Academic literature on the topic 'Chlorocebus sabaeus'

ABSTRACT The simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) naturally infect a wide range of African primates, including African green monkeys (AGM). Despite moderate to high levels of plasma viremia in naturally infected AGM, infection is not associated with immunodeficiency. We recently reported that SIVagmVer90 isolated from a naturally infected vervet AGM induced AIDS following experimental inoculation of pigtailed macaques. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the replication of this isolate in two species of AGM, sabaeus monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) and vervets (C. pygerythrus). Inoculation of sabaeus AGM with SIVagmVer90 resulted in low and variable primary and set-point viremia (<102 to 104 copies/ml). In contrast, inoculation of vervet AGM with either SIVagmVer90 or blood from a naturally infected vervet (Ver1) resulted in high primary viremia and moderate plateau levels, similar to the range seen in naturally infected vervets from this cohort. CD4+ T cells remained stable throughout infection, even in AGM with persistent high viremia. Despite the lack of measurable lymphadenopathy, infection was associated with an increased number of Ki-67+ T cells in lymph node biopsies, consistent with an early antiviral immune response. The preferential replication of SIVagmVer in vervet versus sabaeus AGM shows that it is critical to match AGM species and SIV strains for experimental models of natural SIV infection.

Kapusinszky et al. (J Virol 89:8152–8161, 2015,http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00671-15) report that host population bottlenecks may result in pathogen extinction, which provides a compelling argument for an alternative approach to vaccination for the control of virus spread. By comparing the prevalence levels of three viral pathogens in two populations of African green monkeys (AGMs) (Chlorocebus sabaeus) from Africa and two Caribbean Islands, they convincingly show that a major host bottleneck resulted in the eradication of select pathogens from a given host.

Doctor of Philosophy
A number of types of molecular polymorphisms can be used for studying genetic relationship and evolutionary history. Microsatellites are hypervariable and can be very useful tools to determine population structure, distinguish sibling species, as well as verifying parental relationships and pedigrees. However, while microsatellite polymorphisms are useful for solving relationships between populations within a species, relations among species or genera will probably be obscured due to a high degree of homoplasy —identity arising from evolutionary convergence not by descent. For long range evolutionary history, such as phylogeny from old world monkey to human, mtDNA markers may be better candidates. The aim of this thesis is to assess molecular polymorphisms of different types and their optimal use in different situations. Two widely separated taxa were used for testing –the green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus, and the sibling dipteran flies Bactrocera tryoni and B. neohumeralis, known collectively as the Queensland fruit fly. In the present study a complete 16,550 bp mtDNA sequence of the green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus is reported for the fist time and has been annotated (Chapter 2). Knowledge of the mtDNA genome contributes not only to identification of large scale single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Chapter 4) or other mtDNA polymorphisms development, but also to primate phylogenetic and evolutionary study (Chapter 3). Microsatellites used for the green monkey paternity and pedigree studies were developed by cross-amplification using human primers (Chapter 5). For studies of population structure and species discrimination in Queensland fruit fly (Chapter 7), microsatellites were isolated from a genomic library of Bactrocera tryoni (Chapter 6) The total length of 16550 bp of complete mtDNA of the green monkey C. sabaeus, which has been sequenced and annotated here, adds a new node to the primate phylogenetic tree, and creates great opportunity for SNP marker development. The heteroplasmic region was cloned and five different sequences from a single individual were obtained; the implication of this are discussed. The phylogenetic tree reconstructed using the complete mtDNA sequence of C. sabaeus and other primates was used to solve controversial taxonomic status of C. sabaeus. Phylogenies of primate evolution using different genes from mtDNA are discussed. Primate evolutionary trees using different substitution types are compared and the phylogenetic trees constructed using transversions for the complete mtDNA were found close to preconceived expectations than those with transversions + transitions. The sequence of C. sabaeus 12SrRNA reported here agrees with the one published by ven der Kuyl et al. (1996), but additional SNPs were identified. SNPs for other regions of mtDNA were explored using dHPLC. Twenty two PCR segments for 96 individuals were tested by dHPLC. Fifty five SNPs were found and 10 haplogroups were established. Microsatellite markers were used to construct a genealogy for a colony of green monkeys (C. sabaeus) in the UCLA Vervet Monkey Research Colony. Sixteen microsatellites cross-amplified from human primers were used to conduct paternity analysis and pedigree construction. Seventy-eight out of 417 offspring were assigned paternity successfully. The low success rate is attributed to a certain proportion of mismatches between mothers and offspring; the fact that not all candidate fathers were sampled, the limitations of microsatellite polymorphisms; and weakness of the exclusion method for paternity assessment. Due to the low success rate, the pedigree is split into a few small ones. In a complicated pedigree composed of 75 animals and up to four generations with multiple links a power male mated with 8 females and contributed 10 offspring to the pedigree. Close inbreeding was avoided. Population structure within two species of Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis (Tephritidae: Diptera) is examined using microsatellite polymorphisms. Queensland fruit flies B. tryoni and B. neohumeralis are sympatric sibling species that have similar morphological and ecological features. They even share polymorphism at the molecular level. Mating time difference is the main mechanism by which they maintain separate species. In the present study, 22 polymorphic and scorable microsatellites were isolated from B. tryoni and tested in the two species sampled from sympatric distribution areas. Pairwise genetic distance analysis showed explicit differentiation in allele frequencies between the two species, but very weak differences between conspecific populations. Gene flow is higher within B. tryoni than within B. neohumeralis, and gene exchange between the two species exists. An averaging linkage clustering tree constructed by UPGMA showed two major clusters distinguishing the two species, and it appears that population structure is highly correlated with geographic distance. The relationship between molecular markers, evolution, and selection are discussed using comparative studies within two large taxa: primate and insect. The degree of conservation and polymorphism in microsatellites varies between taxa, over evolutionary time.

A number of types of molecular polymorphisms can be used for studying genetic relationship and evolutionary history. Microsatellites are hypervariable and can be very useful tools to determine population structure, distinguish sibling species, as well as verifying parental relationships and pedigrees. However, while microsatellite polymorphisms are useful for solving relationships between populations within a species, relations among species or genera will probably be obscured due to a high degree of homoplasy —identity arising from evolutionary convergence not by descent. For long range evolutionary history, such as phylogeny from old world monkey to human, mtDNA markers may be better candidates. The aim of this thesis is to assess molecular polymorphisms of different types and their optimal use in different situations. Two widely separated taxa were used for testing –the green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus, and the sibling dipteran flies Bactrocera tryoni and B. neohumeralis, known collectively as the Queensland fruit fly. In the present study a complete 16,550 bp mtDNA sequence of the green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus is reported for the fist time and has been annotated (Chapter 2). Knowledge of the mtDNA genome contributes not only to identification of large scale single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Chapter 4) or other mtDNA polymorphisms development, but also to primate phylogenetic and evolutionary study (Chapter 3). Microsatellites used for the green monkey paternity and pedigree studies were developed by cross-amplification using human primers (Chapter 5). For studies of population structure and species discrimination in Queensland fruit fly (Chapter 7), microsatellites were isolated from a genomic library of Bactrocera tryoni (Chapter 6) The total length of 16550 bp of complete mtDNA of the green monkey C. sabaeus, which has been sequenced and annotated here, adds a new node to the primate phylogenetic tree, and creates great opportunity for SNP marker development. The heteroplasmic region was cloned and five different sequences from a single individual were obtained; the implication of this are discussed. The phylogenetic tree reconstructed using the complete mtDNA sequence of C. sabaeus and other primates was used to solve controversial taxonomic status of C. sabaeus. Phylogenies of primate evolution using different genes from mtDNA are discussed. Primate evolutionary trees using different substitution types are compared and the phylogenetic trees constructed using transversions for the complete mtDNA were found close to preconceived expectations than those with transversions + transitions. The sequence of C. sabaeus 12SrRNA reported here agrees with the one published by ven der Kuyl et al. (1996), but additional SNPs were identified. SNPs for other regions of mtDNA were explored using dHPLC. Twenty two PCR segments for 96 individuals were tested by dHPLC. Fifty five SNPs were found and 10 haplogroups were established. Microsatellite markers were used to construct a genealogy for a colony of green monkeys (C. sabaeus) in the UCLA Vervet Monkey Research Colony. Sixteen microsatellites cross-amplified from human primers were used to conduct paternity analysis and pedigree construction. Seventy-eight out of 417 offspring were assigned paternity successfully. The low success rate is attributed to a certain proportion of mismatches between mothers and offspring; the fact that not all candidate fathers were sampled, the limitations of microsatellite polymorphisms; and weakness of the exclusion method for paternity assessment. Due to the low success rate, the pedigree is split into a few small ones. In a complicated pedigree composed of 75 animals and up to four generations with multiple links a power male mated with 8 females and contributed 10 offspring to the pedigree. Close inbreeding was avoided. Population structure within two species of Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis (Tephritidae: Diptera) is examined using microsatellite polymorphisms. Queensland fruit flies B. tryoni and B. neohumeralis are sympatric sibling species that have similar morphological and ecological features. They even share polymorphism at the molecular level. Mating time difference is the main mechanism by which they maintain separate species. In the present study, 22 polymorphic and scorable microsatellites were isolated from B. tryoni and tested in the two species sampled from sympatric distribution areas. Pairwise genetic distance analysis showed explicit differentiation in allele frequencies between the two species, but very weak differences between conspecific populations. Gene flow is higher within B. tryoni than within B. neohumeralis, and gene exchange between the two species exists. An averaging linkage clustering tree constructed by UPGMA showed two major clusters distinguishing the two species, and it appears that population structure is highly correlated with geographic distance. The relationship between molecular markers, evolution, and selection are discussed using comparative studies within two large taxa: primate and insect. The degree of conservation and polymorphism in microsatellites varies between taxa, over evolutionary time.

Hypertension is a complex multifactorial pathology that is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and end stage renal disease. In the United States, hypertension affects over 1 in 3 adults and comprises an annual cost of over $58 billion in the healthcare industry. While remarkable strides in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension have been made since the pathology was first treated in the 1960s, a remarkable 13% of patients with elevated blood pressures are classified as resistant hypertensive, where blood pressure remains uncontrolled while on three or more classes of anti-hypertensive drugs. This treatment gap suggests that researchers need to develop and utilize translational models that recapitulate the pathologies seen in patient populations. Non-human primates (NHP) are highly similar to humans in terms of physiology, circadian rhythmicity, behavior, and gene sequence and structure. Development of NHP models that spontaneously develop pathologies, like spontaneous hypertension, provide novel and vital tools to studying disease. Overall, this dissertation is a comparative analysis of the mechanisms that drive the development of spontaneous hypertension in Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus, an Old World non-human primate, and known mediators of essential hypertension in human populations. Chapter 2 presents how hypertensive (HT) African Green Monkeys (AGMs) are older, with elevated heart rates, increased renal vascular wall/lumen ratios, and altered glomerular morphologies compared to normotensive (NT) controls. Chapter 3 describes metabolic studies performed in a large cohort of animals that identified elevated proteinuria and ion excretion in HT AGMs compared to NT animals. Chapter 4 focuses on the contribution of sympathetic nervous system to the development of hypertension in this animal model and describes the significant left ventricular hypertrophy and elevation of adrenergic receptor mRNA in HT AGMs. Chapter 5 examines how age affects hypertension and renal function in the NT and HT AGMs. Together these data provide a foundational basis for the development of spontaneous hypertension in the AGM and provide a novel translational model for the study of cardiovascular disease.

碩士
國立中興大學
基因體暨生物資訊學研究所
107
The Vero cell is a renal epithelial cell line (kidney epithelial cells from a female African green monkey, Chlorocebus sabaeus), and has the cellular characteristics of interferon manufacturing defects. That causes a faster rate of virus spread, compared to the normal cells. Vero cells have been used as a host for mammalian viruses, and play an important role in vaccine manufacturing industry. Many studies have pointed out that the interaction between viruses and hosts may be related to non-coding RNA (ncRNAs, such as microRNAs, miRNAs). For example, siRNA-100, one small interfering RNA (siRNA) of Poliovirus (PV) can indirectly increase the concentration of miR-7 in the host, thereby inhibit the replication rate of poliovirus. Knowledge of the regulation of Vero cell miRNAs and their upstream and downstream will help to identify the factors related to the speed and quality of viral replication in Vero cells, and to achieve the purposes of reducing the cost and uncertainty of the experiment, improving the effectiveness of the vaccine and stabilizing the production quality and yield. However, there is no complete database related to Vero cells miRNA at present. Therefore, we try to identify the corresponding homologous miRNAs of the green monkey based on the Macaca mulatta and Homo sapiens precursor miRNAs. A total of 742 green monkey miRNAs were obtained from the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data of the green monkey. At the same time, in order to understand the upstream promoter regulation of miRNAs. The transcription start sites of 236 miRNAs were predicted by using the support vector machine (SVM) combined with the published next generation transcript sequencing data and sequence characteristics (including CpG content and DNA structural properties). This study identified 742 miRNAs, and 49 of these miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of viral replication in African green monkey cells. At the same time, the transcription start site was also predicted. It is expected that there will be a further understanding of the regulation network of African green monkeys and virus replication. And make vaccine production more stable yield and quality.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Evolução e Biologia Humanas apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Animais em zoos estão privados de inúmeros estímulos que encontram no ambiente selvagem e que são de extrema importância para o seu bem-estar físico e social. Como forma de promover um ambiente mais estimulante e complexo, o uso de enriquecimento ambiental tem sido empregue num grande número de instituições e em diferentes espécies. Dos vários tipos de enriquecimentos ambientais, destaca-se o uso de enriquecimento auditivo, que tem como fundamento os efeitos calmantes em humanos, nomeadamente em doentes hospitalizados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito da exposição à música em duas espécies primatas, Callithrix jacchus (N= 5) e Chlorocebus sabaeus (N=7), mantidas no zoo da Maia, no Norte de Portugal. Como estímulos auditivos foram utilizados Música Clássica e Sons Naturais. Cada indivíduo foi sujeito a sessões com ambos os estímulos e sessões de controlo que consistiam na ausência de estímulo. O registo de comportamentos de cada indivíduo foi feito através de amostragem focal e registo contínuo com duração de 20 minutos. As observações tiveram início em novembro de 2017 e terminaram em abril de 2018. Os resultados não mostraram a existência de qualquer relação entre a exposição à música e o bem-estar dos indivíduos em estudo. No entanto, verificou-se que no grupo do sagui comum (Callithrix jacchus), os indivíduos tenderam a coçar-se mais frequentemente em contexto de um maior número de visitantes, sugerindo que a redução do ruído ambiente perto dos recintos, como o produzido pelos visitantes e/ou staff seja uma maior prioridade do que a introdução de música. Apesar dos resultados do presente estudo não terem mostrado nenhum efeito benéfico da exposição à música nos dois grupos, acredita-se ser um contributo para a pouca bibliografia existente sobre enriquecimento auditivo, e um dos poucos a explorar o seu efeito em ambiente de zoo.
Animals in a zoo environment are deprived from many stimuli that they typically encounter in the wild and are crucial for their physical and psychological welfare. A way to provide a more stimulating and complex environment in captivity is to use a form of enrichment that has been proved to be successful in some institutions worldwide. From a variety of different environmental enrichments, auditory enrichment has been a topic of interest because of the positive effects that music has on humans, particularly in cases of physiological stress. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effect that music has as an enrichment in two primate species, Callithrix jacchus (N= 5) e Chlorocebus sabaeus (N=7), at Maia Zoo, Northern Portugal. The sound stimuli chosen were Classic Music and Rainforest Sounds.Every individual of each group was exposed to both stimulus and control sessions in which none of the stimulus were played. It was used focal continuous observation of 20 minutes for each individual in every session. The period of observations started in November 2017 and ended in April 2018.The results obtained revealed little evidence of any effects of music for both species tested. However, in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) group, a high scratching frequency was noticed in the context of numbers of high visitors to the zoo. This might mean that the reduction of visitors and/or staff noise could be an important concern in the future. Overall, this study supports the literature on the effects of music on captive animals and is one of the few to explore such effects in a zoo setting.

Dissertação de mestrado em Ecologia
Habitat destruction and bushmeat hunting are promoting world-wide fragmentation and demographic contractions of primate populations, of which insular populations are thought to be particularly susceptible to extinction because of a presumably reduced genetic diversity and evolutionary potential. The Bijagós archipelago (BA), located off the coast of Guinea-Bissau (GB) in West Africa, sustain high levels of biodiversity of worldwide-recognised importance. The primate species occurring at BA – the Western lesser spot-nosed guenon (Cercopithecus petaurista buettikoferi), mona monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli) and, the green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus) – are at the fringe of distribution and may have a high conservation value. Insular populations of C. p. buettikoferi are presumably the last populations in GB but have never been genetically surveyed across different islands. In this work, I aimed at updating the occurrence of the three primates species in BA, investigate their most likely mainland origin and evaluate their extinction vulnerability by estimating genetic diversity, population substructure and demographic history. Non-invasive DNA sampling was conducted in seven islands of BA and five different protected areas in the mainland. Fragments of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b gene and, mitochondrial control region) and ten autosomal microsatellite loci were used as genetic markers. C. p. buettikoferi’s and C. campbelli‘s occurrence in sampled islands seems to remain unaltered from the most recent but twenty-years-old surveys carried out in BA. However, Chl. sabaeus seems to be currently absent from Galinha, Canhabaque, Uno, Uracane and Caravela. For the primates occurring at both BA and mainland, insular populations were genetically less diverse, particularly C. campbelli. The surrounding areas of the Geba Channel (Quinara administrative region) were suggested as the probable source of insular populations. The genetic diversity of insular C. p. buettikoferi was not exceedingly low for both genetic markers at sampled islands. The population seems to be strongly structured by island, but evidence for migration between islands and admixture between genetic clusters were found. Naturally occurring gene flow between islands is improbable considering socio-ecological features of the species, and human-induced translocation of individuals may be a more likely explanation. The present work was the most complete genetic assessment of the three guenon species occurring at BA to date. It highlighted the importance of human communities in shaping past and current genetic dynamics of these insular populations by presumably promoting translocations to and within BA while also suggesting that primate populations may be negatively impacted if environmental damaging anthropogenic activities increase in the future.
A destruição de habitat e a caça para consumo humano estão a promover, à escala global, a fragmentação e declínios demográficos das populações de primatas. Pensa-se que as populações de insulares são particularmente suscetíveis à extinção devido à ocorrência de níveis de diversidade genética e potencial evolutivo naturalmente baixos. O arquipélago dos Bijagós (AB) localiza-se na costa da Guiné-Bissau (GB), na África Ocidental. As espécies de primatas que ocorrem no AB – o macaco petaurista (Cercopithecus petaurista buettikoferi), o macaco mona (Cercopithecus mona) e o macaco verde (Chlorocebus sabaeus) – encontram-se no limiar da sua distribuição, podendo possuir elevada importância de conservação. As populações insulares de C. p. buettikoferi são presumivelmente as últimas populações da GB, contudo, nunca foram analisadas geneticamente nas diversas ilhas onde ocorrem. Neste trabalho, os meus principais objetivos foram atualizar a ocorrência das três espécies de primatas no AB, investigar a sua origem continental mais provável e avaliar a sua vulnerabilidade à extinção, estimando a sua diversidade genética, subestrutura populacional e história demográfica. Foram obtidas amostras não-invasivas de DNA em sete ilhas do AB e em cinco áreas protegidas no continente. Como marcadores genéticos, foram utilizados fragmentos do DNA mitocondrial (gene citocromo b e da região de controlo mitocondrial) e dez loci de microssatélites autossómicos. A ocorrência de C. p. buettikoferi e de C. campbelli nas ilhas amostradas parece ter permanecido inalterada relativamente aos últimos censos conduzidos no AB que datam de há mais de 20 anos. Contudo, Chl. sabaeus aparenta ter desaparecido das ilhas de Galinha, Canhabaque, Uno, Uracane e Caravela. Nos primatas que ocorrem quer no AB, quer no continente, as populações insulares foram aquelas que continham os níveis mais baixos de diversidade genética, particularmente C. campbelli. As áreas envolventes ao Canal de Geba (região administrativa de Quinara) foram sugeridas como a origem mais provável das populações insulares. As populações insulares de C. p. buettikoferi não se encontravam especialmente depauperadas de diversidade genética em ambos os marcadores utilizados. Esta população aparenta estar fortemente estruturada por ilha, todavia, foram encontrados indícios de migração entre ilhas e mistura entre clusters genéticos. A ocorrência natural de fluxo genético entre ilhas é improvável considerando as características sociobiológicas da espécie. Assim sendo, translocações promovidas por humanos parecem ser uma explicação mais plausível. Até há data, este trabalho constitui o censo genético mais completo das três espécies de primatas que ocorrem no AB. Aqui, destaca-se a ação das comunidades humanas na possível promoção de translocações de primatas para e, entre as ilhas do AB e na consequente modelação das dinâmicas genéticas, passadas e presentes, destas populações insulares. Adicionalmente, sugere-se que as populações de primatas no AB poderão sofrer impactos negativos se a degradação ambiental promovida pelas atividades antropogénicas aumentar no futuro.
This project was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, through the do project: PRIMATOMICS (PTDC/IVC-ANT/3058/2014), The Born Free Foundation, Chester Zoo Conservation Fund, Primate Conservation Incorporated, CAROSI, Cápsulas do Norte, Camarc, JA-Rolhas e Cápsulas.