of differential expression of genes. The function of genes was studied by heterologous expression in bacterial systems and by plant transgenesis approaches. The production of target metabolites was analyzed in transgenic plants and cell cultures. On these plants, we conducted tests of resistance to fungal pathogens. We identified an HCT that shares 85% of identity with a HCT isolated from coffee previously characterized in 3,5-DCQ biosynthesis. This activity was shown in vitro for HCT of Ipomee. Moreover, the expression of target gene led to an overproduction of 3,5-DCQ in cell cultures of tobacco expressing HCT. This molecule inhibits growth of Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora parasitica. Giving that amounts of 3,5-DCQ are very low compared to the plant of origin, these results suggest the involvement of other genes in this biosynthesis pathway. Antifungal activity of 3,5-DCQ could be exploited for agrochimic applications
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Stüke, Caroline Ziegler. "Prospecção fitoquímica e atividade biológica de plantas medicinais da família asteraceae do bioma pampa." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4226.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThe species selected for this study were: Pluchea sagittalis, Baccharis pentodonta and Baccharidastrum triplinervium, all belonging to the Asteraceae family. The extracts and fractions from leaves and roots of three species of medicinal plants in Rio Grande do Sul were obtained by different extraction processes (cold, the hot water extraction and soxhlet) and subjected to HPLC analysis. These extracts and fractions were subjected to different fractionations were isolated where some secondary metabolites (chlorogenic acid derivatives and flavonoids). In the leaves of Pluchea sagittalis were isolated the secundary metabolites 3,4- dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The crude extract of the root of the same species were isolated the same three metabolites 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and the 1,3, 5-tricaffeoylquinic acid. Baccharis pentodonta were isolated metabolites 5,7,4'- trihydroxy-6-methoxy-luteolin and 5,7,3,4 - tretrahydroxy-6-methoxy-flavon for leaves and their metabolites 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3-feruloyl-5-caffeoylquinic acid. The root Baccharidastrum triplinervium were isolated metabolites 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid already isolated from other species previously worked. The structures of these metabolites isolated was characterized by NMR analysis and high resolution mass. Additionally extracts and fractions obtained were tested in vitro and to determine their antimicrobial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition against the enzyme DPP IV and POP. Most of the extracts and fractions tested showed antimicrobial activity by the method of microdilution around 0,5 mg ml-1 and moderate antioxidant activity by the method of free radical (DPPH) and the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest potential. Among the activities of enzyme inhibition, the activity was more pronounced compared to POP, with only the crude extracts of the roots of B. pentodonta and B. triplinervium presented themselves as potential inhibitors of the enzyme DPP IV.
As espécies selecionadas para este estudo foram: Pluchea sagittalis, Baccharis pentodonta e Baccharidastrum triplinervium, todas pertencentes a família Asteraceae. Os extratos e frações das folhas e raízes destas três espécies de plantas medicinais do Rio Grande do Sul foram obtidos por diferentes processos de extração (a frio, a quente em soxhlet e extração aquosa) e submetidos à análise por CLAE. Estes extratos e frações obtidos foram submetidos a diferentes fracionamentos de onde foram isolados alguns metabólitos secundários (derivados do ácido clorogênico e flavonóides). Das folhas de Pluchea sagittalis foram isolados os metabólitos ácido 3,4-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico e ácido 4,5-dicafeoilquínico. Do extrato bruto da raiz desta mesma espécie foram isolados os mesmos três metabólitos ácido 3,4-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico e ácido 4,5-dicafeoilquínico além do ácido 1,3,5- tricafeoilquínico. De Baccharis pentodonta foram isolados os metabólitos 5,7,4 - triidroxi-6-metoxi-luteonina e 5,7,3,4 - tretrahidroxi-6-metoxi-flavona de suas folhas e os metabólitos ácido 3,4-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 4,5- dicafeoilquínico e ácido 3-feruloil-5-cafeoilquínico. Da raiz de Baccharidastrum triplinervium foram isolados os metabólitos ácido 3,4-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 3,5- dicafeoilquínico, ácido 4,5-dicafeoilquínico já isolados anteriormente das outras espécies trabalhadas. A elucidação estrutural desses metabólitos isolados se deu por RMN e por análises de massa de alta resolução. Adicionalmente os extratos e frações obtidos foram submetidos a testes in vitro e para determinação de suas atividades antimicrobiana, antioxidante e de inibição enzimática frente às enzimas POP e DPP IV. A maioria dos extratos e frações testados apresentou atividade antimicrobiana pelo método de microdiluição em caldo por volta de 0,5 mg mL-1 e atividade antioxidante moderada pelo método do radical livre (DPPH) sendo a fração acetato de etila a que apresentou maior potencial. Dentre as atividades de inibição enzimática, as atividade mais pronunciadas foram frente a POP, sendo que apenas os extratos brutos das raízes de B. pentodonta e B. triplinervium apresentaram-se como potenciais inibidores da enzima DPP IV.
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Palmieri, Miguel Gontijo Siqueira. "Atividade antioxidante de extratos de café verde biotransformado pelo fungo Aspergillus oryzae." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5655.
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O café verde é conhecido principalmente por suas propriedades antioxidantes e antibacterianas. Compostos fenólicos como os ácidos clorogênicos, que são formados através de ácidos hidroxicinâmicos (ácidos cafeico, ferúlico e outros) ligados ao ácido quínico, estão presentes em grandes quantidades e têm sido reconhecidos como antioxidantes naturais. Entretanto, os ácidos hidroxicinâmicos são encontrados principalmente na forma esterificada com ácidos orgânicos, açúcares, lipídeos e covalentemente ligados a parede celular, o que reduz sua biodisponibilidade. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a biotransformação da farinha de café verde utilizando o fungo Aspergillus oryzae (CCDCA102604) visando o aumento da atividade antioxidante. A farinha de café verde foi fermentada em estado sólido usando o fungo Aspergillus oryzae a 25 °C por 24, 48 e 72 horas. Após a fermentação os compostos fenólicos foram extraídos utilizando uma solução hidroetanólica. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi avaliada pelos métodos DPIDI-1• (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila) e poder redutor e a determinação dos teores de fenólicos totais foi realizada utilizando o método de Folin-ciocateu. Foi realizada também a quantificação de ácido clorogênico (5-ACQ), ácido cafeico e cafeína nos extratos utilizando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. De acordo com os resultados ocorreu um aumento significativo de 115,7% e 66,4% da atividade antioxidante dos extratos de farinha de café verde fermentados por 24 horas em relação ao extrato de café não fermentado, determinada pelos métodos DPPI-1• e poder redutor, respectivamente. Além disso, o processo de fermentação pelo fungo A. oryzae durante 24 horas também promoveu um aumento de 68,6% na concentração de compostos fenólicos em relação aos extratos não fermentados. Os extratos fermentados por 24 horas apresentaram um aumento significativo nos teores de ácido clorogênico e ácido cafeico quando comparados aos extratos não biotransformados. O aumento da atividade antioxidante não foi observado nos extratos fermentados por 48 e 72 horas. Os resultados deste estudo demostraram que o processo de biotransformação é uma estratégia para a obtenção de um extrato enriquecido de compostos antioxidantes em suas formas livres com potencial aplicação nas indústrias alimentícias, de suplementos alimentares e cosmética.
Green coffee is known mainly for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acids, which are formed through hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, ferulic and other acids) linked to quinic acid, are present in large quantities in green coffee and have been recognized as natural antioxidants. However, hydroxycinnamic acids are found mainly in the esterified form with organic acids, sugars, lipids and are covalently bound to the cell wall, which reduces their bioavailability. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform the biotransformation of the green coffee flour using the Aspergillus oryzae fungus aimed at increasing the antioxidant activity. The green coffee flour was fermented in solid state using the fungus Aspergillus oryzae (CCDCA102604) at 25 °C for 24, 48 and 72 hours and after fermentation the phenolic compounds were extracted using a hydroethanolic solution. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by the DPPH• and reducing power methods, and the determination of total phenolic contents was performed using Folin-ciocateu method. Quantification of chlorogenic acid (5-ACQ), caffeic acid and caffeine in the extracts was also performed using high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed a significant increase of 115.7% and 66.4% of the antioxidant activity of the green coffee flour extracts fermented for 24 hours in relation to the unfermented coffee extract, measured by the DPPI-1• and reducing power methods, respectively. In addition, the fermentation process by the A. oryzae fungus for 24 hours also promoted a 68.6% increase in the content of phenolic compounds in relation to the unfermented extracts. The extracts fermented for 24 hours showed an increase in the content of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid when compared to the non-biotransformed extracts. The increase in antioxidant activity was not observed in the extracts fermented for 48 and 72 hours. The results of this study showed the biotransformation process as a strategy to obtain an enriched extract of antioxidant compounds in their free forms with potential application in the food, supplementation and cosmetic industries.
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Missagia, de Marco Leticia. "Inhibition of zinc-dependent peptidases by Maillard reaction products." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-162093.
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The Maillard reaction is a network of different non-enzymatic reactions between carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and amino groups from amino acids, peptides, or proteins, which progresses in three major stages and originates a very heterogeneous mixture of reaction products. It is also known as non-enzymatic browning, due to the brown macromolecular pigments formed in the final stage of the reaction. The chemistry underlying the Maillard reaction is complex. It encloses not only one reaction pathway, but a whole network of various transformations. As virtually all foods contain both proteins and carbohydrates, Maillard reaction products are present in the daily diet in considerable amounts. The endogenous formation of Maillard reaction products, especially related to ageing and diabetes, aroused intense discussions about the health consequences of the “glycation”, the term that describes the in vivo reaction corresponding to the Maillard reaction in foods.
Melanoidins are the final brown products of the Maillard reaction. They are responsible for the color formed during the heat processing of foods like coffee, bread, malt, and beef. Melanoidins are high molecular weight polydisperse polymers containing nitrogen. Their structure is largely unknown. Coffee melanoidins, which are object of the present study, contain thermally transformed polysaccharides, proteins, and phenolic compounds. Since the mechanisms involved on the formation of these macromolecules, and the chemical transformations which take place during the heat treatment are not completely elucidated, key structural features were analyzed. Especially the incorporation of chlorogenic acids in the melanoidin skeleton was object of attention of the present work.
Another major aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the Maillard reaction on the inhibitory potential of food components against zinc metalloproteases. The studied enzymes were three human matrix metalloproteases (MMP-1, -2 and -9), which are able to degrade matrix proteins and participate in many physiological processes, including tissue turnover and repair, but also constitute important targets in malignant and degenerative diseases. A microbial collagenase from Chlostridium histolyticum was chosen due to its subtract similarity to MMPs. Furthermore, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), which plays a central role in cardiovascular pathologies such as hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, was investigated. As a prototypical Maillard reaction product, coffee melanoidin was adopted.
Due to the roast dependent inhibitory activity of the coffee melanoidin fractions against matrix metalloproteases, the functionalization caused by the non-enzymatic browning was closer investigated. Na-carboxyalkylated derivatives of a sequence of relevant peptides were synthesized, in a variation of the process-induced formation of Nε-carboxymethyllysine, a major advanced glycation end-product (AGE). The inhibitory activity against zinc metalloproteases of the sequence of selected peptides and their Na-carboxymethyl- (CM-) and Na-carboxyethyl- (CE-) derivates was investigated.
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Bénard, Camille. "Étude de l'impact de la nutrition azotée et des conditions de culture sur le contenu en polyphénols chez la tomate." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL050N/document.
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Au cours de ce travail de thèse nous avons étudié l’influence des apports en azote nitrique sur le contenu en polyphénols chez la tomate. Plusieurs dispositifs de culture hors sols ont été utilisés (hydroponie, laine de roche, NFT). Nous avons quantifié les principaux composés phénoliques de la tomate, à savoir : l’acide chlorogénique, la rutine, le kaempférol rutinoside dans les parties végétatives de la plante (limbe, tige et racine), ainsi que des dérivés de l’acide caféique et la naringénine chalcone dans les fruits. Ces composés ont été analysés par chromatographie liquide à haute performance. Nous avons observé que les limbes étaient le compartiment le plus sensible aux conditions de nutrition. Nous y avons observé une multiplication par deux des concentrations en polyphénols lors d’une diminution des apports en azote de 15 à 0.05mM NO3-. Nous avons mis en évidence, en établissant des courbes de réponses, que ces augmentations s’effectuaient de façon nettement plus importante dans des conditions de nutrition azotée limitante pour la croissance de la plante. Dix à 20 jours de carence ou de limitation semblent nécessaires pour obtenir une modification du contenu en polyphénols à l’échelle de la plante. Dans les fruits les concentrations en polyphénols ont été modifiées par le niveau de fertilisation azotée, mais nous n’avons pas mis en évidence d’augmentations très significatives. L’impact d’autres facteurs, comme les conditions climatiques (lumière et température) a également été pris en compte. Nos résultats semblent indiquer que les conditions climatiques régissent le contenu en polyphénols de manière plus importante que la nutrition azotéeDuring my PhD we studied the effects of nitrate supply on tomato polyphenolics content. Several cultural systems were used (hydroponic, rockwool culture, NFT). We quantified the main tomato phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, rutine, kaempferol rutinoside in vegetative parts (leaf, stem, root), together with some caffeic acid derivates and naringenine chalcone in fruits. These compounds were analyses by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We noticed that leaves were the more responsive compartment of the plant, to the nutrition conditions. We observed a two-fold increase in polyphenolics concentrations when nitrate supply decrease from 15 to 0.05mM. We found, by drawing response curves, that this increase was more important when nitrate supply limited plant growth. Ten to 20 days seem necessary to observe a modification, at the plant level, of polyphenolics content. In tomato fruits, polyphenolics concentrations were modified by the nitrate supply, but we do not observed very significant increases. The effects of other environmental factors, such as climate conditions (light, temperature) were studied. Our results seem to indicate that climate is more important than nitrogen nutrition for the determination of the polyphenolic compounds concentrations
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Oliveira, Daniela Moura de. "Influência da ingestão de erva mate (Ilex paraguariensis) sobre parâmetros relacionados ao diabetes mellitus e metabolismo de glicose em ratos Wistar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6133/tde-21072008-133339/.
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Introdução: A incidencia e prevalencia do Diabetes Mellitus aumentam a cada ano, alcancando proporcoes epidemicas. A infusao aquosa de erva mate apresenta consideraveis teores de acidos clorogenicos, que alem de atuarem como antioxidantes, podem diminuir a producao e absorcao de glicose, conforme indicado na literatura. Objetivos: Avaliar a influencia da ingestao de infusao de erva mate sobre parametros bioquimicos relacionados ao diabetes mellitus e o metabolismo de glicose. Metodologia: Ratos Wistar (n=41) foram divididos em: nao diabeticos controle (NDC, n=10); nao diabeticos erva mate (NDE, n=10); diabeticos controle (DC, n=11) e diabeticos erva mate (DE, n=10). O diabetes foi induzido por aloxana. Os animais receberam extrato de erva mate (1 g/kg) ou solucao fisiologica por gavagem durante 28 dias, com agua e racao comercial ad libitum. Seus tecidos foram submetidos as analises (glicemia, insulinemia, colesterol total, atividade da enzima glicose-6-fosfatase hepatica e expressao genica do cotransportador intestinal de Na+/glicose SGLT1, sendo este responsavel pela maior parte da absorcao de glicose no lumen). Os dados foram analisados por analise de variancia com dois fatores (ANOVA 2-way) com ou sem medidas repetidas, de acordo com a variavel. O nivel de significancia adotado foi 5%. Resultados: Nao houve diferenca significativa entre os grupos controle (NDC e DC) e os grupos que ingeriram erva mate (NDE e DE) para a glicemia, insulinemia, colesterol total e atividade da glicose-6-fosfatase hepatica. No entanto, a expressao genica 7 dos transportadores de glicose SGLT1 foi significantemente menor nos animais que receberam erva mate, tanto no duodeno (p=0,007) quanto no jejuno (p<0,001) Conclusão: A ingestao da erva mate nao modificou significativamente os parametros bioquimicos estudados dos animais sob intervencao relativamente ao controle. No entanto, foi observada diferenca significativa quanto a expressao do transportador de glicose SGLT1, sugerindo que compostos bioativos da erva mate sao capazes de reduzir a absorcao da glicose.Introduction: The incidence and prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus are increasing, reaching epidemic proportions. Yerba mate infusions are rich in polyphenols, especially chlorogenic acids, that are known to have antioxidant properties. Evidences suggest that dietary polyphenols could also play a role in glucose metabolism and absorption. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate if yerba mate extract could have antidiabetic properties in alloxaninduced diabetic Wistar rats. Research design and methods: Wistar rats (n=41) were divided in four groups: non diabetic control (NDC, n=10); non diabetic yerba mate (NDM, n=10); diabetic control (DC, n=11) and diabetic yerba mate (DM, n=10). Diabetes was induced by alloxan (38 mg/kg bw). The mate group animals received yerba mate extract diluted in saline solution in a 1g extract/kg bw dose for 28 days, controls received saline solution only. The following biochemical parameters were measured: serum glucose, insulin and total cholesterol; hepatic glucose-6-fosfatase activity and gene expression of the intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT1. Results: There were no significant differences in serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity between the groups that ingested yerba mate extract (NDM and DM) and the controls (NDC and DC). However, the intestinal SGLT1 gene expression was significantly lower in animals that received yerba mate both in upper (p=0.007) and middle small intestine (p<0,001). Conclusion: These results indicate that bioactive 9 compounds present in yerba mate might be capable to decrease intestinal glucose absorption, by decreasing SGLT1 expression.
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Sabino, Adilson Rodrigues. "O metaboloma da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) na resposta à herbivoria." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1909.
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The growing world demand for renewable energy production in substitution of fossil fuels has given great prominence in the culture of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.). This has been considered the most efficient crop for energy production, as Brazil being the world's largest producer, with a production of 655.6 million tons in 2015/2016 harvest in an area of 8.5 million hectares. One of the major obstacles to the production of sugarcane is still the attack by pest and estimates that about 10% of the crop losses are caused by insects, being a sugarcane borer (Diatraea Saccharalis) the most importante pest. The plants, during its evolution, to reduce the damages caused by the attack of pests, they have developed a series of defense mechanisms, among them, physical barriers, proteins and toxic metabolites and volatile metabolic flags. Many works have been developed to decipher the mechanisms of defense of sugarcane to the attack of herbivorous insects, an attempt of genetic breeding programs and information biotechnology for the development of more resistant plants, however, many of the mechanisms still remain to be clarified. These works are mostly restricted to the study of genes and proteins and global studies of transcript and proteome analyzes of the plant. The current work proposes to perform an analysis of the metabolism of two varieties of sugarcane (RB92579 and SP791011) through direct and indirect extraction methods in response to herbivory by Diatraea saccharalis using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis from data by principal component analysis (PCA) and least squares analysis of discrimination (OPLS-DA). In the metabolomic analysis of sugarcane of the variety RB92579 was studied using the direct extraction method (leaves) in the 4 herbivory times (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours), only after 48, 72 and 96 hours of stress by herbivory, it was possible to get differences between the control groups and herbivore groups, which the greater timing of response was obtained in 72 hours, that indicated the increase of the primary metabolites asparagine, aspartic acid, dimethylamine, glutamic acid , isoleucine, leucine, malic acid, tyrosine and phenylalanine. The variety of sugarcane SP791011, the method of indirect extraction of the leaves of the plant was applied in times 24, 48 and 72 hours by stress induced by caterpillars of Diatraea saccharalis and, coincidentally, showed in the time 72 hours a greater number of herbivory response metabolites, which caused a depletion of aconitic acid, formic acid, asparagine, alanine and elevation of acetic acid and chlorogenic acid. Despite their different metabolic profiles in response to herbivory, the elucidated metabolites suggest the metabolic pathway of shikimic acid to produce phenylpropanoids due to the increase of tyrosine, phenylalanine in the leaves of the sugarcane variety RB92579, and increase of chlorogenic acid in the leaves of the cane. In addition to the herbivory test, it was carried out a biological assay with chlorogenic acid inserted in the artificial diet of Diatraea saccharalis caterpillars, which demonstrated a decrease in the development time of the pupae comparing with pupae of Caterpillars Control, which caused an outbreak of moths with deformations at all concentrations of chlorogenic acid used in the bioassay. These results may help in the development of sugarcane varieties more resistant to the attack by Diatraea Saccharalis.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A crescente demanda mundial para a produção de energias renováveis em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis tem dado grande destaque à cultura da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.). Esta tem sido considerada a cultura mais eficiente para a produção de energia, tendo o Brasil como o maior produtor mundial, com uma produção de 655,6 milhões de toneladas na safra 2015/2016 em uma área de 8,5 milhões de hectares. Um dos grandes entraves à produção de cana-de-açúcar ainda é o ataque de pragas e doenças e estima-se que cerca de 10% das perdas para esta cultura sejam ocasionadas por insetos, sendo a broca da cana-de-açúcar (Diatraea saccharalis) a praga mais importante. As plantas, durante a evolução, para reduzir os danos causados pelo ataque de pragas, têm desenvolvido uma série de mecanismos de defesa, dentre eles, barreiras físicas, proteínas, metabólitos tóxicos e metabólitos voláteis sinalizadores. Muitos trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos para decifrar os mecanismos de defesa da cana-de-açúcar ao ataque de insetos herbívoros, na tentativa de subsidiar programas de melhoramento genético e a biotecnologia de informação para o desenvolvimento de plantas mais resistentes, porém, muitos destes mecanismos ainda permanecem a ser esclarecidos. Estes trabalhos, em sua maioria, estão restritos ao estudo de genes e proteínas e a estudos globais de análises dos transcritos e do proteoma da planta. O presente trabalho propõe realizar a análise do metaboloma de duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar (RB92579 e SP791011) através dos métodos de extração direto e indireto na resposta a herbivoria por Diatraea saccharalis, utilizando espectroscopia de RMN, e processamento e estatística dos dados pelos métodos de análise de componentes principais (PCA) e análise dos mínimos quadrados parciais-análise discriminante (OPLS-DA). A análise metabolômica da cana-de-açúcar da variedade RB92579 foi realizada pelo método de extração direta (folhas) nos 4 tempos de herbivoria (24, 48, 72 e 96 horas), sendo que, apenas após 48, 72 e 96 horas sob herbivoria, foi possível haver diferenças entre os grupos controle e grupo herbivoria, no qual o tempo em que se obteve maior resposta da planta foi no tempo 72 horas, que indicou o aumento dos metabólitos primários asparagina, ácido aspártico, dimetilamina, ácido glutâmico, isoleucina, leucina, ácido málico, tirosina e fenilalanina. Já com relação a variedade de cana-de-açúcar SP 1011, aplicou-se o método de extração indireto das folhas da planta nos tempos 24, 48 e 72 horas sob estresse induzido pelas lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis e, coincidentemente, apresentou no tempo 72 horas o maior número de metabólitos de resposta a herbivoria, o que causou numa redução dos níveis de ácido cis e trans aconítico, ácido fórmico, asparagina, alanina e no aumento dos níveis de ácido acético e ácido clorogênico. Apesar de fornecerem perfis metabólicos diferentes em resposta a herbivoria, os metabólitos elucidados sugerem a via metabólica do ácido chiquímico devido ao aumento de tirosina, fenilalanina nas folhas da cana-de-açúcar da variedade RB92579, e aumento do ácido clorogênico nas folhas da cana-de-açúcar da variedade SP791011. Além do ensaio de herbivoria, foi realizado um ensaio biológico com o ácido clorogênico inserido na dieta artificial das lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis, que demonstrou uma diminuição do tempo de desenvolvimento das pupas em comparação com as pupas de lagartas controle, que provocou a eclosão das mariposas com deformações em todas as concentrações de ácido clorogênico usadas no bioensaio. Esses resultados podem ajudar no desenvolvimento de variedades de cana-de-açúcar mais resistentes ao ataque da Diatraea Saccharalis.
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Fernandes, Flávio Lemes. "Efeito de nitrogênio e de potássio na interação entre Coccus viridis e Coffea arabica." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2007. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3998.
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-14Universidade Federal de Viçosa
The green cochineal Coccus viridis (green) (Hemipetera: Coccidae) causes problems in sapling plants of Coffea arabica and in parts of the canopy under low luminosity. Plant fertilization with nutrients like nitrogen and potassium may influence the survival, the development, the growth, the reproduction and the behavior of insects. The impact of the application of nitrogen and potassium doses may have direct effects (via nutrients on leaves) and indirect (on phytochemists) on C. viridis. Another impact of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the interaction of C. viridis on coffee trees is on the tolerance of the plants to the losses caused by this insect-pest. So far, this work aimed to study the relation among nitrogen and potassium doses given to the plants, concentration of foliar phytochemical compounds and attack of C. viridis and also to determine the losses incurred to plants of C. Arabica by this insect. This research was conducted in a green house. Deficient, normal and excessive nitrogen and potassium fertilizations were used. Each treatment was composed of two plants (infested and uninfested). Nymphs and adults were counted every week. The phytochemical and nutrient levels on leaves were determined for infested plants, and dry material of roots, stem, leaves and overall for uninfested plants. The analysis conducted were those of Pearson´s correlation, path and multiple linear regressions. Raised the nitrogen levels in the nutritive solution, the intensity of nymph and adult attacks of C. viridis were observed throughout the experiment period. A direct impact of those nutrients was observed through the increasing levels of nitrogen on leaves. On the other hand, the indirect effect is due to the decreasing of caffeine levels, chlorogenic acid and cafeic acid on leaves that may act as alomones on C. viridis. It was also observed that plants when fertilized with larger doses of nitrogen and potassium presented smaller loss of foliar, stem and total dry material as well as a smaller diameter reduction when attacked by that pest.
A cochonilha verde Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) causa problemas em plantas jovens de Coffea arabica e em partes do dossel com baixa luminosidade. A adubação das plantas com nutrientes como o nitrogênio e o potássio pode influenciar a sobrevivência, o desenvolvimento, o crescimento, a reprodução e o comportamento dos insetos. O impacto da aplicação de doses do nitrogênio e do potássio pode ter efeitos diretos (via nutrientes na folha) e indiretos (sobre os fitoquímicos) sobre C. viridis. Outro impacto da adubação nitrogenada e potássica sobre a interação de C. viridis no cafeeiro é na tolerância das plantas às perdas causadas por este inseto-praga. Assim este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as relações entre doses de nitrogênio e de potássio fornecidas às plantas, concentração de compostos fitoquímicos foliares e ataque de C. viridis, e ainda, determinar as perdas em vigor causadas por este inseto a plantas de C. arabica. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação. Utilizaram-se adubações de nitrogênio e de potássio em deficiência, normal e excessiva. Cada tratamento foi composto por duas plantas (infestada e não infestada). Semanalmente, contaram-se os números de adultos e de ninfas nas plantas. Foram determinados os teores dos fitoquímicos e nutrientes nas folhas para plantas infestadas e matéria seca das raízes, caule, folhas e total para plantas não infestadas. Realizou-se análise de correlação de Pearson, análise de trilha e regressão linear múltipla. Verificou-se que com a elevação dos teores de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva ocorreu aumento da intensidade de ataque de ninfas e de adultos de C. viridis ao cafeeiro ao longo do tempo. Verificou-se que estes nutrientes têm impacto direto através do aumento dos teores de nitrogênio nas folhas. Já o efeito indireto deve-se à redução dos teores de cafeína, ácido clorogênico e ácido cafeico nas folhas, os quais atuam possivelmente como alomônios sobre C. viridis. Observou-se que plantas adubadas com maiores doses de nitrogênio e de potássio tiveram menores perdas de matéria seca total, foliar, caule e menor redução do diâmetro quando atacadas pela praga.
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Alber, Annette Veronika. "Phenolic 3-hydroxylases in land plants : biochemical diversity and molecular evolution." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7651.
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Plants produce a rich variety of natural products to face environmental constraints. Enzymes of the cytochrome P450 CYP98 family are key actors in the production of phenolic bioactive compounds. They hydroxylate phenolic esters for lignin biosynthesis in angiosperms, but also produce various other bioactive phenolics. We characterized CYP98s from a moss, a lycopod, a fern, a conifer, a basal angiosperm, a monocot and from two eudicots. We found that substrate preference of the enzymes has changed during evolution of land plants with typical lignin-related activities only appearing in angiosperms, suggesting that ferns, similar to lycopods, produce lignin through an alternative route. A moss CYP98 knock-out mutant revealed coumaroyl-threonate as CYP98 substrate in vivo and showed a severe phenotype. Multiple CYP98s per species exist only in the angiosperms, where we generally found one isoform presumably involved in the biosynthesis of monolignols, and additional isoforms, resulting from independent duplications, with a broad range of functions in vitroGraduate
2017-08-31
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Jaiswal, Rakesh [Verfasser]. "Synthesis and Analysis of the Dietary Relevant Isomers of Chlorogenic Acids, Their Derivatives and Hydroxycinnamates / Rakesh Jaiswal." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1035217333/34.
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Narita, Yusaku. "Studies on the α-Amylase-inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids from Green Coffee Beans and Anti-oxidative Effects of Coffee Silverskin." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/175082.
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Leitão, Ana Sofia de Sousa Pinho. "Análise dos ácidos clorogénicos e avaliação do seu papel na interacção Coffea arabica - Hemileia vastatrix." Master's thesis, ISA, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3144.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThis work aims to understand the role of chlorogenic acids (CGA) in the resistance response of coffee to leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) particularly during the hypersensitivity reaction. Young leaves of Coffea arabica S4 Agaro in the early stages of the infection (compatible and incompatible interactions) were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ED and HPLC-MS/MS after extraction with methanol and water. Chlorogenic acids were identified by MS/MS and quantified using 3-CQA as an external standard. The chromatograms showed about 40 peaks where 27 CGA were identified, that correspond to about 460 µg/g of leaf. The total content of the CGA and other identified compounds in inoculated leaves (compatible and incompatible interaction) showed no significant differences when compared to the healthy leaves (control). The possible involvement of CGA in the resistance response of coffee to H. vastatrix was only evidenced for compounds present in peaks 7 and 29 (4,5-DICQA, CFQA, DiFQA, pCoFQA, trihidroxicinamoilquínico acid and a non identified compound), which increased in the incompatible interaction in the early stages of the infection process (by 30h after inoculation), being 4,5-DiCQA probably the CGA in greater concentration among them
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Kraut, Nicolai U. "A human study on the intra- and interindividual variation in absorption and metabolism of coffee chlorogenic acids and effects on biomarkers of health in humans." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8627/.
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Coffee is a rich source of caffeoylquinic acids, esters of caffeic or ferulic acid and quinic acid and its consumption is associated with various health benefits. However, upon ingestion of coffee, caffeoylquinic acids are abundantly absorbed, widely metabolised and extensively excreted in humans. The first part of this thesis addresses the synthesis and subsequent analysis of several glycine conjugates of hydroxycinnamic acid in urine collected by six participants of a pilot human study. For the first time vanilloylglycine has been quantified in urine for the first time after coffee consumption in similar amounts to feruloylglycine, whereas 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoylglycine, 3,4-dimethoxydihydrocinnamoylglycine, 3,4-dimethoxybenzoylglycine and dihydroferuloylglycine have only been detected in trace amounts. The second part of this thesis describes the chemical synthesis of several hundred milligrams of dihydrocaffeic acid-3-O-sulfate, ferulic acid-4-O-sulfate, and dihydroferulic acid-4-O-sulfate, the development of a rapid LC-MS method for the analysis of the five most excreted urinary metabolites of caffeoylquinic acids, the design and performance of a human study investigating the intra- and interindividual absorption of caffeoylquinic acids in humans and linking these results to biomarkers of health and food intake. Among 62 participants, an 8-fold variation in excretion of the total amount of the five most abundant, urinary metabolites excreted over 36 hours after coffee consumption was calculated and the intraindividual variation between repeated visits was the highest for colonic metabolites. A moderate, negative correlation of the absorption of caffeoylquinic acids with the weekly consumption of coffee was established. The data suggests a strong impact of colonic catabolism on the absorption and metabolism of caffeoylquinic acids and a reducing effect of heavy coffee consumption on the absorption of caffeoylquinic acids in humans.
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Oliveira, Daniela Moura de. "Estudo de biodisponibilidade de compostos fenólicos do chá mate (Ilex paraguariensis)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-23052013-102833/.
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Introdução: O estudo da ação biológica de compostos bioativos e de nutrientes, a fim de que se possa explicar a relação entre o consumo de alimentos e a redução do risco de doenças, é uma das áreas que tem aplicação direta com a saúde pública. A erva mate (Ilex paraguariensis) é uma planta rica em compostos fenólicos (ácidos clorogênicos), extensivamente metabolizados após a ingestão. O conhecimento detalhado sobre os compostos formados pela metabolização dos mesmos, concentrações e tecidos-alvo é fundamental para o completo esclarecimento sobre os mecanismos de ação envolvidos. Objetivo: Avaliar a biotransformação dos ácidos fenólicos do chá mate in vivo em ratos Wistar. Métodos: Os animais foram eutanasiados 90 min (ensaio piloto) ou 30, 60, 120, 240 e 480 minutos (ensaio principal) após a administração de chá mate ou padrão de ácido 5-cafeoilquínico (5CQA) por gavagem. O grupo Controle recebeu solução salina. No ensaio piloto foram analisados plasma, fígado, rins, músculo, estômago e intestino delgado para identificação dos compostos fenólicos e com base nos resultados definida a dose de 2g de chá mate solúvel/kg de peso do animal para ser usada no ensaio principal, que corresponde a 240 mg de fenólicos totais/kg peso, dose administrada ao grupo Padrão na forma de 5-CQA. Quantificação dos compostos fenólicos foi realizada no plasma, fígado, estômago, intestino grosso e urina dos animais do ensaio principal. As análises foram realizadas por UPLC/DAD-MS, após desenvolvimento e validação das metodologias para extração e análise dos ácidos fenólicos nas amostras. O chá mate foi avaliado quanto ao perfil e teor de compostos fenólicos por UPLC/DADMS. Resultados: As metodologias desenvolvidas para extração e análise dos ácidos fenólicos nas amostras biológicas apresentaram bons níveis de recuperação e precisão. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram determinados para cada fluido/tecido. No ensaio piloto, foram detectados ácidos clorogênicos intactos em todas as amostras, assim como uma série de metabólitos de fase I e II. No ensaio principal, os ácidos clorogênicos livres foram os principais ácidos fenólicos presentes no estômago e intestino grosso, enquanto no plasma, fígado e urina os compostos mais abundantes eram os metabólitos, em ambos os grupos, em especial o ácido caféico ligado ao ácido glicurônico/grupos sulfato e o ácido 3hidroxifenilpropiônico (livre) no grupo Erva Mate e os ácidos feruloilquínicos (FQAas) e ácido 3-hidrofenilpropiônico no grupo Padrão. Demonstrou-se que a absorção e metabolização dos ácidos clorogênicos começa no estômago, mas a maior parte é absorvida no intestino grosso, especialmente após metabolização por bactérias. Cerca de 4,0 por cento dos compostos ingeridos pelo grupo Erva Mate e 3,3 por cento pelo grupo Padrão (mol/mol) estavam presentes na urina na forma de ácidos clorogênicos e dos metabólitos avaliados, 8 hs após a gavagem. Conclusão: A absorção e metabolização dos ácidos clorogênicos começa no estômago. Houve diferenças no tipo e quantidade dos diferentes compostos formados a partir dos fenólicos do chá mate e do 5-CQA puro, demonstrando que o perfil de ácidos clorogênicos presentes no alimento influencia qualitativamente e quantitativamente os metabólitos formados. Maior ênfase deve ser dada aos metabólitos em estudos que avaliem as propriedades biológicas e mecanismos de ação dos compostos fenólicos da erva mate e outros alimentos fonteIntroduction: Evaluation of biological properties of bioactive compounds and nutrients, aiming to explain the relationship between food consumption and decreased risk of diseases, is a field of study directly related to public health. Yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) is a plant rich in phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acids) which are extensively metabolized after ingestion. Detailed knowledge about the metabolites, its concentrations and target tissues is fundamental to clarify the action mechanisms involved in disease prevention. Objective: Evaluating the biotransformation of Yerba maté phenolic acids in vivo in Wistar rats. Methods: Animals were euthanized 90 min (pilot study) or 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 (main study) after administration of maté tea or 5-caffeoylquinic acid (standard) by gavage. Control group received saline solution. In the pilot study plasma, liver, kidneys, muscle, stomach and small intestine were analyzed for identification of phenolic compounds and the dose of 2 g maté tea/kg body weight was defined for the main study, which corresponds to 240 mg of total phenolic compounds/kg bw, dose administered to the Standard group as 5-CQA. Quantification was performed in plasma, liver, stomach, large intestine and urine in the main study. Analyses were performed using UPLC/DAD-MS, after development and validation of methodologies for extraction of phenolic acids from fluids and tissues. Maté tea phenolic compounds amount and profile were evaluated by UPLC/DAD-MS. Results: Developed methodologies showed good levels of recovery and precision. Limits of quantification (LQ) and detection (LD) were calculated for each biological matrix. In the pilot study, chlorogenic acids and their phase I and II metabolites were detected in all biological matrices. In the main study, the main compounds in gastric large and intestinal tissues were intact chologenic acids, whereas in plasma, liver and urine their metabolites were present in larger quantities, specially caffeic acid, bound to glucuronic acid and/or sulfate groups, and 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid in the free form on Yerba Mate group, and 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid and feruloylquinic acid on the group that received 5-CQA. It was demonstrated that chlorogenic acids absorption and metabolism begins in stomach, but most of the absorption takes place in the large intestine, especially after microbial metabolization. Approximately 4,0 per cent of compounds ingested by Yerba Mate group and 3,3 per cent by Standard group (mol/mol) were recovered in urine collected up to 8 hs after the gavage, in the form of chlorogenic acids and the evaluated metabolites. Conclusion: The absorption and metabolization of chlorogenic acids begins in the stomach. There were differences in the amount and type of compounds formed from maté tea or pure 5-CQA, showing that the profile of chlorogenic acids on food products may influences qualitatively and quantitatively the metabolites formed on the body. Greater emphasis should be given to metabolites in studies that assess biological properties and mechanisms of action of phenolic compounds from yerba mate and other food source