Journal articles on the topic 'Chlorine Meter'
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Totaro, Michele, Federica Badalucco, Francesca Papini, Niccolò Grassi, Marina Mannocci, Matteo Baggiani, Benedetta Tuvo, Beatrice Casini, Giovanni Battista Menchini Fabris, and Angelo Baggiani. "Effectiveness of a Water Disinfection Method Based on Osmosis and Chlorine Dioxide for the Prevention of Microbial Contamination in Dental Practices." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 10562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710562.
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In dental clinics, the infections may be acquired through contaminated devices, air, and water. Aerosolized water may contain bacteria, grown into the biofilm of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs). We evaluated a disinfection method based on water osmosis and chlorination with chlorine dioxide (O-CD), applied to DUWL of five dental clinics. Municipal water was chlorinated with O-CD device before feeding all DUWLs. Samplings were performed on water/air samples in order to research total microbial counts at 22–37 °C, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella spp., and chlorine values. Water was collected from the taps, spittoons, and air/water syringes. Air was sampled before, during, and after 15 min of aerosolizing procedure. Legionella and P. aeruginosa resulted as absent in all water samples, which presented total microbial counts almost always at 0 CFU/mL. Mean values of total chlorine ranged from 0.18–0.23 mg/L. Air samples resulted as free from Legionella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Total microbial counts decreased from the pre-aerosolizing (mean 2.1 × 102 CFU/m3) to the post-aerosolizing samples (mean 1.5 × 10 CFU/m3), while chlorine values increased from 0 to 0.06 mg/L. O-CD resulted as effective against the biofilm formation in DUWLs. The presence of residual activity of chlorine dioxide also allowed the bacteria reduction from air, at least at one meter from the aerosolizing source.
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Xie, Xian Song, Yue Zhai Zheng, and Fang Tian. "Multi-Objective Optimized Design of High-Performance Concrete Based on Matlab." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.202.
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Based on the Compressive strength, workability and raw material consumption of concrete, a mathematical model is established for mix proportion design of high performance concrete (hereinafter referred to as HPC) with chlorine ion’s diffusion coefficient and per cubic meter cost as its optimized objectives. Matlab’s Sequential Quadratic Programming method is used for the solution of constrained nonlinear problems, with which the calculation and optimization of mix proportion of concrete are solved satisfactorily. HPC with optimized design can meet all requirements for its type and has obvious economic benefit.
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Calente, Thander Jacson Nunes, Grazieli Nunes Calente Santos, and Wesclen Vilar Nogueira. "Physical-chemical and microbiological quality of water used for public supply in the municipality of Alvorada D’Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 11 (August 29, 2021): e198101119357. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.19357.
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The study analyzed the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters carried out by the Autonomous Water and Sewage Service (AWSS) of the Municipality of Alvorada D’Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil. The parameters analyzed were: pH, turbidity, free residual chlorine, total coliforms (TC), thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) and heterotrophic bacteria. The values of hydrogen potential (pH) were obtained with a digital pH meter. The analyzes were carried out the 2013 to 2019. The turbidity and free residual chlorine values were obtained according to the method of the Practical Manual of Water Analysis of the National Health Foundation (FUNASA). To determine the microbiological parameters, PetrifilmTM plates (3MTM do Brasil Ltda) were used, following the manufacturer's guidelines. The analyzed values were compared with reference values described in Consolidation Ordinance nº. 5, of September 28, 2017, of the Ministry of Health (MS) which sets the standards for potability of water intended for human consumption. The results varied for all parameters evaluated: pH (3.11 to 8.24), turbidez (0.02 to 3,01), TC (0 to 100%), TTC (0 to 100%) and heterotrophic bacteria (85 to 100%). The values obtained for free residual chlorine were the only parameter to follow the reference values. The highest contamination for TC and heterotrophic bacteria were reported in 2019, higher the limits established in Brazilian legislation. Thus, the water was characterized as unfit for consumption and requires severe control for TC and heterotrophic bacteria.
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Yadav, Shatrughna Prasad, Sai Kumar, Boddu Devika, and Kolluri Rahul. "Robot-Assisted Ultraviolet Disinfector with Dispenser for Healthcare Related Services." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2022.6.1.383.
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Recently healthcare sector has attracted service robots to prevent the spread of infection. During COVID-19 pandemic, service robots have been able to reduce direct contact of front-line healthcare workers by separating them from direct exposure to infection. Robots have been used for delivery systems, disinfection of the exposed area, remote monitoring of patients, etc. In the present work, we have designed a disinfection robot that radiates ultraviolet C rays for UV sterilization of hospitals that kills 95.0% of bacteria within 20 second of exposure from a distance of 0.5 meter. UVC disinfection is more effective than disinfection by hydrogen peroxide, and with other chemical-based disinfectants like chlorine, chloramine, etc. Our designed robot can also be used as a dispenser in hospital delivery system for transporting medicine, laboratory samples, etc. Its use will not only increase logistics efficiency but will also avoid spread of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), healthcare associated infections, eliminate human error, and allow health workers to engage themselves in their higher priority works.
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Jawami, Afiq Azizi, Eason Soo, Dalia Abdullah, Amy Kia Cheen Liew, and Mariati Abd Rahman. "Metal Contamination and Stability of Household Bleach and Specially-Formulated Sodium Hypochlorite for Endodontic Use." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5101-25.
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The aims of this in vitro study were to investigate metal contamination and short-term stability of two types of household bleach and a specially-formulated sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for endodontic use. The first part of the study was to compare traces of metal elements (Cu, Fe and Ni) between the two types of household bleach (Clorox and Milton) and a specially-formulated NaOCl (CanalProTM 3% NaOCl, Coltene, Whaledent)) using UV spectrophotometer. The second part of the study was to compare the available chlorine and pH of these different NaOCl formulations at different temperatures. Chemical stability of the NaOCl was assessed by measuring the amount of free available chlorine (FAC) using the iodometric titration assay at the temperature of 15, 30, 45, and 60 °C. The pH of the solutions was measured using calibrated pH meter. The results showed that Milton contained significantly higher concentration of Cu, Fe and Ni compared with the other formulations (P < 0.001). Concentrations of Fe detected in Clorox and CanalPro were higher than in the control, distilled water (P < 0.05). In all NaOCl samples, the concentration of available chlorine increased with temperature. Concomitantly, there was a significant decrease in pH with increasing temperature (P < 0.001) with all the NaOCl formulations. In conclusion, traces of metal remnants could be observed in all the NaOCl formulations, especially in Milton. Heating the NaOCl increases the FAC and decreases its pH.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "The study of some physical and chemical characteristics in drinking water treatment plant of Jurf Al- Sakar subdestric in Babylon governorate, Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 3 (September 2, 2007): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.3.338-343.
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Some physical and chemical characteristics of Jurf Al- Sakar drinking water plant in Babylon governorate have been studied. Seven locations for this plant were selected. These were the drinking water treatment plant source on Euphrates River before entering the plant, precipitation, filtration and collection tanks, and also after leaving the plant at distances of one meter, 4 and 8 km. The samples were collected bimonthly from October, 2002 to August, 2003. Some results match with the national and international standard characters while the other characters (Turbidity, total hardness, calcium, nitrate, phosphate and the biological oxygen demand values) were not match. The present study showed that drinking water treatment plant is undrinkable, as well as, the chlorine is not used in the plant, during study period
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Abdrakhmanov, R. F., A. V. Komissarov, L. M. Khasanova, and Yu A. Kovshov. "INFLUENCE OF LIVESTOCK COMPLEXES WASTEWATER IRRIGATION ON THE SALT MODE OF SOILS." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 54, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2019-52-4-6-14.
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Increasing crop yields involves the introduction of not only mineral, but also organic fertilizers into the soil. The disposal of manure of large livestock complexes in adjacent fields in combination with irrigation is of particular relevance at present. This allows, on the one hand, to reduce the load on treatment facilities, and, on the other hand, to improve the soil fertility of adjacent farmland. The article presents the results of monitoring the hydrogeological and reclamation state of the lands in the state farm «Roschinsky» in the Sterlitamak district of the Republic of Bashkortostan irrigated with wastewater from the livestock complex. It is revealed that for the periods from 1987 to 1997 irrigation with wastewater caused an increase in the mineralization of soil solutions from 0,007–0,096 to 0,34–0,45 %. The accumulation of sodium, magnesium, calcium, sulfate and chlorine ions in soils took place. The capacity of the soil-absorbed complex decreased from 49,8 to 12,8 mEq/100 g. Under the influence of irrigation with sewage, the chemical composition and salinity of the groundwater underwent significant changes. The content of sulfates (from 20–40 to 150–350 mg/l), chlorine (from 10–20 to 100–200 mg/l), sodium (from 10–50 to 70–100 mg/l) increased. The mineralization increased from 0,6–0,7 to 1,4–2,7 g/l. The deterioration of soil properties was also observed in the subsequent observation period from 2006 to 2010. Exceeding the boundary value of the dry residue for non-saline soil (0,25 %) in the meter soil layer was noted in 2010 at 9 out of 10 observation points, while in 2006 – only at 1 observation point. The total amount of water-soluble salts in a meter layer of soil from 2006 to 2010 increased by 14,2 t/ha, including toxic salts by 9,57 t/ha. To prevent the further development of salinization processes, the disposal of livestock stocks must be alternated with seasonal preventive leaching of the soil against a background of closed horizontal drainage, as well as increasing the area of the irrigated area and including salt-resistant crops in the rotation.
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Susilawati and Aris Doyan. "Effects of Gamma Radiation on Electrical Conductivity of PVA-CH Composites." Materials Science Forum 827 (August 2015): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.180.
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Keywords: Gamma radiation, electrical conductivity, PVA-CH compositesAbstract.The effects of radiation on polymer composite PVA-based organic blends containing chlorine have been studied for their potential applications in electrochemical devices. The polymer composite PVA-Chloral Hydrate (CH) were blended separately with 23, 34, 45 and 57% CH. The composite films were prepared by solvent-casting method and each film has been irradiated with g-rays at different doses up to 12 kGy. The electrical properties have been studied using an impedance analyzer of LCR meter in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The conductivity-dose relation study revealed that increase in conductivity of the irradiated PVA-CH blends with increasing dose up to 12 kGy. The increase in the conductivity with dose is attributed to the increase of ionic carriers in the composites induced by radiation scission of CH molecules and also due to hydrolysis of water.
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GREENE, ANNEL K., THOMAS G. REYNOLDS, and EMILY M. SOUTHERLAND. "Sanitary Evaluation of Target Flowmeter Used in a Dairy Processing Plant." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 966–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.12.966.
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A target flowmeter, used to measure raw milk flow, was examined for sanitary conditions in a university dairy plant 10 times over a period of eight weeks. The flowmeter connection was swabbed at four different locations along the dairy plant connection at four different times during the work day: i) after chlorine sanitization, before product; ii) after product, before cleaning in place (CIP); iii) after CIP, before acid sanitization; and iv) after acid sanitization, at end of day. Samples were plated in duplicate on standard plate count agar and on violet red bile agar. After routine CIP cleaning and sanitization procedures, bacterial counts were low. Additionally, no finished product contamination problems were detected over the 7 months of flowmeter use as shown by routine quality control tests on pasteurized milk which had flowed past the in-line meter as raw milk. These results indicate that normal cleaning and sanitization procedures were adequate for the in-line flowmeter.
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Attanayake, M. P., and D. H. Waller. "Use of seepage meters in a groundwater – lake interaction study in a fractured rock basin — a case study." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-130.
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Applications of seepage meters in lakes with slight bottom sediments in fractured rock basins have not been reported. A study of the hydrogeology of Long Lake, at Halifax, Nova Scotia, used seepage meters in this situation. Fifteen meters were installed in the 1.7 km2 lake — seven in a line extending from the shore, the remaining eight on the lake periphery. Seepage measurements were made monthly over 1 year. Groundwater levels were measured in boreholes in the fractured granite of the watershed. A positive inflow of groundwater to the lake occurred through the year, seepage flux at the shoreline meters varied from 0.15 to 0.78 mL∙m−2∙s−1, with no consistent seasonal variations. Seepage decreased exponentially with offshore distance. A linear relationship was evident between water levels in a borehole near the shore and rate of seepage at the closest meter. Chloride applied to this borehole was reflected in elevated chloride concentrations in seepage collected by the meter. Key words: seepage meter, groundwater – lake system, fractured rock tracers.
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Lopes, Thaís Andrade de Sampaio, Luciano Matos Queiroz, and Asher Kiperstok. "Environmental performance of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant applying Life Cycle Assessment." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 4 (July 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2216.
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to estimate and analyze the environmental impacts from the construction and operation phases of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in the municipality of Lauro de Freitas, Bahia, Brazil. The WWTP process consists of the association of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor followed by four constructed wetlands (CWL) and a disinfection step. The functional unit was defined as one cubic meter of treated effluent during the useful life of this WWTP (20 years). The LCA was carried out using SimaPro® software and the Centre of Environmental Science (CML) assessment method. The environmental impacts during construction phase were mainly from the wooden forms for concrete and the use of reinforcing steel. During the operation phase, the chlorine used as effluent disinfectant caused the greatest impacts in the abiotic depletion and acidification categories. Macronutrient concentrations present in the treated effluent and the methane generated also caused significant environmental impacts during the WWTP’s useful life. The results obtained highlight the importance of the application of a methodology like LCA to assist in decision-making with regard to the implementation, construction and operation of a WWTP.
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Patience, Machiva. "AN ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER IN INSUKAMINI CATCHMENT WATER SOURCES AND THE SUITABILITY OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE." Gujarat Journal of Extension Education 33, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56572/gjoee.2022.33.1.0003.
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Insukamini catchment depends on hand dug wells, sand water abstraction, dam, and borehole water sources for their domestic uses. On hand dug wells and sand water abstraction, people rely on natural filtration of bacteria and consider the water as safe, however the location and management of some of these water sources raise suspicion of possible contamination. The aim of this study was to assess drinking water quality in terms of selected physico-chemical and microbiological parameters, and people's perceptions on aesthetic parameters. Water samples were collected from five water sources, namely sand water abstraction, dam, hand dug well, borehole and municipal water. Three samples were collected from each water source to make 63 samples. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen measured using HI 9143 dissolved oxygen meter, YSI pH 100, HI 9143 dissolved oxygen meter and HI 8633 conductivity meter respectively. On laboratory experiments total suspended solids measured using filter disk, total dissolved solids using gravimetric method (SA, 2008), total and feacal coliform were measured using spread plate method. All water sources had total coliform levels above the WHO standards for drinking water of 1000mg/L. For E. coli, borehole and municipal water sources complied with the WHO standard with the means of zero cfu/ 100ml. Low pH mean of 5.001 was found in borehole water and the other water sources were within the accepted range of 6.5 to 8.5. Municipal and dam point (A) water sources had highest levels of TDS, borehole, and dam point (C) had TSS levels above maximums allowable of 1000mg/L and 150mg/L respectively. Temperature, DO and EC of all water sources were within the WHO standards. Overall, all water sources were not complying with WHO standard for drinking water. People described municipal water source as best for drinking purpose, dam, sand water abstraction and hand dug well water sources described as soft and good for laundry and bathing as compared to borehole which was described as hard. The results indicated that water from the sources under study were not suitable for drinking purposes without treatment. The water should rather be used for other domestic uses such as laundry and bathing. However, municipal water should be boiled or use water purification tablets (chlorine tablets) before drinking. An integrated approach is therefore required to minimize and avoid water pollution within the catchment.
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Langenfeld, Noah J., and Bruce Bugbee. "Evaluation of Three Electrochemical Dissolved Oxygen Meters." HortTechnology 31, no. 4 (August 2021): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04819-21.
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Dissolved oxygen (DO) is critical for aerobic life in aquatic environments. Rapid and accurate measurements of DO are necessary to quantify the rate of oxygen uptake and maintain optimum conditions in root zones. DO meters are available across a price range of USD99 to more than USD1000. We compared three meters for stability, response time, and accuracy in freshwater [tap water, 0 g⋅L–1 sodium chloride (NaCl)] and saline water (simulated seawater, 35 g⋅L–1 NaCl) across multiple temperatures. The Yellow Springs, Inc. 550A (YSI) and Sper Scientific 850048 (Sper) meters were stable across a range of water temperatures (12–38 °C) and salinity. The Smart Sensor Roeam AR8210 drifted ±50% within minutes after calibration and was not evaluated further. In freshwater, the YSI meter was within 4% and the Sper meter was within 5% of the theoretical value at 12 and 22 °C. Meters were less accurate at 38 °C. The accuracy in saline water was similar to freshwater. Across temperature and salinity, the response time averaged 10 s for the YSI meter and 15 s for the Sper meter. We conclude that the YSI and Sper meters can provide rapid, stable, and accurate measurements of DO.
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Swami, Kamal, and Rajinder S. Narang. "Collection and Analysis of Butyltin Compounds in Air at Nanogram-Per-Cubic-Meter Levels." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.170.
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Abstract An analytical method for determining butyltin chlo rides in air at low nanogram-per-cubic-meter levels was developed. Butyltin chlorides investigated were mono-n-butyltin trichloride (MBTC),di-n-butyltin dichloride (DBTC), and tri-n-butyltin chlo ride (TBTC). These tin chlorides were trapped on cartridges packed with Porapak-N, eluted with methylene chloride containing 0.3% HCI, hy dridized with sodium borohydride, and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. On the basis of a 20 m3 sample, a detection limit of 0.05 ng/m3 can be achieved.
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Toran, Laura, Melanie Johnson, Jonathan Nyquist, and Donald Rosenberry. "Delineating a road-salt plume in lakebed sediments using electrical resistivity, piezometers, and seepage meters at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, U.S.A." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 4 (July 2010): WA75—WA83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3467505.
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Electrical-resistivity surveys, seepage meter measurements, and drive-point piezometers have been used to characterize chloride-enriched groundwater in lakebed sediments of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, U.S.A. A combination of bottom-cable and floating-cable electrical-resistivity surveys identified a conductive zone [Formula: see text] overlying resistive bedrock [Formula: see text] beneath the lake. Shallow pore-water samples from piezometers in lakebed sediments have chloride concentrations of [Formula: see text], and lake water has a chloride concentration of [Formula: see text]. The extent of the plume was estimated and mapped using resistivity and water-sample data. The plume ([Formula: see text] wide and at least [Formula: see text] thick) extends nearly the full length and width of a small inlet, overlying the top of a basin formed by the bedrock. It would not have been possible to mapthe plume’s shape without the resistivity surveys because wells provided only limited coverage. Seepage meters were installed approximately [Formula: see text] from the mouth of a small stream discharging at the head of the inlet in an area where the resistivity data indicated lake sediments are thin. These meters recorded in-seepage of chloride-enriched groundwater at rates similar to those observed closer to shore, which was unexpected because seepage usually declines away from shore. Although the concentration of road salt in the northeast inlet stream is declining, the plume map and seepage data indicate the groundwater contribution of road salt to the lake is not declining. The findings demonstrate the benefit of combining geophysical and hydrologic data to characterize discharge of a plume beneath Mirror Lake. The extent of the plume in groundwater beneath the lake and stream indicate there will likely be a long-term source of chloride to the lake from groundwater.
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Buzlov, G. A., V. P. Ivanov, V. Yu Kitov, and A. B. Podrugin. "A soil neutron meter for water and chloride." Measurement Techniques 29, no. 3 (March 1986): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00863859.
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Osunla, Ayodeji C., Oluwatayo E. Abioye, and Anthony I. Okoh. "Distribution and Public Health Significance of Vibrio Pathogens Recovered from Selected Treated Effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Water 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070932.
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Treated sewage harbours pathogenic microbes, such as enteric bacteria and protozoa, are capable of causing several diseases. Some of these are emerging pathogens sometimes recovered in the absence of common water quality indicator organisms. The possibility of selected treatments plants serving as momentary reservoirs of Vibrio pathogens during a non-outbreak period was assessed. The occurrence and diversity of Vibrio pathogens were monitored for one year (December 2016 to November 2017) in the treated effluents and upstream and downstream areas of the receiving water bodies of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), designated AL and TS. Physicochemical parameters of TS and AL WWTPs’ water samples were analysed using a multi-parameter meter (Hanna, model HI 9828, Padova, Italy) and a turbidimeter (HACH, model 2100P, Johannesburg, South Africa). Water samples were augmented with alkaline peptone water and cultured on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar at 37 °C for 24 h. The recovered probable pathogens were confirmed via PCR amplification, using primers specific for Vibrio species of public health significance. The distribution of Vibrio species positively and significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with turbidity (r = 0.630), temperature (r = 0.615), dissolved oxygen (r = 0.615), pH (r = 0.607), biological oxygen demand (r = 0.573), total dissolved solid (r = 0.543), total suspended solid (r = 0.511), electrical conductivity (r = 0.499), residual chlorine (r = 0.463) and salinity (r = 0.459). The densities of Vibrio species were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in effluents from both AL and TS WWTPs than upstream and downstream of the receiving rivers across the sampling regime. Furthermore, the maximum Vibrio species density across the sampling regime were observed during the warmer Summer and Spring season. Moreover, six medically important Vibrio species were detected in the water samples, indicating that the methods employed were efficient in revealing that WWTPs are potential reservoirs of Vibrio pathogens, which could pose a substantial public health risk if the receiving water is used for domestic purposes. Our findings further strengthen existing calls for the inclusion of emerging bacterial pathogens, including Vibrio species, as water quality indicators by the South African Department of Water Affairs. Hence, we recommend regular monitoring of treated effluents and receiving water bodies to ensure early control of potential outbreaks of vibriosis and cholera.
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Carroll, David M., Angela V. Michelin, Melanie J. Craig, Johnathan J. Johnson, Jonathan N. Yoo, Michele R. Evans, David K. Henderson, Anna F. Lau, Tara N. Palmore, and Tara N. Palmore. "1227. Replacement and Rerouting of Pipes to Remediate Intractable Contamination of Potable Water Fixtures in a Pair of ICU Rooms." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1090.
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Abstract Background “Green” construction approaches may place hospitals at risk for long-term contamination of potable water, presenting hazards for immunosuppressed patients. Remediation may be needed to manage these unanticipated consequences. An indolent, 11-year cluster of Sphingomonas koreensis infections at the NIH Clinical Center was traced to potable water. During the investigation, 4 sinks in 2 ICU rooms were found to have intractable contamination. Despite replacement of sink fixtures, faucet swabs and water continued to grow S. koreensis, and mean free chlorine residual (FCR) from the sinks was 0.27 mg/L (goal > 0.5). We undertook a major project to replace and reroute sections of pipes leading to the sinks (Figures 1 and 2). Methods Hot and cold water pipes were removed from the sinks to the supply pipes and replaced. Pipes were rerouted so that hot and cold water supplying the sinks returned in a loop to the domestic hot water heater to eliminate 10-meter drop-down sections of dead-leg pipe. Automatic faucets were replaced with manual faucets. Faucet biofilm was swabbed and cultured monthly for S. koreensis. Environmental samples were cultured on sheep blood agar for 5 days. Yellow colonies were subcultured and identified by MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker). Results Demolition of the wall behind the sinks revealed hot and cold water piping containing stagnant water. Water pooled in cold water pipe had heavy growth of S. koreensis; water from the hot water pipe could not be collected. Hot and cold water FCR for the sinks after piping changes averaged 0.74 and 1.07 mg/L, respectively, compared with 0.27 mg/L simultaneously from automated faucets in unmodified ICU rooms. Faucet cultures were negative for S. koreensis after replumbing, and have remained negative for >6 months. Conclusion New hospital construction strategies appear to increase potable water contamination risks; novel remediation approaches are needed. Replacing contaminated water pipes and rerouting pipes to minimize stagnation eradicated longstanding contamination of 2 ICU sinks. Although the experiment was conducted on a small scale, it demonstrates that plumbing flaws that jeopardize patient safety can be corrected through multidisciplinary collaboration and creative plumbing strategies. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Athmaselvi, K. A., C. Kumar, M. Balasubramanian, and Ishita Roy. "Thermal, Structural, and Physical Properties of Freeze Dried Tropical Fruit Powder." Journal of Food Processing 2014 (December 22, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/524705.
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This study evaluates the physical properties of freeze dried tropical (guava, sapota, and papaya) fruit powders. Thermal stability and weight loss were evaluated using TGA-DSC and IR, which showed pectin as the main solid constituent. LCR meter measured electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss factor. Functional groups assessed by FTIR showed presence of chlorides, and O–H and N–H bonds in guava, chloride and C–H bond in papaya, and chlorides, and C=O and C–H bonds in sapota. Particle size and type of starch were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and microstructure through scanning electronic microscopy. A semicrystalline profile and average particle size of the fruit powders were evidenced by X-ray diffraction and lamellar/spherical morphologies by SEM. Presence of A-type starch was observed in all three fruits. Dependence of electric and dielectric properties on frequency and temperature was observed.
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Gakhramanov, N. F., V. S. Adygezalov, R. S. Dzhamilov, and T. T. Aliev. "Modernization of the UKh-2 Chlorine Level Meters." Measurement Techniques 46, no. 9 (September 2003): 876–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mete.0000008448.74068.d1.
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Hibino, Yuya, Toshiaki Asakai, Toshihiro Suzuki, and Masaki Ohata. "Applicable Measuring Range of Two-Electrode Type Commercial Electrolytic Conductivity Meter for Accurate Determination of Electrolytic Conductivity." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (May 19, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9913667.
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Applicable measuring range of electrolytic conductivity (EC) for commercially available two-electrode type EC meter was examined. The measurement error caused by a gap in ECs between the measurement sample and the standard solution was also evaluated. Seven potassium chloride (KCl) solutions including certified reference materials (CRMs) manufactured by the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) were measured, and the cell constants observed for commercial EC meters as well as the effect of electrode polarization were compared in detail under strict temperature control. The effect of electrode polarization can be sufficiently small if the frequency is properly selected. In the case of KCl standard solution with concentrations of 0.1 mol kg-1 (1 S m-1) or less, the obtained cell constants were almost identical to those of declared ones. However, in the case of KCl standard solution with concentrations of 0.5 mol kg-1 (5 S m-1) or more, the obtained cell constants showed 2-10% higher than those of declared ones. From these results, the calibration by standard solution with closer EC to the measurement solution is especially important if about 1% accuracy of measurement by commercial EC meter is required in higher EC range such as 5 S m-1 or more.
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Sudnik, A. V., and I. P. Voznyachuk. "Consequences of pollution on roadside territories by salt reagents on soil and plants ecological state in forest biogeocenoses." FORESTRY BULLETIN 24, no. 6 (December 2020): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2020-6-83-95.
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The study results indicate that the main reason for deterioration of state of roadside plantings in Belarus is due to technogenic pollution by used in winter period components of antiglaze reagents containing sodium chloride as well as a combination of other negative factors. Given the high content of sodium and chlorine ions, the existing dependence of accumulation in soil, plants, and general trends of distribution territorially, it can be ascertained that roads are a source of their entry into natural ecosystems, which today act as their accumulators. The zones of their greatest concentration in landscapes are directly dependent on the intensity of traffic. Pollution of biogeocenosis can be traced at least 300 meters from the roadway, the greatest occurs at the edges and in a strip up to 35 m away from a road. A tendency toward an increase in the content of chloride in the soil relative to earlier descriptions was noted. The consequences of pollution on roadside territories by sodium and chlorine ions on the ecological state of soil and plants of forest biogeocenosis were described. While maintaining the existing road maintenance regimen in winter period, the threat of reaching a “toxicity threshold” for plants, after which inhibition of plant growth and development begins, is a matter of time. Assortment of tree-shrub plants that are resistant to pollution by antiglaze reagents was selected according to the results of the salt tolerance analysis of wild-growing and cultivated species of trees and shrubs (221 species) of the Belarus flora used in landscaping roads and settlements.
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Foote, William, Keith Edmisten, Randy Wells, Guy Collins, Gary Roberson, David Jordan, and Loren Fisher. "Influence of Nitrogen and Mepiquat Chloride on Cotton Canopy Reflectance Measurements." Journal of Cotton Science 20, no. 1 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/wjhn3394.
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Crop reflectance sensors have been used to assess nitrogen (N) status in many crops. The SPAD chlorophyll meter and the GreenSeeker® sensor have been studied extensively to determine their ability to detect crop N status and predict crop N requirement. Mepiquat chloride (MC) is routinely used in cotton to manage vegetative growth. Pigment concentration often increases following application of MC and could confound results from GreenSeeker readings used to adjust N application. A field experiment was conducted in Georgia and North Carolina to determine the effect of MC on SPAD meter and GreenSeeker sensor readings. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of multiple N and MC rates. Nitrogen was applied at the initial appearance of squares followed by MC application 14 to 21 d later. SPAD meter and GreenSeeker sensor readings were taken for 10 consecutive weeks beginning immediately before N application. The SPAD meter proved to be sensitive to MC and N, but was not associated with lint yield. The GreenSeeker sensor was sensitive to N, but not sensitive to MC. Furthermore, normalized difference vegetative index and lint yield responded similarly to N, suggesting that GreenSeeker might be a useful tool in assessing plant N status and predicting crop N requirement.
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Rupnow, Tyson D., and Patrick J. Icenogle. "Surface Resistivity Measurements Evaluated as Alternative to Rapid Chloride Permeability Test for Quality Assurance and Acceptance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2290, no. 1 (January 2012): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2290-04.
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ASTM C1202 tests were conducted at various ages with the corresponding surface resistivity test, and the results were compared. Samples tested included field- and laboratory-prepared samples. The laboratory test matrix tested several mixtures common to Louisiana at a wide range of ratios of water to cementitious materials (w/cm) to evaluate the range of the surface resistivity meter. The surface resistivity measurements correlated well with rapid chloride permeability measurements across a wide range of permeability values and sample testing ages. Suitable correlations were found between both the 14-day and the 28-day surface resistivity values and the 56-day rapid chloride permeability values. The variability of the surface resistivity test results is usually less than the variability of the rapid chloride permeability test results. The surface resistivity meter was also able to identify great differences in w/cm ratios for the same mixtures. The surface resistivity meter was determined to be user friendly. The preliminary cost–benefit analysis showed that implementation of the device would save the department about $101,000 in personnel costs in the first year. It is estimated that contractors would save about $1.5 million in quality control costs. The cost–benefit ratio for this project is estimated to be about 15. A Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development test requirements procedure, TR 233, has been developed and implementation of the surface resistivity device has begun.
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Sivalingam, Deebankarthikeyan, Hemalatha Elangovan, Manikandan Subramanian, Senthil Kumar Kandasamy, and Murugesan Govindasamy. "Synthesis and Characterization of PANI/Ferric Chloride Composite for Fabrication of Electrodes in Supercapacitor." Advanced Materials Research 768 (September 2013): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.768.334.
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The main objective of this work is to synthesize polyaniline/ferric chloride composite and to measure the conductivity of the as prepared composite. And also, to analyze the ability of using Ferric Chloride doped polyaniline as an electrode material for the fabrication of supercapacitor application. By in-situ polymerization method, polyaniline in pure form and doped form with the ferric chloride were synthesized using ammonium persulfate as initiator in HCl medium. Polyaniline nanoparticles and its composite are characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD and Conductivity meter.
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Wang, Qiang, Shi Dong Wang, Ming Chen Qi, and Shu Liang Zang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Alkeyl Imidazolium Ionic Liquids." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.452.
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Two new imidazole ionic liquid salts, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl) and 1-allyl-3-methy-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([EMIM]HSO4), were synthesized with direct synthesis and two-step synthesis method, using a viscosity meter, PH meter, conductivity meter, densitometer, infrared spectrometer determined its chemical structure and properties. The results show that two ionic liquids in the range is slightly different, the trend is roughly same. As the temperature increases, the viscosity decreases, PH gradually increased, the density decreases slightly, can be regarded as constant, the conductivity gradually increased. Ionic liquids of the two IR spectra analysis show its structure and synthetic route consistent with the structure of matter.
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Lima, J. T. B., I. C. Winter, C. O. Florez, L. E. C. Torres, I. E. Silva, A. C. Benitez, R. R. Wenceslau, F. O. Paes Leme, R. P. A. Maranhão, and R. B. C. Teixeira. "Mammary gland secretion pH and electrolytes in prepartum Mangalarga Marchador mares." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 74, no. 3 (June 2022): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12480.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine pH and the concentrations of Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Calcium (Ca2+) in the mammary gland secretion in pre-foaling Mangalarga Marchador (MM) mares to determine the best method to predict parturition in the breed. Forty-two pregnant MM mares were evaluated once daily from 310 days of gestation until parturition. Mammary gland secretion pH, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- levels significantly changed during the last 10 days prior to parturition (p<0.05). The lowest pH mean value (pH meter=6.67±0.42; pH strip=6.23±0.53) and significantly higher mean concentrations of Ca2+ (12.6±5.8mmol/L) and Mg2+ (10.93±3.66mmol/L) were obtained 24 hours prior to foaling (p<0.0001). Chloride levels reduced significantly 8 days prior to parturition (p<0.0001) but remained unchanged until the due date. Mammary gland pH secretion, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, was effective to predict parturition. Quantitative pH values obtained with the pH meter had a greater accuracy in comparison to pH paper strips, but a strong correlation was found between both methods. Calcium and magnesium were the only electrolytes that changed in concentration immediately prior to parturition and are better indicators of when not to expect foaling.
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TOKOROYAMA, Takayuki, Masahiro KOBAYASHI, Makoto TERADA, Wataru SAWADA, Yuya TAKEUCHI, and Noritsugu UMEHARA. "The Micro-meter-sized Vinyl Chloride Asperities Building and Frost Growth Controlling." Proceedings of the Conference on Information, Intelligence and Precision Equipment : IIP 2019 (2019): 1C07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeiip.2019.1c07.
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Guo, Wenfeng, Xin Mao, Chengzhang Li, Jie Yang, Lirong Du, and Xianzhong Tang. "Synthesis and characterization of three different structures of polyacene quinone radical polymers." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316681060.
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Three types of polyacene quinone radical (PAQR) polymers were synthesized by the step-growth polymerization of naphthalene, anthracene, or anthraquinone reacting with pyromellitic dianhydride via solution polymerization under a temperature gradient. Zinc chloride was used as the catalyst, and nitrobenzene was the solvent. The different structures of PAQR polymers were analyzed by infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The thermal properties of PAQR polymers were described by thermal gravimetric analysis, and the electrical performances were investigated by a precision LCR meter and a digital high insulation meter.
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Wan, Yi, Zhi Wu Yu, and Peng Liu. "Study on Chloride Ion Penetration for Concrete Structures in Zhunhai Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2703.
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The chloride concentration distribution is an efficient method of evaluating corrosion characteristics of concrete structures.A number of concrete samples at various positions were drilled in Zhuhai area and the free chloride concentration of concrete were determinated.Besides,the influences of elevations,distances from the sea and the local environment on chloride were analyzed.The value of chloride diffusion coefficient and surface chloride ion concentration along various elevation at the sea were calculated according to Fick's second law.The results show that chloride's erosion aciton tends to reduction with elevation and it is the most serious at an elevation of 1 meter for concrete by the sea.There is the large convective depth in alternate wetting-dry ares.Whereas it is just about 0.02%-0.05% on the road,at the distance of 15 kilometers from the seafront,which indicates that the father away from the seafront,the weaker chloride's erosion action becomes.
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Amalinda, Finta. "Prototipe Sensor Rasa Portable Berbasis Campuran Lipid Dioctyl Phosphate Dan Trioctyl Methyl Ammonium Chloride Dengan Perbandingan Massa 9:1." Jurnal Ilmiah Giga 19, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/jig.v19i1.560.
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Telah dibuat prototipe sensor rasa portable berupa ion meter dua kanal dan<br />satu membran selektif ion. Ion meter dua kanal dibuat sebagai awal pengembangan sistem<br />sensor rasa atau electronic tongue (e-tongue) yang harusnya berupa ion meter multi-kanal.<br />Ion meter dibuat dengan menggunakan IC op-amp LF412 sebagai amplifier dan<br />mikrokontroller Atmega8535. Sementara itu, membran selektif ion dibuat dengan variasi<br />campuran lipid dioctyl phosphate (DOP) dan triocthyl methyl ammonium chloride<br />(TOMA). Dengan perbandingan massa masing-masing 9:1. Pada sensor rasa ini , lipid<br />menetukan selektifitas membran terhadap ion-ion tertentu. Luaran dari sensor rasa (ion<br />meter yang dilengkapi dengan membran selektif ion) berupa potensial listrik yang<br />selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan potensial elektroda referensi. Selanjutnya, prototipe<br />sensor rasa portable tersebut diuji kemampuan sensingnya terhadap lima macam larutan:<br />glukosa, KCl, kina, HCl dan MSG. Kelima larutan tersebut mewakili lima macam rasa<br />dasar, yakni rasa manis diwakili oleh glukosa, rasa asin diwakili oleh KCl, rasa pahit<br />diwakili oleh kina, rasa asam diwakili oleh HCl, dan umami diwakili oleh MSG. Setiap<br />larutan sampel dibuat dengan pelarut 1 mM KCl dan divariasi menjadi tujuh macam<br />konsentrasi. Sebagai hasilnya, sensor rasa dengan membran lipid campuran 9:1<br />menujukkan kecenderungan respon terhadap kation sampel, sehingga menghasilkan besar<br />potensial yang mengalami peningkatan untuk setiap kenaikan konsentrasi.
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TOKOROYAMA, Takayuki, Yusei YAMADA, Noritsugu UMEHARA, and Motoyuki MURASHIMA. "The Micro-meter-sized Asperities manufactured by AC Electric Field for Vinyl Chloride Solvent." Proceedings of the Conference on Information, Intelligence and Precision Equipment : IIP 2020 (2020): 2C07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeiip.2020.2c07.
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Nwanna, E. C., B. E. Eje, and P. C. Eze. "Physico-chemical analysis of Obizi River in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria for domestic purposes." Nigerian Journal of Technology 41, no. 5 (November 9, 2022): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v41i5.10.
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Physico-chemical properties of obizi river in awka south local government area of anambra state were analyzed for its pollution level and determined if it will be fit for domestic purposes. It is significant for cooking, drinking, fishing, recreational and other uses. It flows via a channel that may be contaminated by industrial, agricultural, and other anthropogenic activities, limiting its normal uses for cooking, drinking, fishing, recreational and other uses. The parameters analyzed includes temperature (°C), pH, turbidity (NTUb), conductivity μs/cm, resistivity mg/l, chloride mg/l. Temperature(°C), pH, turbidity (NTUb) resistivity mg/l and conductivity μs/cm was measured in-situ using mercury thermometer with a range of 100C -350C, pH meter (HANNA H1991002), turbidimeter (Hl 88703, WAGTECH), conductivity and resistivity multi-meter (HI 991300, Hanna Instruments, Romania) and chloride was determined by titration. The results of the analysis were equivalence with world health organization (WHO) limit for domestic drinking water and other purposes. From the results obtained, it showed that all the parameters analyzed were above WHO permissible limit except resistivity and chloride which is within the world health organization (WHO) limit for domestic drinking water. As much, it is not recommended for human consumption and is recommended that the state government put in place a treatment plant which can be used to treat the obizi river water before being used by the community that depends solely on it for domestic purposes.
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Hamid Al-Jaberi, Mohanad. "Clay Minerals Variations in Quaternary Sediments of Basrah City-Iraq." Earth Science Research 6, no. 2 (April 8, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v6n2p41.
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Mineralogical and chemical analysis of two well cutting in quaternary sediments at Basrah city. This study have been focused on the quaternary clay minerals variations which give a clear indication to marine transgression and or / regression in Hammar formation. Kaolinite, Illite, Palygoreskite, Illite-Palygorestike mixed layer, Chlorite, Montmorillonite, Vermiculte, and mixed layers of Illite- Smectite are the most quantitatively important phyllosilicates in soil studies in both boreholes. The mineralogical composition of cutting sediments shows significant variability in the different size fractions and depth distribution. Chlorite and kaolinite minerals were increase in the fine grain size especially in the clayey silt, whereas montmoriolllinite and vermiculite minerals were increase in coarse grains especially in silty sand texture. Kaolinite decrease in abundance with depth, which give indicative of a transition from non-marine in quaternary recent sediment ( fresh or brackish water silt) to marine facies in quaternary Hammar formation ( marine shelly silt) during last transgression of quaternary. Palygoreskite mineral percentages increasing at depths 27 and 28 meter , after decreased at 30, 32, 35 , and 40 m respectively , which give data indication that early quaternary marine transgression happened in 32m , and center of quaternary marine transgression detected in 27 and 28 meters , while late marine transgression detected in 17 m , and all of these represent by Hammar formation. Soil ageing also caused to downward increase of montmorillonite suggest to climate became more arid during the early quaternary. Variations ratio of montmorillonite versus kaolinite can be indicated to climatic fluctuation. Illite-Semectite featured indicates changes in both sediment source and paleoclimate. Illite transformation for Illite-Palygoreskite mixed layers with ageing. Vermiculite has strong susceptibility to increase with age. SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, K₂O, and Fe₂O₃ were the major oxides that identified in present study and used as indicated of clay minerals in studied sediments.
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Pradiani, Wita, Hernawan Andriana, and Asep Yoga Suningrat. "Efektivitas Koagulan Terhadap Penurunan Energi Potensial Pada Pengolahan Air di PDAM Tirta Pakuan Kota Bogor." Integrasi : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/js.v7i1.4464.
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In the processing of raw water into clean water need to add coagulant to remove turbidity when the turbidity exceeds the limit specified requirements. Coagulant commonly used for water treatment that Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC), Aluminum Sulfate and Ferry Chloride. This study aims to determine the optimum dose of coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC), Aluminum Sulfate and Ferry Chloride and to compare its effectiveness in water treatment Cisadane in PDAM Tirta Pakun Bogor with different turbidity levels.Cisadane river water sample taken on different days with different turbidity levels. Determination of the optimum dose of coagulant is done by providing different dosage variations. Test parameter and characteristics of raw ait water jar test result of the test, to test the turbidity mearused by the turbidymeter total dissolved solids mearused by conductometer, pH mearused by pH meter, Fe and Mn measured by spectrophotometer and organic substance using titration method. Then the experimental data obtained were compared with the reqquirements of Permenkes No. 492/Menkes/iv/2010.Of the result obtained optimum dose at low turbidity coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) 30,2 NTU at 14 mg/L and Ferry Chloride at 16 mg/L.. While high turbidity of 681 NTU, the optimum dose for coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) at 35 mg/L, Aluminum Sulfate at 5 mg/L and Ferry Chloride at 40 mg/L. Coagulant more effective water treatment raw cisadane river in the PDAM Tirta Pakuan Bogor is coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride(PAC). Because Poli Aluminium chloride is more effective in reducing potential energy as a barrier energy in the aggregation process.
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YAMADA, Yusei, Takayuki TOKOROYAMA, Motoyuki MURASHIMA, and Noritsugu UMEHARA. "The micro-meter-sized plastic asperities by AC electric field for Poly-vinyl chloride solvent." Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) 86, no. 892 (2020): 20–00228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/transjsme.20-00228.
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Masuda, Yoshihiro, F. R. Wu, S. Nakamura, and S. Sato. "Penetration Behavior of Chloride Ions into Concrete in Coastal Areas." Key Engineering Materials 302-303 (January 2006): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.302-303.584.
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Exposure test on chloride ion penetration behavior into Concrete in coastal area was implemented. The distances between concrete specimens and coast were changed in the range from 50 to 150 meters, and water-cement ratios (W/C) were 45, 55, 60 and 65 %. The total chloride ion content at each different depth from surface of concrete specimen was measured at the age of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 10 years. In this paper, apparent diffusion coefficient (D) and chloride ion content on surface of concrete (C0) were calculated by inverse analyses from the measured total chloride ion content, and the chloride ion penetration behavior was simulated using the calculated D and C0. As a result, the chloride ion penetrated in concrete with a W/C of 60 % at a point 50 m from the sea for 10 years was estimated approximately 0.2 kg/m3.
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Swami, Kamal, Amarjit S. Narang, and Rajinder S. Narang. "Determination of Chlordane and Chlorpyrifos in Ambient Air at Low Nanogram-Per-Cubic Meter Levels by Supercritical Fluid Extraction." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.1.74.
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Abstract A method for the determination of termiticides present in ambient air was simplified by modifying the extraction thimbles used in the Hewlett-Packard supercritical fluid extractor so they could be used for collection as well as extraction of termiticides. The method was applied to the determination of chlorpyrifos and technical chlordane. The termiticides were trapped on cartridges containing Florisil and foam plugs, extracted with carbon dioxide in the supercritical fluid extractor, and determined by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. On the basis of a 20 m3 sample, detection limits were 0.1 ng/m3 for chlorpyrifos and 1.0 ng/m3 for technical chlordane.
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Munish, Pandey, and Badlani Richa. "AC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC STUDIES OF POLYPYRROLE-PAPAIN COMPOSITE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i8.2019.681.
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Enzyme doped polypyrrole polymer were synthesized by in situ polymerization where ferric chloride works as an oxidizing agent. The different weight percent of papain was added at the time of polymerization. The polypyrrole-papain composite of various composition was analyzed for its dielectric and a. c. conductivity by using LCR meter at room temperature. Dielectric constant and loss decreases, with escalation in frequency. The variation in dielectric constant and dielectric loss was also noted with change in papain percentage in pyrrole.
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Huang, Chien-Hung, Shan-Yi Shen, Chiu-Wen Chen, Cheng-Di Dong, Mohanraj Kumar, Balasubramanian Dakshinamoorthy, and Jih-Hsing Chang. "Effect of Chloride Ions on Electro-Coagulation to Treat Industrial Wastewater Containing Cu and Ni." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 17, 2020): 7693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187693.
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A series of experiments with different NaCl concentrations added to the PCB (printed circuit board) wastewater were prepared to investigate the chloride effect on the formation of aluminum floc and removal efficiency of Cu and Ni. The effects of pH, current density, and different concentration of NaCl were studied and the results are discussed. Results imply that chloride ions are favored to avoid the passivation of the aluminum anode in the EC (electro-coagulation) system. Chloride ions used as the electrolyte can facilitate the release of Al3+, which results in the current efficiency of over 100% in the EC system. For the PCB factory’s wastewater, the EC system could remove Cu2+ and Ni2+ effectively (both Cu and Ni concentration of treated wastewater was less than 1.0 mg/L within three minutes). PCB wastewater’s pH value could maintain stably about 9.0 in the EC system when the initial pH value was around 2.5. The estimated electricity consumption for treating PCB wastewater by the EC process was about 0.894 kWh for each meter of cubic wastewater.
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Popovych, V., and A. Hapalo. "SALINATION OF POSTPIROGENIC SOILS OF UKRAINIAN ROZTOCHYA." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety 22 (December 28, 2020): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.22.2020.02.
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Introduction. One of the most dangerous phenomena of fires in natural ecological systems is the physicochemical and structural changes of soils due to temperature (pyrogenic) factor. Such types of fire, except for the instantaneous destruction of the biocenosis, have a secondary impact on all components of the environment for many years - ecosystem restoration is slow or non-existent, riverbeds change, new ecotopes formed, physicochemical properties of soil change irreversibly. Pyrogenic degradation of edaphotopes leads to their slow recovery. Many scientific works are devoted to this issue in Ukraine and abroad. All of them can be classified into the following groups: pyrogenic degradation ofpeatlands, physicochemical properties of post-pyrogenic soils, pyrogenic succession. Postpyrogenic soils require detailed research depending on specific natural and climatic conditions, which, in addition to temperature, are crucial in the processes of ecological renaturalization of vegetation.Aim and methods. The work aims to establish the relationship between the post-pyrogenic factor and soil salinity overtime for the Ukrainian Roztochya. For measuring the flame temperature used fluke thermal imager. Soil moisture was determined using a moisture meter "MG-44". Soil acidity was determined using a contact device "KS-300V". Modelling the acidity distribution into the genetic horizons was performed using a demo version of Surfer software. Statistical values are processed using MS Excel. In the research used: statistical, chemical, pedologic, phytocenotic methods.Results and discussion. Due to the high salinity of forest fires, we determined the content of chlorides, sulfates, phosphates in the samples. We found that the highest content of chlorides and sulfates is inherent in the investigated area №4, namely: in the horizon of 0-5 cm chloride content is 432.1 mg/kg, in 5-10 cm – chloride content is 267.1 mg/kg, in 10-20 cm – chlorides content is 142.7 mg/kg; in the horizon of 0-5 cm sulfate content is 235.7 mg/kg, in 5-10 cm – sulfate content is 160.3 mg/kg, in 10-20 cm – sulfate content is 131.7 mg/kg. The extremely salt content in the area with the model fire indicates significant salinization due to the ground fire. The level of chlorides and sulfates is much lower than in other areas, depending on the age of ground fires occurrence, which indicates the natural restoration of edaphotopes and alignment of salinity to background values.Conclusions. As a result of a research of the salinity of post-pyrogenic soils of the Ukrainian Roztochya, we found that the restoration of edaphic indicators of the loam depends on the age of the ground fires occurrence. For researching of acidity and salinity of soils accepted the range of occurrence of grassland forest fires four years ago We found that in the investigated areas exposed to fire long ago, the indicators of acidity and salinity correspond to the background values and are much lower than the same values for the model fire area.
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Djunaidi, Muhammad Cholid, Pardoyo, and Tri Wahyuni. "Influence of Different Carriers in Polymer Inclusion Membranes for Desalination of Seawater." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 8 (2020): 1869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22636.
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Desalination of seawater using various polymer inclusion membranes was carried out. Polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) is known to have the highest stability, able to overcome liquid membrane instability and was placed in between two phases: the source phase is seawater and the receiving phase is the micro-filtered water. Determination of salinity levels in the feed phase and the receiving phase was carried out using a salinity meter, while membrane characterization was done using FTIR and SEM techniques. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based PIM membranes were prepared using different single and mixed synergtic carriers ratio of 1:1 viz. dibutyl ether, methyltrioctylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336), di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate (D2EHPA), thenoyl trifluoroacetone (HTTA), tributyl phosphate (TBP) and eugenol (PE). The results showed the salinity value for single HTTA carriers had a greater salinity value in comparison to mixed carriers (HTTA:TBP; HTTA:Aliquat; D2EHPA:TBP; and D2EHPA:Aliquat) gave different salinity value towards the desalination process.
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Reid, R. L., A. H. P. Swift, W. J. Boegli, V. R. Kane, and B. A. Castaneda. "Design, Construction, and Initial Operation of a 3355 m2 Solar Pond in El Paso." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268331.
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A 3355 square meter, 3.3 m deep water storage pond in El Paso, Tex. was converted to a salt-gradient solar pond to supply industrial process heat to an adjacent food processing plant. Approximately 1.9 × 106 kg of sodium chloride salt was obtained to prepare near saturated brine for pond construction. Design and construction of the solar pond are described in detail including the lining technique, salt dissolution method, diffuser design, instrumentation, maintenance of optical clarity, and gradient establishment, including resolution of initial problems in gradient stability. The solar pond has been in continuous operation for over three years.
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Baeva, Yulia, Natalia Chernykh, Sofia Shmerko, and Varvara Stepnova. "Risk assessment of ice-melter reagents for urban plants." E3S Web of Conferences 169 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016901009.
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The paper assessed the phytotoxicity of the most frequently used ice-melter reagents in Moscow (sand and salt mixture, anti-freeze reagent based on a composition of calcium and sodium chloride, technical salt), snow with varying degrees of contamination of the remnants of ice-melter reagents, as well as soil after the snow cover melting. The toxicity assessment was carried out in the samples taken on the lawns along the roads in nine administrative districts of the city in places with the same anthropogenic load. The test object is oat seeds (Avena sativa), as a sensitive biotest showing the most stable and reproducible data compared to seeds from other crops. Salt solutions of reagents with dilution rates of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10, melted snow and soil extracts were used for biotesting. The phytotoxic effect was determined by comparing the average root length of control and prototype seeds. It was found that all studied ice-melter reagents have a pronounced toxic effect on oat plants even at tenfold dilution. The phytotoxic effect of snow and soil polluted with ice-melter substances, which in turn inherits the chemical composition of snow cover after its melting, was shown.
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Li, Xinyi, Xiaonan Zhang, Yaoxin Liu, Fen Shu, Sisi Shao, Ning Tan, and Lei Jiang. "Relationship between serum chloride and prognosis in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a large retrospective cohort study." BMJ Open 12, no. 12 (December 2022): e067061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067061.
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ObjectivesSerum chloride has a unique homeostatic role in modulating neurohormonal pathways. Some studies have reported that hypochloremia has potential prognostic value in cardiovascular diseases; thus, we aimed to investigate the association of baseline serum chloride with clinical outcomes in elderly patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM).DesignRetrospective study.Setting and participantA total of 1088 patients (age ≥60 years) diagnosed with NIDCM were enrolled from January 2010 to December 2019.ResultsLogistic regression analyses showed that serum chloride was significantly associated with in-hospital death. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses showed that serum chloride had excellent prognostic ability for in-hospital and long-term death (area under the curve (AUC)=0.690 and AUC=0.710, respectively). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the patients with hypochloremia had worse prognoses than those without hypochloremia (log-rank χ2=56.69, p<0.001). After adjusting for age, serum calcium, serum sodium, left ventricular ejection fraction, lg NT-proBNP and use of diuretics, serum chloride remained an independent predictor of long-term death (HR 0.934, 95% CI 0.913 to 0.954, p<0.001).ConclusionsSerum chloride concentration was a prognostic indicator in elderly patients with NIDCM, and hypochloremia was significantly associated with both in-hospital and long-term poor outcomes.
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Subedi, Munal, Mamata Gharti Magar, and Gita Shrestha Rajbhandari. "Assessment of Quality of Underground Drinking Water: Very near (≤20 meters) and Far (>50 meters) from the River." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v5i1.18866.
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Water quality information is needed to assess the state of water contamination in a variety of community, including those that rely primarily on unimproved underground sources of drinking water. The study was carried out with an aim to assess the quality of ground water in particular sites of the Kathmandu valley. The ground water samples were collected from shallow well, tube well and deep tube wells located at specific places of the valley. The research was focused on physiochemical and bacteriological analysis of underground water from sites near to Bagmati river (≤20 meters) and from sites far from Bagmati river (>50 meters). The sampling sites were scattered from Sinamangal to Minbhavan. Total sample size was 100, with 50 in each stratum. Study processing was done during the period from February 2013 to May 2013. Six physiochemical parameters namely pH, Conductivity, Ammonia level, Chloride level, Nitrite level, Nitrate level and Biological parameters (Coliform and Fecal coliform) of each sample was tested. Based on the research work, it was recorded that the underground water close to river (≤20 meters) has comparatively high physiochemical and biological parameter (Fecal Coliform) than underground water that were farther from the river (>50 meters). Fecal Coliform was predominant 58% (29/50) in water nearer to river rather than in water farther from the river 20% i.e. (10/50). Similarly, the values of physiochemical and biological parameter increased comparatively with more distance i.e. ≤10 meters from river. The finding indicated that the underground water near to river is more polluted than far from the river.Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Dec. 2017 Vol. 5, No. 1:21-26
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Huang, Jian Jun, Yu Hong Li, Jing Mei Sun, and Nan Li. "Municipal River Sediment Remediation with Calcium Nitrate, Polyaluminium Chloride and Calcium Peroxide Compound." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1899.
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In situ laboratory studies were carried out in simulated reactors to evaluate the potential of calcium nitrate, Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) and calcium peroxide for remediation municipal river sediment. Calcium peroxide could increase the dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) of water for long time (8 weeks). It would optimize the anoxia environment of sediment and be propitious for remediation of sediment. The disadvantage of calcium peroxide was that pH (8.6) would rise slightly and accelerate NH3-N release. Spraying poly-aluminum chloride also could prohibit phosphorus release from sediment. But the remediation effect might be weakened due to disorganization of the aluminium floc after period of time. Phosphorus release from sediment injected calcium nitrate was almost stopped during the experiment. Calcium nitrate could greatly improve the ability of bio-treatment properties for sediment. After 28 weeks of treatment, the TN concentration with dose of 70g per square meter NO3-N could reduce to common level compared to blank reactor by denitrification. It makes in-situ chemical remediation technology by calcium nitrate injection become possibly.
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Maghfiroh, Maghfiroh, and Mutadin Mutadin. "ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR TANAH DAERAH TERDAMPAK ROB SEBAGAI UPAYA UNTUK MENDAPATKAN SUMBER AIR BERSIH DAN MENANGGULANGI PENURUNAN TANAH." Pena Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi 35, no. 2 (October 4, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31941/jurnalpena.v35i2.1564.
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Seawater eruption disasters has an impact on changes in the concentration of groundwater chemical species. This can affect the quality of groundwater which is commonly used as a source of clean water. The concentration of chemical species in groundwater determines whether the water is suitable for consumption by the community. The eligibility is based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. The quality of groundwater was seen from the parameters of pH, chloride ion concentration, sulfate ion concentration, and water hardness. Analysis of pH was measured by the SNI 6989.11: 2019 method (using a pH meter), analysis of chloride ions and sodium ions using SNI 6989.19: 2009 (argentometry), and salinity analysis. The results of this study indicate that tidal inundation and distance from the sea affect the quality of groundwater in Wonokerto, Pekalongan. Well water in all villages in Wonokerto qualified the environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene purposes, but not all of them qualified the requirements for drinking water according to Indonesian health minister regulations.
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Chernick, Victor. "Test for the Concentration of Electrolytes in Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas Utilizing Pilocarpine by Iontophoresis, by Lewis E. Gibson and Robert E. Cooke,Pediatrics; 1959;24:545–549." Pediatrics 102, Supplement_1 (July 1, 1998): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.s1.230.
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Aim. To develop a method for stimulating sweating that is rapid, painless, and avoids the risk of heat stress. Background. Since the discovery that there is a high concentration of sodium and chloride in the sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas in 1953, the sweat test has been performed by placing the patient's body in a plastic bag with or without hot water bottles to stimulate sweating. This method is unsatisfactory because of complications such as hyperpyrexia and heat stroke. Direct injection of a cholinergic agent intradermally is painful and therefore not practical. Methods. A rheostat with a milliampere meter was constructed at a cost of ∼$7 that allowed the iontophoresis of pilocarpine into the skin using negative and positive (2-cm diameter) electrocardiography electrodes. The positive electrode was placed on the flexor surface of the arm over a filter paper soaked in 0.2 mL of 0.2% pilocarpine nitrate. Current (0.2 mA) was applied for 5 minutes and then sweat was collected onto a preweighed filter paper for 30 minutes. Sweat chloride was determined by a polarographic method. Sweat tests were performed on 25 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 17 asymptomatic relatives and 27 control patients. Patients with CF had sweat chloride concentration >80 mEq/L; relatives, 32.5 mEq/L (highest 57 mEq/L); and control subjects, 21.1 mEq/L (highest 60 mEq/L). Conclusions. The iontophoresis of pilocarpine into the skin is a rapid, painless, safe, and reliable method for stimulating sweating and facilitating the determination of sweat chloride concentration.
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G., V. "Treatment of skin diseases with calcium salts." Kazan medical journal 20, no. 6 (August 11, 2021): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj76817.
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Rosentul (Med. Ob. Iizhn. Pov., 1924, No. 5) saw very good results from the use of calcium salts, in the form of intravenous injections of a 10% solution of calcium chloride, 10 cubic meters each. with. PA injection, with the latter being repeated daily, for a number of skin diseases, namely, for acute eczema, urticaria, herpes zoster, lichen chronicus Vidaln, pruritus vulvae, pruritus ani, dermatitis herpetiformis Dhringa, etc.